TY - JOUR A1 - Brunner, Jana A1 - Hoole, Phil A1 - Perrier, Pascal T1 - Adaptation strategies in perturbed /s/ JF - Clinical linguistics & phonetics N2 - The purpose of this work is to investigate the role of three articulatory parameters (tongue position, jaw position and tongue grooving) in the production of /s/. Six normal speakers' speech was perturbed by a palatal prosthesis. The fricative was recorded acoustically and through electromagnetic articulography in four conditions: (1) unperturbed, (2) perturbed with auditory feedback masked, (3) perturbed with auditory feedback available and (4) perturbed after a 2-week adaptation period. At the end of the adaptation, speakers produced more high-frequency noise while either having a higher jaw position or more grooving of the tongue or both. We discuss the potential clinical implications of the results with regard to the role of jaw height and tongue grooving in the treatment of impaired /s/. KW - sibilant KW - fricative KW - perturbation KW - prosthesis KW - tongue grooving KW - jaw Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2011.553699 SN - 0269-9206 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - 705 EP - 724 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brunner, Jana A1 - Hoole, Phil T1 - Motor equivalent strategies in the production of german/integral/ under perturbation JF - Language and speech N2 - The German sibilant /integral/ is produced with a constriction in the postalveolar region and often with protruded lips. By covarying horizontal lip and tongue position speakers can keep a similar acoustic output even if the articulation varies. This study investigates whether during two weeks of adaptation to an artificial palate speakers covary these two articulatory parameters, whether tactile landmarks have an influence on the covariation and to what extent speakers can foresee the acoustic result of the covariation without auditory feedback. Six German speakers were recorded with EMA. Four of them showed a covariation of lip and tongue, which is consistent with the motor equivalence hypothesis. The acoustic output, however, does not stay entirely constant but varies with the tongue position. The role of tactile landmarks is negligible. To a certain extent, speakers are able to adapt even without auditory feedback. KW - fricative KW - motor equivalence KW - perturbation KW - sibilant Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830911434098 SN - 0023-8309 VL - 55 IS - 7 SP - 457 EP - 476 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Engel, Tilman T1 - Motor control strategies in response to unexpected disturbances of dynamic postural control in people with and without low back pain T1 - Strategien der Bewegungskontrolle nach unerwarteten Störungen der dynamischen posturalen Kontrolle in Personen mit und ohne Rückenschmerzen N2 - Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the world wide leading causes of limited activity and disability. Impaired motor control has been found to be one of the possible factors related to the development or persistence of LBP. In particularly, motor control strategies seemed to be altered in situations requiring reactive responses of the trunk counteracting sudden external forces. However, muscular responses were mostly assessed in (quasi) static testing situations under simplified laboratory conditions. Comprehensive investigations in motor control strategies during dynamic everyday situations are lacking. The present research project aimed to investigate muscular compensation strategies following unexpected gait perturbations in people with and without LBP. A novel treadmill stumbling protocol was tested for its validity and reliability to provoke muscular reflex responses at the trunk and the lower extremities (study 1). Thereafter, motor control strategies in response to sudden perturbations were compared between people with LBP and asymptomatic controls (CTRL) (study 2). In accordance with more recent concepts of motor adaptation to pain, it was hypothesized that pain may have profound consequences on motor control strategies in LBP. Therefore, it was investigated whether differences in compensation strategies were either consisting of changes local to the painful area at the trunk, or also being present in remote areas such as at the lower extremities. Methods: All investigations were performed on a custom build split-belt treadmill simulating trip-like events by unexpected rapid deceleration impulses (amplitude: 2 m/s; duration: 100 ms; 200 ms after heel contact) at 1m/s baseline velocity. A total number of 5 (study 1) and 15 (study 2) right sided perturbations were applied during walking trials. Muscular activities were assessed by surface electromyography (EMG), recorded at 12 trunk muscles and 10 (study 1) respectively 5 (study 2) leg muscles. EMG latencies of muscle onset [ms] were retrieved by a semi-automatic detection method. EMG amplitudes (root mean square (RMS)) were assessed within 200 ms post perturbation, normalized to full strides prior to any perturbation [RMS%]. Latency and amplitude investigations were performed for each muscle individually, as well as for pooled data of muscles grouped by location. Characteristic pain intensity scores (CPIS; 0-100 points, von Korff) based on mean intensity ratings reported for current, worst and average pain over the last three months were used to allocate participants into LBP (≥30 points) or CTRL (≤10 points). Test-retest reproducibility between measurements was determined by a compilation of measures of reliability. Differences in muscular activities between LBP and CTRL were analysed descriptively for individual muscles; differences based on grouped muscles were statistically tested by using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA, α =0.05). Results: Thirteen individuals were included into the analysis of study 1. EMG latencies revealed reflex muscle activities following the perturbation (mean: 89 ms). Respective EMG amplitudes were on average 5-fold of those assessed in unperturbed strides, though being characterized by a high inter-subject variability. Test-retest reliability of muscle latencies showed a high reproducibility, both for muscles at the trunk and legs. In contrast, reproducibility of amplitudes was only weak to moderate for individual muscles, but increased when being assessed as a location specific outcome summary of grouped muscles. Seventy-six individuals were eligible for data analysis in study 2. Group allocation according to CPIS resulted in n=25 for LBP and n=29 for CTRL. Descriptive analysis of activity onsets revealed longer delays for all muscles within LBP compared to CTRL (trunk muscles: mean 10 ms; leg muscles: mean 3 ms). Onset latencies of grouped muscles revealed statistically significant differences between LBP and CTRL for right (p=0.009) and left (p=0.007) abdominal muscle groups. EMG amplitude analysis showed a high variability in activation levels between individuals, independent of group assignment or location. Statistical testing of grouped muscles indicated no significant difference in amplitudes between LBP and CTRL. Discussion: The present research project could show that perturbed treadmill walking is suitable to provoke comprehensive reflex responses at the trunk and lower extremities, both in terms of sudden onsets and amplitudes of reflex activity. Moreover, it could demonstrate that sudden loadings under dynamic conditions provoke an altered reflex timing of muscles surrounding the trunk in people with LBP compared to CTRL. In line with previous investigations, compensation strategies seemed to be deployed in a task specific manner, with differences between LBP and CTRL being evident predominately at ventral sides. No muscular alterations exceeding the trunk could be found when being assessed under the automated task of locomotion. While rehabilitation programs tailored towards LBP are still under debate, it is tempting to urge the implementation of dynamic sudden loading incidents of the trunk to enhance motor control and thereby to improve spinal protection. Moreover, in respect to the consistently observed task specificity of muscular compensation strategies, such a rehabilitation program should be rich in variety. N2 - Hintergrund: Unterer Rückenschmerz (LBP) stellt eine der weltweit führenden Ursachen für eine eingeschränkte körperliche Funktion und Belastbarkeit dar. Defizite in der neuromuskulären Ansteuerung gelten als einer der möglichen Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung und Persistenz von LBP. Insbesondere in Situationen, die eine aktive Kompensation von plötzlich auftretenden Lasten am Rumpf beinhalten, konnten veränderte Strategien in der muskulären Antwort bei LBP aufgezeigt werden. Allerdings basierten solche Untersuchungen meistens auf (quasi) statischen Testsituationen unter vereinfachten Laborbedingungen. Ob die beobachteten muskulären Reaktionen isolierter Rumpfbelastungen repräsentativ sind für eine neuromuskuläre Ansteuerung unter dynamischen Alltagsbedingungen ist bisher nicht geklärt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, muskuläre Kompensationsstrategien in Folge unerwarteter Gangperturbationen bei Personen mit und ohne LBP zu untersuchen. Um muskuläre Reflexantworten am Rumpf und an den unteren Extremitäten zu provozieren wurde ein neu entwickeltes Laufband-Stolperprotokoll auf Validität und Reliabilität getestet (Studie 1). Aufbauend erfolgte der Vergleich neuromuskulärer Antworten in Reaktion auf plötzlich applizierte Gangperturbationen zwischen Personen mit LBP und asymptomatischen Kontrollpersonen (CTRL) (Studie 2). In Übereinstimmung mit aktuellen Modellen zur motorischen Anpassung bei Schmerzen wurde untersucht, ob Unterschiede in den beobachteten Kompensationsstrategien auf lokale Veränderungen am Rumpf reduziert sind, oder ebenfalls in rumpffernen Körperregionen auftreten. Methoden: Alle Untersuchungen wurden mit einem Spezial-Laufband durchgeführt, welches mittels unerwarteter schneller Abbremsimpulse (Amplitude: 2 m/s, Dauer: 100 ms, 200 ms nach Fersenkontakt) die Simulation von Stolperereignissen während der Gangbewegung (1 m/s) erlaubt. Eine Anzahl von 5 (Studie 1) bzw. 15 (Studie 2) rechtsseitigen Perturbationen wurde im Verlaufs des Stolperprotokolls appliziert. Muskuläre Aktivitäten wurden mittels Elektromyographie (EMG) von 12 Rumpf- sowie 10 (Studie 1) bzw. 5 (Studie 2) Beinmuskeln aufgezeichnet. EMG-Latenzen wurden mittels eines halb-automatischen Detektions-Verfahrens ermittelt. Die Berechnung der EMG Amplituden (RMS) erfolgte für den Zeitraum von 200 ms nach Perturbation, normiert auf den gesamten Schrittzyklus des unperturbierten Ganges [%]. Latenz- und Amplituden-Messgrößen wurden für jeden Muskel individuell und für gepoolte Daten (gruppiert nach Lokalisation) berechnet. Charakteristische Schmerzintensitätswerte (CPIS, 0-100 Punkte, von Korff), basierend auf gemittelten Angaben zu akuten, sowie höchsten und durchschnittlichen Schmerzen der letzten drei Monate wurden zur Einteilung in LBP (≥30 Punkte) und CTRL (≤ 10 Punkte) verwendet. Zur Beurteilung der Test-retest Reliabilität wurden verschiedene Reliabilitätsparameter herangezogen. Unterschiede in den Muskelaktivitäten zwischen LBP und CTRL wurden für individuelle Muskeln deskriptiv analysiert. Gepoolte Daten gruppierter Muskeln wurden mittels multivariater Varianzanalyse (MANOVA; α = 0,05) statistisch getestet. Ergebnisse: Ergebnisse von 13 Probanden wurden für die Analyse von Studie 1 herangezogen. EMG-Latenzen zeigten Muskelaktivitäten repräsentativ für Reflexantworten im Nachgang applizierter Gangperturbationen, sowohl an Rumpf- als auch an Beinmuskulatur (Mittelwert: 89 ms, Range: 75 bis 117 ms). EMG-Amplituden erreichten im Durchschnitt ein 5-fach erhöhtes Aktivitätsniveau innerhalb des 200 ms Zeitfensters nach Perturbation (Range: 106 bis 909 RMS%), jedoch gezeichnet von einer hohen interindividuellen Variabilität zwischen den Probanden. Eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit für EMG-Latenzen konnte anhand der Reliabilitätsparameter aufgezeigt werden. EMG-Amplituden dagegen erwiesen sich als nur geringfügig reliabel bei der Betrachtung individueller Muskeln. Für die Datenanalyse in Studie 2 waren 76 Probanden geeignet. Die Gruppenzuteilung nach CPIS ergab n = 25 für LBP und n = 29 für CTRL. EMG-Latenzen zeigten eine erhöhte Aktivitätsverzögerung aller Muskeln für LBP im Vergleich zu CTRL (Rumpf: Mittelwert 10 ms; Bein: Mittelwert 3 ms). EMG-Latenzen gruppierter Muskeln zeigten statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen LBP und CTRL für rechtsseitige (p=0,009) und linksseitige (p=0,007) abdominale Muskelgruppen. EMG-Amplituden waren geprägt von einer hohen interindividuellen Variabilität, unabhängig von Gruppenzuordnung oder Lokalisation. Diskussion: Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt konnte belegen, dass Gangperturbationen dafür geeignet sind, umfassende Reflexantworten am Rumpf und den unteren Extremitäten zu provozieren. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass unerwartete Gangperturbationen zu einer zeitlich verzögerten Reflexantwort der rumpfumgreifenden Muskulatur bei Personen mit LBP im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe führen. In Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen vorheriger Untersuchungen erscheinen dabei die gewählten Kompensationsstrategien aufgabenspezifisch angepasst zu sein. Veränderte muskuläre Reaktionsmuster abseits des Rumpfes konnten trotz Einbezug weiterer Lokalisationen nicht gefunden werden. Gegenüber isolierten Rumpfbelastungen erlaubt der Einsatz indirekter Perturbationsbelastungen während des Ganges alltagsrelevante situationsspezifische Defizite neuromuskulärer Kontrolle gezielt zu untersuchen. Bei der Erstellung neuer Theapiekonzepte zur Steigerung der neuromuskulären Kontrolle sollte in diesem Zusammenhang die Einbindung alltagsähnlicher indirekter Belastungsformen des Rumpfes diskutiert werden. KW - low back pain KW - trunk KW - perturbation KW - EMG KW - reflex KW - stumbling KW - Rückenschmerz KW - Rumpf KW - Perturbationen KW - Gang KW - Stolpern KW - Reflexaktivität Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400742 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brunner, Jana A1 - Hoole, Phil T1 - Motor equivalent strategies in the production of German /ʃ/ under perturbation N2 - The German sibilant /integral/ is produced with a constriction in the postalveolar region and often with protruded lips. By covarying horizontal lip and tongue position speakers can keep a similar acoustic output even if the articulation varies. This study investigates whether during two weeks of adaptation to an artificial palate speakers covary these two articulatory parameters, whether tactile landmarks have an influence on the covariation and to what extent speakers can foresee the acoustic result of the covariation without auditory feedback. Six German speakers were recorded with EMA. Four of them showed a covariation of lip and tongue, which is consistent with the motor equivalence hypothesis. The acoustic output, however, does not stay entirely constant but varies with the tongue position. The role of tactile landmarks is negligible. To a certain extent, speakers are able to adapt even without auditory feedback. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 370 KW - fricative KW - motor equivalence KW - perturbation KW - sibilant Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403229 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, Steffen A1 - Engel, Tilman A1 - Müller, Juliane A1 - Stoll, Josefine A1 - Baur, Heiner A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Sensorimotor exercises and enhanced trunk function BT - a randomized controlled trial JF - International journal of sports medicine N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 6-week sensorimotor or resistance training on maximum trunk strength and response to sudden, high-intensity loading in athletes. Interventions showed no significant difference for maximum strength in concentric and eccentric testing (p>0.05). For perturbation compensation, higher peak torque response following SMT (Extension: +24Nm 95%CI +/- 19Nm; Rotation: + 19Nm 95%CI +/- 13Nm) and RT (Extension: +35Nm 95%CI +/- 16Nm; Rotation: +5Nm 95%CI +/- 4Nm) compared to CG (Extension: -4Nm 95%CI +/- 16Nm; Rotation: -2Nm 95%CI +/- 4Nm) was present (p<0.05). KW - core KW - training intervention KW - prevention KW - perturbation KW - MiSpEx* Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0592-7286 SN - 0172-4622 SN - 1439-3964 VL - 39 IS - 7 SP - 555 EP - 563 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, Steffen A1 - Mueller, Juliane A1 - Stoll, Josefine A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Effect of six-week resistance and sensorimotor training on trunk strength and stability in elite adolescent athletes BT - a randomized controlled pilot trial JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Intervention in the form of core-specific stability exercises is evident to improve trunk stability. The purpose was to assess the effect of an additional 6 weeks sensorimotor or resistance training on maximum isokinetic trunk strength and response to sudden dynamic trunk loading (STL) in highly trained adolescent athletes. The study was conducted as a single-blind, 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four adolescent athletes (14f/10 m, 16 +/- 1 yrs.;178 +/- 10 cm; 67 +/- 11 kg; training sessions/week 15 +/- 5; training h/week 22 +/- 8) were randomized into resistance training (RT; n = 7), sensorimotor training (SMT; n = 10), and control group (CG; n = 7). Athletes were instructed to perform standardized, center-based training for 6 weeks, two times per week, with a duration of 1 h each session. SMT consisted of four different core-specific sensorimotor exercises using instable surfaces. RT consisted of four trunk strength exercises using strength training machines, as well as an isokinetic dynamometer. All participants in the CG received an unspecific heart frequency controlled, ergometer-based endurance training (50 min at max. heart frequency of 130HF). For each athlete, each training session was documented in an individual training diary (e.g., level of SMT exercise; 1RM for strength exercise, pain). At baseline (M1) and after 6 weeks of intervention (M2), participants' maximum strength in trunk rotation (ROM:63 degrees) and flexion/extension (ROM:55 degrees) was tested on an isokinetic dynamometer (concentric/eccentric 30 degrees/s). STL was assessed in eccentric (30 degrees/s) mode with additional dynamometer-induced perturbation as a marker of core stability. Peak torque [Nm] was calculated as the main outcome. The primary outcome measurements (trunk rotation/extension peak torque: con, ecc, STL) were statistically analyzed by means of the two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05). Out of 12 possible sessions, athletes participated between 8 and 9 sessions (SMT: 9 +/- 3; RT: 8 +/- 3; CG: 8 +/- 4). Regarding main outcomes of trunk performance, experimental groups showed no significant pre-post difference for maximum trunk strength testing as well as for perturbation compensation (p > 0.05). It is concluded, that future interventions should exceed 6 weeks duration with at least 2 sessions per week to induce enhanced trunk strength or compensatory response to sudden, high-intensity trunk loading in already highly trained adolescent athletes, regardless of training regime. KW - core KW - training intervention KW - trunk stability KW - exercise KW - perturbation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.802315 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER -