TY - JOUR A1 - Camargo, Tibor de A1 - Schirrmann, Michael A1 - Landwehr, Niels A1 - Dammer, Karl-Heinz A1 - Pflanz, Michael T1 - Optimized deep learning model as a basis for fast UAV mapping of weed species in winter wheat crops JF - Remote sensing / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) N2 - Weed maps should be available quickly, reliably, and with high detail to be useful for site-specific management in crop protection and to promote more sustainable agriculture by reducing pesticide use. Here, the optimization of a deep residual convolutional neural network (ResNet-18) for the classification of weed and crop plants in UAV imagery is proposed. The target was to reach sufficient performance on an embedded system by maintaining the same features of the ResNet-18 model as a basis for fast UAV mapping. This would enable online recognition and subsequent mapping of weeds during UAV flying operation. Optimization was achieved mainly by avoiding redundant computations that arise when a classification model is applied on overlapping tiles in a larger input image. The model was trained and tested with imagery obtained from a UAV flight campaign at low altitude over a winter wheat field, and classification was performed on species level with the weed species Matricaria chamomilla L., Papaver rhoeas L., Veronica hederifolia L., and Viola arvensis ssp. arvensis observed in that field. The ResNet-18 model with the optimized image-level prediction pipeline reached a performance of 2.2 frames per second with an NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier on the full resolution UAV image, which would amount to about 1.78 ha h(-1) area output for continuous field mapping. The overall accuracy for determining crop, soil, and weed species was 94%. There were some limitations in the detection of species unknown to the model. When shifting from 16-bit to 32-bit model precision, no improvement in classification accuracy was observed, but a strong decline in speed performance, especially when a higher number of filters was used in the ResNet-18 model. Future work should be directed towards the integration of the mapping process on UAV platforms, guiding UAVs autonomously for mapping purpose, and ensuring the transferability of the models to other crop fields. KW - ResNet KW - deep residual networks KW - UAV imagery KW - embedded systems KW - crop KW - monitoring KW - image classification KW - site-specific weed management KW - real-time mapping Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091704 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 13 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Witzel, Katja A1 - Neugart, Susanne A1 - Ruppel, Silke A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Wiesner, Melanie A1 - Baldermann, Susanne T1 - Recent progress in the use of ‘omics technologies in brassicaceous vegetables T2 - Frontiers in plant science N2 - Continuing advances in 'omics methodologies and instrumentation is enhancing the understanding of how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment. 'Omics platforms have been only recently extended to cover horticultural crop species. Many of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops belong to the genus Brassica: these include plants grown for their root (turnip, rutabaga/swede), their swollen stem base (kohlrabi), their leaves (cabbage, kale, pak choi) and their inflorescence (cauliflower, broccoli). Characterization at the genome, transcript, protein and metabolite levels has illustrated the complexity of the cellular response to a whole series of environmental stresses, including nutrient deficiency, pathogen attack, heavy metal toxicity, cold acclimation, and excessive and sub optimal irradiation. This review covers recent applications of omics technologies to the brassicaceous vegetables, and discusses future scenarios in achieving improvements in crop end-use quality. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 429 KW - genomics KW - transcriptomics KW - metabolomics KW - proteomics KW - crop KW - microbiomics Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406479 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witzel, Katja A1 - Neugart, Susanne A1 - Ruppel, Silke A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Wiesner, Melanie A1 - Baldermann, Susanne T1 - Recent progress in the use of 'omics technologies in brassicaceous vegetables JF - Frontiers in plant science N2 - Continuing advances in 'omics methodologies and instrumentation is enhancing the understanding of how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment. 'Omics platforms have been only recently extended to cover horticultural crop species. Many of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops belong to the genus Brassica: these include plants grown for their root (turnip, rutabaga/swede), their swollen stem base (kohlrabi), their leaves (cabbage, kale, pak choi) and their inflorescence (cauliflower, broccoli). Characterization at the genome, transcript, protein and metabolite levels has illustrated the complexity of the cellular response to a whole series of environmental stresses, including nutrient deficiency, pathogen attack, heavy metal toxicity, cold acclimation, and excessive and sub optimal irradiation. This review covers recent applications of omics technologies to the brassicaceous vegetables, and discusses future scenarios in achieving improvements in crop end-use quality. KW - genomics KW - transcriptomics KW - metabolomics KW - proteomics KW - crop KW - microbiomics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00244 SN - 1664-462X VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Schumacher, Kerstin T1 - Effekte einer reduzierten Dosis von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf tritrophische Systeme im Ackerbau T1 - Effects of reduced pesticide dose on tritrophic systems in agriculture N2 - Chemische Pflanzenschutzmittel (PSM) bekämpfen nicht nur Schadorganismen, sondern haben aufgrund ihrer hohen Toxizität auch negative Auswirkungen auf Nicht-Ziel-Organismen. Die Fragestellung der Arbeit war es, ob mit reduzierten Anwendungen von PSM ihr Gefährdungspotenzial für Prädatoren von Schädlingen verringert und dadurch das Potenzial der natürlichen Schädlingsregulation erhöht wird. In dreijährigen Freilanduntersuchungen wurden die Effekte einer dauerhaft reduzierten Dosis von chemischen PSM auf die ökologische Situation im Ackerbau anhand von drei Fallbeispielen in einem konventionell bewirtschafteten Betrieb in der Magdeburger Börde untersucht. Drei über 15 ha große Felder wurden dauerhaft in zwei Teilflächen geteilt, wobei eine Teilfläche mit der vom Landwirt gewünschten Dosis (100 %-Variante) und die andere mit jeweils genau der halben Dosis (50 %-Variante) behandelt wurde. Mittels dieser Halbfelder-Vergleiche wurden die ökologischen Situationen bezüglich des Auftretens von Blattläusen und ihren Prädatoren sowie Unkräutern vor und nach der jeweiligen PSM-Behandlung aufgenommen und ökonomische Parameter ermittelt. Ergänzend wurden im Labor Modellgefäßversuche mit abgestuften Dosierungen von Insektiziden und Herbiziden durchgeführt. Die Insektizidbehandlung übte einen großen Einfluss auf die Blattläuse und ihre Prädatoren aus, während alle vorherigen Herbizid- und Fungizidbehandlungen zu keinen Unterschieden in der Abundanz der Blattläuse und ihrer Prädatoren zwischen beiden Varianten hervorriefen. Die reduzierte Insektiziddosis führte zu keiner guten Blattlauskontrolle, während die Abundanz der blattlausspezifischen Prädatoren positiv beeinflusst wurde. Die Araneae reagierten auf die reduzierte Dosis mit einer teilweise erhöhten Aktivitätsdichte und Artendiversität. Dagegen waren diesbezüglich keine eindeutigen Effekte auf die Carabidae festzustellen. Es traten keine strukturellen Veränderungen in Form einer erhöhten Unkrautdichte durch die reduzierte Herbiziddosis auf. Erste Hinweise auf mögliche langfristige Auswirkungen einer dauerhaft reduzierten PSM-Anwendung konnten nur bei der Verunkrautung und der Aktivitätsdichte der Araneae beobachtet werden. Blattläuse profitierten demnach mehr von der reduzierten Anwendung der PSM als ihre Prädatoren, so dass zwar das Potenzial der natürlichen Blattlausregulation erhöht, die Selbstregulation aber nicht verbessert wurde. Die geschonten Prädatoren schafften es nicht, die vorhandene Restpopulation der Blattläuse zu reduzieren. Dagegen konnte in den Laborversuchen gezeigt werden, das schon bei deutlich reduzierten Insektiziddosen eine ausreichende Blattlausbekämpfung möglich ist und eine weitere Einsparung durch Ausnutzung der natürlichen Regulation durch Prädatoren erreicht werden kann. Allerdings ist eine Übertragung der Ergebnisse von Laboruntersuchungen auf Freilandbedingungen schwierig. Es kann zu einer Überschätzung der Prädatorleistung führen. N2 - Pesticide application in order to control pest populations can also affects non-target organisms such as beneficials. Thus, effects of low-input pesticide use on the tritrophic system crop – aphid – predator were investigated in field and laboratory studies. The hypothesis was: 50% doses of pesticides, particularly insecticides, permanently conserves beneficials, improves natural control and enhances biodiversity in fields. The field study was carried out in a conventional farm in an intensive cropping region of Central Germany (Magdeburger Boerde) from 2004-2006 using half-field comparisons. Three fields (≥15 ha) were divided into two halves during the whole period of investigation representing low- and high-input variants. One half was treated by permanently 50% reduced pesticide doses, whereas the other one was characterised by good plant protection practise (100%). To determine ecological effects of a low-input plant protection strategy, abundances of aphids and their predators as well as of weeds were investigated before and after pesticide applications.In adddition, economic parameters were determined. Insecticide treatment caused greatest effect on aphids and their predators, whereas fungicide and herbicide applications did not affect their abundances. The reduced insecticide dose did not lead to a good aphid control, but the abundance of aphid specific predators was positive affected and Araneae showed enhanced activity density and diversity by the low-input insecticide use. No clear effect of reduced insecticides use on abundance, structure of dominance, and diversity of carabids could be observed. No structural changes in terms of an increased density of weeds were found. Accumulative effects of reduced pesticide use could only be observed concerning weed density and activity density of Araneae after three years. It is concluded, that aphids profit more from reduced pesticide dose than their predators. The increased predator potential did not lead to a better natural control because of higher relative survival rate of aphids in the 50%-variant. In contrast to the field study, in laboratory aphids could be sufficiently reduced by low-input insecticide doses. In some cases the dose of insecticide could be reduced even more by utilisation of the predator potential to receive a good pest control. But it is difficult to transfer the results of laboratory studies to field conditions. It could result in an overestimation of the potential of natural regulation by a predator. KW - Blattläuse KW - Nicht-Ziel-Arthropoden KW - Insektizide KW - tritrophisches System KW - Weizen KW - aphids KW - non-target arthropods KW - insecticides KW - tritrophic system KW - crop Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-15675 ER -