TY - JOUR A1 - Simonova, Maria A1 - Ivanov, Ivan A1 - Meleshko, Tamara A1 - Kopyshev, Alexey A1 - Santer, Svetlana A1 - Yakimansky, Alexander A1 - Filippov, Alexander T1 - Self-assembly of molecular brushes with polyimide backbone and amphiphilic block copolymer side chains in selective solvents JF - Polymers N2 - Three-component molecular brushes with a polyimide backbone and amphiphilic block copolymer side chains with different contents of the "inner" hydrophilic (poly(methacrylic acid)) and "outer" hydrophobic (poly(methyl methacrylate)) blocks were synthesized and characterized by molecular hydrodynamics and optics methods in solutions of chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The peculiarity of the studied polymers is the amphiphilic structure of the grafted chains. The molar masses of the molecular brushes were determined by static and dynamic light scattering in chloroform in which polymers form molecularly disperse solutions. Spontaneous self-assembly of macromolecules was detected in dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The aggregates size depended on the thermodynamic quality of the solvent as well as on the macromolecular architectural parameters. In dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of aggregates was bimodal, while in ethanol, it was unimodal. Moreover, in ethanol, an increase in the poly(methyl methacrylate) content caused a decrease in the hydrodynamic radius of aggregates. A significant difference in the nature of the blocks included in the brushes determines the selectivity of the used solvents, since their thermodynamic quality with respect to the blocks is different. The macromolecules of the studied graft copolymers tend to self-organization in selective solvents with formation of a core-shell structure with an insoluble solvophobic core surrounded by the solvophilic shell of side chains. KW - molecular brushes KW - amphiphilic side chains KW - molecular hydrodynamics and KW - optics KW - conformational and hydrodynamic characteristics KW - aggregation Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122922 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drago, Claudia A1 - Pawlak, Julia A1 - Weithoff, Guntram T1 - Biogenic aggregation of small microplastics alters their ingestion by a common freshwater micro-invertebrate JF - Frontiers in Environmental Science N2 - In recent years, increasing concerns have been raised about the environmental risk of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems. Small microplastics enter the water either directly or accumulate through disintegration of larger plastic particles. These particles might then be ingested by filter-feeding zooplankton, such as rotifers. Particles released into the water may also interact with the biota through the formation of aggregates, which might alter the uptake by zooplankton. In this study, we tested for size-specific aggregation of polystyrene microspheres and their ingestion by a common freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. The ingestion of three sizes of polystyrene microspheres (MS) 1-, 3-, and 6-mu m was investigated. Each MS size was tested in combination with three different treatments: MS as the sole food intake, MS in association with food algae and MS aggregated with biogenic matter. After 72 h incubation in pre-filtered natural river water, the majority of the 1-mu m spheres occurred as aggregates. The larger the particles, the higher the relative number of single particles and the larger the aggregates. All particles were ingested by the rotifer following a Type-II functional response. The presence of algae did not influence the ingestion of the MS for all three sizes. The biogenic aggregation of microspheres led to a significant size-dependent alteration in their ingestion. Rotifers ingested more microspheres (MS) when exposed to aggregated 1- and 3-mu m MS as compared to single spheres, whereas fewer aggregated 6-mu m spheres were ingested. This indicates that the small particles when aggregated were in an effective size range for Brachionus, while the aggregated larger spheres became too large to be efficiently ingested. These observations provide the first evidence of a size- and aggregation-dependent feeding interaction between microplastics and rotifers. Microplastics when aggregated with biogenic particles in a natural environment can rapidly change their