TY - JOUR A1 - Heyer, Vera A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Late bilinguals see a scan in scanner AND in scandal: dissecting formal overlap from morphological priming in the processing of derived words JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition. N2 - Masked priming research with late (non-native) bilinguals has reported facilitation effects following morphologically derived prime words (scanner - scan). However, unlike for native speakers, there are suggestions that purely orthographic prime-target overlap (scandal - scan) also produces priming in non-native visual word recognition. Our study directly compares orthographically related and derived prime-target pairs. While native readers showed morphological but not formal overlap priming, the two prime types yielded the same magnitudes of facilitation for non-natives. We argue that early word recognition processes in a non-native language are more influenced by surface-form properties than in one's native language. KW - Masked priming KW - late bilinguals KW - derivation KW - orthographic overlap Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000662 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 543 EP - 550 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spalek, Katharina A1 - Gotzner, Nicole A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell T1 - Not only the apples BT - Focus sensitive particles improve memory for information-structural alternatives JF - Journal of memory and language : JML N2 - Focus sensitive particles highlight the relevance of contextual alternatives for the interpretation of a sentence. Two experiments tested whether this leads to better encoding and therefore, ultimately, better recall of focus alternatives. Participants were presented with auditory stimuli that introduced a set of elements ("context sentence") and continued in three different versions: the critical sentences either contained the exclusive particle nur ("only"), the inclusive particle sogar ("even"), or no particle (control condition). After being exposed to blocks of ten trials, participants were asked to recall the elements in the context sentence. The results show that both particles enhanced memory performance for the alternatives to the focused element, relative to the control condition. The results support the assumption that information-structural alternatives are better encoded in memory in the presence of a focus sensitive particle. KW - Information structure KW - Focus particles KW - Alternative set KW - Delayed recall KW - Memory Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.001 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 70 SP - 68 EP - 84 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Passow, Susanne A1 - Westerhausen, Rene A1 - Hugdahl, Kenneth A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Heekeren, Hauke R. A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Li, Shu-Chen T1 - Electrophysiological correlates of adult age differences in attentional control of auditory processing JF - Cerebral cortex N2 - In addition to sensory decline, age-related losses in auditory perception also reflect impairments in attentional modulation of perceptual saliency. Using an attention and intensity-modulated dichotic listening paradigm, we investigated electrophysiological correlates of processing conflicts between attentional focus and perceptual saliency in 25 younger and 26 older adults. Participants were instructed to attend to the right or left ear, and perceptual saliency was manipulated by varying the intensities of both ears. Attentional control demand was higher in conditions when attentional focus and perceptual saliency favored opposing ears than in conditions without such conflicts. Relative to younger adults, older adults modulated their attention less flexibly and were more influenced by perceptual saliency. Our results show, for the first time, that in younger adults a late negativity in the event-related potential (ERP) at fronto-central and parietal electrodes was sensitive to perceptual-attentional conflicts during auditory processing (N450 modulation effect). Crucially, the magnitude of the N450 modulation effect correlated positively with task performance. In line with lower attentional flexibility, the ERP waveforms of older adults showed absence of the late negativity and the modulation effect. This suggests that aging compromises the activation of the frontoparietal attentional network when processing the competing and conflicting auditory information. KW - aging KW - attention KW - auditory perception KW - conflict monitoring KW - ERP Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs306 SN - 1047-3211 SN - 1460-2199 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 249 EP - 260 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Cary ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kupetz, Maxi T1 - Empathy displays as interactional achievements-Multimodal and sequential aspects JF - Journal of pragmatics : an interdisciplinary journal of language studies KW - Empathy KW - Understanding KW - Affectivity KW - Conversation Analysis KW - Interactional Linguistics KW - Multimodality Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.11.006 SN - 0378-2166 SN - 1879-1387 VL - 61 SP - 4 EP - 34 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klassert, Annegret A1 - Gagarina, Natalʹja Vladimirovna A1 - Kauschke, Christina T1 - Object and action naming in Russian- and German- speaking monolingual and bilingual children* JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition. N2 - The present study investigates the influence of word category on naming performance in two populations: bilingual and monolingual children. The question is whether and, if so, to what extent monolingual and bilingual children differ with respect to noun and verb naming and whether a noun bias exists in the lexical abilities of bilingual children. Picture naming of objects and actions by Russian-German bilingual children (aged 4-7 years) was compared to age-matched monolingual children. The results clearly demonstrate a naming deficit of bilingual children in comparison to monolingual children that increases with age. Noun learning is more fragile in bilingual contexts than is verb learning. In bilingual language acquisition, nouns do not predominate over verbs as much as is seen in monolingual German and Russian children. The results are discussed with respect to semantic-conceptual aspects and language-specific features of nouns and verbs, and the impact of input on the acquisition of these word categories. KW - lexical abilities KW - word categories KW - bilingual children Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000096 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 73 EP - 88 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Groenewold, Rimke A1 - Bastiaanse, Roelien A1 - Nickels, Lyndsey A1 - Wieling, Martijn A1 - Huiskes, Mike T1 - The effects of direct and indirect speech on discourse comprehension in Dutch listeners with and without aphasia JF - Aphasiology : an international, interdisciplinary journal N2 - Background: Research on language comprehension in aphasia has primarily focused on comprehension of isolated words and sentences. Even though previous studies have provided insights into comprehension abilities of individuals with aphasia at the word and grammatical level, our understanding of the nature and extent of their language comprehension (dis)abilities is not yet complete. In contrast to the highly restricted semantic and syntactic interpretation of sentences, discourse comprehension requires additional pragmatic and non-linguistic skills.Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess language comprehension in individuals with and without aphasia at the discourse level. In particular, it addressed the question of whether the use of direct speech, compared to indirect speech, affects comprehension of narrative discourse in Dutch aphasic and non-brain-damaged (NBD) listeners.Methods & Procedures: The Direct Speech Comprehension (DISCO) test was developed to examine the effects of manipulating direct vs. indirect speech on discourse comprehension. Twenty-three individuals with aphasia and 20 NBD participants were presented with spoken narratives that contained either direct or indirect speech reports. The narratives were presented audio-visually on an iPad, and comprehension was assessed with yes/no questions.Outcomes & Results: The performance of the participants with aphasia was significantly poorer than that of the NBD participants. Moreover, a main effect for condition type was found, indicating that narratives with direct speech reports were better understood than narratives with indirect speech reports by listeners with and without aphasia. There was no interaction between group and condition type indicating that this main effect held for both the aphasic and the NBD listeners. However, for the participants with aphasia, there was an interaction between condition and Token Test error score indicating that the positive effect of direct speech constructions diminishes for individuals with poorer comprehension.Conclusions: Direct speech constructions facilitate language comprehension in listeners with and without aphasia. One explanation for this finding is the occurrence of additional layers of communication, such as intonation and facial expression, often accompanying direct speech constructions. An alternative account is the degree of grammatical complexity: In Dutch, the syntactic construction of indirect speech requires embedding, whereas in direct speech the introductory sentence and the quote are both main clauses. The finding that the beneficial effect of direct speech on language comprehension diminishes for individuals with severe aphasia may indicate that the DISCO is too difficult for them to reveal an effect of a subtle manipulation such as that of condition type. KW - Aphasia KW - Discourse comprehension KW - Direct speech KW - Indirect speech Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.902916 SN - 0268-7038 SN - 1464-5041 VL - 28 IS - 7 SP - 862 EP - 884 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warditz, Vladislava Maria T1 - The status of syntactic variations in linguistic contact situations: a case study of Polish in Germany JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2014-0004 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - 63 EP - 82 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lorenz, Antje A1 - Heide, Judith A1 - Burchert, Frank T1 - Compound naming in aphasia: effects of complexity, part of speech, and semantic transparency JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience KW - compound production KW - morphology KW - decomposition KW - lemma KW - part of speech KW - semantic transparency KW - aphasia KW - word-finding difficulties Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2013.766357 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 106 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaensch, Carol A1 - Heyer, Vera A1 - Gordon, Peter A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - What plurals and compounds reveal about constraints in word formation JF - Language acquisition : a journal of developmental linguistics N2 - Morphological systems are constrained in how they interact with each other. One case that has been widely studied in the psycholinguistic literature is the avoidance of plurals inside compounds (e.g. *rats eater vs. rat eater) in English and other languages, the so-called plurals-in-compounds effect. Several previous studies have shown that both adult and child speakers are sensitive to this contrast, but the question of whether semantic, morphological, or surface-form constraints are responsible for the plurals-in-compounds effect remains controversial. The present study provides new empirical evidence from adult and child English to resolve this controversy. Graded linguistic judgments were obtained from 96 children (age range: 7;06 to 12;08) and 32 adults. In the task, participants were asked to rate compounds containing different kinds of singular or plural modifiers. The results indicated that both children and adults disliked regular plurals inside compounds, whereas irregular plurals were rated as marginal and singulars as fully acceptable. Furthermore, acceptability ratings were found not to be affected by the phonological surface form of a compound-internal modifier. We conclude that semantic and morphological (rather than surface-form) constraints are responsible for the plurals-in-compounds effect, in both children and adults. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2014.892949 SN - 1048-9223 SN - 1532-7817 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 319 EP - 338 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bacskai-Atkari, Julia T1 - Cyclical change in Hungarian comparatives JF - Diachronica N2 - This paper examines cyclical changes in comparative subclauses, showing how operators are reanalysed as complementisers via the general mechanism of the relative cycle, and how this is related to whether certain lexical elements have to be deleted at the left periphery. I also show that only operators appearing without a lexical XP can be grammaticalised, which follows from the nature of the formal features associated with the various operator elements. Though the main focus is on Hungarian historical data, the framework can be applied to other languages too, such as German and Italian, since the changes stem from general principles of economy. KW - Comparative Deletion KW - comparative subclause KW - complementiser combinations KW - economy KW - left periphery KW - reanalysis KW - relative cycle KW - reinforcement Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.31.4.01bac SN - 0176-4225 SN - 1569-9714 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 465 EP - 505 PB - Benjamins CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leminen, Alina A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Brain potentials to inflected adjectives: Beyond storage and decomposition JF - Brain research : an international multidisciplinary journal devoted to fundamental research in the brain sciences KW - Inflection KW - Morphology KW - Morpho-syntactic feature KW - Lexical-semantics KW - ERP KW - N400 Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.038 SN - 0006-8993 SN - 1872-6240 VL - 1543 SP - 223 EP - 234 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cunnings, Ian A1 - Patterson, Clare A1 - Felser, Claudia T1 - Variable binding and coreference in sentence comprehension: Evidence from eye movements JF - Journal of memory and language KW - Pronoun resolution KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Memory retrieval Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.10.001 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 71 SP - 39 EP - 56 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wattendorf, Elise A1 - Festman, Julia A1 - Westermann, Birgit A1 - Keil, Ursula A1 - Zappatore, Daniela A1 - Franceschini, Rita A1 - Luedi, Georges A1 - Radue, Ernst-Wilhelm A1 - Muente, Thomas F. A1 - Rager, Guenter A1 - Nitsch, Cordula T1 - Early bilingualism influences early and subsequently later acquired languages in cortical regions representing control functions JF - International journal of bilingualism : cross-disciplinary, cross-linguistic studies of language behavior N2 - Early acquisition of a second language influences the development of language abilities and cognitive functions. In the present study, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate the impact of early bilingualism on the organization of the cortical language network during sentence production. Two groups of adult multilinguals, proficient in three languages, were tested on a narrative task; early multilinguals acquired the second language before the age of three years, late multilinguals after the age of nine. All participants learned a third language after nine years of age. Comparison of the two groups revealed substantial differences in language-related brain activity for early as well as late acquired languages. Most importantly, early multilinguals preferentially activated a fronto-striatal network in the left hemisphere, whereas the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) was activated to a lesser degree than in late multilinguals. The same brain regions were highlighted in previous studies when a non-target language had to be controlled. Hence the engagement of language control in adult early multilinguals appears to be influenced by the specific learning and acquisition conditions during early childhood. Remarkably, our results reveal that the functional control of early and subsequently later acquired languages is similarly affected, suggesting that language experience has a pervasive influence into adulthood. As such, our findings extend the current understanding of control functions in multilinguals. KW - Multilingual KW - language acquisition KW - narration KW - age of acquisition KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging KW - emergentist framework Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006912456590 SN - 1367-0069 SN - 1756-6878 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 66 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. A1 - Charlow, Simon A1 - Shaw, Jason A. A1 - Hoole, Philip T1 - Stochastic time analysis of syllable-referential intervals and simplex onsets JF - Journal of phonetics N2 - We pursue an analysis of the relation between qualitative syllable parses and their quantitative phonetic consequences. To do this, we express the statistics of a symbolic organization corresponding to a syllable parse in terms of continuous phonetic parameters which quantify the timing of the consonants and vowels that make up syllables: consonantal plateau durations, vowel durations, and their variances. These parameters can be estimated from continuous phonetic data. This enables analysis of the link between symbolic phonological form and the continuous phonetics in which this form is manifest. Pursuing such an analysis, we illustrate the predictions of the syllabic organization corresponding to simplex onsets and derive a number of previously experimentally observed and simulation results. Specifically, we derive not only the canonical phonetic manifestations of simplex onsets but also the result that, under certain conditions we make precise, the phonetic indices of the simplex onset organization change to a range of values characteristic of the complex onset organization. Finally, we explore the behavior of phonetic indices for syllabic organization over progressively increasing,sizes of lexical samples, thereby concomitantly diversifying the phonetic context over which these indices are taken. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.11.007 SN - 0095-4470 VL - 44 SP - 152 EP - 166 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt-Kobele, Oda-Christina A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - The detection of subject-verb agreement violations by German-speaking children: An eye-tracking study JF - Lingua : international review of general linguistics N2 - This study examines the processing of sentences with and without subject verb agreement violations in German-speaking children at three and five years of age. An eye-tracking experiment was conducted to measure whether children's looking behavior was influenced by the grammaticality of the test sentences. The older group of children turned their gaze faster towards a target picture and looked longer at it when the object noun referring to the target was presented in a grammatical sentence with subject verb agreement compared to when the object noun was presented in a sentence in which an agreement violation occurred. The younger group of children displayed less conclusive results, with a tendency to look longer but not faster towards the target picture in the grammatical compared to the ungrammatical condition. This is the first experimental evidence that German-speaking five-year old children are sensitive to subject verb agreement and violations thereof. Our results additionally substantiate that the eye-tracking paradigm is suitable to examine children's sensitivity to subtle grammatical violations. KW - Subject-verb agreement KW - Eye-tracking KW - Language acquisition KW - German Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.12.008 SN - 0024-3841 SN - 1872-6135 VL - 144 SP - 7 EP - 20 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittenberg, Eva A1 - Paczynski, Martin A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Jackendoff, Ray A1 - Kuperberg, Gina T1 - The difference between "giving a rose" and "giving a kiss": Sustained neural activity to the light verb construction JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with processing light verb constructions such as "give a kiss". These constructions consist of a semantically underspecified light verb ("give") and an event nominal that contributes most of the meaning and also activates an argument structure of its own ("kiss"). This creates a mismatch between the syntactic constituents and the semantic roles of a sentence. Native speakers read German verb-final sentences that contained light verb constructions (e.g., "Julius gave Anne a kiss"), non-light constructions (e.g., "Julius gave Anne a rose"), and semantically anomalous constructions (e.g., 'Julius gave Anne a conversation"). ERPs were measured at the critical verb, which appeared after all its arguments. Compared to non-light constructions, the light verb constructions evoked a widely distributed, frontally focused, sustained negative-going effect between 500 and 900 ms after verb onset. We interpret this effect as reflecting working memory costs associated with complex semantic processes that establish a shared argument structure in the light verb constructions. KW - Event-related potential KW - Sentence processing KW - Light verb constructions KW - Argument structure KW - Syntax-semantics interface KW - Sustained negativity Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.02.002 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 73 SP - 31 EP - 42 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bos, Laura S. A1 - Bastiaanse, Roelien T1 - Time reference decoupled from tense in agrammatic and fluent aphasia JF - Aphasiology : an international, interdisciplinary journal N2 - Aims: The goal of this study is twofold. First, it aims to untangle tense problems from problems with past time reference through verb morphology in people with aphasia. Second, this study aims to compare the production of time reference inflection by people with agrammatic and fluent aphasia. Methods & Procedures: A sentence completion task was used to elicit reference to the non-past and past in Dutch. Reference to the past was tested through (1) a simple verb in past tense and (2) a verb complex with an auxiliary in present tense + participle (the present perfect). Reference to the non-past was tested through a simple verb in present tense. Fourteen agrammatic aphasic speakers, sixteen fluent aphasic speakers, and twenty non-brain-damaged speakers (NBDs) took part in this study. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Outcomes & Results: NBDs scored at ceiling and significantly higher than the aphasic participants. Agrammatic speakers performed worse than fluent speakers, but the pattern of performance in both aphasic groups was similar. Reference to the past through past tense and [present tense auxiliary + participle] was more impaired than reference to the non-past. An error analysis revealed differences between the two groups. Conclusions: People with agrammatic and fluent aphasia experience problems with expressing reference to the past through verb inflection. This past time reference deficit is irrespective of the tense employed. The error patterns between the two groups reveal different underlying problems. KW - Fluent aphasia KW - Time reference KW - Agrammatic aphasia KW - Tense Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.886322 SN - 0268-7038 SN - 1464-5041 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - 533 EP - 553 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adani, Flavia A1 - Forgiarini, Matteo A1 - Guasti, Maria Teresa A1 - Van der Lely, Heather K. J. T1 - Number dissimilarities facilitate the comprehension of relative clauses in children with (Grammatical) Specific Language Impairment JF - Journal of child language N2 - This study investigates whether number dissimilarities on subject and object DPs facilitate the comprehension of subject-and object-extracted centre-embedded relative clauses in children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI). We compared the performance of a group of English-speaking children with G-SLI (mean age: 12; 11) with that of two groups of younger typically developing (TD) children, matched on grammar and receptive vocabulary, respectively. All groups were more accurate on subject-extracted relative clauses than object-extracted ones and, crucially, they all showed greater accuracy for sentences with dissimilar number features (i.e., one singular, one plural) on the head noun and the embedded DP. These findings are interpreted in the light of current psycholinguistic models of sentence comprehension in TD children and provide further insight into the linguistic nature of G-SLI. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000913000184 SN - 0305-0009 SN - 1469-7602 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 811 EP - 841 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Hoernig, Robin A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Knauf, Selene A1 - Krueger, Agnes T1 - Effects of focus and definiteness on children's word order: evidence from German five-year-olds' reproductions of double object constructions JF - Journal of child language N2 - Two experiments tested how faithfully German children aged 4; 5 to 5; 6 reproduce ditransitive sentences that are unmarked or marked with respect to word order and focus (Exp1) or definiteness (Exp2). Adopting an optimality theory (OT) approach, it is assumed that in the German adult grammar word order is ranked lower than focus and definiteness. Faithfulness of children's reproductions decreased as markedness of inputs increased; unmarked structures were reproduced most faithfully and unfaithful outputs had most often an unmarked form. Consistent with the OT proposal, children were more tolerant against inputs marked for word order than for focus; in conflict with the proposal, children were less tolerant against inputs marked for word order than for definiteness. Our results suggest that the linearization of objects in German double object constructions is affected by focus and definiteness, but that prosodic principles may have an impact on the position of a focused constituent. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000913000196 SN - 0305-0009 SN - 1469-7602 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 780 EP - 810 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Husain, Samar A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Srinivasan, Narayanan T1 - Strong expectations cancel locality effects: Evidence from Hindi JF - PLoS one N2 - Expectation-driven facilitation (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and locality-driven retrieval difficulty (Gibson, 1998, 2000; Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) are widely recognized to be two critical factors in incremental sentence processing; there is accumulating evidence that both can influence processing difficulty. However, it is unclear whether and how expectations and memory interact. We first confirm a key prediction of the expectation account: a Hindi self-paced reading study shows that when an expectation for an upcoming part of speech is dashed, building a rarer structure consumes more processing time than building a less rare structure. This is a strong validation of the expectation-based account. In a second study, we show that when expectation is strong, i.e., when a particular verb is predicted, strong facilitation effects are seen when the appearance of the verb is delayed; however, when expectation is weak, i.e., when only the part of speech "verb' is predicted but a particular verb is not predicted, the facilitation disappears and a tendency towards a locality effect is seen. The interaction seen between expectation strength and distance shows that strong expectations cancel locality effects, and that weak expectations allow locality effects to emerge. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100986 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 7 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER -