TY - THES A1 - Victor, Vincent T1 - The Role of Bargaining Power T1 - Die Rolle der Verhandlungsmacht BT - How Unions Affect Income Distribution BT - Der Einfluss der Gewerkschaften auf die Einkommensverteilung T2 - Potsdam Economic Papers N2 - Neoclassical theory omits the role of bargaining power in the determination of wages. As a result, the importance of changes in the bargaining position for the development of income shares in the last decades is underestimated. This paper presents a theoretical argument why collective bargaining power is a main determinant of workers’ share of income and how its decline contributed to the severe changes in the distribution of income since the 1980s. In order to confirm this hypothesis, a panel data regression analysis is performed that suggests that unions significantly influence the distribution of income in developed countries. N2 - Die Verhandlungsmacht der beteiligten Akteure bei der Lohnfindung spielt in der neoklassischen Theorie nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Dementsprechend wird auch ihre Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der Einkommensverteilung unterschätzt. Diese Arbeit präsentiert eine theoretische Argumentation, warum die kollektive Verhandlungsmacht der Arbeitnehmer einer der wichtigsten Bestimmungsfaktoren der Einkommensverteilung ist und wie der Rückgang eben dieser zu den tiefgreifenden Veränderungen in der Einkommensverteilung seit den 1980ern beigetragen hat. Die Hypothese wird durch eine Panelregression gestützt, die auf einen signifikanten Einfluss von Gewerkschaften und Tarifverhandlungen auf die Einkommensverteilung in Industrieländern in den letzten Jahrzehnten hindeutet. T3 - Potsdam Economic Papers - 6 KW - income distribution KW - bargaining power KW - wages KW - collective bargaining KW - unions KW - macroeconomics KW - Einkommensverteilung KW - Verhandlungsmacht KW - Löhne KW - Tarifverhandlungen KW - Gewerkschaften KW - Makröökonomie Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420689 SN - 978-3-86956-449-4 SN - 2197-8069 SN - 2197-8077 IS - 6 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - De Cahsan, Binia A1 - Westbury, Michael V. A1 - Drews, Hauke A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - The complete mitochondrial genome of a European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) from Germany T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The European fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina, is a small aquatic toad belonging to the family Bombinatoridae. The species is native to the lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe, where population numbers have been in decline in recent past decades. Here, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered European fire-bellied toad from Northern Germany recovered using iterative mapping. Phylogenetic analyses including other representatives of the Bombinatoridae placed our German specimen as sister to a Polish B. bombina sequence with high support. This finding is congruent with the postulated Pleistocene history of the species. Our complete mitochondrial genome represents an important resource for further population analysis of the European fire-bellied toad, especially those found within Germany. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 532 KW - Bombina bombina KW - Fire-bellied toad KW - mitogenome KW - conservation genetics KW - population delimitation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423222 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 532 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Cahsan, Binia A1 - Westbury, Michael V. A1 - Drews, Hauke A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - The complete mitochondrial genome of a European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) from Germany JF - Mitochondrial DNA Part B N2 - The European fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina, is a small aquatic toad belonging to the family Bombinatoridae. The species is native to the lowlands of Central and Eastern Europe, where population numbers have been in decline in recent past decades. Here, we present the first complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered European fire-bellied toad from Northern Germany recovered using iterative mapping. Phylogenetic analyses including other representatives of the Bombinatoridae placed our German specimen as sister to a Polish B. bombina sequence with high support. This finding is congruent with the postulated Pleistocene history of the species. Our complete mitochondrial genome represents an important resource for further population analysis of the European fire-bellied toad, especially those found within Germany. KW - Bombina bombina KW - Fire-bellied toad KW - mitogenome KW - conservation genetics KW - population delimitation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1547143 SN - 2380-2359 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 498 EP - 500 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex A. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Commentary : The Developmental Trajectory of the Operational Momentum Effect T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 502 KW - embodied cognition KW - operational momentum KW - SNARC effect KW - mental arithmetic KW - numerical cognition Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423169 SN - 1866-8364 N1 - A Commentary on The Developmental Trajectory of the Operational Momentum Effect by Pinheiro-Chagas, P., Didino, D., Haase, V. G., Wood, G., and Knops, A. (2018). Front. Psychol. 