TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Ariane A1 - Bahrs, Marco A1 - Alirezaeizanjani, Zahra A1 - Zhang, Xingyu A1 - Beta, Carsten A1 - Zaburdaev, Vasily T1 - Rectification of Bacterial Diffusion in Microfluidic Labyrinths JF - Frontiers in Physics N2 - In nature as well as in the context of infection and medical applications, bacteria often have to move in highly complex environments such as soil or tissues. Previous studies have shown that bacteria strongly interact with their surroundings and are often guided by confinements. Here, we investigate theoretically how the dispersal of swimming bacteria can be augmented by microfluidic environments and validate our theoretical predictions experimentally. We consider a system of bacteria performing the prototypical run-and-tumble motion inside a labyrinth with square lattice geometry. Narrow channels between the square obstacles limit the possibility of bacteria to reorient during tumbling events to an area where channels cross. Thus, by varying the geometry of the lattice it might be possible to control the dispersal of cells. We present a theoretical model quantifying diffusive spreading of a run-and-tumble random walker in a square lattice. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical predictions for the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the lattice geometry. We show that bacteria moving in square labyrinths exhibit enhanced dispersal as compared to unconfined cells. Importantly, confinement significantly extends the duration of the phase with strongly non-Gaussian diffusion, when the geometry of channels is imprinted in the density profiles of spreading cells. Finally, in good agreement with our theoretical findings, we observe the predicted behaviors in experiments with E. coli bacteria swimming in a square lattice labyrinth created in amicrofluidic device. Altogether, our comprehensive understanding of bacterial dispersal in a simple two-dimensional labyrinth makes the first step toward the analysis of more complex geometries relevant for real world applications. KW - diffusion KW - rectification KW - random walk KW - bacteria KW - confinement Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2019.00148 SN - 2296-424X SN - 0429-7725 VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mitzscherling, Julia A1 - MacLean, Joana A1 - Lipus, Daniel A1 - Bartholomäus, Alexander A1 - Mangelsdorf, Kai A1 - Lipski, André A1 - Roddatis, Vladimir A1 - Liebner, Susanne A1 - Wagner, Dirk T1 - Nocardioides alcanivorans sp. nov., a novel hexadecane-degrading species isolated from plastic waste JF - International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology N2 - Strain NGK65(T), a novel hexadecane degrading, non-motile, Gram-positive, rod-to-coccus shaped, aerobic bacterium, was isolated from plastic polluted soil sampled at a landfill. Strain NGK65(T) hydrolysed casein, gelatin, urea and was catalase-positive. It optimally grew at 28 degrees C. in 0-1% NaCl and at pH 7.5-8.0. Glycerol, D-glucose, arbutin, aesculin, salicin, potassium 5-ketogluconate. sucrose, acetate, pyruvate and hexadecane were used as sole carbon sources. The predominant membrane fatty acids were iso-C-16:0 followed by iso-C(17:)0 and C-18:1 omega 9c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and hydroxyphosphatidylinositol. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A3 gamma, with LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine as the diagnostic amino acids. MK 8 (H-4) was the predominant menaquinone. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NGK65(T) belongs to the genus Nocardioides (phylum Actinobacteria). appearing most closely related to Nocardioides daejeonensis MJ31(T) (98.6%) and Nocardioides dubius KSL-104(T) (98.3%). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NGK65(T) was 68.2%. Strain NGK65(T) and the type strains of species involved in the analysis had average nucleotide identity values of 78.3-71.9% as well as digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between 22.5 and 19.7%, which clearly indicated that the isolate represents a novel species within the genus Nocardioides. Based on phenotypic and molecular characterization, strain NGK65(T) can clearly be differentiated from its phylogenetic neighbours to establish a novel species, for which the name Nocardioides alcanivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NGK65(T) (=DSM 113112(T)=NCCB 100846(T)). KW - Nocardioides alcanivorans KW - hexadecane KW - plastic degradation KW - terrestrial KW - plastisphere KW - bacteria Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.005319 SN - 1466-5026 SN - 1466-5034 VL - 72 IS - 4 PB - Microbiology Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kamjunke, Norbert A1 - Beckers, Liza-Marie A1 - Herzsprung, Peter A1 - von Tümpling, Wolf A1 - Lechtenfeld, Oliver A1 - Tittel, Jörg A1 - Risse-Buhl, Ute A1 - Rode, Michael A1 - Wachholz, Alexander A1 - Kallies, Rene A1 - Schulze, Tobias A1 - Krauss, Martin A1 - Brack, Werner A1 - Comero, Sara A1 - Gawlik, Bernd Manfred A1 - Skejo, Hello A1 - Tavazzi, Simona A1 - Mariani, Giulio A1 - Borchardt, Dietrich A1 - Weitere, Markus T1 - Lagrangian profiles of riverine autotrophy, organic matter transformation, and micropollutants at extreme drought JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - On their way from inland to the ocean, flowing water bodies, their constituents and their biotic communities are ex-posed to complex transport and transformation processes. However, detailed process knowledge as revealed by La-grangian measurements adjusted to travel time is rare in large rivers, in particular at hydrological extremes. To fill this gap, we investigated autotrophic processes, heterotrophic carbon utilization, and micropollutant concentrations applying a Lagrangian sampling design in a 600 km section of the River Elbe (Germany) at historically low discharge. Under base flow conditions, we expect the maximum intensity of instream processes and of point source impacts. Phy-toplankton biomass and photosynthesis increased from upstream to downstream sites but maximum chlorophyll con-centration was lower than at mean discharge. Concentrations of dissolved macronutrients decreased to almost complete phosphate depletion and low nitrate values. The longitudinal increase of bacterial abundance and production was less pronounced than in wetter years and bacterial community composition changed downstream. Molecular analyses revealed a longitudinal increase of many DOM components due to microbial production, whereas saturated lipid-like DOM, unsaturated aromatics and polyphenols, and some CHOS surfactants declined. In decomposition exper-iments, DOM components with high O/C ratios and high masses decreased whereas those with low O/C ratios, low masses, and high nitrogen content increased at all sites. Radiocarbon age analyses showed that DOC was relatively old (890-1870 years B.P.), whereas the mineralized fraction was much younger suggesting predominant oxidation of algal lysis products and exudates particularly at downstream sites. Micropollutants determining toxicity for algae (terbuthylazine, terbutryn, isoproturon and lenacil), hexachlorocyclohexanes and DDTs showed higher concentrations from the middle towards the downstream part but calculated toxicity was not negatively correlated to phytoplankton. Overall, autotrophic and heterotrophic process rates and micropollutant concentrations increased from up-to down-stream reaches, but their magnitudes were not distinctly different to conditions at medium discharges. KW - Phytoplankton KW - Nutrients KW - Dissolved organic matter (DOM) KW - bacteria KW - Respiration KW - Micropollutants Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154243 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 828 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoke, Alexa A1 - Woodhouse, Jason Nicholas A1 - Zoccarato, Luca A1 - McCarthy, Valerie A1 - de Eyto, Elvira A1 - Caldero-Pascual, Maria A1 - Geffroy, Ewan A1 - Dillane, Mary A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Jennings, Eleanor T1 - Impacts of extreme weather events on bacterial community composition of a temperate humic lake JF - Water N2 - Extreme weather events are projected to increase in frequency and intensity as climate change continues. Heterotrophic bacteria play a critical role in lake ecosystems, yet little research has been done to determine how they are affected by such extremes. The purpose of this study was to use high-throughput sequencing to explore the bacterial community composition of a humic oligotrophic lake on the North Atlantic Irish coast and to assess the impacts on composition dynamics related to extreme weather events. Samples for sequencing were collected from Lough Feeagh on a fortnightly basis from April to November 2018. Filtration was used to separate free-living and particle-associated bacterial communities and amplicon sequencing was performed for the 16S rRNA V4 region. Two named storms, six high discharge events, and one drought period occurred during the sampling period. These events had variable, context-dependent effects on bacterial communities in Lough Feeagh. The particle-associated community was found to be more likely to respond to physical changes, such as mixing, while the free-living population responded to changes in nutrient and carbon concentrations. Generally, however, the high stability of the bacterial community observed in Lough Feeagh suggests that the bacterial community is relatively resilient to extreme weather events. KW - extreme weather event KW - storm KW - drought KW - bacteria KW - free-living KW - particle-associated KW - humic lake Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102757 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 12 IS - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fabian, Jenny A1 - Zlatanovic, Sanja A1 - Mutz, Michael A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - van Geldern, Robert A1 - Ulrich, Andreas A1 - Gleixner, Gerd A1 - Premke, Katrin T1 - Environmental control on microbial turnover of leaf carbon in streams BT - Ecological function of phototrophic-heterotrophic interactions JF - Frontiers in microbiology N2 - In aquatic ecosystems, light availability can significantly influence microbial turnover of terrestrial organic matter through associated metabolic interactions between phototrophic and heterotrophic communities. However, particularly in streams, microbial functions vary significantly with the structure of the streambed, that is the distribution and spatial arrangement of sediment grains in the streambed. It is therefore essential to elucidate how environmental factors synergistically define the microbial turnover of terrestrial organic matter in order to better understand the ecological role of photoheterotrophic interactions in stream ecosystem processes. In outdoor experimental streams, we examined how the structure of streambeds modifies the influence of light availability on microbial turnover of leaf carbon (C). Furthermore, we investigated whether the studied relationships of microbial leaf C turnover to environmental conditions are affected by flow intermittency commonly occurring in streams. We applied leaves enriched with a C-13-stable isotope tracer and combined quantitative and isotope analyses. We thereby elucidated whether treatment induced changes in C turnover were associated with altered use of leaf C within the microbial food web. Moreover, isotope analyses were combined with measurements of microbial community composition to determine whether changes in community function were associated with a change in community composition. In this study, we present evidence, that environmental factors interactively determine how phototrophs and heterotrophs contribute to leaf C turnover. Light availability promoted the utilization of leaf C within the microbial food web, which was likely associated with a promoted availability of highly bioavailable metabolites of phototrophic origin. However, our results additionally confirm that the structure of the streambed modifies light-related changes in microbial C turnover. From our observations, we conclude that the streambed structure influences the strength of photo-heterotrophic interactions by defining the spatial availability of algal metabolites in the streambed and the composition of microbial communities. Collectively, our multifactorial approach provides valuable insights into environmental controls on the functioning of stream ecosystems. KW - algae KW - bacteria KW - microbial interactions KW - C-13 stable isotopes KW - PLFA KW - terrestrial carbon KW - streambed structure KW - light Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01044 SN - 1664-302X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Mogrovejo Arias, Diana Carolina T1 - Assessment of the frequency and relevance of potentially pathogenic phenotypes in microbial isolates from Arctic environments N2 - The Arctic environments constitute rich and dynamic ecosystems, dominated by microorganisms extremely well adapted to survive and function under severe conditions. A range of physiological adaptations allow the microbiota in these habitats to withstand low temperatures, low water and nutrient availability, high levels of UV radiation, etc. In addition, other adaptations of clear competitive nature are directed at not only surviving but thriving in these environments, by disrupting the metabolism of neighboring cells and affecting intermicrobial communication. Since Arctic microbes are bioindicators which amplify climate alterations in the environment, the Arctic region presents the opportunity to study local microbiota and carry out research about interesting, potentially