TY - JOUR A1 - Sushch, Iurii A1 - Brose, Robert A1 - Pohl, Martin A1 - Plotko, Pavlo A1 - Das, Samata T1 - Leptonic nonthermal emission from supernova remnants evolving in the circumstellar magnetic field JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - The very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission observed from a number of supernova remnants (SNRs) indicates particle acceleration to high energies at the shock of the remnants and a potentially significant contribution to Galactic cosmic rays. It is extremely difficult to determine whether protons (through hadronic interactions and subsequent pion decay) or electrons (through inverse Compton scattering on ambient photon fields) are responsible for this emission. For a successful diagnostic, a good understanding of the spatial and energy distribution of the underlying particle population is crucial. Most SNRs are created in core-collapse explosions and expand into the wind bubble of their progenitor stars. This circumstellar medium features a complex spatial distribution of gas and magnetic field which naturally strongly affects the resulting particle population. In this work, we conduct a detailed study of the spectro-spatial evolution of the electrons accelerated at the forward shock of core-collapse SNRs and their nonthermal radiation, using the RATPaC code that is designed for the time- and spatially dependent treatment of particle acceleration at SNR shocks. We focus on the impact of the spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field through the efficiency of diffusion and synchrotron cooling. It is demonstrated that the structure of the circumstellar magnetic field can leave strong signatures in the spectrum and morphology of the resulting nonthermal emission. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3cb8 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 926 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehn-Stefan, Angela A1 - Peter, Andreas A1 - Machann, Jürgen A1 - Schick, Fritz A1 - Randrianarisoa, Elko A1 - Heni, Martin A1 - Wagner, Robert A1 - Birkenfeld, Andreas L. A1 - Fritsche, Andreas A1 - Schulze, Matthias Bernd A1 - Stefan, Norbert A1 - Kantartzis, Konstantinos T1 - Impaired metabolic health and low cardiorespiratory fitness independently associate with subclinical atherosclerosis in obesity JF - The journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism N2 - Context For a given body mass index (BMI), both impaired metabolic health (MH) and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) associate with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective It remains unknown whether both risk phenotypes relate to CVD independently of each other, and whether these relationships differ in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects. Methods Data from 421 participants from the Tubingen Diabetes Family Study, who had measurements of anthropometrics, metabolic parameters, CRF (maximal aerobic capacity [VO2max]) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), an early marker of atherosclerosis, were analyzed. Subjects were divided by BMI and MH status into 6 phenotypes. Results In univariate analyses, older age, increased BMI, and a metabolic risk profile correlated positively, while insulin sensitivity and VO2max negatively with cIMT. In multivariable analyses in obese subjects, older age, male sex, lower VO2max (std. ss -0.21, P = 0.002) and impaired MH (std. ss 0.13, P = 0.02) were independent determinants of increased cIMT. After adjustment for age and sex, subjects with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) had higher cIMT than subjects with metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW; 0.59 +/- 0.009 vs 0.52 +/- 0.01 mm; P < 0.05). When VO2max was additionally included in this model, the difference in cIMT between MHO and MHNW groups became statistically nonsignificant (0.58 +/- 0.009 vs 0.56 +/- 0.02 mm; P > 0.05). Conclusion These data suggest that impaired MH and low CRF independently determine increased cIMT in obese subjects and that low CRF may explain part of the increased CVD risk observed in MHO compared with MHNW. KW - Metabolically healthy obesity KW - cardiorespiratory fitness KW - subclinical KW - atherosclerosis KW - obesity KW - carotid intima-media thickness KW - cardiovascular KW - disease Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac091 SN - 0021-972X SN - 1945-7197 VL - 107 IS - 6 SP - E2417 EP - E2424 PB - Endocrine Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzog, Marc A1 - von Reppert, Alexander A1 - Pudell, Jan-Etienne A1 - Henkel, Carsten A1 - Kronseder, Matthias A1 - Back, Christian H. A1 - Maznev, Alexei A. A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - Phonon-dominated energy transport in purely metallic heterostructures JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Ultrafast X-ray diffraction is used to quantify the transport of energy in laser-excited nanoscale gold-nickel (Au-Ni) bilayers. Electron transport and efficient electron-phonon coupling in Ni convert the laser-deposited energy in the conduction electrons within a few picoseconds into a strong non-equilibrium between hot Ni and cold Au phonons at the bilayer interface. Modeling of the subsequent equilibration dynamics within various two-temperature models confirms that for ultrathin Au films, the thermal transport is dominated by phonons instead of conduction electrons because of the weak electron-phonon coupling in Au. KW - heterostructures KW - nanoscale energy transports KW - non-equilibrium KW - thermal KW - transports KW - ultrafast phenomena Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202206179 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 32 IS - 41 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernandez-Palomino, Carlos Antonio A1 - Hattermann, Fred A1 - Krysanova, Valentina A1 - Lobanova, Anastasia A1 - Vega-Jacome, Fiorella A1 - Lavado, Waldo A1 - Santini, William A1 - Aybar, Cesar A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - A novel high-resolution gridded precipitation dataset for peruvian and ecuadorian watersheds BT - development and hydrological evaluation JF - Journal of hydrometeorology N2 - A novel approach for estimating precipitation patterns is developed here and applied to generate a new hydrologically corrected daily precipitation dataset, called RAIN4PE (Rain for Peru and Ecuador), at 0.1 degrees spatial resolution for the period 1981-2015 covering Peru and Ecuador. It is based on the application of 1) the random forest method to merge multisource precipitation estimates (gauge, satellite, and reanalysis) with terrain elevation, and 2) observed and modeled streamflow data to first detect biases and second further adjust gridded precipitation by inversely applying the simulated results of the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Hydrological results using RAIN4PE as input for the Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments were compared against the ones when feeding other uncorrected (CHIRP and ERA5) and gauge-corrected (CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO) precipitation datasets into the model. For that, SWAT was calibrated and validated at 72 river sections for each dataset using a range of performance metrics, including hydrograph goodness of fit and flow duration curve signatures. Results showed that gauge-corrected precipitation datasets outperformed uncorrected ones for streamflow simulation. However, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO showed limitations for streamflow simulation in several catchments draining into the Pacific Ocean and the Amazon River. RAIN4PE provided the best overall performance for streamflow simulation, including flow variability (low, high, and peak flows) and water budget closure. The overall good performance of RAIN4PE as input for hydrological modeling provides a valuable criterion of its applicability for robust countrywide hydrometeorological applications, including hydroclimatic extremes such as droughts and floods. Significance StatementWe developed a novel precipitation dataset RAIN4PE for Peru and Ecuador by merging multisource precipitation data (satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE was hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in watersheds with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. The results of a comprehensive hydrological evaluation showed that RAIN4PE outperformed state-of-the-art precipitation datasets such as CHIRP, ERA5, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO in terms of daily and monthly streamflow simulations, including extremely low and high flows in almost all Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments. This underlines the suitability of RAIN4PE for hydrometeorological applications in this region. Furthermore, our approach for the generation of RAIN4PE can be used in other data-scarce regions. KW - Amazon region KW - Complex terrain KW - South America KW - Streamflow KW - Precipitation KW - Hydrology KW - Water budget / balance KW - Inverse methods KW - Mountain meteorology KW - Machine learning Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0285.1 SN - 1525-755X SN - 1525-7541 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 309 EP - 336 PB - American Meteorological Soc. CY - Boston ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schüler, Lennart A1 - Calabrese, Justin M. A1 - Attinger, Sabine T1 - Data driven high resolution modeling and spatial analyses of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany JF - PLoS one N2 - The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread around the world with over 100 million infections to date, and currently many countries are fighting the second wave of infections. With neither sufficient vaccination capacity nor effective medication, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) remain the measure of choice. However, NPIs