TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
A1  - Harper, Bridgette D.
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
T1  - Differences in Adolescents’ Response Decision and Evaluation for
Face-to-Face and Cyber Victimization
JF  - The Journal of Early Adolescence
N2  - The current study was designed to assess early adolescents’ response evaluation and decision for hypothetical peer victimization vignettes. Participants were 336 (59% girls; X¯¯¯ age = 12.55) seventh and eighth graders from one school in the Midwestern United States. Adolescents read a hypothetical online or offline social situation and answered questions designed to access internal congruence, response evaluation, response efficacy, emotional outcome expectancy, and social outcome expectancy. Girls were more likely to believe that aggressive responses online and offline would lead to positive social and emotional outcome expectancies when compared with boys. Adolescents were more likely to believe that offline and online aggressive responses were legitimate responses to face-to-face victimization, feel that aggressive responses online or offline were easier to execute in response to face-to-face victimization, and that aggressive responses online or offline would lead to positive emotions and better social outcomes.
KW  - response decision
KW  - response evaluation
KW  - cyber aggression
KW  - cyberbullying
KW  - aggression
KW  - bullying
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618806052
SN  - 0272-4316
SN  - 1552-5449
VL  - 39
IS  - 8
SP  - 1110
EP  - 1128
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
T1  - Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate
BT  - The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
N2  - Hatred directed at members of groups due to their origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation is not new, but it has taken on a new dimension in the online world. To date, very little is known about online hate among adolescents. It is also unknown how online disinhibition might influence the association between being bystanders and being perpetrators of online hate. Thus, the present study focused on examining the associations among being bystanders of online hate, being perpetrators of online hate, and the moderating role of toxic online disinhibition in the relationship between being bystanders and perpetrators of online hate. In total, 1480 students aged between 12 and 17 years old were included in this study. Results revealed positive associations between being online hate bystanders and perpetrators, regardless of whether adolescents had or had not been victims of online hate themselves. The results also showed an association between toxic online disinhibition and online hate perpetration. Further, toxic online disinhibition moderated the relationship between being bystanders of online hate and being perpetrators of online hate. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.
KW  - online hate
KW  - hate speech
KW  - bystander
KW  - perpetrator
KW  - online disinhibition
KW  - online discrimination
KW  - cyber aggression
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092030
SN  - 1660-4601
SN  - 1661-7827
VL  - 15
IS  - 9
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
T1  - Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate
BT  - The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Hatred directed at members of groups due to their origin, race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation is not new, but it has taken on a new dimension in the online world. To date, very little is known about online hate among adolescents. It is also unknown how online disinhibition might influence the association between being bystanders and being perpetrators of online hate. Thus, the present study focused on examining the associations among being bystanders of online hate, being perpetrators of online hate, and the moderating role of toxic online disinhibition in the relationship between being bystanders and perpetrators of online hate. In total, 1480 students aged between 12 and 17 years old were included in this study. Results revealed positive associations between being online hate bystanders and perpetrators, regardless of whether adolescents had or had not been victims of online hate themselves. The results also showed an association between toxic online disinhibition and online hate perpetration. Further, toxic online disinhibition moderated the relationship between being bystanders of online hate and being perpetrators of online hate. Implications for prevention programs and future research are discussed.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 475 
KW  - online hate
KW  - hate speech
KW  - bystander
KW  - perpetrator
KW  - online disinhibition
KW  - online discrimination
KW  - cyber aggression
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-419486
IS  - 475
ER  -