TY - GEN A1 - Krügel, André A1 - Vitu, Françoise A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Fixation positions after skipping saccades BT - a single space makes a large difference T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - During reading, saccadic eye movements are generated to shift words into the center of the visual field for lexical processing. Recently, Krugel and Engbert (Vision Research 50:1532-1539, 2010) demonstrated that within-word fixation positions are largely shifted to the left after skipped words. However, explanations of the origin of this effect cannot be drawn from normal reading data alone. Here we show that the large effect of skipped words on the distribution of within-word fixation positions is primarily based on rather subtle differences in the low-level visual information acquired before saccades. Using arrangements of "x" letter strings, we reproduced the effect of skipped character strings in a highly controlled single-saccade task. Our results demonstrate that the effect of skipped words in reading is the signature of a general visuomotor phenomenon. Moreover, our findings extend beyond the scope of the widely accepted range-error model, which posits that within-word fixation positions in reading depend solely on the distances of target words. We expect that our results will provide critical boundary conditions for the development of visuomotor models of saccade planning during reading. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 856 KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - motor control KW - skipping Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-432887 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 856 SP - 1556 EP - 1561 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Eye movements in a sequential scanning task - evidence for distributed processing JF - Journal of vision N2 - Current models of eye movement control are derived from theories assuming serial processing of single items or from theories based on parallel processing of multiple items at a time. This issue has persisted because most investigated paradigms generated data compatible with both serial and parallel models. Here, we study eye movements in a sequential scanning task, where stimulus n indicates the position of the next stimulus n + 1. We investigate whether eye movements are controlled by sequential attention shifts when the task requires serial order of processing. Our measures of distributed processing in the form of parafoveal-on-foveal effects, long-range modulations of target selection, and skipping saccades provide evidence against models strictly based on serial attention shifts. We conclude that our results lend support to parallel processing as a strategy for eye movement control. KW - eye movements KW - distributed processing KW - sequential attention shifts KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effects KW - skipping costs/benefits Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/12.1.5 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 12 IS - 1 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading. KW - perceptual span KW - n+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - mislocated fixations KW - eye movements Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027735 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1026 EP - 1042 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Schad, Daniel T1 - Mindless reading and eye movements : theory, experiments and computational modeling T1 - Gedankenverlorenes Lesen und Blickbewegungen : Theorie, Experimente, und Computationale Modellierung N2 - It sometimes happens that we finish reading a passage of text just to realize that we have no idea what we just read. During these episodes of mindless reading our mind is elsewhere yet the eyes still move across the text. The phenomenon of mindless reading is common and seems to be widely recognized in lay psychology. However, the scientific investigation of mindless reading has long been underdeveloped. Recent progress in research on mindless reading has been based on self-report measures and on treating it as an all-or-none phenomenon (dichotomy-hypothesis). Here, we introduce the levels-of-inattention hypothesis proposing that mindless reading is graded and occurs at different levels of cognitive processing. Moreover, we introduce two new behavioral paradigms to study mindless reading at different levels in the eye-tracking laboratory. First (Chapter 2), we introduce shuffled text reading as a paradigm to approximate states of weak mindless reading experimentally and compare it to reading of normal text. Results from statistical analyses of eye movements that subjects perform in this task qualitatively support the ‘mindless’ hypothesis that cognitive influences on eye movements are reduced and the ‘foveal load’ hypothesis that the response of the zoom lens of attention to local text difficulty is enhanced when reading shuffled text. We introduce and validate an advanced version of the SWIFT model (SWIFT 3) incorporating the zoom lens of attention (Chapter 3) and use it to explain eye movements during shuffled text reading. Simulations of the SWIFT 3 model provide fully quantitative support for the ‘mindless’ and the ‘foveal load’ hypothesis. They moreover demonstrate that the zoom lens is an important concept to explain eye movements across reading and mindless reading tasks. Second (Chapter 4), we introduce the sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST) to catch episodes when external attention spontaneously lapses (i.e., attentional decoupling or mind wandering) via the overlooking of errors in the text and via signal detection analyses of error detection. Analyses of eye movements in the SAST revealed reduced influences from cognitive text processing during mindless reading. Based on these findings, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict states of mindless reading from eye movement recordings online. That cognition is not always needed to move the eyes supports autonomous mechanisms for saccade initiation. Results from analyses of error detection and eye movements provide support to our levels-of-inattention hypothesis that errors at different levels of the text assess different levels of decoupling. Analyses of pupil size in the SAST (Chapter 5) provide further support to the levels of inattention hypothesis and to the decoupling hypothesis that off-line thought is a distinct mode of cognitive functioning that demands cognitive resources and is associated with deep levels of decoupling. The present work demonstrates that the elusive phenomenon of mindless reading can be vigorously investigated in the cognitive laboratory and further incorporated in the theoretical framework of cognitive science. N2 - Beim Lesen passiert es manchmal dass wir zum Ende einer Textpassage gelangen und dabei plötzlich bemerken dass wir keinerlei Erinnerung daran haben was wir soeben gelesen haben. In solchen Momenten von gedankenverlorenem Lesen ist unser Geist abwesend, aber die Augen bewegen sich dennoch über den Text. Das Phänomen des gedankenverlorenen Lesens ist weit verbreitet und scheint in der Laienpsychologie allgemein anerkannt zu sein. Die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung von gedankenverlorenem Lesen war jedoch lange Zeit unzureichend entwickelt. Neuerer Forschungsfortschritt basierte darauf gedankenverlorenes Lesen durch Selbstberichte zu untersuchen und als ein Phänomen zu behandeln das entweder ganz oder gar nicht auftritt (Dichotomie-Hypothese). Hier stellen wir die ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese auf, dass gedankenverlorenes Lesen ein graduelles Phänomen ist, das auf verschiedenen kognitiven Verarbeitungsstufen entsteht. Wir stellen zudem zwei neue Verhaltensparadigmen vor um verschiedene Stufen von gedankenverlorenem Lesen im Augenbewegungslabor zu untersuchen. Als erstes (in Kapitel 2) stellen wir das Lesen von verwürfeltem Text vor als ein Paradigma um Zustände von schwach gedankenverlorenem Lesen experimentell anzunähern, und vergleichen es mit dem Lesen von normalem Text. Die Ergebnisse von statistischen Augenbewegungsanalysen unterstützen qualitativ die ‚Unaufmerksamkeits’-Hypothese, dass kognitive Einflüsse auf Augenbewegungen beim Lesen von verwürfeltem Text reduziert ist, und die ‚Foveale Beanspruchungs’-Hypothese, dass die Reaktion der zoom lens visueller Aufmerksamkeit auf lokale Textschwierigkeit beim Lesen von verwürfeltem Text verstärkt ist. Wir stellen eine weiterentwickelte Version des SWIFT Modells (SWIFT 3) vor, welches die zoom lens der Aufmerksamkeit implementiert, und validieren dieses Modell am Lesen von verwürfeltem und normalem Text (Kapitel 3). Simulationen des SWIFT 3 Modells unterstützen die ‚Unaufmerksamkeits’ und die ‚Foveal Beanspruchungs’-Hypothese in einem vollständig quantitativen Modell. Zudem zeigen sie, dass die zoom lens der Aufmerksamkeit ein wichtiges Konzept ist um Augenbewegungen in Aufgaben zum Lesen und gedankenverlorenen Lesen zu erklären. Als zweites (Kapitel 4) stellen wir den sustained attention to stimulus task (SAST) vor um Episoden von spontaner externer Unaufmerksamkeit (also Entkopplung der Aufmerksamkeit oder Abschweifen der Gedanken) in einem Paradigma über Verhaltensparameter wie das Übersehen von Fehlern im Text und Signal-Detektions-Analysen von Fehlerentdeckung zu messen. Augenbewegungsanalysen im SAST decken abgeschwächte Einflüsse von kognitiver Textverarbeitung während gedankenverlorenem Lesen auf. Basierend auf diesen Befunden zeigen wir, dass es möglich ist Zustände von gedankenverlorenem Lesen online, also während dem Lesen, aus Augenbewegungen vorherzusagen bzw. abzulesen. Dass höhere Kognition nicht immer notwendig ist um die Augen zu bewegen unterstützt zudem autonome Mechanismen der Sakkadeninitiierung. Ergebnisse aus Analysen von Fehlerdetektion und Augenbewegungen unterstützen unsere ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese, dass Fehler auf verschiedenen Textebenen verschiedene Stufen von Entkopplung messen. Analysen der Pupillengröße im SAST (Kapitel 5) bieten weitere Unterstützung für die ‚Stufen der Unaufmerksamkeit’-Hypothese, sowie für die Entkopplungs-Hypothese, dass abschweifende Gedanken eine abgegrenzte kognitiver Funktionsweise darstellen, welche kognitive Ressourcen benötigt und mit tiefen Stufen von Unaufmerksamkeit zusammenhängt. Die aktuelle Arbeit zeigt, dass das flüchtige Phänomen des gedankenverlorenen Lesens im kognitiven Labor mit strengen Methoden untersucht und weitergehend in den theoretischen Rahmen der Kognitionswissenschaft eingefügt werden kann. KW - Gedankenverlorenes Lesen KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Gedankenschweifen KW - Computationale Modellierung KW - Levels-of-inattention Hypothese KW - mindless reading KW - eye movements KW - mind wandering KW - computational modeling KW - levels-of-inattention hypothesis Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70822 ER -