TY - JOUR A1 - Wiesner-Reinhold, Melanie A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Baldermann, Susanne A1 - Schwarz, Dietmar A1 - Hanschen, Franziska S. A1 - Kipp, Anna Patricia A1 - Rowan, Daryl D. A1 - Bentley-Hewitt, Kerry L. A1 - McKenzie, Marian J. T1 - Mechanisms of Selenium Enrichment and Measurement in Brassicaceous Vegetables, and Their Application to Human Health JF - Frontiers in plant science N2 - Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health. Se deficiency affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries, and there is increasing awareness that suboptimal supply of Se can also negatively affect human health. Selenium enters the diet primarily through the ingestion of plant and animal products. Although, plants are not dependent on Se they take it up from the soil through the sulphur (S) uptake and assimilation pathways. Therefore, geographic differences in the availability of soil Se and agricultural practices have a profound influence on the Se content of many foods, and there are increasing efforts to biofortify crop plants with Se. Plants from the Brassicales are of particular interest as they accumulate and synthesize Se into forms with additional health benefits, such as methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys). The Brassicaceae are also well-known to produce the glucosinolates; S-containing compounds with demonstrated human health value. Furthermore, the recent discovery of the selenoglucosinolates in the Brassicaceae raises questions regarding their potential bioefficacy. In this review we focus on Se uptake and metabolism in the Brassicaceae in the context of human health, particularly cancer prevention and immunity. We investigate the close relationship between Se and S metabolism in this plant family, with particular emphasis on the selenoglucosinolates, and consider the methodologies available for identifying and quantifying further novel Se-containing compounds in plants. Finally, we summarize the research of multiple groups investigating biofortification of the Brassicaceae and discuss which approaches might be most successful for supplying Se deficient populations in the future. KW - Brassica vegetables KW - selenium KW - biofortification KW - glucosinolates KW - human health KW - immune system KW - cancer KW - analytical methods Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01365 SN - 1664-462X VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neugart, Susanne A1 - Wiesner-Reinhold, Melanie A1 - Frede, Katja A1 - Jander, Elisabeth A1 - Homann, Thomas A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Baldermann, Susanne T1 - Effect of Solid Biological Waste Compost on the Metabolite Profile of Brassica rapa ssp chinensis JF - Frontiers in plant science : FPLS N2 - Large quantities of biological waste are generated at various steps within the food production chain and a great utilization potential for this solid biological waste exists apart from the current main usage for the feedstuff sector. It remains unclear how the usage of biological waste as compost modulates plant metabolites. We investigated the effect of biological waste of the processing of coffee, aronia, and hop added to soil on the plant metabolite profile by means of liquid chromatography in pak choi sprouts. Here we demonstrate that the solid biological waste composts induced specific changes in the metabolite profiles and the changes are depending on the type of the organic residues and its concentration in soil. The targeted analysis of selected plant metabolites, associated with health beneficial properties of the Brassicaceae family, revealed increased concentrations of carotenoids (up to 3.2-fold) and decreased amounts of glucosinolates (up to 4.7-fold) as well as phenolic compounds (up to 1.5-fold). KW - metabolite profiling KW - LC/MS KW - pak choi KW - carotenoids KW - phenolic compounds KW - glucosinolates Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00305 SN - 1664-462X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinze, Mandy A1 - Hanschen, Franziska S. A1 - Wiesner-Reinhold, Melanie A1 - Baldermann, Susanne A1 - Gräfe, Jan A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Neugart, Susanne T1 - Effects of Developmental Stages and Reduced UVB and Low UV Conditions on Plant Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp chinensis) JF - Journal of agricultural and food chemistry : a publication of the American Chemical Society N2 - Pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is rich in secondary metabolites and contains numerous antioxidants, including flavonoids; hydroxycinnamic acids; carotenoids; chlorophylls; and glucosinolates, which can be hydrolyzed to epithionitriles, nitriles, or isothiocyanates. Here, we investigate the effect of reduced exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) and UV (UVA and UVB) light at four different developmental stages of pak choi. We found that both the plant morphology and secondary metabolite profiles were affected by reduced exposure to UVB and UV, depending on the plant’s developmental stage. In detail, mature 15- and 30-leaf plants had higher concentrations of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls, whereas sprouts contained high concentrations of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Dry weights and leaf areas increased as a result of reduced UVB and low UV. For the flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in 30-leaf plants, less complex compounds were favored, for example, sinapic acid acylated kaempferol triglycoside instead of the corresponding tetraglycoside. Moreover, also in 30-leaf plants, zeaxanthin, a carotenoid linked to protection during photosynthesis, was increased under low UV conditions. Interestingly, most glucosinolates were not affected by reduced UVB and low UV conditions. However, this study underlines the importance of 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl glucosinolate in response to UVA and UVB exposure. Further, reduced UVB and low UV conditions resulted in higher concentrations of glucosinolate-derived nitriles. In conclusion, exposure to low doses of UVB and UV from the early to late developmental stages did not result in overall lower concentrations of plant secondary metabolites. KW - flavonoids KW - hydroxycinnamic acids KW - carotenoids KW - glucosinolates KW - nitriles KW - UVB reduction Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03996 SN - 0021-8561 SN - 1520-5118 VL - 66 IS - 7 SP - 1678 EP - 1692 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Guzman-Perez, Valentina T1 - Effect of benzylglucosinolate on signaling pathways associated with type 2 diabetes prevention T1 - Wirkung von benzylglucosinolate auf Signalwege mit Type 2 diabetes Prävention zugeordnet N2 - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a health problem throughout the world. In 2010, there were nearly 230 million individuals with diabetes worldwide and it is estimated that in the economically advanced countries the cases will increase about 50% in the next twenty years. Insulin resistance is one of major features in T2D, which is also a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Epidemiological and animal studies have shown that the consumption of vegetables and fruits can delay or prevent the development of the disease, although the underlying mechanisms of these effects are still unclear. Brassica species such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) possess high content of bioactive phytochemicals, e.g. nitrogen sulfur compounds (glucosinolates and isothiocyanates) and polyphenols largely associated with the prevention of cancer. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) display their anti-carcinogenic potential by inducing detoxicating phase II enzymes and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels in tissues. In T2D diabetes an increase in gluconeogenesis and triglyceride synthesis, and a reduction in fatty acid oxidation accompanied by the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are observed; altogether is the result of an inappropriate response to insulin. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors play a crucial role in the regulation of insulin effects on gene expression and metabolism, and alterations in FOXO function could contribute to metabolic disorders in diabetes. In this study using stably transfected human osteosarcoma cells (U-2 OS) with constitutive expression of FOXO1 protein labeled with GFP (green fluorescent protein) and human hepatoma cells HepG2 cell cultures, the ability of benzylisothiocyanate (BITC) deriving from benzylglucosinolate, extracted from nasturtium to modulate, i) the insulin-signaling pathway, ii) the intracellular localization of FOXO1 and iii) the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, ROS detoxification, cell cycle arrest and DNA repair was evaluated. BITC promoted oxidative stress and in response to that induced FOXO1 translocation from cytoplasm into the nucleus antagonizing the insulin effect. BITC stimulus was able to down-regulate gluconeogenic enzymes, which can be considered as an anti-diabetic effect; to promote antioxidant resistance expressed by the up-regulation in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and detoxification enzymes; to modulate autophagy by induction of BECLIN1 and down-regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway; and to promote cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair by up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21CIP) and Growth Arrest / DNA Damage Repair (GADD45). Except for the nuclear factor (erythroid derived)-like2 (NRF2) and its influence in the detoxification enzymes gene expression, all the observed effects were independent from FOXO1, protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). The current study provides evidence that besides of the anticarcinogenic potential, isothiocyanates might have a role in T2D prevention. BITC stimulus mimics the fasting state, in which insulin signaling is not triggered and FOXO proteins remain in the nucleus modulating gene expression of their target genes, with the advantage of a down-regulation of gluconeogenesis instead of its increase. These effects suggest that BITC might be considered as a promising substance in the prevention or treatment of T2D, therefore the factors behind of its modulatory effects need further investigation. N2 - Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 stellt auf der ganzen Welt ein Gesundheitsproblem dar. Im Jahr 2010 waren annähernd 230 Millionen Personen weltweit an Diabetes erkrankt und innerhalb der nächsten 20 Jahre wird in industrialisierten Ländern eine Steigerung der Fälle um 50% erwartet. Eines der Hauptmerkmale des Typ 2 Diabetes ist die Insulinresistenz, die auch als Risikofaktor für metabolische und kardio-vaskuläre Komplikationen gilt. Epidemiologische Studien und Tierversuche haben ergeben, dass durch Verzehr von Gemüse und Obst eine Prävention oder Verzögerung der Entwicklung dieser Krankheit erreicht werden kann, jedoch sind die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen dieser Effekte noch nicht aufgeklärt. Brassica Spezies wie Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) und Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) enthalten einen hohen Anteil an bioaktiven Pflanzen-inhaltsstoffen, wie z. B. stickstoff- und schwefelhaltige Verbindungen (Glukosinolate und Isothiocyanate) und Polyphenole, die bisher hauptsächlich mit der Prävention von Krebs assoziiert wurden. Isothiocyanate (ITCs) erreichen ihr antikanzerogenes Potential durch die Induktion von entgiftenden Phase II Enzymen und eine Anhebung der Glutathion (GSH)-Spiegel im Gewebe. Diabetes Typ2 geht einher mit einem Anstieg der Glukoneogenese und Triglycerid-Synthese, sowie einer Reduktion der Fettsäure-Oxidation in Verbindung mit erhöhten Spiegeln an reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) insgesamt als Resultat einer unangemessenen Insulinantwort. Forkhead box O (FOXO) Transkriptionsfaktoren spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Regulation der Insulineffekte in Bezug auf die vermittelte Genexpression und den Metabolismus, wobei Veränderungen in der Funktion von FOXO zu metabolischen Entgleisungen im Diabetes beitragen können. In dieser Studie wurde unter Verwendung von stabil transfizierten humanen Osteosarkoma-Zellen (U-2 OS) mit konstitutiver Expression von GFP (grün fluoreszierendes Protein)-markiertem FOXO1 und humanen Hepatoma-Zellen (HepG2) die Wirkung von Benzylisothiocyanat (BITC), dessen Vorstufe Benzylglukosinolat aus Nasturtium isoliert wurde, in Zellkulturen evaluiert wie Modulationen der i) Insulin-Signal-Kaskade, ii) intrazellulären Lokalisation von FOXO1 und iii) Expression beteiligter Proteine am Glucose Metabolismus, der ROS Detoxifikation, Zellzyklus-Fixierung und DNA-Reparatur. BITC erzeugte oxidativen Stress und induzierte als Antwort darauf eine Translokation von FOXO1 aus dem Zytoplasma in den Zellkern antagonisierend zum Insulin-Effekt. Eine Stimultion mit BITC war in der Lage, die Expression von Enzymen der Gluconeogenese herunter zu regulieren, was als antidiabetogener Effekt betrachtet werden kann, eine antioxidative Resistenz durch Induktion der Mangan-Superoxid-Dismutase (MnSOD) und entgiftender Enzyme zu erzeugen, Autophagie zu modulieren durch Induktion von BECLIN1 und Herunterregulation des „mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1)-Stoffwechselwegs, den Zellzyklus zu fixieren und DNA-Reparatur zu induzieren durch Hochregulation des Cyclin- abhängigen Kinase- Inhibitors p21CIP und GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA damage repair). Mit Ausnahme des nuklearen Faktors (erythroid derived)-like2 (NRF2) und dessen Einfluss auf die Genexpression von Entgiftungsenzymen waren alle beobachteten Effekte unabhängig von FOXO1, Proteinkinase B (PKB/AKT) und der NAD-abhängigen Deacetylase Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Die gegenwärtige Studie liefert Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass Isothiocayanate neben dem antikanzerogenen Potential eine Rolle bei der Prävention von Typ 2 Diabetes spielen könnten. BITC-Stimulationen ahmen einen Fastenzustand nach, in dem kein Insulin-Signal ausgelöst wird, FOXO Proteine im Zellkern verbleiben und die Expression von Target-Genen modulieren, mit dem Vorteil einer Herunterregulation der Glukoneogenese anstelle seiner Zunahme. Diese Effekte legen nahe, dass BITC als vielversprechende Substanz zur Prävention und Behandlung von Typ 2 Diabetes angesehen werden könnte. Deshalb benötigen die Faktoren, die dessen modulatorische Effekte hervorrufen, weitere Untersuchungen. KW - FOXO1 KW - Benzylisothiocyanat KW - Glukosinolaten KW - type 2 diabetes KW - Zellkulturen KW - FOXO1 KW - benzylisothiocyanate KW - glucosinolates KW - type 2 diabetes KW - cell cuture Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72351 ER -