TY - THES A1 - Vacogne, Charlotte D. T1 - New synthetic routes towards well-defined polypeptides, morphologies and hydrogels T1 - Neue Syntheserouten zu wohldefinierten Polypeptiden, Morphologien und Hydrogelen N2 - Proteins are natural polypeptides produced by cells; they can be found in both animals and plants, and possess a variety of functions. One of these functions is to provide structural support to the surrounding cells and tissues. For example, collagen (which is found in skin, cartilage, tendons and bones) and keratin (which is found in hair and nails) are structural proteins. When a tissue is damaged, however, the supporting matrix formed by structural proteins cannot always spontaneously regenerate. Tailor-made synthetic polypeptides can be used to help heal and restore tissue formation. Synthetic polypeptides are typically synthesized by the so-called ring opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA). Such synthetic polypeptides are generally non-sequence-controlled and thus less complex than proteins. As such, synthetic polypeptides are rarely as efficient as proteins in their ability to self-assemble and form hierarchical or structural supramolecular assemblies in water, and thus, often require rational designing. In this doctoral work, two types of amino acids, γ-benzyl-L/D-glutamate (BLG / BDG) and allylglycine (AG), were selected to synthesize a series of (co)polypeptides of different compositions and molar masses. A new and versatile synthetic route to prepare polypeptides was developed, and its mechanism and kinetics were investigated. The polypeptide properties were thoroughly studied and new materials were developed from them. In particular, these polypeptides were able to aggregate (or self-assemble) in solution into microscopic fibres, very similar to those formed by collagen. By doing so, they formed robust physical networks and organogels which could be processed into high water-content, pH-responsive hydrogels. Particles with highly regular and chiral spiral morphologies were also obtained by emulsifying these polypeptides. Such polypeptides and the materials derived from them are, therefore, promising candidates for biomedical applications. N2 - Proteine, auch Polypeptide genannt, sind große Biomoleküle, die aus kleineren Aminosäuren bestehen. Diese sind zu langen Ketten miteinander verbunden, wie die Perlen auf einer Perlenkette. Sie werden in Zellen produziert, können in Tieren und Pflanzen gefunden werden und haben vielfältige Funktionen. Eine dieser Funktionen ist es, die umgebenen Zellen und Gewebe wie ein Gerüst zu stützen. Kollagen (welches in Haut, Knorpel, Sehnen und Knochen zu finden ist) und Keratin (welches in Haaren und Nägeln vorkommt) gehören zu diesen Strukturproteinen. Jedoch wenn ein Gewebe beschädigt ist, beispielsweise als Folge eines Unfalls, kann sich das Grundgerüst aus diesen Strukturproteinen manchmal nicht mehr selbst regenerieren. Maßgefertigte synthetische Polypeptide, können dafür verwendet werden, die Heilung und Wiederherstellung des Gewebes zu Unterstützen. Diese Polypeptide werden mit einer Reihe an chemischen Reaktionen synthetisiert, welche hauptsächlich darauf abzielen Aminosäuren miteinander zu verknüpfen. Synthetische Polypeptide sind weniger Komplex als die von Zellen hergestellten, natürlichen Polypeptide (Proteine). Während in den natürlichen Polypeptiden die Aminosäuren in einer von der DNA definierten Reihenfolge, welche als Sequenz bezeichnet wird, angeordnet sind, sind sie in synthetischen Polypeptiden zumeist zufällig verteilt. Die Konsequenz daraus ist, dass synthetische Polypeptide nicht immer so Leistungsfähig sind wie natürliche Proteine und ein durchdachtes Design benötigen. Zwei Aminosäuren wurden in dieser Dissertation sorgfältig ausgewählt und verwendet um eine Serie an Polypeptiden mit unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung und Länge zu synthetisieren. Ein neuer und vielseitiger Syntheseweg wurde ebenfalls entwickelt und der zugrundeliegende Mechanismus untersucht. Die Polypeptide wurden gründlich analysiert und neue Materialien wurden aus ihnen entwickelt. In Lösung gebracht formten diese Fasern, ähnlich denen von Kollagen, welche sich wiederum zu robusten Netzwerken anordneten. Aus diesen Netzwerken ließen sich Hydrogele herstellen, welche in der Lage waren große Mengen an Wasser aufzunehmen. Diese Hydrogele wiederum stellen vielversprechende Kandidaten für biomedizinische Anwendungen dar. KW - polymer KW - chemistry KW - biomaterial KW - polymerization KW - kinetics KW - polypeptide KW - colloid KW - gelation KW - hydrogel KW - organogel KW - secondary structure KW - physical KW - NCA KW - N-carboxyanhydride KW - Polymer KW - Chemie KW - Biomaterial KW - Polymerisation KW - Kinetik KW - Polypeptid KW - Kolloid KW - Gelieren KW - Hydrogel KW - Organogel KW - Sekundärstruktur KW - physikalisch KW - NCA KW - N-carboxyanhydrid Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-396366 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuler, Benjamin A1 - Lipman, Everett A. A1 - Steinbach, Peter J. A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe A1 - Eaton, William A. T1 - Polyproline and the "spectroscopic ruler" revisited with single-molecule fluorescence N2 - To determine whether Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements can provide quantitative distance information in single-molecule fluorescence experiments on polypeptides, we measured FRET efficiency distributions for donor and acceptor dyes attached to the ends of freely diffusing polyproline molecules of various lengths. The observed mean FRET efficiencies agree with those determined from ensemble lifetime measurements but differ considerably from the values expected from Förster theory, with polyproline treated as a rigid rod. At donor–acceptor distances much less than the Förster radius R0, the observed efficiencies are lower than predicted, whereas at distances comparable to and greater than R0, they are much higher. Two possible contributions to the former are incomplete orientational averaging during the donor lifetime and, because of the large size of the dyes, breakdown of the point-dipole approximation assumed in Förster theory. End-to-end distance distributions and correlation times obtained from Langevin molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the differences for the longer polyproline peptides can be explained by chain bending, which considerably shortens the donor–acceptor distances. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 008 KW - Förster resonance energy transfer KW - molecular dynamics KW - polypeptide KW - FRET Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12229 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schlaad, Helmut T1 - Polymer self-assembly : adding complexity to mesostructures of diblock copolymers by specific interactions N2 - In dieser Arbeit wurde die Rolle selektiver, nicht-kovalenter Wechselwirkungen bei der Selbstorganisation von Diblockcopolymeren untersucht. Durch Einführung elektrostatischer, dipolarer Wechselwirkungen oder Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen sollte es gelingen, komplexe Mesostrukturen zu erzeugen und die Ordnung vom Nanometerbereich auf größere Längenskalen auszuweiten. Diese Arbeit ist im Rahmen von Biomimetik zu sehen, da sie Konzepte der synthetischen Polymer- und Kolloidchemie und Grundprinzipien der Strukturbildung in supramolekularen und biologischen Systemen verbindet. Folgende Copolymersysteme wurden untersucht: (i) Blockionomere, (ii) Blockcopolymere mit chelatisierenden Acetoacetoxyeinheiten und (iii) Polypeptid-Blockcopolymere. N2 - In this work, the basic principles of self-organization of diblock copolymers having the in¬herent property of selective or specific non-covalent binding were examined. By the introduction of electrostatic, dipole–dipole, or hydrogen bonding interactions, it was hoped to add complexity to the self-assembled mesostructures and to extend the level of ordering from the nanometer to a larger length scale. This work may be seen in the framework of biomimetics, as it combines features of synthetic polymer and colloid chemistry with basic concepts of structure formation applying in supramolecular and biological systems. The copolymer systems under study were (i) block ionomers, (ii) block copolymers with acetoacetoxy chelating units, and (iii) polypeptide block copolymers. T2 - Polymer self-assembly : adding complexity to mesostructures of diblock copolymers by specific interactions KW - block copolymer KW - polypeptide KW - controlled polymerization KW - self-assembly KW - specific interactions KW - micelle KW - vesicle KW - solid-state structure KW - colloids KW - Blockcopolymer KW - Polypeptid KW - kontrollierte Polymerisation KW - Selbstorganisation KW - spezifische Wechselwirkungen KW - Mizelle KW - Vesikel KW - Festkörperstruktur KW - Kol Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001824 ER - TY - THES A1 - Meyer, Matthias T1 - PIPOX-PEP : kontrollierte Synthese und Aggregationsverhalten von Blockcopolymeren mit schaltbarer Hydrophilie T1 - PIPOX-PEP : controlled synthesis and aggregation behaviour of blockcopolymers with switchable hydrophilicity N2 - Es wurden Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazolin)-Makroinitiatoren mit terminaler Ammoniumtrifluoracetat-Endgruppe synthetisiert, die anschließend für die Ammonium vermittelte NCA Polymerisation in NMP eingesetzt wurden. Die hierbei synthetisierten Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazolin)-block-poly(L-glutamat) (PIPOX-PEP) Blockcopolymere hatten eine Molekulargewichtsverteilung von 1,2 (UZ). Es wurde beobachtet, dass Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazolin) bei langen Zeiten oberhalb der LCST irreversibel sphärische Strukturen bildet, die eine hierarchische Struktur besitzen und bei denen es sich möglicherweise um "large compound micelles" handelt. PIPOX-PEP kann in wässeriger Lösung bei langen Zeiten oberhalb der LCST "cottonball" Strukturen bilden. Die Aggregate wurden mittels Lichtstreuung, NMR und TEM charakterisiert. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden Strukturbildungsmodelle entwickelt. N2 - A convenient procedure for the synthesis of well-defined poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly(L-glutamate) (PIPOX-PEP) through combined cationic/anionic ring-opening polymerization is described. The key step is the preparation of an ω-(ammonium trifluoroacetate)-poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline), which is used as a macroinitiator for the “ammonium-mediated” polymerization of γ-benzyl L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (NCA). PIPOX is a thermoresponsive polymer exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) near human body temperature, while PEP responds to changes in pH (helix-to-coil transition). The phase behavior of aqueous PIPOX and PIPOX-PEP solutions has been characterized by means of light scattering, NMR spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Phase transition is usually reversible, but renders irreversible when solution are annealed for longer times at 65 °C, far above the LCST. Coagulate particles with hierarchical ordering in the range of nanometers to micrometers, considered as “large compound micelles” or “cottonballs”, are then produced. A tentative mechanism for the formation of such particles is described. KW - Polymer KW - Polyoxazolin KW - Polypeptid KW - Aggregate KW - polyoxazoline KW - polypeptide KW - aggregate Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10832 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kukula, Hildegard T1 - Lineare und verzweigte Blockcopolymere aus Polypeptiden und synthetischen Polymeren N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und den Eigenschaften von linearen und verzweigten amphiphilen Polypeptid-Blockcopolymeren. Die Frage nach dem Einfluss der Topologie und Konformation der Blockcopolymere auf die supramolekularen und kolloidalen Eigenschaften bildete einen wichtigen Aspekt bei den Untersuchungen. Die Blockcopolymere wurden nach einem mehrstufigen Reaktionsschema durch Kombination von anionischer und ringöffnender Polymerisation von Aminosäuren-N-Carboxyanhydriden (NCA) synthetisiert. Die Untersuchung der Polypeptid-Blockcopolymere hinsichtlich ihres Aggregationsverhaltens in fester Phase sowie in verdünnter wässriger Lösung erfolgte mittels Streumethoden (SAXS, WAXS, DLS) sowie abbildender Methoden (TEM). Durch Einsatz der Blockcopolymere als polymere Stabilisatoren in der Emulsionspolymerisation wurden Oberflächen funktionalisierte Latizes erhalten. Als Beispiel für eine pharmazeutische Anwendung wurden bioverträgliche Polypeptid-Blockcopolymere als Wirkstoff-Trägersysteme in der Krebstherapie eingesetzt. N2 - This work describes the synthesis and characterization of linear and branched polypeptide block copolymers having amphiphilic character. The studies focused on the impact of the block copolymers' conformation and architecture on the supramolecular and colloidal properties. The polypeptide block copolymers were prepared in a multi-step process involving the anionic synthesis of (poly)amino-functional polymers (polystyrene and polybutadiene) which where used as macroinitiators for the ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA) of protected a-aminoacids. Supramolecular structures of the block copolymers in the solid state as well as in diluted aqueous solution were investigated using scattering (SAXS, WAXS, DLS) and microscopic (TEM) methods. Both linear and branched polypeptide block copolymers were used as polymeric stabilizers in the emulsion polymerization of styrene to yield polypeptide-decorated latexes. Biocompatible block copolymers were used as drug-delivery systems in lymphatic cancer therapy. KW - amphiphile Blockcopolymere KW - Polypeptide KW - N-Carboxyanhydrid KW - NCA KW - polymerer Stabilisator KW - Morphologie KW - Vesikel KW - amphiphilic block copolymer KW - polypeptide KW - N-carboxyanhydride KW - NCA KW - polymeric stabilizer KW - morphology KW - vesicles Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000040 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoelscher, Matthijs Pieter T1 - The production of antimicrobial polypeptides in chloroplasts N2 - Plants are an attractive platform for the production of medicinal compounds because of their potential to generate large amounts of biomass cheaply. The use of chloroplast transformation is an attractive way to achieve the recombinant production of proteins in plants, because of the chloroplasts’ high capacity to produce foreign proteins in comparison to nuclear transformed plants. In this thesis, the production of two different types of antimicrobial polypeptides in chloroplasts is explored. The first example is the production of the potent HIV entry inhibitor griffithsin. Griffithsin has the potential to prevent HIV infections by blocking the entry of the virus into human cells. Here the use of transplastomic plants as an inexpensive production method for griffithsin was explored. Transplastomic plants grew healthily and were able to accumulate griffithsin to up to 5% of the total soluble protein. Griffithsin could easily be purified from tobacco leaf tissue and had a similarly high neutralization activity as griffithsin recombinantly produced in bacteria. Griffithsin could be purified from dried tobacco leaves, demonstrating that dried leaves could be used as a storable starting material for griffithsin purification, circumventing the need for immediate purification after harvest. The second example is the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that have the capacity to kill bacteria and are an attractive alternative to currently used antibiotics that are increasingly becoming ineffective. The production of antimicrobial peptides was considerably more challenging than the production of griffithsin. Small AMPs are prone to degradation in plastids. This problem was overcome by fusing AMPs to generate larger polypeptides. In one approach, AMPs were fused to each other to increase size and combine the mode of action of multiple AMPs. This improved the accumulation of AMPs but also resulted in impaired plant growth. This was solved by the use of two different inducible systems, which could largely restore plant growth. Fusions of multiple AMPs were insoluble and could not be purified. In addition to fusing AMPs to each other, the fusion of AMPs to small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), was tested as an approach to improve the accumulation, facilitate purification, and reduce the toxicity of AMPs to chloroplasts. Fusion of AMPs to SUMO indeed increased accumulation while reducing the toxicity to the plants. SUMO fusions produced inside chloroplasts could be purified, and SUMO could be efficiently cleaved off with the SUMO protease. Such fusions therefore provide a promising strategy for the production of AMPs and other small polypeptides inside chloroplasts. KW - plastid transformation KW - Nicotiana tabacum KW - HIV KW - AIDS KW - antiviral agent KW - micorbicide KW - Griffithsin KW - chloroplast KW - antimicrobial peptide KW - AMP KW - recombinant production KW - transgenic KW - SUMO KW - inducible expression KW - anti bacterial KW - protein fusion KW - polypeptide KW - peptide KW - plant KW - molecular farming Y1 - 2020 ER -