TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arslan, Seçkin
A1  - Bastiaanse, Roelien
A1  - Felser, Claudia
T1  - Looking at the evidence in visual world: eye-movements reveal how bilingual and monolingual Turkish speakers process grammatical evidentiality
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - This study presents pioneering data on how adult early bilinguals (heritage speakers) and late bilingual speakers of Turkish and German process grammatical evidentiality in a visual world setting in comparison to monolingual speakers of Turkish. Turkish marks evidentiality, the linguistic reference to information source, through inflectional affixes signaling either direct (-DI) or indirect (-mls) evidentiality. We conducted an eyetracking-during-listening experiment where participants were given access to visual 'evidence' supporting the use of either a direct or indirect evidential form. The behavioral results indicate that the monolingual Turkish speakers comprehended direct and indirect evidential scenarios equally well. In contrast, both late and early bilinguals were less accurate and slower to respond to direct than to indirect evidentials. The behavioral results were also reflected in the proportions of looks data. That is, both late and early bilinguals fixated less frequently on the target picture in the direct than in the indirect evidential condition while the monolinguals showed no difference between these conditions. Taken together, our results indicate reduced sensitivity to the semantic and pragmatic function of direct evidential forms in both late and early bilingual speakers, suggesting a simplification of the Turkish evidentiality system in Turkish heritage grammars. We discuss our findings with regard to theories of incomplete acquisition and first language attrition.
KW  - evidentiality
KW  - information source
KW  - inference
KW  - witnessing
KW  - visual world paradigm
KW  - eye-movements
KW  - Turkish-German bilingualism
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01387
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gelman, Andrew
T1  - How to embrace variation and accept uncertainty in linguistic and psycholinguistic data analysis
JF  - Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences
N2  - The use of statistical inference in linguistics and related areas like psychology typically involves a binary decision: either reject or accept some null hypothesis using statistical significance testing. When statistical power is low, this frequentist data-analytic approach breaks down: null results are uninformative, and effect size estimates associated with significant results are overestimated. Using an example from psycholinguistics, several alternative approaches are demonstrated for reporting inconsistencies between the data and a theoretical prediction. The key here is to focus on committing to a falsifiable prediction, on quantifying uncertainty statistically, and learning to accept the fact that - in almost all practical data analysis situations - we can only draw uncertain conclusions from data, regardless of whether we manage to obtain statistical significance or not. A focus on uncertainty quantification is likely to lead to fewer excessively bold claims that, on closer investigation, may turn out to be not supported by the data.
KW  - experimental linguistics
KW  - statistical data analysis
KW  - statistical
KW  - inference
KW  - uncertainty quantification
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0051
SN  - 0024-3949
SN  - 1613-396X
VL  - 59
IS  - 5
SP  - 1311
EP  - 1342
PB  - De Gruyter Mouton
CY  - Berlin
ER  -