9:1062 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01062 IS - 502 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reeg, Jette A1 - Heine, Simon A1 - Mihan, Christine A1 - McGee, Sean A1 - Preuss, Thomas G. A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Simulation of herbicide impacts on a plant community BT - comparing model predictions of the plant community model IBC-grass to empirical data T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background Semi-natural plant communities such as field boundaries play an important ecological role in agricultural landscapes, e.g., provision of refuge for plant and other species, food web support or habitat connectivity. To prevent undesired effects of herbicide applications on these communities and their structure, the registration and application are regulated by risk assessment schemes in many industrialized countries. Standardized individual-level greenhouse experiments are conducted on a selection of crop and wild plant species to characterize the effects of herbicide loads potentially reaching off-field areas on non-target plants. Uncertainties regarding the protectiveness of such approaches to risk assessment might be addressed by assessment factors that are often under discussion. As an alternative approach, plant community models can be used to predict potential effects on plant communities of interest based on extrapolation of the individual-level effects measured in the standardized greenhouse experiments. In this study, we analyzed the reliability and adequacy of the plant community model IBC-grass (individual-based plant community model for grasslands) by comparing model predictions with empirically measured effects at the plant community level. Results We showed that the effects predicted by the model IBC-grass were in accordance with the empirical data. Based on the species-specific dose responses (calculated from empirical effects in monocultures measured 4 weeks after application), the model was able to realistically predict short-term herbicide impacts on communities when compared to empirical data. Conclusion The results presented in this study demonstrate an approach how the current standard greenhouse experiments—measuring herbicide impacts on individual-level—can be coupled with the model IBC-grass to estimate effects on plant community level. In this way, it can be used as a tool in ecological risk assessment. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 528 KW - Plant community model KW - Non-target terrestrial plants KW - Community-level effects KW - Herbicide risk assessment KW - Individual-based modeling Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423039 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 528 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Oshanin, Gleb T1 - Strong defocusing of molecular reaction times results from an interplay of geometry and reaction control T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Textbook concepts of diffusion-versus kinetic-control are well-defined for reaction-kinetics involving macroscopic concentrations of diffusive reactants that are adequately described by rate-constants—the inverse of the mean-first-passage-time to the reaction-event. In contradiction, an open important question is whether the mean-first-passage-time alone is a sufficient measure for biochemical reactions that involve nanomolar reactant concentrations. Here, using a simple yet generic, exactly solvable model we study the effect of diffusion and chemical reaction-limitations on the full reaction-time distribution. We show that it has a complex structure with four distinct regimes delineated by three characteristic time scales spanning a window of several decades. Consequently, the reaction-times are defocused: no unique time-scale characterises the reaction-process, diffusion- and kinetic-control can no longer be disentangled, and it is imperative to know the full reaction-time distribution. We introduce the concepts of geometry- and reaction-control, and also quantify each regime by calculating the corresponding reaction depth. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 527 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422989 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 527 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molina-Garcia, Daniel A1 - Sandev, Trifce A1 - Safdari, Hadiseh A1 - Pagnini, Gianni A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Crossover from anomalous to normal diffusion BT - truncated power-law noise correlations and applications to dynamics in lipid bilayers T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Abstract The emerging diffusive dynamics in many complex systems show a characteristic crossover behaviour from anomalous to normal diffusion which is otherwise fitted by two independent power-laws. A prominent example for a subdiffusive–diffusive crossover are viscoelastic systems such as lipid bilayer membranes, while superdiffusive–diffusive crossovers occur in systems of actively moving biological cells. We here consider the general dynamics of a stochastic particle driven by so-called tempered fractional Gaussian noise, that is noise with Gaussian amplitude and power-law correlations, which are cut off at some mesoscopic time scale. Concretely we consider such noise with built-in exponential or power-law tempering, driving an overdamped Langevin equation (fractional Brownian motion) and fractional Langevin equation motion. We derive explicit expressions for the mean squared displacement and correlation functions, including different shapes of the crossover behaviour depending on the concrete tempering, and discuss the physical meaning of the tempering. In the case of power-law tempering we also find a crossover behaviour from faster to slower superdiffusion and slower to faster subdiffusion. As a direct application of our model we demonstrate that the obtained dynamics quantitatively describes the subdiffusion–diffusion and subdiffusion–subdiffusion crossover in lipid bilayer systems. We also show that a model of tempered fractional Brownian motion recently proposed by Sabzikar and Meerschaert leads to physically very different behaviour with a seemingly paradoxical ballistic long time scaling. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 507 KW - anomalous diffusion KW - truncated power-law correlated noise KW - lipid bilayer membrane dynamics Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422590 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 507 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Paijmans, Johanna L. A. A1 - Barlow, Axel A1 - Förster, Daniel W. A1 - Henneberger, Kirstin A1 - Meyer, Matthias A1 - Nickel, Birgit A1 - Nagel, Doris A1 - Worsøe Havmøller, Rasmus A1 - Baryshnikov, Gennady F. A1 - Joger, Ulrich A1 - Rosendahl, Wilfried A1 - Hofreiter, Michael T1 - Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background Resolving the historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) is a complex issue, because patterns inferred from fossils and from molecular data lack congruence. Fossil evidence supports an African origin, and suggests that leopards were already present in Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene. Analysis of DNA sequences however, suggests a more recent, Middle Pleistocene shared ancestry of Asian and African leopards. These contrasting patterns led researchers to propose a two-stage hypothesis of leopard dispersal out of Africa: an initial Early Pleistocene colonisation of Asia and a subsequent replacement by a second colonisation wave during the Middle Pleistocene. The status of Late Pleistocene European leopards within this scenario is unclear: were these populations remnants of the first dispersal, or do the last surviving European leopards share more recent ancestry with their African counterparts? Results In this study, we generate and analyse mitogenome sequences from historical samples that span the entire modern leopard distribution, as well as from Late Pleistocene remains. We find a deep bifurcation between African and Eurasian mitochondrial lineages (~ 710 Ka), with the European ancient samples as sister to all Asian lineages (~ 483 Ka). The modern and historical mainland Asian lineages share a relatively recent common ancestor (~ 122 Ka), and we find one Javan sample nested within these. Conclusions The phylogenetic placement of the ancient European leopard as sister group to Asian leopards suggests that these populations originate from the same out-of-Africa dispersal which founded the Asian lineages. The coalescence time found for the mitochondrial lineages aligns well with the earliest undisputed fossils in Eurasia, and thus encourages a re-evaluation of the identification of the much older putative leopard fossils from the region. The relatively recent ancestry of all mainland Asian leopard lineages suggests that these populations underwent a severe population bottleneck during the Pleistocene. Finally, although only based on a single sample, the unexpected phylogenetic placement of the Javan leopard could be interpreted as evidence for exchange of mitochondrial lineages between Java and mainland Asia, calling for further investigation into the evolutionary history of this subspecies. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 505 KW - Ancient DNA KW - Hybridisation capture KW - Leopards KW - Mitochondrial genomes KW - Mitogenomes KW - mtDNA KW - Palaeogenetics KW - Panthera pardus Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422555 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 505 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mueller, Juliane A1 - Stoll, Josefine A1 - Mueller, Steffen A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Dose-response relationship of core-specific sensorimotor interventions in healthy, welltrained participants BT - study protocol for a (MiSpEx) randomized controlled trial T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background: Core-specific sensorimotor exercises are proven to enhance neuromuscular activity of the trunk, improve athletic performance and prevent back pain. However, the dose-response relationship and, therefore, the dose required to improve trunk function is still under debate. The purpose of the present trial will be to compare four different intervention strategies of sensorimotor exercises that will result in improved trunk function. Methods/design: A single-blind, four-armed, randomized controlled trial with a 3-week (home-based) intervention phase and two measurement days pre and post intervention (M1/M2) is designed. Experimental procedures on both measurement days will include evaluation of maximum isokinetic and isometric trunk strength (extension/flexion, rotation) including perturbations, as well as neuromuscular trunk activity while performing strength testing. The primary outcome is trunk strength (peak torque). Neuromuscular activity (amplitude, latencies as a response to perturbation) serves as secondary outcome. The control group will perform a standardized exercise program of four sensorimotor exercises (three sets of 10 repetitions) in each of six training sessions (30 min duration) over 3 weeks. The intervention groups’ programs differ in the number of exercises, sets per exercise and, therefore, overall training amount (group I: six sessions, three exercises, two sets; group II: six sessions, two exercises, two sets; group III: six sessions, one exercise, three sets). The intervention programs of groups I, II and III include additional perturbations for all exercises to increase both the difficulty and the efficacy of the exercises performed. Statistical analysis will be performed after examining the underlying assumptions for parametric and non-parametric testing. Discussion: The results of the study will be clinically relevant, not only for researchers but also for (sports) therapists, physicians, coaches, athletes and the general population who have the aim of improving trunk function. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 499 KW - Sensorimotor training KW - Perturbation KW - Exercise KW - MiSpEx Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422414 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 499 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Peitz, Matti A1 - Behringer, Michael A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - A systematic review on the effects of resistance and plyometric training on physical fitness in youth BT - What do comparative studies tell us? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Introduction To date, several meta-analyses clearly demonstrated that resistance and plyometric training are effective to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents. However, a methodological limitation of meta-analyses is that they synthesize results from different studies and hence ignore important differences across studies (i.e., mixing apples and oranges). Therefore, we aimed at examining comparative intervention studies that assessed the effects of age, sex, maturation, and resistance or plyometric training descriptors (e.g., training intensity, volume etc.) on measures of physical fitness while holding other variables constant. Methods To identify relevant studies, we systematically searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) from inception to March 2018. We included resistance and plyometric training studies in healthy young athletes and non-athletes aged 6 to 18 years that investigated the effects of moderator variables (e.g., age, maturity, sex, etc.) on components of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength and power). Results Our systematic literature search revealed a total of 75 eligible resistance and plyometric training studies, including 5,138 participants. Mean duration of resistance and plyometric training programs amounted to 8.9 ± 3.6 weeks and 7.1±1.4 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that maturation affects plyometric and resistance training outcomes differently, with the former eliciting greater adaptations pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and the latter around- and post-PHV. Sex has no major impact on resistance training related outcomes (e.g., maximal strength, 10 repetition maximum). In terms of plyometric training, around-PHV boys appear to respond with larger performance improvements (e.g., jump height, jump distance) compared with girls. Different types of resistance training (e.g., body weight, free weights) are effective in improving measures of muscle strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction) in untrained children and adolescents. Effects of plyometric training in untrained youth primarily follow the principle of training specificity. Despite the fact that only 6 out of 75 comparative studies investigated resistance or plyometric training in trained individuals, positive effects were reported in all 6 studies (e.g., maximum strength and vertical jump height, respectively). Conclusions The present review article identified research gaps (e.g., training descriptors, modern alternative training modalities) that should be addressed in future comparative studies. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 498 KW - young soccer players KW - randomized controlled-trial KW - school baseball players KW - whole-body vibratoin KW - rugby league players KW - of-direction speed KW - endurance performance KW - muscular strength KW - motor-performance Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422201 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 498 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias T1 - Improving measurement and modelling approaches of the closed chamber method to better assess dynamics and drivers of carbon based greenhouse gas emissions N2 - The trace gases CO2 and CH4 pertain to the most relevant greenhouse gases and are important exchange fluxes of the global carbon (C) cycle. Their atmospheric quantity increased significantly as a result of the intensification of anthropogenic activities, such as especially land-use and land-use change, since the mid of the 18th century. To mitigate global climate change and ensure food security, land-use systems need to be developed, which favor reduced trace gas emissions and a sustainable soil carbon management. This requires the accurate and precise quantification of the influence of land-use and land-use change on CO2 and CH4 emissions. A common method to determine the trace gas dynamics and C sink or source function of a particular ecosystem is the closed chamber method. This method is often used assuming that accuracy and precision are high enough to determine differences in C gas emissions for e.g., treatment comparisons or different ecosystem components. However, the broad range of different chamber designs, related operational procedures and data-processing strategies which are described in the scientific literature contribute to the overall uncertainty of closed chamber-based emission estimates. Hence, the outcomes of meta-analyses are limited, since these methodical differences hamper the comparability between studies. Thus, a standardization of closed chamber data acquisition and processing is much-needed. Within this thesis, a set of case studies were performed to: (I) develop standardized routines for an unbiased data acquisition and processing, with the aim of providing traceable, reproducible and comparable closed chamber based C emission estimates; (II) validate those routines by comparing C emissions derived using closed chambers with independent C emission estimates; and (III) reveal processes driving the spatio-temporal dynamics of C emissions by developing (data processing based) flux separation approaches. The case studies showed: (I) the importance to test chamber designs under field conditions for an appropriate sealing integrity and to ensure an unbiased flux measurement. Compared to the sealing integrity, the use of a pressure vent and fan was of minor importance, affecting mainly measurement precision; (II) that the developed standardized data processing routines proved to be a powerful and flexible tool to estimate C gas emissions and that this tool can be successfully applied on a broad range of flux data sets from very different ecosystem; (III) that automatic chamber measurements display temporal dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes very well and most importantly, that they accurately detect small-scale spatial differences in the development of soil C when validated against repeated soil inventories; and (IV) that a simple algorithm to separate CH4 fluxes into ebullition and diffusion improves the identification of environmental drivers, which allows for an accurate gap-filling of measured CH4 fluxes. Overall, the proposed standardized data acquisition and processing routines strongly improved the detection accuracy and precision of source/sink patterns of gaseous C emissions. Hence, future studies, which consider the recommended improvements, will deliver valuable new data and insights to broaden our understanding of spatio-temporal C gas dynamics, their particular environmental drivers and underlying processes. N2 - Die Spurengase CO2 und CH4 gehören zu den wichtigsten atmosphärischen Treibhausgasen und sind zugleich wichtige Austauschflüsse im globalen Kohlenstoff-(C)-Kreislauf. Als Ergebnis zunehmender anthropogener Aktivitäten insbesondere auch im Bereich der Landnutzung und des Landnutzungswandel stiegen seit Mitte des 18 Jahrhunderts die atmosphärischen CO2 und CH4 Konzentrationen deutlich an. Um die zu erwartenden Auswirkungen des globalen Klimawandels abzuschwächen aber auch um die weltweite Ernährungssicherheit zu gewährleisten, bedarf es der Entwicklung neuer Landnutzungssysteme welche sich durch verminderte Treibhausgasemissionen und ein nachhaltiges Management der Bodenkohlenstoffvorrate auszeichnen. Dies erfordert die akkurate und präzise Quantifizierung des Einflusses von Landnutzung und Landnutzungswandel auf die CO2 und CH4 Emissionen. Eine gängige Methode zur Bestimmung von Spurengasemissionen und darauf aufbauend der C Senken bzw. Quellenfunktion verschiedenster Ökosysteme stellen Haubenmessungen dar. Unterschiedliche Haubendesigns, Messprozeduren und Strategien bei der Datenaufbereitung führen jedoch mitunter zu erheblichen Unsicherheiten bei den gemessenen C Emissionen. Dies kann die Aussagekraft von Metastudien maßgeblich beeinträchtigen, da die Vergleichbarkeit mittels geschlossener Hauben durchgeführter Untersuchungen nicht gewährleistet werden kann. Daher ist eine Standardisierung der Erfassung und Auswertung von Haubenmessungen dringend erforderlich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden deshalb eine Reihe von Fallstudien durchgeführt um: (I) standardisierte Routinen zu entwickeln welche eine fehlerfreiere Datenerfassung und Bearbeitung von Haubenmessungen erlauben und so nachvollziehbare, reproduzierbare und vergleichbare C Emissionen liefern; (II) erarbeitete Routinen zu validieren indem auf geschlossenen Haubenmessungen basierende C Emissionen mit unabhängigen Daten verglichen werden; und (III) mittels entwickelter Separationsverfahren Teilflüsse präzise zu quantifizieren um Beziehungen zwischen CO2 und CH4 Flüssen und ihren Treibern besser analysieren zu können. Die durchgeführten Fallstudien zeigen: (I) die Notwendigkeit eingesetzte Hauben unter möglichst realistischen (Feld)-Bedingungen hinsichtlich ihrer Dichtigkeit (insbesondere an der Abdichtung zwischen Rahmen und Haube) zu überprüfen, da nur so fehlerfreie Messungen sichergestellt werden können; (II) das die entwickelten Routinen zur standardisierten Datenbearbeitung ein geeignetes flexibles Werkzeug darstellen um eine verlässliche Abschatzung gasförmige C Emissionen vorzunehmen; (III) das die zeitliche Dynamik von CO2 und CH4 Flüssen sowie kleinräumige Unterschiede in der Entwicklung von Bodenkohlenstoffvorraten gut mittels automatischer Haubenmesssysteme erfasst werden können (Validierung der Ergebnisse mittels wiederholter Bodeninventarisierung); und (IV) das ein einfacher Algorithmus zur Separation von CH4 in seine Flusskompartimente (blasenförmiger Massenfluss vs. Diffusion) die Identifizierung von Treibern verbessert und so ein akkurateres Füllen von Messlücken ermöglicht. Die in der Arbeit vorgestellten Routinen zur standardisierten Datenerfassung und Bearbeitung finden gegenwärtig national wie international Anwendung und helfen somit bei der Generierung vergleichbarer, akkurater und präziser Abschätzungen von standort-/ökosystemspezifischen C Emissionen. N2 - Следовые газы CO2 и CH4 относятся к наиболее значимым парниковым газам и являются важнейшими компонентами глобального углеродного (С) цикла. С середины XVIII столетия их атмосферная концентрация значительно увеличилась, в результате возросшей антропогенной деятельности, в особенности за счет такой сферы как землепользование и изменение землепользования. С целью смягчения последствий глобального изменения климата и обеспечения продовольственной безопасности, необходима разработка систем землепользования, которые будет способствовать сокращению эмиссии следовых газов и обеспечат устойчивое управление углеродными запасами почв. В свою очередь, это требует проведения аккуратной и точной количественной оценки воздействия землепользования и изменения землепользования на эмиссии CO2 и CH4. Стандартным способом для оценки динамики следовых газов и определения функции накопления или потери углерода экосистемой является метод закрытых камер. Данный метод часто используется с учетом предположения, что аккуратность и точность полученных результатов достаточно высоки, чтобы оценить разность между потоками углеродсодержащих газов. Например, при сравнении способов воздействия на экосистему либо для оценки углеродных потоков от ее компонентов. В научной литературе описано множество различных вариантов конструкций закрытых камер, связанных с ними операционных процедур и стратегий обработки данных. Это широкое разнообразие вносит свой вклад в общую неопределенность при оценке эмиссии парниковых газов методом закрытых камер. В результате, полученные на основе мета-анализа выводы обладают определенными ограничениями, т.к. методологические различия между разными исследованиями затрудняют сравнение их результатов. В связи с этим, необходимо проведение стандартизации сбора и обработки данных для методики закрытых камер. В рамках данных тезисов, был выполнен ряд тематических исследований с целью:(1) разработать для методики закрытых камер стандартизированные процедуры несмещенного сбора и обработки данных, которые позволят получить явно отслеживаемые, воспроизводимые и сопоставимые оценки углеродных потоков; (2) провести валидацию этих процедур, путем сравнения оценок потоков углерода, полученных методом закрытых камер с результатами оценки других независимых методов; (3) разработать, на основе анализа данных, способы для разделения углеродных потоков и установить процессы, регулирующие их пространственно-временную динамику. Результаты тематических исследований показали: (1) Важно проводить испытания конструкции камер на герметичность в полевых условиях и удостовериться, что измерения потоков углерода несмещенные. В сравнении с влиянием герметичности камеры, использование клапанов для выравнивания давления и вентиляторов имело несущественное значение и влияло только на точность измерений; (2) Было подтверждено, что разработанные стандартизированные методы обработки данных являются мощным и гибким инструментом оценки эмиссии углерода. На сегодняшний день эти методы успешно применяются на широком спектре разнообразных наборов данных углеродных потоков для различных типов экосистем; (3) Измерения, выполненные автоматическими закрытыми камерами, отчетливо демонстрируют временную динамику потоков CO2 и CH4 и, что наиболее важно, они хорошо выявляют мелкомасштабные пространственные различия в накоплении почвенного углерода, что было подтверждено с помощью повторяемой инвентаризации почвенных запасов углерода; (4) Простой алгоритм разделения эмиссии CH4 на потоки выбросов в виде диффузии газа и выделения в виде пузырей улучшает идентификацию экологических факторов, которые их регулируют, что позволяет более точно оценить эмиссии CH4 в периоды между измерениями. В целом предложенные стандартизированные методы сбора и обработки данных значительно увеличивают точность моделей выделения-поглощения газообразных углеродных эмиссий. Таким образом, будущие исследования, проведенные с учетом рекомендуемых усовершенствований, позволят получить новые ценные данные и гипотезы для расширения нашего понимания пространственно-временной динамики потоков углеродсодержащих газов, экологических факторов их регулирования и лежащих в их основе процессов. N2 - Le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et le méthane (CH4) font partie des gaz à effet de serre les plus importants et sont également des éléments majeurs du cycle global du carbone. Depuis le milieu du XVIIIe siècle, leur quantité dans l’atmosphère a considérablement augmenté en raison de l'intensification des activités anthropiques, notamment l'exploitation des terres et la modification de l'utilisation de ces dernières. Afin d’atténuer les effets du changement climatique et d’assurer la sécurité alimentaire, il faut mettre au point des systèmes d’utilisation des terres qui favorisent la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre ainsi qu’une gestion durable des stocks de carbone dans les sols. Cela exige une quantification exacte et précise de l'influence de l'utilisation des terres et de la modification de l'utilisation des sols sur les émissions de CO2 et de CH4. La méthode à chambre fermée est une méthode courante pour déterminer l’évolution des gaz présents à faible concentration atmosphérique et du puits de carbone, ou pour analyser la fonction primaire d'un écosystème singulier. Cette méthode est souvent utilisée en supposant que l’exactitude et la précision sont suffisamment élevées pour déterminer les différences dans les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, par exemple pour comparer les traitements ou les différentes composantes de l’écosystème. Toutefois, la vaste gamme de conceptions de chambres différentes, les procédures de mesure et les stratégies de traitement des données décrites dans la documentation scientifique contribuent à l’incertitude générale quant à l’analyse des émissions récoltées en chambre fermée. Par conséquent, les résultats des méta-analyses sont limités, car ces différences méthodologiques entravent la comparabilité des études. La standardisation de l’acquisition et du traitement des données en chambre fermée est donc indispensable. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une série d'études de cas ont été réalisées pour: (I) élaborer des routines standardisées pour l'acquisition et le traitement de données impartiales, dans le but de fournir des estimations des émissions de carbone en chambre fermée traçables, reproductibles et comparables; (II) valider ces routines en comparant les émissions de carbone obtenues par la méthode des chambres fermées avec des estimations indépendantes des émissions de carbone; et (III) révéler les processus qui déterminent la dynamique spatio-temporelle des émissions de carbone en développant un processus de traitement de données basé sur l’approche de la séparation des flux. Les études de cas montrent: (I) l'importance de tester la conception des chambres dans des conditions de terrain pour une étanchéité appropriée et pour assurer une mesure impartiale des flux. Comparé à l'intégrité de l'étanchéité, l'utilisation d'une soupape de compensation de pression et d'un ventilateur était d'une importance mineure, affectant principalement la précision des mesures; (II) que les routines de traitement des données standardisées développées se sont avérées être un outil puissant et flexible pour estimer les émissions de carbone. L'outil est maintenant appliqué avec succès sur un large éventail de séries de données de flux provenant d'écosystèmes très différents; (III) que les mesures faites à l’aide de chambres automatiques montrent très bien la dynamique temporelle des flux CO2 et de CH4 et, surtout, qu'elles détectent avec précision les différences spatiales à petite échelle dans le développement des réserves de carbone dans le sol lorsqu'elles sont validées par des inventaires périodiques du sol; et (IV) qu’un algorithme simple pour séparer les flux de CH4 en ébullition et en diffusion améliore l'identification de facteurs environnementaux, ce qui permet de combler avec précision les données manquantes des flux de CH4 mesurés. Dans l'ensemble, les routines standardisées proposées pour l'acquisition et le traitement des données ont grandement amélioré l'exactitude de la détection des profils source/évier des émissions de carbone gazeux. Par conséquent, les études futures, qui tiennent compte des améliorations recommandées, fourniront de nouvelles données et de nouvelles perspectives précieuses pour élargir notre compréhension de la dynamique spatio-temporelle du gaz carbone, de ses moteurs environnementaux spécifiques et des processus sous-jacents. N2 - Los gases traza CO2 y CH4 pertenecen a los gases de efecto invernadero más importantes del ciclo global del carbono (C). Su concentración en la atmósfera se ha incrementado significativamente desde mediados del siglo XVIII como resultado de la intensificación de las actividades antropogénicas, como el uso del suelo y el cambio en los usos de la tierra. Para mitigar el cambio climático global y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria es necesario desarrollar sistemas de uso del suelo que favorezcan la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y una gestión sostenible del carbono en el suelo. Esto requiere un cálculo exacto y preciso de la influencia del uso del suelo y de los cambios en el uso del suelo en las emisiones de CO2 y CH4. Un método común para determinar las dinámicas del gas traza y la función de fuente o sumidero de C de un ecosistema es el método de las cámaras cerradas. Este método se utiliza comúnmente asumiendo que la exactitud y precisión son lo suficientemente elevadas para determinar las diferencias en la emisiones de gases C, por ejemplo, comparaciones de tratamientos o de los diferentes componentes del ecosistema. Sin embargo, la amplia gama de diseños de cámaras, los procedimientos operativos relacionados y las estrategias de procesamiento de datos descritas en la literatura científica contribuyen a la incertidumbre general de las estimaciones de emisiones basadas en cámaras cerradas. Además, los resultados de los metanálisis son limitados, ya que estas diferencias metodológicas dificultan la comparabilidad entre los estudios. Por lo tanto, la estandarización en la obtención y procesamiento de datos en el método de la cámara cerrada es muy necesaria. En esta tesis se desarrollan un conjunto de casos de estudio para: (I) Desarrollar rutinas estandarizadas para una obtención y procesamiento de datos imparcial, con el objetivo de proporcionar estimaciones de emisiones de C basadas en cámaras cerradas trazables, reproducibles y comparables; (II) Validar esas rutinas comparando las emisiones de C derivadas del método de las cámaras cerradas con estimaciones independientes de emisiones de C; y (III) revelar procesos que impulsan la dinámica espacio temporal de las emisiones de C, a través del desarrollo de un proceso de tratamiento de datos basado en el enfoque de la separación de flujos. Los casos de estudio muestran: (I) La importancia de someter a prueba el diseño de las cámaras a las condiciones de campo para una apropiada integridad del sellado y para garantizar una medición de flujo imparcial. Comparado con la integridad del sellado, el uso de la ventilación a presión y del ventilador resultó de menor importancia, afectando principalmente a la precisión de las mediciones. (II) que las rutinas estandarizadas desarrolladas para el procesamiento de datos demostraron ser una herramienta poderosa y flexible para estimar las emisiones de gases de C. La herramienta ahora se aplica con éxito en una amplia gama de conjuntos de datos de flujo de ecosistemas muy diferentes; (III) que las mediciones con cámaras automáticas muestran claramente la dinámica temporal de las emisiones de CO2 y lo más importante, que detectan con precisión diferencias espaciales a pequeña escala en el desarrollo del C en el suelo cuando se validan con inventarios periódicos del suelo ; y (IV) que un simple algoritmo para separar flujos de CH4 entre ebullición y difusión mejora la identificación de los impulsores ambientales, lo cual permite un procedimiento más exacto para el relleno del vacío de datos de las mediciones de los flujos de CH4. En términos generales puede decirse que los algoritmos de obtención y procesamiento de datos estandarizados propuestos mejoraron en gran medida la precisión de detección de los patrones fuente / sumidero de emisiones de C gaseoso. Por lo tanto, los futuros estudios, que consideren las mejoras recomendadas, ofrecerán nuevos datos y conocimientos útiles para ampliar nuestra comprensión de la dinámica espacio-temporal del C de los gases, sus impulsores ambientales específicos y los procesos subyacentes. T2 - Verbesserung von Mess- und Modellierungsansätzen der geschlossenen Haubenmessmethode zur besseren Erfassung von raumzeitlichen Veränderungen und potentiellen Treibern kohlenstoffbasierter Treibhausgasemissionen KW - greenhouse gases KW - closed chamber method KW - carbon dioxide KW - methane KW - Kohlenstoffdioxid KW - geschlossene Haubenmessmethode KW - Treibhausgase KW - Methan Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421302 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hickmann, Thomas A1 - Partzsch, Lena A1 - Pattberg, Philipp H. A1 - Weiland, Sabine T1 - Conclusion BT - Towards a 'deep debate' on the Anthropocene T2 - The anthropocene debate and political science Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-0-8153-8614-8 SP - 237 EP - 251 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - BOOK ED - Hickmann, Thomas ED - Partzsch, Lena ED - Pattberg, Philipp H. ED - Weiland, Sabine T1 - The anthropocene debate and political science T3 - Routledge research in global environmental governance N2 - Anthropocene has become an environmental buzzword. It denotes a new geological epoch that is human?dominated. As mounting scientific evidence reveals, humankind has fundamentally altered atmospheric, geological, hydrological, biospheric, and other Earth system processes to an extent that the risk of an irreversible system change emerges. Human societies must therefore change direction and navigate away from critical tipping points in the various ecosystems of our planet. This hypothesis has kicked off a debate not only on the geoscientific definition of the Anthropocene era, but increasingly also in the social sciences. However, the specific contribution of the social sciences disciplines and in particular that of political science still needs to be fully established. This edited volume analyzes, from a political science perspective, the wider social dynamics underlying the ecological and geological changes, as well as their implications for governance and politics in the Anthropocene. The focus is on two questions: (1) What is the contribution of political science to the Anthropocene debate, e.g. in terms of identified problems, answers, and solutions? (2) What are the conceptual and practical implications of the Anthropocene debate for the discipline of political science? Overall, this book contributes to the Anthropocene debate by providing novel theoretical and conceptual accounts of the Anthropocene, engaging with contemporary politics and policy-making in the Anthropocene, and offering a critical reflection on the Anthropocene debate as such. The volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of political science, global environmental politics and governance, and sustainable development. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-0-8153-8614-8 SN - 978-1-351-17412-1 PB - Routledge CY - London ER -