TY - THES A1 - Schröder, Christine T1 - Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Isoflavon-umsetzenden Enzyme aus dem humanen Darmbakterium Slackia isoflavoniconvertens T1 - Identification and characterization of isoflavone-converting enzymes of the human gut bacterium Slackia isoflavoniconvertens N2 - Aufgrund ihrer potenziell gesundheitsfördernden Wirkung sind die polyphenolischen Isoflavone für die menschliche Ernährung von großem Interesse. Eine Vielzahl an experimentellen und epidemiologischen Studien zeigen für die in Soja enthaltenen Isoflavone Daidzein und Genistein eine präventive Wirkung bezüglich hormon-abhängiger und altersbedingter Erkrankungen, wie Brust- und Prostatakrebs, Osteoporose, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen sowie des menopausalen Syndroms. Die Metabolisierung und Bioaktivierung dieser sekundären Pflanzenstoffe durch die humane intestinale Darmmikrobiota ist individuell unterschiedlich. Nur in einem geringen Teil der westlichen Bevölkerung wird der Daidzein-Metabolit Equol durch spezifische Darmbakterien gebildet. Ein isoliertes Equol-produzierendes Bakterium des menschlichen Darmtrakts ist Slackia isoflavoniconvertens. Anhand dieser Spezies sollten die bislang unbekannten, an der Umsetzung von Daidzein und Genistein beteiligten Enzyme identifiziert und charakterisiert werden. Fermentationsexperimente mit S. isoflavoniconvertens zeigten, dass die Gene der Daidzein und Genistein-umsetzenden Enzyme nicht konstitutiv exprimiert werden, sondern induziert werden müssen. Mit Hilfe der zweidimensionalen differentiellen Gelelektrophorese wurden sechs Proteine detektiert, welche in einer S. isoflavoniconvertens-Kultur in Anwesenheit von Daidzein induziert wurden. Auf Grundlage einzelner Peptidsequenzen erfolgte die Sequenzierung eines Genkomplexes mit den in gleicher Orientierung angeordneten Genen der durch Daidzein induzierten Proteine. Sequenzvergleiche identifizierten zudem äquivalente Genprodukte zu den Proteinen von S. isoflavoniconvertens in anderen Equolproduzierenden Bakterien. Nach der heterologen Expression in Escherichia coli wurden drei dieser Gene durch enzymatische Aktivitätstests als Daidzein-Reduktase (DZNR), Dihydrodaidzein-Reduktase (DHDR) und Tetrahydrodaidzein-Reduktase (THDR) identifiziert. Die Kombination der E. coli-Zellextrakte führte zur vollständigen Umsetzung von Daidzein über Dihydrodaidzein zu Equol. Neben Daidzein setzte die DZNR auch Genistein zu Dihydrogenistein um. Dies erfolgte mit einer größeren Umsatzgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zur Reduktion von Daidzein zu Dihydrodaidzein. Enzymatische Aktivitätstests mit dem Zellextrakt von S. isoflavoniconvertens zeigten ebenfalls eine schnellere Umsetzung von Genistein. Die Kombination der rekombinanten DHDR und THDR führte zur Umsetzung von Dihydrodaidzein zu Equol. Der korrespondierende Metabolit 5-Hydroxyequol konnte als Endprodukt des Genistein-Metabolismus nicht detektiert werden. Zur Reinigung der drei identifizierten Reduktasen wurden diese genetisch an ein Strep-tag fusioniert und mittels Affinitätschromatographie gereinigt. Die übrigen durch Daidzein induzierten Proteine IfcA, IfcBC und IfcE wurden ebenfalls in E. coli exprimiert und als Strep-Fusionsproteine gereinigt. Vergleichende Aktivitätstests identifizierten das induzierte Protein IfcA als Dihydrodaidzein-Racemase. Diese katalysierte die Umsetzung des (R)- und (S)-Enantiomers von Dihydrodaidzein und Dihydrogenistein zum korrespondierenden Racemat. Neben dem Elektronentransfer-Flavoprotein IfcBC wurden auch die THDR, DZNR und IfcE als FAD-haltige Flavoproteine identifiziert. Zudem handelte es sich bei IfcE um ein Eisen-Schwefel-Protein. Nach Induktion der für die Daidzein-Umsetzung kodierenden Gene wurden mehrere verschieden lange mRNA-Transkripte gebildet. Dies zeigte, dass die Transkription des durch Daidzein induzierten Genkomplexes in S. isoflavoniconvertens nicht in Form eines einzelnen Operonsystems erfolgte. Auf Grundlage der identifizierten Daidzein-umsetzenden Enzyme kann der Mechanismus der bakteriellen Umsetzung von Isoflavonen durch S. isoflavoniconvertens eingehend erforscht werden. Die ermittelten Gensequenzen der durch Daidzein induzierten Proteine sowie die korrespondierenden Gene weiterer Equol-produzierender Bakterien bieten zudem die Möglichkeit der mikrobiellen Metagenomanalyse im humanen Darmtrakt. N2 - Gut bacteria play a crucial role in the metabolism of dietary isoflavones which have been implicated in the prevention of hormone-dependent and age-related diseases. Only the intestinal bacteria are able to catalyze the bioactivation of the main soybean isoflavones daidzein and genistein to equol and 5-hydroxy-equol, respectively. Although several equolforming gut bacteria have been isolated in recent years, the knowledge on the involved enzymes is still scarce. Slackia isoflavoniconvertens represents one of the few equol-forming gut bacteria isolated from humans. Growth experiments with S. isoflavoniconvertens indicated that the enzymes catalyzing the conversion of daidzein and genistein were inducible by these isoflavones. Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), several proteins were found to be upregulated in S. isoflavoniconvertens cells grown in the presence of daidzein. Based on selected protein sequences, a cluster of eight genes was identified encoding the daidzeininduced proteins. Sequence analysis revealed also similarities of daidzein-induced proteins to corresponding enzymes from other equol-forming human gut bacteria. The heterologous expression of three of those proteins in Escherichia coli and enzyme activity tests identified them as a daidzein reductase (DZNR), a dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR) and a tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (THDR). The combined cell extracts catalyzed the complete conversion of daidzein to equol. The recombinant DZNR also converted genistein to the intermediate dihydrogenistein at higher rates than observed for the conversion of daidzein to dihydrodaidzein. Higher rates were also observed with S. isoflavoniconvertens cell extracts. In combination, the recombinant DHDR and THDR catalyzed the reduction of dihydrodaidzein to equol, while the corresponding formation product 5-hydroxy-equol was not observed. The three reductases were functionally expressed as Strep-tag fusion proteins and purified by a one-step affinity chromatography. In addition, the remaining daidzein-induced proteins IfcA, IfcBC and IfcE were successfully expressed in E. coli and purified. In a comparative enzyme activity test, IfcA was identified as a dihydrodaidzein racemase, which converts the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein to the corresponding racemate. Flavin analysis revealed flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as the cofactor of THDR, DZNR, IfcE and also of the putative heterodimeric electron tansfer flavoprotein IfcBC. In addition, IfcE was identified as iron-sulfur enzyme. The analysis of intergenic regions and gene expression indicated a non-operon genetic structure of daidzein-induced proteins, because mRNA expression occurs at different transcriptional units. Furthermore, the transcription start site was determined for ifcA as the first gene of daidzein-induced gene cluster. In summary, the identification and incipient characterization of the daidzein-induced enzymes provides the basis for detection corresponding genes in other equol-forming gut bacteria within the microbial metagenome of the human gut. The results enable also further studies to elucidate the catalytic mechanism underlying the isoflavone bioactivation by S. isoflavoniconvertens and to clarify the regulation of enzyme induction. KW - Isoflavone KW - Darmbakterium KW - Equol KW - Proteine KW - Reduktase KW - isoflavones KW - gut microbiota KW - equol KW - protein KW - reductase Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80065 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lemaire, Olivier N. A1 - Infossi, Pascale A1 - Chaouche, Amine Ali A1 - Espinosa, Leon A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Giudici-Orticoni, Marie-Thérèse A1 - Méjean, Vincent A1 - Iobbi-Nivol, Chantal T1 - Small membranous proteins of the TorE/NapE family, crutches for cognate respiratory systems in Proteobacteria T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In this report, we investigate small proteins involved in bacterial alternative respiratory systems that improve the enzymatic efficiency through better anchorage and multimerization of membrane components. Using the small protein TorE of the respiratory TMAO reductase system as a model, we discovered that TorE is part of a subfamily of small proteins that are present in proteobacteria in which they play a similar role for bacterial respiratory systems. We reveal by microscopy that, in Shewanella oneidensis MR1, alternative respiratory systems are evenly distributed in the membrane contrary to what has been described for Escherichia coli. Thus, the better efficiency of the respiratory systems observed in the presence of the small proteins is not due to a specific localization in the membrane, but rather to the formation of membranous complexes formed by TorE homologs with their c-type cytochrome partner protein. By an in vivo approach combining Clear Native electrophoresis and fluorescent translational fusions, we determined the 4: 4 stoichiometry of the complexes. In addition, mild solubilization of the cytochrome indicates that the presence of the small protein reinforces its anchoring to the membrane. Therefore, assembly of the complex induced by this small protein improves the efficiency of the respiratory system. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 933 KW - trimethylamine n-oxide KW - molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis KW - cytochrome bd oxidase KW - c-type cytochromes KW - escherichia-coli KW - swiss-model KW - native electrophoresis KW - mutational analysis KW - reductase KW - nitrate KW - microbiology KW - microbiology techniques Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-459208 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 933 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braune, Annett A1 - Gütschow, Michael A1 - Blaut, Michael T1 - An NADH-Dependent Reductase from Eubacterium ramulus Catalyzes the Stereospecific Heteroring Cleavage of Flavanones and Flavanonols JF - Applied and environmental microbiology N2 - The human intestinal anaerobe Eubacterium ramulus is known for its ability to degrade various dietary flavonoids. In the present study, we demonstrate the cleavage of the heterocyclic C-ring of flavanones and flavanonols by an oxygen-sensitive NADH-dependent reductase, previously described as enoate reductase, from E. ramulus. This flavanone- and flavanonol-cleaving reductase (Fcr) was purified following its heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and further characterized. Fcr cleaved the flavanones naringenin, eriodictyol, liquiritigenin, and homoeriodictyol. Moreover, the flavanonols taxifolin and dihydrokaempferol served as substrates. The catalyzed reactions were stereospecific for the (2R)-enantiomers of the flavanone substrates and for the (25,35)-configured flavanonols. The enantioenrichment of the nonconverted stereoisomers allowed for the determination of hitherto unknown flavanone racemization rates. Fcr formed the corresponding dihydrochalcones and hydroxydihydrochalcones in the course of an unusual reductive cleavage of cyclic ether bonds. Fcr did not convert members of other flavonoid subclasses, including flavones, flavonols, and chalcones, the latter indicating that the reaction does not involve a chalcone intermediate. This view is strongly supported by the observed enantiospecificity of Fcr. Cinnamic acids, which are typical substrates of bacterial enoate reductases, were also not reduced by Fcr. Based on the presence of binding motifs for dinucleotide cofactors and a 4Fe-4S cluster in the amino acid sequence of Fcr, a cofactor-mediated hydride transfer from NADH onto C-2 of the respective substrate is proposed. IMPORTANCE Gut bacteria play a crucial role in the metabolism of dietary flavonoids, thereby contributing to their activation or inactivation after ingestion by the human host. Thus, bacterial activities in the intestine may influence the beneficial health effects of these polyphenolic plant compounds. While an increasing number of flavonoid-converting gut bacterial species have been identified, knowledge of the responsible enzymes is still limited. Here, we characterized Fcr as a key enzyme involved in the conversion of flavonoids of several subclasses by Eubacterium ramulus, a prevalent human gut bacterium. Sequence similarity of this enzyme to hypothetical proteins from other flavonoid-degrading intestinal bacteria in databases suggests a more widespread occurrence of this enzyme. Functional characterization of gene products of human intestinal microbiota enables the assignment of metagenomic sequences to specific bacteria and, more importantly, to certain activities, which is a prerequisite for targeted modulation of gut microbial functionality. KW - Eubacterium ramulus KW - enantiospecificity KW - flavanone KW - flavanonol KW - flavonoid KW - intestinal bacteria KW - naringenin KW - reductase Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01233-19 SN - 0099-2240 SN - 1098-5336 VL - 85 IS - 19 PB - American Society for Microbiology CY - Washington ER -