TY - JOUR A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Wendt, Julia A1 - Wirkner, Janine A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Item and source memory for emotional associates is mediated by different retrieval processes JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Recent event-related potential (ERP) data showed that neutral objects encoded in emotional background pictures were better remembered than objects encoded in neutral contexts, when recognition memory was tested one week later. In the present study, we investigated whether this long-term memory advantage for items is also associated with correct memory for contextual source details. Furthermore, we were interested in the possibly dissociable contribution of familiarity and recollection processes (using a Remember/Know procedure). The results revealed that item memory performance was mainly driven by the subjective experience of familiarity, irrespective of whether the objects were previously encoded in emotional or neutral contexts. Correct source memory for the associated background picture, however, was driven by recollection and enhanced when the content was emotional. In ERPs, correctly recognized old objects evoked frontal ERP Old/New effects (300-500 ms), irrespective of context category. As in our previous study (Ventura-Bort et al., 2016b), retrieval for objects from emotional contexts was associated with larger parietal Old/New differences (600-800 ms), indicating stronger involvement of recollection. Thus, the results suggest a stronger contribution of recollection-based retrieval to item and contextual background source memory for neutral information associated with an emotional event. KW - event-related potentials KW - emotion KW - source memory KW - remember/know KW - old/new KW - effect Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.015 SN - 0028-3932 SN - 1873-3514 VL - 145 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mioni, Giovanna A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Heuristics and biases in the mental manipulation of magnitudes BT - Evidence from length and time production JF - Quarterly journal of experimental psychology / published in association with Experimental Psychology Society N2 - There is a debate about whether and why we overestimate addition and underestimate subtraction results (Operational Momentum or OM effect). Spatial-attentional accounts of OM compete with a model which postulates that OM reflects a weighted combination of multiple arithmetic heuristics and biases (AHAB). This study addressed this debate with the theoretically diagnostic distinction between zero problems (e.g., 3 + 0, 3 - 0) and non-zero problems (e.g., 2 + 1, 4 - 1) because AHAB, in contrast to all other accounts, uniquely predicts reverse OM for the latter problem type. In two tests (line-length production and time production), participants indeed produced shorter lines and under-estimated time intervals in non-zero additions compared with subtractions. This predicted interaction between operation and problem type extends OM to non-spatial magnitudes and highlights the strength of AHAB regarding different problem types and modalities during the mental manipulation of magnitudes. They also suggest that OM reflects methodological details, whereas reverse OM is the more representative behavioural signature of mental arithmetic. KW - Heuristics and biases KW - mental arithmetic KW - operational momentum KW - SNARC KW - effect Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021820967663 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 536 EP - 547 PB - SAGE Publishing CY - Thousand Oaks, CA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Escalante, Ignacio A1 - Dominguez, Marisol A1 - Gomez-Ruiz, Daisy Alejandra A1 - Machado, Glauco T1 - Benefits and costs of mixed-species aggregations in Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) JF - Frontiers in ecology and evolution N2 - Many animals form aggregations with individuals of the same species (single-species aggregations, SSA). Less frequently, individuals may also aggregate with individuals of other species (mixed-species aggregations, MSA). Although the benefits and costs of SSA have been intensively studied, the same is not true for MSA. Here, we first review the cases of MSA in harvestmen, an arachnid order in which the records of MSA are more frequent than other arthropod orders. We then propose several benefits and costs of MSA in harvestmen, and contrast them with those of SSA. Second, using field-gathered data we describe gregariousness in seven species of Prionostemma harvestmen from Costa Rica. These species form MSA, but individuals are also found solitarily or in SSA. We tested one possible benefit and one possible cost of gregariousness in Prionostemma harvestmen. Regarding the benefit, we hypothesized that individuals missing legs would be more exposed to predation than eight-legged individuals and thus they should be found preferentially in aggregations, where they would be more protected from predators. Our data, however, do not support this hypothesis. Regarding the cost, we hypothesized that gregariousness increases the chances of parasitism. We found no support for this hypothesis either because both mite prevalence and infestation intensity did not differ between solitary or aggregated individuals. Additionally, the type of aggregation (SSA or MSA) was not associated with the benefit or the cost we explored. This lack of effect may be explained by the fluid membership of the aggregations, as we found high turnover over time in the number of individuals and species composition of the aggregations. In conclusion, we hope our review and empirical data stimulate further studies on MSA, which remains one of the most elusive forms of group living in animals. KW - alarm signals KW - aggregation size KW - autotomy KW - chemical defenses KW - dilution KW - effect KW - ectoparasitism KW - group living KW - roosting site Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.766323 SN - 2296-701X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Drago, Claudia T1 - Microplastics in the environment: Assessing the ingestion and effect of microplastics on freshwater rotifers in an environmental scenario T1 - Mikroplastik in der Umwelt: Bewertung der Aufnahme und Effekte von Mikroplastik auf Süßwasser-Rotatorien N2 - Microplastics in the environments are estimated to increase in the near future due to increasing consumption of plastic product and also due to further fragmentation in small pieces. The fate and effects of MP once released into the freshwater environment are still scarcely studied, compared to the marine environment. In order to understand possible effect and interaction of MPs in freshwater environment, planktonic zooplankton organisms are very useful for their crucial trophic role. In particular freshwater rotifers are one of the most abundant organisms and they are the interface between primary producers and secondary consumers. The aim of my thesis was to investigate the ingestion and the effect of MPs in rotifers from a more natural scenario and to individuate processes such as the aggregation of MPs, the food dilution effect and the increasing concentrations of MPs that could influence the final outcome of MPs in the environment. In fact, in a near natural scenario MPs interaction with bacteria and algae, aggregations together with the size and concentration are considered drivers of ingestion and effect. The aggregation of MPs makes smaller MPs more available for rotifers and larger MPs less ingested. The negative effect caused by the ingestion of MPs was modulated by their size but also by the quantity and the quality of food that cause variable responses. In fact, rotifers in the environment are subjected to food limitation and the presence of MPs could exacerbate this condition and decrease the population and the reproduction input. Finally, in a scenario incorporating an entire zooplanktonic community, MPs were ingested by most individuals taking into account their feeding mode but also the concentration of MPs, which was found to be essential for the availability of MPs. This study highlights the importance to investigate MPs from a more environmental perspective, this in fact could provide an alternative and realistic view of effect of MPs in the ecosystem. N2 - Das allgegenwärtige Vorhandensein in der Umwelt, der rasche Anstieg und die Langlebigkeit haben Plastik zu einem großen Umweltproblem gemacht. Die zunehmende Konzentration von Plastik durch weitere Fragmentierung in Süßgewässern und die daraus resultierenden Konsequenzen auf Ökosystemebenen werden noch immer unterschätzt. Die Auswirkungen von MP auf planktonische Organismen wie den Rotatorien sind noch nicht hinreichend untersucht worden. Ein negativer Effekt könnte Folgen auf höhere trophische Ebenen haben. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, wie natürliche Faktoren die Aufnahme und Wirkung von Mikroplastik (MP) auf Rotatorien verändern können. Natürliche Faktoren, wie zum Beispiel durch Bakterien aggregierte MP, unterschiedliche Algennahrung, sowie verschiedene aquatische Tierarten, wurden genutzt, um Umweltbedingungen im Labor zu imitieren. Die Aufnahmerate von MP, von MP in Verbindung mit Algennahrung und von aggregiertem MP wurde untersucht (Kapitel 2). Durch die Aggregation von MP sind kleinere MP für Rotatorien besser verfügbar und größere MP werden weniger aufgenommen. Die Auswirkungen des MPs wurden in meiner Studie in Abhängigkeit von der Nahrungszufuhr, z. B. von der Algenkonzentration, aber auch von der Art der Algen untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden Polyamidfragmente und Siliziumdioxidkügelchen verwendet, um mögliche Partikeleffekte oder negative Reaktionen im Zusammenhang mit der Art und Form des Plastiks zu verstehen. Zwei verwandte Brachyonidenarten wurden dabei untersucht. Die Wirkung von MP auf B. calyciflorus und B. fernandoi wurde in Kombination mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen und Arten von Futter getestet. Ziel dieser Studie (Kapitel 3) war es, eine Beziehung zwischen den MP-Konzentrationen und der Qualität der Nahrung herzustellen. Darüber hinaus wurden die beiden Arten miteinander verglichen, um mögliche Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf MP festzustellen. Es wurden subletale Reaktionen, wie die Fortpflanzung, die Populationswachstumsrate und das Überleben untersucht, wobei eine schädliche Auswirkung in Form einer Verringerung der Populationsgröße durch geringere Fortpflanzung festgestellt wurde. In einem komplexeren und naturnahen Szenario, wurde ein Mikrokosmos-Experiment durchgeführt, bei dem vier verschiedene Zooplanktongruppen, bestehend aus Rotatorien, Cladoceren, Copepoden und Ostracoden, drei verschiedenen MP-Größen ausgesetzt wurden (Kapitel 4). Die wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren, wie die MP-Konzentration, die Größe und die Art der Nahrungsaufnahme, wurden berücksichtigt, um festzustellen, welche Gruppe anfälliger für die MP-Aufnahme ist. Die MP-Konzentration und die Art der Futteraufnahme beeinflussten die Aufnahme von MP stärker als die Größe. Bei hoher Konzentration nahmen trotz der Größenpräferenz und der Art der Futteraufnahme mehr Individuen das MP auf. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte die Aufnahme von MP bei niedriger Konzentration vermieden werden. Diese Studie verdeutlicht, dass Umweltfaktoren sowie die MP-Konzentration und die Art der Futteraufnahme eine wichtige Rolle bei der Untersuchung von MP spielen. KW - microplastics KW - rotifer KW - ingestion KW - effect KW - Effekt KW - Aufnahme KW - Mikroplastik KW - Rotatorien Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-573356 ER -