virulent phenotypes that could be dispersed into other habitats around the globe as a consequence of accelerating climate change. In this context, exploration of Arctic habitats as well as descriptions of the microbes inhabiting them are abundant but microbial competitive strategies commonly associated with virulence and pathogens are rarely reported. In this project, environmental samples from the Arctic region were collected and microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) were isolated. The clinical relevance of these microorganisms was assessed by observing the following virulence markers: ability to grow at a range of temperatures, expression of antimicrobial resistance and production of hemolysins. The aim of this project is to determine the frequency and relevance of these characteristics in an effort to understand microbial adaptations in habitats threatened by climate change. The isolates obtained and described here were able to grow at a range of temperatures, in some cases more than 30 °C higher than their original isolation temperature. A considerable number of them consistently expressed compounds capable of lysing sheep and bovine erythrocytes on blood agar at different incubation temperatures. Ethanolic extracts of these bacteria were able to cause rapid and complete lysis of erythrocyte suspensions and might even be hemolytic when assayed on human blood. In silico analyses showed a variety of resistance elements, some of them novel, against natural and synthetic antimicrobial compounds. In vitro experiments against a number of antimicrobial compounds showed resistance phenotypes belonging to wild-type populations and some non-wild type which clearly denote human influence in the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. The results of this project demonstrate the presence of virulence-associated factors expressed by microorganisms of natural, non-clinical environments. This study contains some of the first reports, to the best of our knowledge, of hemolytic microbes isolated from the Arctic region. In addition, it provides additional information about the presence and expression of intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in environmental isolates, contributing to the understanding of the evolution of relevant pathogenic species and opportunistic pathogens. Finally, this study highlights some of the potential risks associated with changes in the polar regions (habitat melting and destruction, ecosystem transition and re-colonization) as important indirect consequences of global warming and altered climatic conditions around the planet. N2 - Die Arktis ist ein reiches und dynamisches Ökosystem, welches von Mikroorganismen dominiert wird, die unter extremen Bedingungen überleben und funktionieren können. Eine Reihe physiologischer Anpassungen ermöglichen es der Mikrobiota, in diesem Lebensraum zu überdauern niedrige Temperaturen, geringe Wasser- und Nährstoffverfügbarkeit, hohe UV-Strahlung, usw. standzuhalten. Andere Fähigkeiten zielen darauf ab, sich einen Konkurrenzvorteil zu verschaffen, indem sie mit antimikrobiellen Substanzen benachbarte Mikroorganismen stören und die intermikrobielle Kommunikation beeinflussen. Arktische Mikroorganismen sind Bioindikatoren, die Klimaveränderungen anzeigen können. Die Arktis bietet Möglichkeiten, die lokale Mikrobiota zu untersuchen, um Rückschlüsse auf den Klimawandel zu ziehen. Insbesondere Forschung über potenziell pathogene Phänotypen, die infolge der Beschleunigung des Klimawandels in andere Lebensräume auf der ganzen Welt verteilt werden könnten, ist hier von herausragender Bedeutung. In diesem Zusammenhang gibt es zahlreiche Untersuchungen zur Erforschung arktischer Lebensräume sowie Beschreibungen der in ihnen lebenden Mikroben, während über bakterielle Konkurrenzstrategien, die üblicherweise mit Virulenz und Krankheitserregern verbunden sind, bisher wenig geforscht wurde. In diesem Projekt wurden Umweltproben aus der Arktis entnommen und Bakterien und Pilze isoliert. Die klinische Relevanz dieser Mikroorganismen wurde durch Untersuchung der folgenden Virulenzmarker bewertet: Fähigkeit, in einem bestimmten Temperaturbereich zu wachsen, Expression von Antibiotikaresistenz und Produktion von Hämolysinen. Ziel dieses Projekts war es, das Vorkommen dieser Eigenschaften zu bestimmen, um die mikrobiellen Anpassungen in vom Klimawandel bedrohten Lebensräumen zu verstehen. Die beschriebenen Bakterienisolate konnten in einem relevanten Temperaturbereich wachsen, in einigen Fällen von mehr als 30 °C höher als ihre ursprüngliche Isolationstemperatur. Eine beträchtliche Anzahl der Isolate exprimierte konsistent Verbindungen, die Schaf- und Rindererythrozyten auf Blutagar bei verschiedenen Inkubationstemperaturen lysieren können. Die Extrakte einiger dieser Bakterien konnten eine schnelle und vollständige Lyse von Schaf- und Rindererythrozytensuspensionen verursachen und sind möglicherweise sogar hämolytisch gegenüber humanem Blut. Darüber hinaus zeigten Genomanalysen eine Vielzahl von Resistenzgenen gegen natürliche und synthetische antimikrobielle Verbindungen, einige neuartige. In-vitro-Experimente zeigten, dass einige Resistenzphänotypen zu Wildtyp-Populationen während andere zu Nicht-Wildtyp gehören, was auf einen menschlichen Einfluss auf den Erwerb von Antibiotikaresistenzen in der Umwelt eindeutig hindeutet. Die Ergebnisse dieses Projekts zeigen das Vorhandensein von Virulenz-assoziierten Faktoren, die von Mikroorganismen natürlicher, nicht klinischer Umgebungen exprimiert werden. Diese Studie enthält nach unserem besten Wissen einige der ersten Berichte über hämolytische Mikroben, die aus der Arktis isoliert wurden. Darüber hinaus liefert es zusätzliche Informationen über das Vorhandensein und die Expression von intrinsischer und erworbener antimikrobieller Resistenz in Umweltisolaten und trägt zum Verständnis der Entwicklung relevanter pathogener Spezies und opportunistischer Pathogene bei. Schließlich beleuchtet diese Studie einige der potenziellen Risiken, die mit Veränderungen in den Polarregionen (Schmelzen und Zerstörung des Lebensraums, Übergang des Ökosystems und Wiederbesiedlung) als wichtige indirekte Folgen der globalen Erwärmung und veränderter klimatischer Bedingungen auf dem Planeten verbunden sind. KW - Arctic KW - pathogens KW - virulence KW - hemolysis KW - antimicrobial resistance KW - climate change KW - bacteria KW - fungi KW - thermotolerance KW - antibiotic resistance KW - Arktis KW - Krankheitserreger KW - Virulenz KW - Hämolyse KW - Antibiotikaresistenz KW - Klimawandel KW - Bakterien KW - Pilze KW - Thermotoleranz Y1 - 2021 N1 - The author would like to acknowledge that the project leading to this doctoral dissertation has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 675546, research project “Microorganisms in Warming Arctic Environments - MicroArctic”. ER - TY - THES A1 - Stephan, Mareike Sophia T1 - A bacterial mimetic system to study bacterial inactivation and infection N2 - The emerging threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a global challenge in the last decades, leading to a rising demand for alternative treatments for bacterial infections. One approach is to target the bacterial cell envelope, making understanding its biophysical properties crucial. Specifically, bacteriophages use the bacterial envelope as an entry point to initiate infection, and they are considered important building blocks of new antibiotic strategies against drug-resistant bacteria.. Depending on the structure of the cell wall, bacteria are classified as Gram-negative and Gram-positive. Gram-negative bacteria are equipped with a complex cell envelope composed of two lipid membranes enclosing a rigid peptidoglycan layer. The synthesis machinery of the Gram-negative cell envelope is the target of antimicrobial agents, including new physical sanitizing procedures addressing the outer membrane (OM). It is therefore very important to study the biophysical properties of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope. The high complexity of the Gram-negative OM sets the demand for a model system in which the contribution of individual components can be evaluated separately. In this respect, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are promising membrane systems to study membrane properties while controlling parameters such as membrane composition and surrounding medium conditions. The aim of this work was to develop methods and approaches for the preparation and characterization of a GUV-based membrane model that mimics the OM of the Gram-negative cell envelope. A major component of the OM is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the outside of the OM heterobilayer. The vesicle model was designed to contain LPS in the outer leaflet and lipids in the inner leaflet. Furthermore, the interaction of the prepared LPS-GUVs with bacteriophages was tested. LPS containing GUVs were prepared by adapting the inverted emulsion technique to meet the challenging properties of LPS, namely their high self-aggregation rate in aqueous solutions. Notably, an additional emulsification step together with the adaption of solution conditions