size-dependent availability. The aggregation properties of microplastics should be taken into account when performing experiments mimicking the natural environment. KW - microplastics ingestion KW - Brachionus calyciflorus KW - aggregation KW - microplastics KW - polystyrene KW - functional response Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.574274 SN - 2296-665X VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Hechenbichler, Michelle T1 - New thermoresponsive amphiphilic block copolymers with unconventional chemical structure and architecture T1 - Neue thermoresponsive amphiphile Blockcopolymere mit unkonventioneller chemischer Struktur und Architektur N2 - Das Aggregationsverhalten von amphiphilen Blockcpoolymeren ist wichtig für zahlreiche Anwendungen, beispielsweise in der Waschmittelindustrie als Verdicker oder in der Pharmazie zur kontrollierten Freisetzung von Wirkstoffen. Wenn einer der Blöcke thermoresponsiv ist, kann das Aggregationsverhalten zusätzlich über die Temperatur gesteuert werden. Während sich die bisherigen Untersuchungen solcher „intelligenten“ Systeme zumeist auf einfache Diblockcopolymere beschränkt haben, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Komplexität der Polymere und damit die Vielseitigkeit dieser Systeme erhöht. Dazu wurden spezifische Monomere, verschiedene Blocklängen, unterschiedliche Architekturen und zusätzliche funktionelle Gruppen eingeführt. Durch systematische Änderungen wurde das Struktur-Wirkungsverhalten solcher thermoresponsiver amphiphiler Blockcopolymere untersucht. Dabei sind die Blockcopolymere typischerweise aus einem permanent hydrophoben „Sticker“, einem permanent hydrophilen Block sowie einem thermoresponsiven Block, der ein Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Verhalten zeigt, aufgebaut. Während der permanent hydrophile Block aus N,N Dimethylacrylamid (DMAm) bestand, wurden für den thermoresponsiven Block unterschiedliche Monomere, nämlich N n Propylacrylamid (NPAm), N iso Propylacrylamid (NiPAm), N,N Diethylacrylamid (DEAm), N,N Bis(2 methoxyethyl)acrylamid (bMOEAm), oder N Acryloylpyrrolidin (NAP) mit entsprechend unterschiedlichen LCSTs von 25, 32, 33, 42 und 56 °C verwendet. Die Blockcopolymere wurden mittels aufeinanderfolgender reversibler Additions-Fragmentierungs-Kettenübertragungspolymerisation (RAFT Polymerisation) hergestellt, um Polymere mit linearer, doppelt hydrophober sowie symmetrischer Quasi Miktoarm Architektur zu erhalten. Dabei wurden wohldefinierte Blockgrößen, Endgruppen und enge Molmassenverteilungen (Ɖ ≤ 1.3) erzielt. Für komplexere Architekturen, wie die doppelt thermoresponsive und die nicht symmetrische Quasi Miktoarm Architekturen, wurde RAFT mit Atomtransfer-Radikalpolymerisation (ATRP) oder Single Unit Monomer Insertion (SUMI), kombiniert. Die dabei erhaltenen Blockcopolymere hatten ebenfalls wohldefinierte Blocklängen, allerdings war die Molmassenverteilung generell breiter (Ɖ ≤ 1.8) und Endgruppen gingen zum Teil verloren, da komplexere Syntheseschritte nötig waren. Das thermoresponsive Verhalten in wässriger Lösung wurde mittels Trübungspunktmessung und Dynamischer Lichtstreuung (DLS) untersucht. Unterhalb der Phasenüberganstemperatur waren die Polymere löslich in Wasser und mizellare Strukturen waren in der DLS sichtbar. Oberhalb der Phasenübergangstemperatur war das Aggregationsverhalten dann stark abhängig von der Architektur und der chemischen Struktur des thermoresponsiven Blocks. Thermoresponsive Blöcke aus PNAP und PbMOEAm mit einer Blocklänge von DPn = 40 zeigten keinen Trübungspunkt (CP) bis hin zu 80 °C, da durch den angebrachten hydrophilen PDMAm Block die bereits hohe LCST der entsprechenden Homopolymere bei den Blockcopolymeren weiter erhöht wurde. Blockcopolymere mit PNiPAm, PDEAm und PNPAm hinggeen zeigten abhängig von der Architektur und Blockgröße unterschiedliche CP’s. Oberhalb der CP’s waren größere Aggregate vor allem für die Blockcopolymere mit PNiPAm und PDEAm sichtbar, wohingegen der Phasenübergang für Blockcopolymere mit PNPAm stark abhängig von der jeweiligen Architektur war und entsprechend kleinere oder größere Aggregate zeigte. Um das Aggregationsverhalten besser zu verstehen, wurden Fluoreszenzstudien an PDMAm und PNiPAm Homo und Blockcopolymeren mit linearer Architektur durchgeführt, welche mit komplementären Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen an den entgegengesetzten