TY - THES A1 - Calitri, Francesca T1 - Co-evolution of erosion rates, weathering and profile development in soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines N2 - Soil is today considered a non-renewable resource on societal time scale, as the rate of soil loss is higher than the one of soil formation. Soil formation is complex, can take several thousands of years and is influenced by a variety of factors, one of them is time. Oftentimes, there is the assumption of constant and progressive conditions for soil and/or profile development (i.e., steady-state). In reality, for most of the soils, their (co-)evolution leads to a complex and irregular soil development in time and space characterised by “progressive” and “regressive” phases. Lateral transport of soil material (i.e., soil erosion) is one of the principal processes shaping the land surface and soil profile during “regressive” phases and one of the major environmental problems the world faces. Anthropogenic activities like agriculture can exacerbate soil erosion. Thus, it is of vital importance to distinguish short-term soil redistribution rates (i.e., within decades) influenced by human activities differ from long-term natural rates. To do so, soil erosion (and denudation) rates can be determined by using a set of isotope methods that cover different time scales at landscape level. With the aim to unravel the co-evolution of weathering, soil profile development and lateral redistribution on a landscape level, we used Pluthonium-239+240 (239+240Pu), Beryllium-10 (10Be, in situ and meteoric) and Radiocarbon (14C) to calculate short- and long-term erosion rates in two settings, i.e., a natural and an anthropogenic environment in the hummocky ground moraine landscape of the Uckermark, North-eastern Germany. The main research questions were: 1. How do long-term and short-term rates of soil redistributing processes differ? 2. Are rates calculated from in situ 10Be comparable to those of using meteoric 10Be? 3. How do soil redistribution rates (short- and long-term) in an agricultural and in a natural landscape compare to each other? 4. Are the soil patterns observed in northern Germany purely a result of past events (natural and/or anthropogenic) or are they imbedded in ongoing processes? Erosion and deposition are reflected in a catena of soil profiles with no or almost no erosion on flat positions (hilltop), strong erosion on the mid-slope and accumulation of soil material at the toeslope position. These three characteristic process domains were chosen within the CarboZALF-D experimental site, characterised by intense anthropogenic activities. Likewise, a hydrosequence in an ancient forest was chosen for this study and being regarded as a catena strongly influenced by natural soil transport. The following main results were obtained using the above-mentioned range of isotope methods available to measure soil redistribution rates depending on the time scale needed (e.g., 239+240Pu, 10Be, 14C): 1. Short-term erosion rates are one order of magnitude higher than long-term rates in agricultural settings. 2. Both meteoric and in situ 10Be are suitable soil tracers to measure the long-term soil redistribution rates giving similar results in an anthropogenic environment for different landscape positions (e.g., hilltop, mid-slope, toeslope) 3. Short-term rates were extremely low/negligible in a natural landscape and very high in an agricultural landscape – -0.01 t ha-1 yr-1 (average value) and -25 t ha-1 yr-1 respectively. On the contrary, long-term rates in the forested landscape are comparable to those calculated in the agricultural area investigated with average values of -1.00 t ha-1 yr-1 and -0.79 t ha-1 yr-1. 4. Soil patterns observed in the forest might be due to human impact and activities started after the first settlements in the region, earlier than previously postulated, between 4.5 and 6.8 kyr BP, and not a result of recent soil erosion. 