TY  - JOUR
A1  - Avrami, Lydia
A1  - Sprinz, Detlef F.
T1  - Measuring and explaining the EU’s effect on national climate performance
JF  - Environmental Politics
N2  - To what extent has the European Union (EU) had a benign or retarding effect on what its member states would have undertaken in the absence of EU climate policies during 2008–2012? A measurement tool for the EU policy’s effect is developed and shows a benign average EU effect with considerable variation across countries. The EU’s policy effectiveness vis-à-vis its member states is explained by the EU’s non-compliance mechanism, the degree of usage of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, and national pre-Kyoto emission reduction goals. Time-series cross-sectional analyses show that the EU’s non-compliance mechanism has no effect, while the ex-ante plans for using Kyoto flexible mechanisms and/or the ambitious pre-Kyoto emission reduction targets allow member states to escape constraints imposed by EU climate policy.
KW  - Climate change
KW  - policy effectiveness
KW  - EU
KW  - kyoto protocol
KW  - non-compliance
KW  - Kyoto (flexible) mechanisms
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1494945
SN  - 0964-4016
SN  - 1743-8934
VL  - 28
IS  - 5
SP  - 822
EP  - 846
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  -