was employed to asymmetrically incorporate LPS containing long polysaccharide chains into the artificial membranes. GUV membrane asymmetry was verified with a fluorescence quenching assay. Since the necessary precautions for handling the quenching agent sodium dithionite are often underestimated and poorly described, important parameters were tested and identified to obtain a stable and reproducible assay. In the context of varied LPS incorporation, a microscopy-based technique was introduced to determine the LPS content on individual GUVs and to directly compare vesicle properties and LPS coverage. Diffusion coefficient measurements in the obtained GUVs showed that increasing LPS concentrations in the membranes resulted in decreased diffusivity. Employing LPS-GUVs we could demonstrate that a Salmonella bacteriophage bound with high specificity to its LPS receptor when presented at the GUV surface, and that the number of bound bacteriophages scaled with the amount of presented LPS receptor. In addition to binding, the bacteriophages were able to eject their DNA into the vesicle lumen. LPS-GUVs thus provide a starting platform for bottom-up approaches for the generation of more complex membranes, in which the effects of individual components on the membrane properties and the interaction with antimicrobial agents such as bacteriophages could be explored. N2 - Die wachsende Bedrohung durch antibiotikaresistente Bakterien ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einer globalen Herausforderung geworden, was zu einer steigenden Nachfrage nach alternativen Behandlungsmethoden für bakterielle Infektionen geführt hat. Ein Ansatz besteht darin, die bakterielle Zellhülle anzugreifen, weshalb das Verständnis ihrer biophysikalischen Eigenschaften entscheidend ist. Insbesondere Bakteriophagen, Viren, die Bakterien infizieren, nutzen die Bakterienhülle als ersten Angriffspunkt für die Infektion und gelten als wichtige Bausteine für neue Antibiotikastrategien gegen arzneimittelresistente Bakterien. Je nach Struktur der Zellwand werden Bakterien in gramnegative und grampositive Bakterien eingeteilt. Gramnegative Bakterien sind mit einer komplexen Zellhülle ausgestattet. Daher ist es sehr wichtig, ihre biophysikalischen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Die hohe Komplexität der äußeren Zellhülle, auch äußere Membran genannt, erfordert ein Modellsystem, in dem der Beitrag jeder einzelnen Komponente separat bewertet werden kann. In dieser Hinsicht sind Vesikel-basierte Modellsysteme sehr vielversprechend, da sie wichtige Eigenschaften der äußeren Membran simulieren können, aber in ihrer Komplexität stark reduziert und kontrollierbar sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Methoden und Ansätze für die Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines Vesikel-basierten Modells zu entwickeln, das die äußere Membran der gramnegativen bakteriellen Zellhülle nachahmt. Ein Hauptbestandteil der äußeren Membran ist Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), das asymmetrisch auf der Außenseite der äußeren Membran vorhanden ist. Das Vesikelmodell wurde so konzipiert, dass es außen LPS und innen Phospholipide enthält. Die Herstellung des beschriebenen Modellsystems erforderte einige Anpassungen, da die Hüllkomponente LPS eine hohe Tendenz zur Bildung von Selbstaggregaten aufweist. Durch die Einführung eines zusätzlichen Schrittes in das Standardprotokoll konnten Vesikel mit LPS-Inkorporation erzeugt werden. Es wurde sowohl die Menge als auch die asymmetrische Verteilung des LPS-Einbaus bestimmt. Mit Hilfe von Bakteriophagen sollte die biologische Wirkung des Modellsystems getestet werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Bakteriophagen, die spezifisch LPS erkennen und binden, nach Zugabe zum Modellsystem die Vesikel binden und ihr genetisches Material in das Vesikel-Innere injizieren. Die hier beschriebenen LPS-haltigen Vesikel können als Ausgangsplattform für Bottom-up-Ansätze zur Herstellung komplexerer Membranen verwendet werden. Mit diesen komplexeren, aber kontrollierbaren Systemen lassen sich die Auswirkungen einzelner Komponenten der bakteriellen Zellhülle auf die Eigenschaften der Zellhülle sowie ihre Wechselwirkung mit antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen wie Bakteriophagen untersuchen. KW - Bakterien KW - Bakteriophagen KW - Zellmembran KW - Vesikel KW - Konfokale Mikroskopie KW - Lipopolysaccharid KW - gramnegativ KW - bacteria KW - bacteriophage KW - cell membrane KW - vesicle KW - confocal microscopy KW - lipopolysaccharide KW - gram-negative Y1 - 2023 ER -