5. Furthermore, long-term soil redistribution rates are similar independently from the settings, meaning past natural soil mass redistribution processes still overshadow the present anthropogenic erosion processes. Overall, this study could make important contributions to the deciphering of the co-evolution of weathering, soil profile development and lateral redistribution in North-eastern Germany. The multi-methodological approach used can be challenged by the application in a wider range of landscapes and geographic regions. N2 - Boden wird heute im gesellschaftlichen Zeitmaßstab als nicht erneuerbare Ressource angesehen, da die Geschwindigkeit des Bodenverlusts höher ist als die der Bodenbildung. Bodenbildung ist komplex, kann mehrere tausend Jahre dauern und wird von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst, unter anderem Zeit. Häufig wird von konstanten und fortschreitenden Bedingungen für die Boden- und/oder Profilentwicklung (d. h. «Steady-State») ausgegangen. Tatsächlich führt ihre (Co-)Evolution bei den meisten Böden zu einer komplexen und zeitlich und räumlich unregelmäßigen Bodenentwicklung, die durch „progressive“ und „regressive“ Phasen gekennzeichnet ist. Der laterale Transport von Bodenmaterial (d. h. Bodenerosion) ist einer der Hauptprozesse, der die Landoberfläche und das Bodenprofil während „rückläufiger“ Phasen bilden, und eines der größten Umweltprobleme, mit denen die Welt konfrontiert ist. Anthropogene Aktivitäten wie die Landwirtschaft können die Bodenerosion verstärken. Daher ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, kurzfristige Bodenumverteilungsraten (d. h. innerhalb von Jahrzehnten), die durch menschliche Aktivitäten beeinflusst werden, von langfristigen natürlichen Raten zu unterscheiden. Zu diesem Zweck können Bodenerosions- (und Denudations-) Raten mithilfe einer Reihe von Isotopenmethoden bestimmt werden, die verschiedene Zeitskalen auf Landschaftsebene abdecken. Mit dem Ziel, die Co-Evolution von Verwitterung, Bodenprofilentwicklung und lateraler Umverteilung auf Landschaftsebene aufzuklären, verwendeten wir Plutonium-239+240 (239+240Pu), Beryllium-10 (10Be, in situ und meteorisch) und Radiokohlenstoff (14C) zur Berechnung kurz- und langfristiger Erosionsraten in zwei Umgebungen: einer natürlichen und einer anthropogenen Umgebung in der hügeligen Grundmoränenlandschaft der Uckermark in Nordostdeutschland. Die wichtigsten Forschungsfragen waren: 1. Wie unterscheiden sich langfristige und kurzfristige Raten von Bodenumverteilungsprozessen? 2. Sind die aus in situ 10Be berechneten Raten vergleichbar mit denen der Verwendung von meteorischem 10Be? 3. Wie verhalten sich Bodenumlagerungsraten (kurz- und langfristig) in einer Agrar- und in einer Naturlandschaft zueinander? 4. Sind die in Norddeutschland beobachteten Bodenmuster reine Folge vergangener Ereignisse (natürlich und/oder anthropogen) oder sind sie in laufende Prozesse eingebettet? Erosion und Ablagerung spiegeln sich in einer Kette von Bodenprofilen mit keiner oder fast keiner Erosion auf flachen Positionen (Hügelkuppe), starker Erosion auf der Hangmitte und Anhäufung von Bodenmaterial am Hangfuss wider. Diese drei charakteristischen Prozessdomänen wurden innerhalb des CarboZALF-D-Versuchsstandorts ausgewählt, der durch intensive anthropogene Aktivitäten gekennzeichnet ist. Ebenso wurde für diese Studie eine Hydrosequenz in einem alten Wald ausgewählt, die als stark vom natürlichen Bodentransport beeinflusste Catena angesehen wird. Die folgenden Hauptergebnisse wurden unter Verwendung der oben erwähnten Reihe von Isotopenmethoden erzielt, die zur Messung der Bodenumverteilungsraten in Abhängigkeit von der erforderlichen Zeitskala (z. B. 239+240Pu, 10Be, 14C) verfügbar sind: 1. Im landwirtschaftlichen Umfeld sind kurzfristige Erosionsraten eine Größenordnung höher als langfristige Raten. 2. Sowohl meteorisches als auch in situ 10Be sind geeignete Bodenindikatoren, um die langfristigen Bodenumverteilungsraten zu messen. Sie liefern ähnliche Ergebnisse in einer anthropogenen Umgebung für verschiedene Landschaftspositionen (z. B. Hügelkuppe, Mittelhang, Hangfuss). 3. Die Kurzzeitraten waren in einer Naturlandschaft extrem niedrig/vernachlässigbar und in einer Agrarlandschaft sehr hoch – -0,01 t ha-1 Jahr-1 (Durchschnittswert) bzw. -25 t ha-1 Jahr- 1. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die langjährigen Belastungen in der Waldlandschaft vergleichbar mit den berechneten in der untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Fläche mit Durchschnittswerten von -1,00 t ha-1 Jahr-1 und -0,79 t ha-1 Jahr-1. 4. Die im Wald beobachteten Bodenmuster könnten auf menschliche Einflüsse und Aktivitäten zurückzuführen sein, die nach den ersten Siedlungen in der Region begannen, und nicht auf die jüngste Bodenerosion. Diese Aktivitäten könnten früher als zuvor angenommen, zwischen 2’500 und 4’800 Jahren vor Christus, erfolgt sein. 5. Darüber hinaus sind die langfristigen Bodenumverteilungsraten unabhängig vom Umfeld ähnlich, was bedeutet, dass vergangene natürliche Bodenmassenumverteilungsprozesse immer noch die gegenwärtigen anthropogenen Erosionsprozesse überschatten. Insgesamt konnte diese Studie wichtige Beiträge zur Entschlüsselung der Co-Evolution von Verwitterung, Bodenprofilentwicklung und lateraler Umverteilung in Nordostdeutschland leisten. Der verwendete multimethodische Ansatz kann durch die Anwendung in einem breiteren Spektrum von Landschaften und geografischen Regionen herausgefordert werden. T2 - Co-Evolution von Erosionsraten, Verwitterung und Profilentwicklung in Bodenlandschaften hügeliger Grundmoränen KW - soil erosion KW - 239+240Plutonium KW - 10Be KW - Agricultural soils KW - Forest KW - Bodenerosion KW - 239+240Plutonium KW - 10Be KW - Landwirtschaftlicher Böden KW - Wald Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-601387 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbrich, Marcus A1 - Gerke, Horst H. A1 - Sommer, Michael T1 - Root development of winter wheat in erosion-affected soils depending on the position in a hummocky ground moraine soil landscape JF - Journal of plant nutrition and soil science = Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde N2 - Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF-D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non-eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014-August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g(-1). Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below-ground (root) and above-ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion-induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity. KW - minirhizotron KW - root density KW - root lengths density KW - root biomass KW - root penetration KW - soil erosion KW - soil horizonation Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600536 SN - 1436-8730 SN - 1522-2624 VL - 181 IS - 2 SP - 147 EP - 157 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Calitri, Francesca A1 - Sommer, Michael A1 - Norton, Kevin A1 - Temme, Arnaud A1 - Brandova, Dagmar A1 - Portes, Raquel A1 - Christl, Marcus A1 - Ketterer, Mike E. A1 - Egli, Markus T1 - Tracing the temporal evolution of soil redistribution rates in an agricultural landscape using Pu239+240 and Be-10 JF - Earth surface processes and landforms : the journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group N2 - Two principal groups of processes shape mass fluxes from and into a soil: vertical profile development and lateral soil redistribution. Periods having predominantly progressive soil forming processes (soil profile development) alternate with periods having predominantly regressive processes (erosion). As a result, short‐term soil redistribution – years to decades – can differ substantially from long‐term soil redistribution; i.e. centuries to millennia. However, the quantification of these processes is difficult and consequently their rates are poorly understood. To assess the competing roles of erosion and deposition we determined short‐ and long‐term soil redistribution rates in a formerly glaciated area of the Uckermark, northeast Germany. We compared short‐term erosion or accumulation rates using plutonium‐239 and ‐240 (239+240Pu) and long‐term rates using both in situ and meteoric cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (10Be). Three characteristic process domains have been analysed in detail: a flat landscape position having no erosion/deposition, an erosion‐dominated mid‐slope, and a deposition‐dominated lower‐slope site. We show that the short‐term mass erosion and accumulation rates are about one order of magnitude higher than long‐term redistribution rates. Both, in situ and meteoric 10Be provide comparable results. Depth functions, and therefore not only an average value of the topsoil, give the most meaningful rates. The long‐term soil redistribution rates were in the range of −2.1 t ha‐1 yr‐1 (erosion) and +0.26 t ha‐1 yr‐1 (accumulation) whereas the short‐term erosion rates indicated strong erosion of up to 25 t ha‐1 yr‐1 and accumulation of 7.6 t ha‐1 yr‐1. Our multi‐isotope method identifies periods of erosion and deposition, confirming the ‘time‐split approach’ of distinct different phases (progressive/regressive) in soil evolution. With such an approach, temporally‐changing processes can be disentangled, which allows the identification of both the dimensions of and the increase in soil erosion due to human influence KW - soil erosion KW - Be-10 KW - Pu239+240 KW - temporal evolution KW - moraine landscape KW - agricultural soils Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4612 SN - 0197-9337 SN - 1096-9837 VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - 1783 EP - 1798 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Lena Katharina A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Ant mounds as a source of sediment in a tropical rainforest? JF - Hydrological processes N2 - In Lutzito catchment on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, extraordinarily high suspended-sediment yields of 1-2Mgha-1year-1 were generated despite the dense forest cover coinciding with erosion-resistant soils. We hypothesized that ant mounding activity is an important zoogeomorphological mechanism in this area, providing relevant quantities of easily transportable material at the soil surface. To test this hypothesis, all ant mound material was collected collected for dry mass determination from thirty 4m2 plots installed in the study area every 1-3days during the 39-day sampling period. Additionally, three ground-nesting ant species responsible for mounds in the study area, Ectatomma ruidum, Trachymyrmex cornetzi and Strumigenys marginiventris, were identified. On the basis of the total of 1.38kg of material collected in the wet season of 2011, the estimate for the whole 8months wet season amounts to 725kgha-1. As this value is in the same order of magnitude as sediment output, it shows that ants may act as important ecosystem engineers and contribute to sediment production here by providing large quantities of fine-grained, readily erodible material at the soil surface for subsequent transport to the streambed. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KW - ant mounds KW - soil erosion KW - sediment output KW - zoogeomorphology Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10222 SN - 0885-6087 SN - 1099-1085 VL - 28 IS - 13 SP - 4156 EP - 4160 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Thomas A1 - Schlummer, Manuela A1 - Notebaert, Bastiaan A1 - Verstraeten, Gert A1 - Korup, Oliver T1 - Carbon burial in soil sediments from Holocene agricultural erosion, Central Europe JF - Global biogeochemical cycles N2 - Natural and human-induced erosion supplies high amounts of soil organic carbon (OC) to terrestrial drainage networks. Yet OC fluxes in rivers were considered in global budgets only recently. Modern estimates of annual carbon burial in inland river sediments of 0.6 Gt C, or 22% of C transferred from terrestrial ecosystems to river channels, consider only lakes and reservoirs and disregard any long-term carbon burial in hillslope or floodplain sediments. Here we present the first assessment of sediment-bound OC storage in Central Europe from a synthesis of similar to 1500 Holocene hillslope and floodplain sedimentary archives. We show that sediment storage increases with drainage-basin size due to more extensive floodplains in larger river basins. However, hillslopes retain hitherto unrecognized high amounts of eroded soils at the scale of large river basins such that average agricultural erosion rates during the Holocene would have been at least twice as high as reported previously. This anthropogenic hillslope sediment storage exceeds floodplain storage in drainage basins <10(5) km(2), challenging the notion that floodplains are the dominant sedimentary sinks. In terms of carbon burial, OC concentrations in floodplains exceed those on hillslopes, and net OC accumulation rates in floodplains (0.70.2 g C m(-2)a(-1)) surpass those on hillslopes (0.40.1 g C m(-2)a(-1)) over the last 7500 years. We conclude that carbon burial in floodplains and on hillslopes in Central Europe exceeds terrestrial carbon storage in lakes and reservoirs by at least 2 orders of magnitude and should thus be considered in continental carbon budgets. KW - soil organic carbon KW - human impact KW - soil erosion KW - hillslope KW - floodplain KW - deposition Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20071 SN - 0886-6236 SN - 1944-9224 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 828 EP - 835 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER -