TY - JOUR A1 - Tetzlaff, Leonard A1 - Hartmann, Ulrike A1 - Dumont, Hanna A1 - Brod, Garvin T1 - Assessing individualized instruction in the classroom BT - comparing teacher, student, and observer perspectives JF - Learning and instruction : the journal of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI) N2 - In this article, we address the measurement of individualized instruction in the context of regular classroom instruction. Our study assessed instructional practices geared towards individualization in German third grade reading lessons by combining self-report data from 621 students, from their teachers (n = 57), and live obser-vations. We then investigated the reliability of these different approaches to measuring individualization as well as the agreement between them. All three approaches yielded reliable indicators of individualized practices, but not all of them corresponded with each other. We found considerable agreement between students and observers, but neither agreed with teachers' self-reports. Upon closer examination, we found that students' ratings only correlated with teacher ratings that were provided close to the timepoint of interest. This correlation increased when teacher measures were corrected for response tendencies. We conclude with some recommendations for future studies that aim to measure individualized instruction in the classroom. KW - Individualization KW - Personalization KW - Differentiation KW - Adaptive teaching; KW - Individualized instruction KW - Instructional quality KW - Learning KW - environments KW - Live observations KW - Classroom research Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2022.101655 SN - 0959-4752 SN - 1873-3263 VL - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traini, Claudia A1 - Kleinert, Corinna A1 - Bittmann, Felix T1 - How does exposure to a different school track influence learning progress? BT - explaining scissor effects by track in Germany JF - Research in social stratification and mobility N2 - German secondary education is known for its early, strict selection of students into different schooling tracks based on prior academic performance, based on the assumption that students learn more efficiently when the learning environment is tailored to their individual abilities and needs. While much previous research has shown that entry into tracks is socially selective, less is known whether there are effects of being exposed to a particular school track on educational success and which mechanisms are contributing to these effects. We investigate this question by comparing the learning progress in reading and mathematics of students in the upper and intermediate schooling track over five years of secondary schooling, based on large-scale German-wide longitudinal data (NEPS-SC3). Even when restricting our sample to a group of students with similar preconditions and controlling for skills at the beginning of secondary schooling, we find that the learning progress in the upper track is higher for both domains, suggesting scissor effects of track exposure. It is mainly the average performance level of the class, and to a lesser degree its social background composition, which mediates these effects. In contrast, migration background composition of the class and instructional quality perceived by students hardly contribute to explaining increasing learning gains in the upper track. KW - Tracking KW - Learning progress KW - German secondary education KW - Learning KW - environment KW - Social stratification Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100625 SN - 0276-5624 VL - 76 SP - 285 EP - 298 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stojanovic, Vladeta A1 - Trapp, Matthias A1 - Richter, Rico A1 - Döllner, Jürgen Roland Friedrich T1 - A service-oriented approach for classifying 3D points clouds by example of office furniture classification T2 - Web3D 2018: Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM Conference on 3D Web Technology N2 - The rapid digitalization of the Facility Management (FM) sector has increased the demand for mobile, interactive analytics approaches concerning the operational state of a building. These approaches provide the key to increasing stakeholder engagement associated with Operation and Maintenance (O&M) procedures of living and working areas, buildings, and other built environment spaces. We present a generic and fast approach to process and analyze given 3D point clouds of typical indoor office spaces to create corresponding up-to-date approximations of classified segments and object-based 3D models that can be used to analyze, record and highlight changes of spatial configurations. The approach is based on machine-learning methods used to classify the scanned 3D point cloud data using 2D images. This approach can be used to primarily track changes of objects over time for comparison, allowing for routine classification, and presentation of results used for decision making. We specifically focus on classification, segmentation, and reconstruction of multiple different object types in a 3D point-cloud scene. We present our current research and describe the implementation of these technologies as a web-based application using a services-oriented methodology. KW - Indoor Models KW - 3D Point Clouds KW - Machine KW - Learning KW - BIM KW - Service-Oriented Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-4503-5800-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3208806.3208810 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gropalis, Maria A1 - Bailer, Josef A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael T1 - Optimierung von Expositionstherapie bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten T1 - Optimization of exposure therapy for pathological health anxiety BT - Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Implikationen BT - Theoretical principles and practical implications JF - Psychotherapeut N2 - Pathologische Krankheitsängste wurden bislang nach ICD und DSM primär als somatoforme Störung bzw. als somatische Belastungsstörung klassifiziert. Theoretische Erwägungen und empirische Befunde legen jedoch nahe, dass es sich bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten eigentlich um eine Angststörung handelt. Innerhalb des vorliegenden Beitrags wird dafür argumentiert, dass Defizite in der aktuellen Behandlungspraxis und in der Wahrnehmung von Patienten mit Hypochondrie als „schwierige Patienten“ teilweise auf Unklarheit in der Nosologie sowie bezüglich der entscheidenden Mechanismen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung zurückzuführen sind. Ausgehend von innovativen theoretischen Ansätzen zur Erklärung pathologischer Krankheitsängste werden Vorschläge für eine verbesserte therapeutische Praxis skizziert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf einem verstärken Einsatz expositionsbasierter Behandlungselemente, die sich am „Inhibitory-learning“-Ansatz orientieren und sich bei anderen Angststörungen bereits bewährt haben. N2 - Up to now pathological health anxiety has been classified primarily as a somatoform disorder or a somatic symptom disorder in ICD and DSM. Theoretical and empirical evidence, however, suggest that pathological health anxiety basically represents an anxiety disorder. In this paper, it is argued that deficits in the treatment and perception of patients with pathological health anxiety as "difficult patients" are partly attributable to a lack of clarity in terms of nosology and with respect to central mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis. Based on novel theoretical approaches for the explanation of pathological health anxiety, suggestions for an improved therapeutic practice are outlined. This approach focuses on a more intensive use of exposure-based treatment elements that are oriented to the inhibitory learning approach, which has already proven its effectiveness for other anxiety disorders. KW - Hypochondriasis KW - Anxiety disorders KW - Inhibition KW - Learning KW - Cognitive behavior therapy KW - Hypochondrie KW - Angststörungen KW - Inhibition KW - Lernen KW - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-018-0285-1 SN - 0935-6185 SN - 1432-2080 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 188 EP - 193 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Grum, Marcus T1 - Construction of a concept of neuronal modeling N2 - The business problem of having inefficient processes, imprecise process analyses, and simulations as well as non-transparent artificial neuronal network models can be overcome by an easy-to-use modeling concept. With the aim of developing a flexible and efficient approach to modeling, simulating, and optimizing processes, this paper proposes a flexible Concept of Neuronal Modeling (CoNM). The modeling concept, which is described by the modeling language designed and its mathematical formulation and is connected to a technical substantiation, is based on a collection of novel sub-artifacts. As these have been implemented as a computational model, the set of CoNM tools carries out novel kinds of Neuronal Process Modeling (NPM), Neuronal Process Simulations (NPS), and Neuronal Process Optimizations (NPO). The efficacy of the designed artifacts was demonstrated rigorously by means of six experiments and a simulator of real industrial production processes. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit addressiert das Geschäftsproblem von ineffizienten Prozessen, unpräzisen Prozessanalysen und -simulationen sowie untransparenten künstlichen neuronalen Netzwerken, indem ein Modellierungskonzept zum Neuronalen Modellieren konstruiert wird. Dieses neuartige Konzept des Neuronalen Modellierens (CoNM) fungiert als flexibler und effizienter Ansatz zum Modellieren, Simulieren und Optimieren von Prozessen mit Hilfe von neuronalen Netzwerken und wird mittels einer Modellierungssprache, dessen mathematischen Formalisierung und technischen Substanziierung sowie einer Sammlung von neuartigen Subartefakten beschrieben. In der Verwendung derer Implementierung als CoNM-Werkzeuge können somit neue Arten einer Neuronalen-Prozess-Modellierung (NPM), Neuronalen-Prozess-Simulation (NPS) sowie Neuronalen-Prozess-Optimierung (NPO) realisiert werden. Die Wirksamkeit der erstellten Artefakte wurde anhand von sechs Experimenten demonstriert sowie in einem Simulator in realen Produktionsprozessen gezeigt. T2 - Konzept des Neuronalen Modellierens KW - Deep Learning KW - Artificial Neuronal Network KW - Explainability KW - Interpretability KW - Business Process KW - Simulation KW - Optimization KW - Knowledge Management KW - Process Management KW - Modeling KW - Process KW - Knowledge KW - Learning KW - Enterprise Architecture KW - Industry 4.0 KW - Künstliche Neuronale Netzwerke KW - Erklärbarkeit KW - Interpretierbarkeit KW - Geschäftsprozess KW - Simulation KW - Optimierung KW - Wissensmanagement KW - Prozessmanagement KW - Modellierung KW - Prozess KW - Wissen KW - Lernen KW - Enterprise Architecture KW - Industrie 4.0 Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mazza, Valeria A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Eccard, Jana A1 - Palme, Rupert A1 - Zaccaroni, Marco A1 - Jacob, Jens T1 - Coping with style: individual differences in responses to environmental variation JF - Behavioral ecology and sociobiology N2 - Between-individual differences in coping with stress encompass neurophysiological, cognitive and behavioural reactions. The coping style model proposes two alternative response patterns to challenges that integrate these types of reactions. The “proactive strategy” combines a general fight-or-flight response and inflexibility in learning with a relatively low HPA (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal) response. The “reactive strategy” includes risk aversion, flexibility in learning and an enhanced HPA response. Although numerous studies have investigated the possible covariance of cognitive, behavioural and physiological responses, findings are still mixed. In the present study, we tested the predictions of the coping style model in an unselected population of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (N = 70). We measured the voles’ boldness, activity, speed and flexibility in learning and faecal corticosterone metabolite levels under three conditions (holding in indoor cages, in outdoor enclosures and during open field test). Individuals were moderately consistent in their HPA response across situations. Proactive voles had significantly lower corticosterone levels than reactive conspecifics in indoor and outdoor conditions. However, we could not find any co-variation between cognitive and behavioural traits and corticosterone levels in the open field test. Our results partially support the original coping style model but suggest a more complex relationship between cognitive, behavioural and endocrine responses than was initially proposed. KW - Coping styles KW - Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites KW - Learning KW - Stress KW - Personality KW - Rodent Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-019-2760-2 SN - 0340-5443 SN - 1432-0762 VL - 73 IS - 10 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda A1 - Steinbach, Anne A1 - Classen, Gerbera A1 - Strudthoff, Nicole A1 - Scholz, Henrike T1 - Octopamine indirectly affects proboscis extension response habituation in Drosophila melanogaster by controlling sucrose responsiveness JF - Journal of insect physiology N2 - Octopamine is an important neurotransmitter in insects with multiple functions. Here, we investigated the role of this amine in a simple form of learning (habituation) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we asked if octopamine is necessary for normal habituation of a proboscis extension response (PER) to different sucrose concentrations. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between responsiveness to sucrose solutions applied to the tarsus and habituation of the proboscis extension response in the same individual. The Tyramine-beta-hydroxylase (T beta h) mutant lacks the enzyme catalyzing the final step of octopamine synthesis. This mutant was significantly less responsive to sucrose than controls. The reduced responsiveness directly led to faster habituation. Systemic application of octopamine or induction of octopamine synthesis by T beta h expression in a cluster of octopaminergic neurons within the suboesophageal ganglion restored sucrose responsiveness and habituation of octopamine mutants to control level. Further analyses imply that the reduced sucrose responsiveness of T beta h mutants is related to a lower sucrose preference, probably due to a changed carbohydrate metabolism, since T beta h mutants survived significantly longer under starved conditions. These findings suggest a pivotal role for octopamine in regulating sucrose responsiveness in fruit flies. Further, octopamine indirectly influences non-associative learning and possibly associative appetitive learning by regulating the evaluation of the sweet component of a sucrose reward. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Nutrition KW - Biogenic amine KW - Learning KW - Sucrose responsiveness KW - T beta h KW - Life span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.03.011 SN - 0022-1910 SN - 1879-1611 VL - 69 SP - 107 EP - 117 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Shuyan A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Kuschpel, Maxim S. A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Music and Video Gaming during Breaks BT - Influence on Habitual versus Goal-Directed Decision Making JF - PLoS one N2 - Different systems for habitual versus goal-directed control are thought to underlie human decision-making. Working memory is known to shape these decision-making systems and their interplay, and is known to support goal-directed decision making even under stress. Here, we investigated if and how decision systems are differentially influenced by breaks filled with diverse everyday life activities known to modulate working memory performance. We used a within-subject design where young adults listened to music and played a video game during breaks interleaved with trials of a sequential two-step Markov decision task, designed to assess habitual as well as goal-directed decision making. Based on a neurocomputational model of task performance, we observed that for individuals with a rather limited working memory capacity video gaming as compared to music reduced reliance on the goal-directed decision-making system, while a rather large working memory capacity prevented such a decline. Our findings suggest differential effects of everyday activities on key decision-making processes. KW - Decision making KW - Games KW - Working memory KW - Video games KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Music cognition KW - Learning Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0150165 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Shuyan A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Kuschpel, Maxim S. A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Music and Video Gaming during Breaks BT - Influence on Habitual versus Goal-Directed Decision Making N2 - Different systems for habitual versus goal-directed control are thought to underlie human decision-making. Working memory is known to shape these decision-making systems and their interplay, and is known to support goal-directed decision making even under stress. Here, we investigated if and how decision systems are differentially influenced by breaks filled with diverse everyday life activities known to modulate working memory performance. We used a within-subject design where young adults listened to music and played a video game during breaks interleaved with trials of a sequential two-step Markov decision task, designed to assess habitual as well as goal-directed decision making. Based on a neurocomputational model of task performance, we observed that for individuals with a rather limited working memory capacity video gaming as compared to music reduced reliance on the goal-directed decision-making system, while a rather large working memory capacity prevented such a decline. Our findings suggest differential effects of everyday activities on key decision-making processes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 289 KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Decision making KW - Games KW - Learning KW - Music cognition KW - Video games KW - Working memory Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-90700 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER -