TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stone, Kate
A1  - Lago, Sol
A1  - Schad, Daniel
T1  - Divergence point analyses of visual world data
BT  - applications to bilingual research
JF  - Bilingualism : language and cognition
N2  - Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/.
KW  - divergence point analyses
KW  - non-parametric approaches
KW  - bootstrapping
KW  - visual world eye-tracking
KW  - bilingualism
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000607
SN  - 1366-7289
SN  - 1469-1841
VL  - 24
IS  - 5
SP  - 833
EP  - 841
PB  - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mertzen, Daniela
A1  - Lago, Sol
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
T1  - The benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven bilingualism research
JF  - Bilingualism : language and cognition
N2  - Preregistration is an open science practice that requires the specification of research hypotheses and analysis plans before the data are inspected. Here, we discuss the benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven, confirmatory bilingualism research. Using examples from psycholinguistics and bilingualism, we illustrate how non-peer reviewed preregistrations can serve to implement a clean distinction between hypothesis testing and data exploration. This distinction helps researchers avoid casting post-hoc hypotheses and analyses as confirmatory ones. We argue that, in keeping with current best practices in the experimental sciences, preregistration, along with sharing data and code, should be an integral part of hypothesis-driven bilingualism research.
KW  - preregistration
KW  - open science
KW  - bilingualism
KW  - psycholinguistics
KW  - confirmatory analysis
KW  - exploratory analysis
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728921000031
SN  - 1366-7289
SN  - 1469-1841
VL  - 24
IS  - 5
SP  - 807
EP  - 812
PB  - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  -