Kettenenden funktionalisiert wurden. Das thermoresponsive Verhalten wurde dabei sowohl in Wasser als auch in Öl-in-Wasser Mikroemulsion untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Blockcopolymer sich, ähnlich wie die anderen hergestellten Architekturen, bei niedrigen Temperaturen wie ein Polymertensid verhält. Dabei bilden die hydrophoben Stickergruppen den Kern und die hydrophilen Arme die Corona der Mizelle. Oberhalb des Phasenübergangs des PNiPAm Blocks verhielten sich die Blockcopolymere allerdings wie assoziative Telechele mit zwei nicht symmetrischen hydrophoben Endgruppen, die sich untereinander nicht mischten. Daher bildeten die Blockcopolymere anstatt aggregierter „Blumen“-Mizellen größere, dynamische Aggregate. Diese sind einerseits über die ursprünglichen Mizellkerne bestehend aus den hydrophoben Sticker als auch über Cluster der kollabierten thermoresponsiven Blöcke miteinander verknüpft. In Mikroemulsion ist diese Art der Netzwerkbildung noch stärker ausgeprägt. N2 - The self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers in aqueous systems is important for a plethora of applications, in particular in the field of cosmetics and detergents. When introducing thermoresponsive blocks, the aggregation behavior of these polymers can be controlled by changing the temperature. While confined to simple diblock copolymer systems for long, the complexity - and thus the versatility - of such smart systems can be strongly enlarged, once designed monomers, specific block sizes, different architectures, or additional functional groups such as hydrophobic stickers are implemented. In this work, the structure-property relationship of such thermoresponsive amphiphilic block copolymers was investigated by varying their structure systematically. The block copolymers were generally composed of a permanently hydrophobic sticker group, a permanently hydrophilic block, and a thermoresponsive block exhibiting a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) behavior. While the hydrophilic block consisted of N,N dimethylacrylamide (DMAm), different monomers were used for the thermoresponsive block, such as N n propylacrylamide (NPAm), N iso propylacrylamide (NiPAm), N,N diethylacrylamide (DEAm), N,N bis(2 methoxyethyl)acrylamide (bMOEAm), or N acryloylpyrrolidine (NAP) with different reported LCSTs of 25, 32, 33, 42 and 56 °C, respectively. The block copolymers were synthesized by successive reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. For the polymers with the basic linear, the twinned hydrophobic and the symmetrical quasi miktoarm architectures, the results were well defined block sizes and end groups as well as narrow molar mass distributions (Ɖ ≤ 1.3). More complex architectures, such as the twinned thermoresponsive and the non-symmetrical quasi miktoarm one, were achieved by combining RAFT polymerization with a second technique, namely atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) or single unit monomer insertion (SUMI), respectively. The obtained block copolymers showed well defined block sizes, but due to the complexity of these reaction paths, the dispersities were generally higher (Ɖ ≤ 1.8) and some end groups were lost. The thermoresponsive behavior of the block copolymers was investigated by turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Below the phase transition temperature, the polymers were soluble in water and small micellar structures were visible. However, above the phase transition temperature, the aggregation behavior was strongly dependent on the architecture and the chemical structure of the thermoresponsive block. Thermoresponsive blocks comprising PNAP and PbMOEAm with DPn = 40 showed no cloud point (CP), since their already high LCSTs were further increased by the attached hydrophilic block. Depending on the architecture as well as on the block size, block copolymers with PNiPAm, PDEAm and PNPAm showed different CP’s. Large aggregates were visible for block copolymers with PNiPAm and PDEAm above their CP. For PNPAm containing block copolymers, the phase transition was very sensitive towards the architecture resulting in either small or large aggregates. In addition, fluorescence studies were performed using PDMAm and PNiPAm homo and block copolymers with linear architecture, functionalized with complementary fluorescence dyes introduced at the opposite chain ends. The thermoresponsive behavior was studied in pure aqueous solution as well as in an oil in water (o/w) microemulsion. The findings indicate that the block copolymer behaves as polymeric surfactant at low temperatures, with one relatively small hydrophobic end group and an extended hydrophilic chain forming ‘hairy micelles’ similar as the other synthesized architectures. Above the phase transition temperature of the PNiPAm block, however, the copolymer behaves as associative telechelic polymer with two non-symmetrical hydrophobic end groups, which do not mix. Thus, instead of a network of bridged ‘flower micelles’, large dynamic aggregates are formed. These are connected alternatingly by the original micellar cores as well as by clusters of the collapsed PNiPAm blocks. This type of bridged micelles is even more favored in the o/w microemulsion than in pure aqueous solution. KW - block copolymers KW - thermoresponsive KW - aggregation KW - RAFT polymerization KW - RAFT, Polymerisation KW - Aggregation KW - Blockcopolymer KW - thermoresponsiv Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541822 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tietjen, Britta A1 - Huth, Andreas T1 - Modelling dynamics of managed tropical rainforests - An aggregated approach JF - Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog N2 - The overuse of rainforests in the last century and its consequences necessitate a rethinking of logging policies. To this end models have been developed to simulate rainforest dynamics and to allow optional management strategies to be evaluated. Parameterisation of presently existing models for a certain site needs a lot of work, thus the parameterisation effort is too high to apply the models to a wide range of rainforests. Hence, in this paper we introduce the simplified model FORREG using the knowledge we have gained from a more complex model, FORMIX3-Q. The FORREG model uses differential equations to determine the volume growth of three successional species groups. Parameterisation is simplified by a genetic algorithm, which determines the required internal model parameters from characteristics of the forest dynamics. The new model is employed to assess the sustainability of various logging policies in terms of yield and damage. Results for three forests are discussed: (1) the tropical lowland rain forest in the Deramakot Forest Reserve, (2) the Lambir National Park in Malaysia and (3) a subtropical forest in Paraguay. Our model reproduces both undisturbed forest dynamics and dynamics of logged forests simulated with FORMIX3-Q very well. However, the resultant volumes of yield and damage differ slightly from those gained by FORMIX3-Q if short logging cycles are simulated. Choosing longer logging cycles leads to a good correspondence of both models. For the Deramakot Forest Reserve different logging cycles are compared and discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - aggregation KW - differential equation KW - forest model KW - genetic algorithm KW - logging KW - tropical rainforest Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.11.045 SN - 0304-3800 VL - 199 IS - 4 SP - 421 EP - 432 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saffert, Paul A1 - Adamla, Frauke A1 - Schieweck, Rico A1 - Atkins, John F. A1 - Ignatova, Zoya T1 - An Expanded CAG Repeat in Huntingtin Causes+1 Frameshifting JF - The journal of biological chemistry N2 - Maintenance of triplet decoding is crucial for the expression of functional protein because deviations either into the -1 or +1 reading frames are often non-functional. We report here that expression of huntingtin (Htt) exon 1 with expanded CAG repeats, implicated in Huntington pathology, undergoes a sporadic +1 frameshift to generate from the CAG repeat a trans-frame AGC repeat-encoded product. This +1 recoding is exclusively detected in pathological Htt variants, i.e. those with expanded repeats with more than 35 consecutive CAG codons. An atypical +1 shift site, UUC C at the 5 end of CAG repeats, which has some resemblance to the influenza A virus shift site, triggers the +1 frameshifting and is enhanced by the increased propensity of the expanded CAG repeats to form a stem-loop structure. The +1 trans-frame-encoded product can directly influence the aggregation of the parental Htt exon 1. KW - aggregation KW - Huntington disease KW - translation KW - translation regulation KW - trinucleotide repeat disease KW - frameshifting KW - seeding Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.744326 SN - 0021-9258 SN - 1083-351X VL - 291 SP - 18505 EP - 18513 PB - American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CY - Bethesda ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Marcel A1 - Dolfen, Daniel A1 - Frisch, Johannes A1 - Roland, Steffen A1 - Steyrleuthner, Robert A1 - Stiller, Burkhard A1 - Chen, Zhihua A1 - Scherf, Ullrich A1 - Koch, Norbert A1 - Facchetti, Antonio A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Influence of aggregation on the performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells containing Low-Bandgap Naphthalenediimide Copolymers JF - dvanced energy materials N2 - The authors present efficient all-polymer solar cells comprising two different low-bandgap naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based copolymers as acceptors and regioregular P3HT as the donor. It is shown that these naphthalene copolymers have a strong tendency to preaggregate in specific organic solvents, and that preaggregation can be completely suppressed when using suitable solvents with large and highly polarizable aromatic cores. Organic solar cells prepared from such nonaggregated polymer solutions show dramatically increased power conversion efficiencies of up to 1.4%, which is mainly due to a large increase of the short circuit current. In addition, optimized solar cells show remarkable high fill factors of up to 70%. The analysis of the blend absorbance spectra reveals a surprising anticorrelation between the degree of polymer aggregation in the solid P3HT:NDI copolymer blends and their photovoltaic performance. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements reveal important information on the blend morphology. It is shown that films with high degree of aggregation and low photocurrents exhibit large-scale phase-separation into rather pure donor and acceptor domains. It is proposed that, by suppressing the aggregation of NDI copolymers at the early stage of film formation, the intermixing of the donor and acceptor component is improved, thereby allowing efficient harvesting of photogenerated excitons at the donoracceptor heterojunction. KW - aggregation KW - morphology KW - naphthalenediimide KW - organic semiconductors KW - organic photovoltaics Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100601 SN - 1614-6832 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 369 EP - 380 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Hinz, Justyna T1 - Factors modifying the aggregation of atrophin-1 acting in cis and in trans T1 - Faktoren welche die Aggregation der Atrophin-1 in cis und in trans beeinflussen N2 - Ten polyQ (polyglutamine) diseases constitute a group of hereditary, neurodegenerative, lethal disorders, characterized by neuronal loss and motor and cognitive impairments. The only common molecular feature of polyQ disease-associated proteins is the homopolymeric polyglutamine repeat. The pathological expansion of polyQ tract invariably leads to protein misfolding and aggregation, resulting in formation of the fibrillar intraneuronal deposits (aggregates) of the disease protein. The polyQ-related cellular toxicity is currently attributed to early, small, soluble aggregate species (oligomers), whereas end-stage, fibrillar, insoluble aggregates are considered to be benign. In the complex cellular environment aggregation and toxicity of mutant polyQ proteins can be affected by both the sequences of the corresponding disease protein (factors acting in cis) and the cellular environment (factors acting in trans). Additionally, the nucleus has been suggested to be the primary site of toxicity in the polyQ-based neurodegeneration. In this study, the dynamics and structure of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were examined to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the cellular aggregation of atrophin-1, a protein implicated in the pathology of dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), a polyQ-based disease with complex clinical features. Dynamic imaging, combined with biochemical and biophysical approaches revealed a large heterogeneity in the dynamics of atrophin-1 within the nuclear inclusions compared with the compact and immobile cytoplasmic aggregates. At least two types of inclusions of polyQ-expanded atrophin-1 with different mobility of the molecular species and ability to exchange with the surrounding monomer pool coexist in the nucleus of the model cell system, neuroblastoma N2a cells. Furthermore, our novel cross-seeding approach which allows for monitoring of the architecture of the aggregate core directly in the cell revealed an evolution of the aggregate core of the polyQ-expanded ATN1 from one composed of the sequences flanking the polyQ domain at early aggregation phases to one dominated by the polyQ stretch in the later aggregation phase. Intriguingly, these changes in the aggregate core architecture of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions mirrored the changes in the protein dynamics and physico-chemical properties of the aggregates in the aggregation time course. 2D-gel analyses followed by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) were used to detect alterations in the interaction partners of the pathological ATN1 variant compared to the non-pathological ATN1. Based on these results, we propose that the observed complexity in the dynamics of the nuclear inclusions provides a molecular explanation for the enhanced cellular toxicity of the nuclear aggregates in polyQ-based neurodegeneration. N2 - Zehn Polyglutamin-basierte (polyQ) Erkrankungen bilden eine Gruppe von erblichen, neurogenerativen, letalen Krankheiten, die durch neuronalen Zellverlust und motorischen und kognitiven Störungen charakterisiert sind. Die mit polyQ Erkrankungen-assoziierten Proteine enthalten eine repetitive Abfolge der Aminosäure Glutamin (den polyQ-Bereich, der die einzige gemeinsame Sequenz aller polyQ Proteine ist). Durch die pathologische Verlängerung des PolyQ-Bereiches bekommen die polyQ Proteine eine Neigung zu aggregieren, und bilden damit unlösliche, fibrilläre Ablagerungen in Neuronen. Es wird vermutet, dass die sich anfangs bildenden kleinen löslichen Ablagerungsvorstufen (Oligomere) toxisch, und die später gebildeten, unlöslichen fibrillären Aggregate jedoch harmlos sind. Im zellulären Milieu werden Aggregations-Prozess und Toxizität durch die polyQ-flankierenden (benachbarten) Sequenzen des jeweiligen Proteins (in cis agierende Faktoren) und unterschiedliche zelluläre Proteine (in trans agierende Faktoren) beeinflusst. Außerdem kann die nukleare Lokalisation der polyQ Spezies mit verlängertem PolyQ-Bereich ihren toxischen Effekt erhöhen. Die Verlängerung des polyQ-Bereiches im Protein Atrophin-1 (ATN1) über 49 Glutamine hinaus, verursacht Dentatorubro-Pallidoluysische Atrophie (DRPLA), eine progressive Erkrankung, die sich durch Muskelzuckungen, Epilepsie, Ataxie und Demenz äußern kann. In dieser Arbeit wurden die dynamischen Eigenschaften und die Struktur der nuklearen und zytoplasmatischen Aggregate systematisch untersucht, um die Faktoren, die das Aggregations-Verhältnis der Atrophin-1 in cis und in trans beeinflussen zu erkennen. Mittels des mit biochemischen und biophysikalischen Analysen kombinierten Dynamic Imaging, konnte gezeigt werden, dass Aggregate der mutierten ATN1 in vivo, im Säugetier-Zellen Model (Neuroblastoma N2a Zellen), sich von den frühen, löslichen zu später gebildeten unlöslichen Spezies entwickeln. Die Resultate der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Cross-Seeding Methode zeigen, dass das Aggregatcore der früheren Aggregate von den polyQ-Bereich flankierenden Sequenzen kontrolliert wurde, während die Transformation zu unlöslichen Aggregaten von dem expandierten polyQ-Bereich dominiert ist. Außerdem, wie die 2D-Gelelectrophorese und die MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) Analysen beweisen, beeinflusst die Länge des PolyQ-Bereiches die Interaktionen mit zellulären Proteinen. Wir haben auch festgestellt, dass das in nuklearen Aggregaten abgelagerte polyQ-expandierte ATN1 im Vergleich zu den zytoplasmatischen Ablagerungen eine erhöhte Mobilität aufwies. Mindestens zwei Aggregat-Typen mit unterschiedlichen Mobilitäten von mutierten ATN1 koexistieren im Zellkern der N2a Zellen, während im Gegensatz dazu das Protein in den kompakten zytoplasmatischen Aggregaten ausnahmslos immobil erscheint. Dies stellt eine molekulare Erklärung der erhöhten Toxizität der nuklearen ATN1-Aggregate dar. KW - polyQ KW - Atrophin-1 KW - Proteinmissfaltung KW - Proteinaggregation KW - polyQ KW - atrophin-1 KW - misfolding KW - aggregation Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60385 ER -