place a great burden on society, the mental health of individuals, and economics. Therefore the cost/benefit ratio must be carefully balanced and a target-oriented small-scale implementation of these NPIs could help achieve this balance. To this end, we introduce a modified SEIRD-class compartment model and parametrize it locally for all 412 districts of Germany. The NPIs are modeled at district level by time varying contact rates. This high spatial resolution makes it possible to apply geostatistical methods to analyse the spatial patterns of the pandemic in Germany and to compare the results of different spatial resolutions. We find that the modified SEIRD model can successfully be fitted to the COVID-19 cases in German districts, states, and also nationwide. We propose the correlation length as a further measure, besides the weekly incidence rates, to describe the current situation of the epidemic. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254660 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 16 IS - 8 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Xiaoli A1 - Xue, Zhike A1 - Jiang, Chaowei A1 - Priest, E. R. A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Yang, Liheng A1 - Wang, Jincheng A1 - Kong, Defang A1 - Song, Yongliang A1 - Feng, Xueshang A1 - Liu, Zhong T1 - Fast plasmoid-mediated reconnection in a solar flare JF - Nature Communications N2 - Magnetic reconnection is a multi-faceted process of energy conversion in astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas that operates at microscopic scales but has macroscopic drivers and consequences. Solar flares present a key laboratory for its study, leaving imprints of the microscopic physics in radiation spectra and allowing the macroscopic evolution to be imaged, yet a full observational characterization remains elusive. Here we combine high resolution imaging and spectral observations of a confined solar flare at multiple wavelengths with data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic modeling to study the dynamics of the flare plasma from the current sheet to the plasmoid scale. The analysis suggests that the flare resulted from the interaction of a twisted magnetic flux rope surrounding a filament with nearby magnetic loops whose feet are anchored in chromospheric fibrils. Bright cusp-shaped structures represent the region around a reconnecting separator or quasi-separator (hyperbolic flux tube). The fast reconnection, which is relevant for other astrophysical environments, revealed plasmoids in the current sheet and separatrices and associated unresolved turbulent motions. Solar flares provide wide range of observational details about fundamental processes involved. Here, the authors show evidence for magnetic reconnection in a strong confined solar flare displaying all four reconnection flows with plasmoids in the current sheet and the separatrices. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28269-w SN - 2041-1723 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group UK CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maharjan, Romi Singh A1 - Singh, Ajay Vikram A1 - Hanif, Javaria A1 - Rosenkranz, Daniel A1 - Haidar, Rashad A1 - Shelar, Amruta A1 - Singh, Shubham Pratap A1 - Dey, Aditya A1 - Patil, Rajendra A1 - Zamboni, Paolo A1 - Laux, Peter A1 - Luch, Andreas T1 - Investigation of the associations between a nanomaterial's microrheology and toxicology JF - ACS omega / American Chemical Society N2 - With the advent of Nanotechnology, the use of nanomaterials in consumer products is increasing on a daily basis, due to which a deep understanding and proper investigation regarding their safety and risk assessment should be a major priority. To date, there is no investigation regarding the microrheological properties of nanomaterials (NMs) in biological media. In our study, we utilized in silico models to select the suitable NMs based on their physicochemical properties such as solubility and lipophilicity. Then, we established a new method based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) microrheology to get the mean square displacement (MSD) and viscoelastic property of two model NMs that are dendrimers and cerium dioxide nanoparticles in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) complete media at three different concentrations for both NMs. Subsequently, we established the cytotoxicological profiling using water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. To take one step forward, we further looked into the tight junction properties of the cells using immunostaining with Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) antibodies and found that the tight junction function or transepithelial resistance (TEER) was affected in response to the microrheology and cytotoxicity. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) results in the gene expression of ZO-1 after the 24 h treatment with NPs further validates the findings of immunostaining results. This new method that we established will be a reference point for other NM studies which are used in our day-to-day consumer products. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00472 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 7 IS - 16 SP - 13985 EP - 13997 PB - ACS Publications CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, Thorsten A1 - Kochlik, Bastian Max A1 - Kusch, Paula A1 - Strauss, Matthias A1 - Juric, Viktorija A1 - Pignitter, Marc A1 - Marusch, Frank A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Weber, Daniela T1 - Pre-Operative assessment of micronutrients, amino acids, phospholipids and oxidative stress in bariatric surgery candidates JF - Antioxidants : open access journal N2 - Obesity has been linked to lower concentrations of fat-soluble micronutrients and higher concentrations of oxidative stress markers as well as an altered metabolism of branched chain amino acids and phospholipids. In the context of morbid obesity, the aim of this study was to investigate whether and to which extent plasma status of micronutrients, amino acids, phospholipids and oxidative stress differs between morbidly obese (n = 23) and non-obese patients (n = 13). In addition to plasma, malondialdehyde, retinol, cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in both groups. Plasma gamma-tocopherol was significantly lower (p < 0.011) in the obese group while other fat-soluble micronutrients showed no statistically significant differences between both groups. Branched-chain amino acids (all p < 0.008) and lysine (p < 0.006) were significantly higher in morbidly obese patients compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde concentrations in both visceral (p < 0.016) and subcutaneous (p < 0.002) adipose tissue were significantly higher in the morbidly obese group while plasma markers of oxidative stress showed no significant differences between both groups. Significantly lower plasma concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (all p < 0.05) and their corresponding ether-linked analogs were observed, which were all reduced in obese participants compared to the control group. Pre-operative assessment of micronutrients in patients undergoing bariatric surgery is recommended for early identification of patients who might be at higher risk to develop a severe micronutrient deficiency post-surgery. Assessment of plasma BCAAs and phospholipids in obese patients might help to differentiate between metabolic healthy patients and those with metabolic disorders. KW - obesity KW - micronutrients KW - oxidative stress KW - amino acids KW - phospholipids KW - vitamins KW - plasma Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040774 SN - 2076-3921 VL - 11 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Harth, Jonathan A1 - Feißt, Martin ED - Schnell, Martin ED - Nehlsen, Lukas T1 - Neue soziale Kontingenzmaschinen BT - Überlegungen zu künstlicher sozialer Intelligenz am Beispiel der Interaktion mit GPT-3 T2 - Begegnungen mit künstlicher Intelligenz Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-95832-288-2 SN - 978-3-7489-3449-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748934493-70 SP - 70 EP - 103 PB - Velbrück Wissenschaft CY - Weilerswist ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalleitner, Fabian A1 - Bobzien, Licia T1 - Taxed fairly? BT - how differences in perception shape attitudes towards progressive taxation JF - European sociological review N2 - Empirically, the poor are more likely to support increases in the level of tax progressivity than the rich. Such income-stratified tax preferences can result from differences in preferences of what should be taxed as argued by previous literature. However, it may also result from income-stratified perceptions of what is taxed. This paper argues that the rich perceive higher levels of tax progressivity than the poor and that tax perceptions affect individuals’ support for progressive taxation. Using data from an Austrian survey experiment, we test this argument in three steps: First, in line with past research, we show that individuals’ income positions are connected to individuals’ tax preferences as a self-interest rationale would predict. However, second, we show that this variation is mainly driven by income-stratified tax perceptions. Third, randomly informing a subset of the sample about actual tax rates, we find that changing tax perceptions causally affects support for redistributive taxation among those who initially overestimated the level of tax progressivity. Our results indicate that tax perceptions are relevant for forming tax preferences and suggest that individuals are more polarized in their perceptions of who pays how much taxes than in their support for who should pay how much tax. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcad060 SN - 0266-7215 SN - 1468-2672 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 535 EP - 548 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER -