TY - JOUR A1 - Mehner, Thomas A1 - Attermeyer, Katrin A1 - Brauns, Mario A1 - Brothers, Soren A1 - Hilt, Sabine A1 - Scharnweber, Kristin A1 - Dorst, Renee Minavan A1 - Vanni, Michael J. A1 - Gaedke, Ursula T1 - Trophic transfer efficiency in lakes JF - Ecosystems N2 - Trophic transfer efficiency (TTE) is usually calculated as the ratio of production rates between two consecutive trophic levels. Although seemingly simple, TTE estimates from lakes are rare. In our review, we explore the processes and structures that must be understood for a proper lake TTE estimate. We briefly discuss measurements of production rates and trophic positions and mention how ecological efficiencies, nutrients (N, P) and other compounds (fatty acids) affect energy transfer between trophic levels and hence TTE. Furthermore, we elucidate how TTE estimates are linked with size-based approaches according to the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, and how food-web models can be applied to study TTE in lakes. Subsequently, we explore temporal and spatial heterogeneity of production and TTE in lakes, with a particular focus on the links between benthic and pelagic habitats and between the lake and the terrestrial environment. We provide an overview of TTE estimates from lakes found in the published literature. Finally, we present two alternative approaches to estimating TTE. First, TTE can be seen as a mechanistic quantity informing about the energy and matter flow between producer and consumer groups. This approach is informative with respect to food-web structure, but requires enormous amounts of data. The greatest uncertainty comes from the proper consideration of basal production to estimate TTE of omnivorous organisms. An alternative approach is estimating food-chain and food-web efficiencies, by comparing the heterotrophic production of single consumer levels or the total sum of all heterotrophic production including that of heterotrophic bacteria to the total sum of primary production. We close the review by pointing to a few research questions that would benefit from more frequent and standardized estimates of TTE in lakes. KW - stoichiometry KW - production rates KW - trophic position KW - fatty acids KW - land-water coupling KW - food-web models Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-022-00776-3 SN - 1432-9840 SN - 1435-0629 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - 1628 EP - 1652 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spallanzani, Roberta A1 - Koga, Kenneth T. A1 - Cichy, Sarah B. A1 - Wiedenbeck, Michael A1 - Schmidt, Burkhard C. A1 - Oelze, Marcus A1 - Wilke, Max T1 - Lithium and boron diffusivity and isotopic fractionation in hydrated rhyolitic melts JF - Contributions to mineralogy and petrology N2 - Lithium and boron are trace components of magmas, released during exsolution of a gas phase during volcanic activity. In this study, we determine the diffusivity and isotopic fractionation of Li and B in hydrous silicate melts. Two glasses were synthesized with the same rhyolitic composition (4.2 wt% water), having different Li and B contents; these were studied in diffusion-couple experiments that were performed using an internally heated pressure vessel, operated at 300 MPa in the temperature range 700-1250 degrees C for durations from 0 s to 24 h. From this we determined activation energies for Li and B diffusion of 57 +/- 4 kJ/mol and 152 +/- 15 kJ/mol with pre-exponential factors of 1.53 x 10(-7) m(2)/s and 3.80 x 10(-8) m(2)/s, respectively. Lithium isotopic fractionation during diffusion gave beta values between 0.15 and 0.20, whereas B showed no clear isotopic fractionation. Our Li diffusivities and isotopic fractionation results differ somewhat from earlier published values, but overall confirm that Li diffusivity increases with water content. Our results on B diffusion show that similarly to Li, B mobility increases in the presence of water. By applying the Eyring relation, we confirm that B diffusivity is limited by viscous flow in silicate melts. Our results on Li and B diffusion present a new tool for understanding degassing-related processes, offering a potential geospeedometer to measure volcanic ascent rates. KW - stable isotopes KW - diffusion KW - isotopic fractionation KW - hydrated silicate KW - melts Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01937-2 SN - 0010-7999 SN - 1432-0967 VL - 177 IS - 8 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zappa, Luca A1 - Schlaffer, Stefan A1 - Brocca, Luca A1 - Vreugdenhil, Mariette A1 - Nendel, Claas A1 - Dorigo, Wouter T1 - How accurately can we retrieve irrigation timing and water amounts from (satellite) soil moisture? JF - International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation N2 - While ensuring food security worldwide, irrigation is altering the water cycle and generating numerous environmental side effects. As detailed knowledge about the timing and the amounts of water used for irrigation over large areas is still lacking, remotely sensed soil moisture has proved potential to fill this gap. However, the spatial resolution and revisit time of current satellite products represent a major limitation to accurately estimating irrigation. This work aims to systematically quantify their impact on the retrieved irrigation information, hence assessing the value of satellite soil moisture for estimating irrigation timing and water amounts. In a real-world experiment, we modeled soil moisture using actual irrigation and meteorological data, obtained from farmers and weather stations, respectively. Modeled soil moisture was compared against various remotely sensed products differing in terms of spatio-temporal resolution to test the hypothesis that high-resolution observations can disclose the irrigation signal from individual fields while coarse-scale satellite products cannot. Then, in a synthetic experiment, we systematically investigated the effect of soil moisture spatial and temporal resolution on the accuracy of irrigation estimates. The analysis was further elaborated by considering different irrigation scenarios and by adding realistic amounts of random errors in the soil moisture time series. We show that coarse-scale remotely sensed soil moisture products achieve higher correlations with rainfed simulations, while high-resolution satellite observations agree significantly better with irrigated simulations, suggesting that high-resolution satellite soil moisture can inform on field-scale (similar to 40 ha) irrigation. A thorough analysis of the synthetic dataset showed that satisfactory results, both in terms of detection (F-score > 0.8) and quantification (Pearson's correlation > 0.8), are found for noise-free soil moisture observations either with a temporal sampling up to 3 days or if at least one-third of the pixel covers the irrigated field(s). However, irrigation water amounts are systematically underestimated for temporal samplings of more than one day, and decrease proportionally to the spatial resolution, i.e., coarsening the pixel size leads to larger irrigation underestimations. Although lower spatial and temporal resolutions decrease the detection and quantification accuracies (e.g., R between 0.6 and 1 depending on the irrigation rate and spatio-temporal resolution), random errors in the soil moisture time series have a stronger negative impact (Pearson R always smaller than 0.85). As expected, better performances are found for higher irrigation rates, i.e. when more water is supplied during an irrigation event. Despite the potentially large underestimations, our results suggest that high-resolution satellite soil moisture has the potential to track and quantify irrigation, especially over regions where large volumes of irrigation water are applied to the fields, and given that low errors affect the soil moisture observations. KW - remote sensing KW - soil moisture KW - irrigation KW - detection KW - quantification KW - sentinel-1 Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.102979 SN - 1569-8432 SN - 1872-826X VL - 113 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hagberg, Linda A1 - Celemin, Enrique A1 - Irisarri, Iker A1 - Hawlitschek, Oliver A1 - Bella, Jose L. A1 - Mott, Tami A1 - Pereira, Ricardo J. T1 - Extensive introgression at late stages of species formation BT - insights from grasshopper hybrid zones JF - Molecular ecology N2 - The process of species formation is characterized by the accumulation of multiple reproductive barriers. The evolution of hybrid male sterility, or Haldane's rule, typically characterizes later stages of species formation, when reproductive isolation is strongest. Yet, understanding how quickly reproductive barriers evolve and their consequences for maintaining genetic boundaries between emerging species remains a challenging task because it requires studying taxa that hybridize in nature. Here, we address these questions using the meadow grasshopper Pseudochorthippus parallelus, where populations that show multiple reproductive barriers, including hybrid male sterility, hybridize in two natural hybrid zones. Using mitochondrial data, we infer that such populations diverged some 100,000 years ago, at the beginning of the last glacial cycle in Europe. Nuclear data show that contractions at multiple glacial refugia, and post-glacial expansions have facilitated genetic differentiation between lineages that today interact in hybrid zones. We find extensive introgression throughout the sampled species range, irrespective of the current strength of reproductive isolation. Populations exhibiting hybrid male sterility in two hybrid zones show repeatable patterns of genomic differentiation, consistent with shared genomic constraints affecting ancestral divergence or with the role of those regions in reproductive isolation. Together, our results suggest that reproductive barriers that characterize late stages of species formation can evolve relatively quickly, particularly when associated with strong demographic changes. Moreover, we show that such barriers persist in the face of extensive gene flow, allowing future studies to identify associated genomic regions. KW - Haldane's rule KW - hybridization KW - Pseudochorthippus parallelus KW - speciation KW - sterility Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16406 SN - 0962-1083 SN - 1365-294X VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - 2384 EP - 2399 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moradian, Hanieh A1 - Roch, Toralf A1 - Anthofer, Larissa A1 - Lendlein, Andreas A1 - Gossen, Manfred T1 - Chemical modification of uridine modulates mRNA-mediated proinflammatory and antiviral response in primary human macrophages JF - Molecular therapy N2 - In vitro transcribed (IVT)-mRNA has been accepted as a promising therapeutic modality. Advances in facile and rapid production technologies make IVT-mRNA an appealing alternative to protein- or virus-based medicines. Robust expression levels, lack of genotoxicity, and their manageable immunogenicity benefit its clinical applicability. We postulated that innate immune responses of therapeutically relevant human cells can be tailored or abrogated by combinations of 5'-end and internal IVT-mRNA modifications. Using primary human macrophages as targets, our data show the particular importance of uridine modifications for IVT-mRNA performance. Among five nucleotide modification schemes tested, 5-methoxy-uridine outperformed other modifications up to 4-fold increased transgene expression, triggering moderate proinflammatory and non-detectable antiviral responses. Macrophage responses against IVT-mRNAs exhibiting high immunogenicity (e.g., pseudouridine) could be minimized upon HPLC purification. Conversely, 5'-end modifications had only modest effects on mRNA expression and immune responses. Our results revealed how the uptake of chemically modified IVT-mRNA impacts human macrophages, responding with distinct patterns of innate immune responses concomitant with increased transient transgene expression. We anticipate our findings are instrumental to predictively address specific cell responses required for a wide range of therapeutic applications from eliciting controlled immunogenicity in mRNA vaccines to, e.g., completely abrogating cell activation in protein replacement therapies. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2022.01.004 SN - 2162-2531 VL - 27 SP - 854 EP - 869 PB - Cell Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perdigon-Toro, Lorena A1 - Le Quang Phuong, A1 - Eller, Fabian A1 - Freychet, Guillaume A1 - Saglamkaya, Elifnaz A1 - Khan, Jafar A1 - Wei, Qingya A1 - Zeiske, Stefan A1 - Kroh, Daniel A1 - Wedler, Stefan A1 - Koehler, Anna A1 - Armin, Ardalan A1 - Laquai, Frederic A1 - Herzig, Eva M. A1 - Zou, Yingping A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Understanding the role of order in Y-series non-fullerene solar cells to realize high open-circuit voltages JF - Advanced energy materials N2 - Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) as used in state-of-the-art organic solar cells feature highly crystalline layers that go along with low energetic disorder. Here, the crucial role of energetic disorder in blends of the donor polymer PM6 with two Y-series NFAs, Y6, and N4 is studied. By performing temperature-dependent charge transport and recombination studies, a consistent picture of the shape of the density of state distributions for free charges in the two blends is developed, allowing an analytical description of the dependence of the open-circuit voltage V-OC on temperature and illumination intensity. Disorder is found to influence the value of the V-OC at room temperature, but also its progression with temperature. Here, the PM6:Y6 blend benefits substantially from its narrower state distributions. The analysis also shows that the energy of the equilibrated free charge population is well below the energy of the NFA singlet excitons for both blends and possibly below the energy of the populated charge transfer manifold, indicating a down-hill driving force for free charge formation. It is concluded that energetic disorder of charge-separated states has to be considered in the analysis of the photovoltaic properties, even for the more ordered PM6:Y6 blend. KW - energetic disorder KW - non-fullerene acceptors KW - open-circuit voltage KW - organic solar cells Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103422 SN - 1614-6832 SN - 1614-6840 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kamali, Bahareh A1 - Stella, Tommaso A1 - Berg-Mohnicke, Michael A1 - Pickert, Jürgen A1 - Groh, Jannis A1 - Nendel, Claas T1 - Improving the simulation of permanent grasslands across Germany by using multi-objective uncertainty-based calibration of plant-water dynamics JF - European journal of agronomy N2 - The dynamics of grassland ecosystems are highly complex due to multifaceted interactions among their soil, water, and vegetation components. Precise simulations of grassland productivity therefore rely on accurately estimating a variety of parameters that characterize different processes of these systems. This study applied three calibration schemes - a Single-Objective (SO-SUFI2), a Multi-Objective Pareto (MO-Pareto), and, a novel Uncertainty-Based Multi-Objective (MO-SUFI2) - to estimate the parameters of MONICA (Model for Nitrogen and Carbon Simulation) agro-ecosystem model in grassland ecosystems across Germany. The MO-Pareto model is based on a traditional Pareto optimality concept, while the MO-SUFI2 optimizes multiple target variables considering their level of prediction uncertainty. We used measurements of leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and soil moisture from experimental data at five sites with different intensities of cutting regimes (from two to five cutting events per season) to evaluate model performance. Both MO-Pareto and MO-SUFI2 outperformed SO-SUFI2 during calibration and validation. The comparison of the two MO approaches shows that they do not necessarily conflict with each other, but MO-SUFI2 provides complementary information for better estimations of model parameter uncertainty. We used the obtained parameter ranges to simulate grassland productivity across Germany under different cutting regimes and quantified the uncertainty associated with estimated productivity across regions. The results showed higher uncertainty in intensively managed grasslands compared to extensively managed grasslands, partially due to a lack of high-resolution input information concerning cutting dates. Furthermore, the additional information on the quantified uncertainty provided by our proposed MO-SUFI2 method adds deeper insights on confidence levels of estimated productivity. Benefiting from additional management data collected at high resolution and ground measurements on the composition of grassland species mixtures appear to be promising solutions to reduce uncertainty and increase model reliability. KW - intensively managed grasslands KW - extensively managed grasslands KW - grassland productivity KW - pareto optimality Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126464 SN - 1161-0301 SN - 1873-7331 VL - 134 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy T1 - Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents BT - testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. Method: The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral disengagement, and empathy. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents' involvement across different roles in hate speech. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - empathy KW - moral disengagement KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000422 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 12 IS - 6 SP - 371 EP - 381 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig A1 - Wettstein, Alexander A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia T1 - The online hate speech cycle of violence BT - moderating effects of moral disengagement and empathy in the victim-to-perpetrator relationship JF - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking N2 - Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship. The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed. KW - hate speech KW - cyberhate KW - online discrimination KW - empathy KW - moral KW - disengagement KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0159 SN - 2152-2715 SN - 2152-2723 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 223 EP - 229 PB - Liebert CY - New Rochelle ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Schlippe, Arist A1 - Jansen, Till T1 - Das Erwartungskarussell im Coaching BT - Klarheit schaffen und Entscheidungsblockaden lösen JF - Zeitschrift Führung + Organisation N2 - Eine indifferente Gemengelage unterschiedlicher Erwartungen ist im Coaching nicht selten. Jeder will etwas anderes - was genau, weiß man häufig nicht. Oftmals ist man sich noch nicht einmal sicher, was man selbst will. Das führt zu Stress und Blockaden. Und die Optionen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten geraten aus dem Blick. Diese Situation ist auch vielen Führungskräften wohlbekannt. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.wiso-net.de/document/ZFO__a1ae60c88195bb8546e6483f5a7db1d2a25e48fa SN - 0722-7485 IS - 02 SP - 125 EP - 127 PB - Schäffer-Poeschel CY - Stuttgart ER -