TY  - CHAP
A1  - Ohl, Sven
A1  - Brandt, S.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Post-saccadic location judgments after presentation of multiple target-like objects
T2  - Perception
Y1  - 2012
SN  - 0301-0066
SN  - 1468-4233
VL  - 41
IS  - 1
SP  - 171
EP  - 171
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberauer, Klaus
A1  - Wendland, Mirko
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Age differences in working memory : the roles of storage and selective access
Y1  - 2003
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberauer, Klaus
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Interferenz im Arbeitsgedächtnis : ein formales Modell
Y1  - 2010
UR  - http://psycontent.metapress.com/content/0033-3042
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000008
SN  - 0033-3042
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberauer, Klaus
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Simultaneous cognitive operations in working memory after dual-task practice
N2  - The authors tested the hypothesis that with adequate practice, people can execute 2 cognitive operations in working memory simultaneously. In Experiment 1, 6 students practiced updating 2 items in working memory through 2 sequences of operations (1 numerical, 1 spatial). In different blocks, imperative stimuli for the 2 sequences of operations were presented either simultaneously or sequentially. Initially, most participants experienced substantial dual-task costs. After 24 sessions of practice, operation latencies for simultaneous presentation were equal to the maximum of times for the 2 operations in the sequential condition, suggesting perfect timesharing. Experiment 2 showed that a reduction of dual-task costs requires practice on the combination of the 2 updating tasks, not just practice on each individual task. Hence, the reduction of dual-task costs cannot be explained by shortening or automatization of individual operations
Y1  - 2004
SN  - 0096-1523
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberauer, Klaus
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Beyond resources : formal models of complexity effects in age differences in working memory
Y1  - 2001
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberauer, Klaus
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - A formal model of capacity limits in working memory
JF  - Journal of Memory and Language
N2  - A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.
KW  - working memory
KW  - interference
KW  - capacity
KW  - mathematical model
KW  - non-linear mixed effects
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0749596X
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009
SN  - 0749-596X
VL  - 55
IS  - 4
SP  - 601
EP  - 626
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberauer, Klaus
A1  - Demmrich, Anke
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Dissociating retention and access in working memory : an age-comparative study of mental arithmetic
Y1  - 2001
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Vitu, Françoise
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - No evidence for a saccadic range effect for visually guided and memory-guided saccades in simple saccade-targeting tasks
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Saccades to single targets in peripheral vision are typically characterized by an undershoot bias. Putting this bias to a test, Kapoula [1] used a paradigm in which observers were presented with two different sets of target eccentricities that partially overlapped each other. Her data were suggestive of a saccadic range effect (SRE): There was a tendency for saccades to overshoot close targets and undershoot far targets in a block, suggesting that there was a response bias towards the center of eccentricities in a given block. Our Experiment 1 was a close replication of the original study by Kapoula [1]. In addition, we tested whether the SRE is sensitive to top-down requirements associated with the task, and we also varied the target presentation duration. In Experiments 1 and 2, we expected to replicate the SRE for a visual discrimination task. The simple visual saccade-targeting task in Experiment 3, entailing minimal top-down influence, was expected to elicit a weaker SRE. Voluntary saccades to remembered target locations in Experiment 3 were expected to elicit the strongest SRE. Contrary to these predictions, we did not observe a SRE in any of the tasks. Our findings complement the results reported by Gillen et al. [2] who failed to find the effect in a saccade-targeting task with a very brief target presentation. Together, these results suggest that unlike arm movements, saccadic eye movements are not biased towards making saccades of a constant, optimal amplitude for the task.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 506 
KW  - eye-movement control
KW  - scleral search coils
KW  - Z-reader model
KW  - psychophysics toolbox
KW  - oculomotor control
KW  - video-oculography
KW  - accuracy
KW  - microsaccades
KW  - eccentricity
KW  - tracking
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-411639
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 506
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Vitu, Francoise
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - No Evidence for a Saccadic Range Effect for Visually Guided and Memory-Guided Saccades in Simple Saccade-Targeting Tasks
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - Saccades to single targets in peripheral vision are typically characterized by an undershoot bias. Putting this bias to a test, Kapoula [1] used a paradigm in which observers were presented with two different sets of target eccentricities that partially overlapped each other. Her data were suggestive of a saccadic range effect (SRE): There was a tendency for saccades to overshoot close targets and undershoot far targets in a block, suggesting that there was a response bias towards the center of eccentricities in a given block. Our Experiment 1 was a close replication of the original study by Kapoula [1]. In addition, we tested whether the SRE is sensitive to top-down requirements associated with the task, and we also varied the target presentation duration. In Experiments 1 and 2, we expected to replicate the SRE for a visual discrimination task. The simple visual saccade-targeting task in Experiment 3, entailing minimal top-down influence, was expected to elicit a weaker SRE. Voluntary saccades to remembered target locations in Experiment 3 were expected to elicit the strongest SRE. Contrary to these predictions, we did not observe a SRE in any of the tasks. Our findings complement the results reported by Gillen et al. [2] who failed to find the effect in a saccade-targeting task with a very brief target presentation. Together, these results suggest that unlike arm movements, saccadic eye movements are not biased towards making saccades of a constant, optimal amplitude for the task.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162449
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 11
SP  - 9935
EP  - 9943
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - An examination of binocular reading fixations based on sentence corpus data
N2  - Binocular eye movements of normal adult readers were examined as they read single sentences. Analyses of horizontal and vertical fixation disparities indicated that the most prevalent type of disparate fixation is crossed (i.e., the left eye is located further to the right than the right eye) while the left eye frequently fixates somewhat above the right eye. The Gaussian distribution of the binocular fixation point peaked 2.6 cm in front of the plane of text, reflecting the prevalence of horizontally crossed fixations. Fixation disparity accumulates during the course of successive saccades and fixations within a line of text, but only to an extent that does not compromise single binocular vision. In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in simple nonreading tasks. Finally, results presented here render it unlikely that vergence movements in reading aim at realigning the eyes at a given saccade target word.
Y1  - 2009
UR  - http://www.journalofvision.org/content/by/year
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1167/9.5.31
SN  - 1534-7362
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Preferred viewing locations : a validation
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 0301-0066
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect
N2  - Refixation probability during reading is lowest near the word center, suggestive of an optimal viewing position (OVP). Counter-intuitively, fixation durations are largest at the OVP, a result called the inverted optimal viewing position (IOVP) effect [Vitu, McConkie, Kerr, & O'Regan, (2001). Vision Research 41, 3513-3533]. Current models of eye-movement control in reading fail to reproduce the IOVP effect. We propose a simple mechanism for generating this effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations due to saccadic errors, First, we propose an algorithm for estimating proportions of mislocated fixations from experimental data yielding a higher probability for mislocated fixations near word boundaries. Second, we assume that mislocated fixations trigger an immediate start of a new saccade program causing a decrease of associated durations. Thus, the IOVP effect could emerge as a result of a coupling between cognitive and oculomotor processes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Y1  - 2005
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - The IOVP-effect in mindless reading : Experiment and modeling
N2  - Fixation durations in reading are longer for within-word fixation positions close to word center than for positions near word boundaries. This counterintuitive result was termed the Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) effect. We proposed an explanation of the effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations [Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45, 2201-2217], that suggests that the IOVP effect is not related to word processing. Here we demonstrate the existence of an IOVP effect in "mindless reading", a G-string scanning task. We compare the results from experimental data with results obtained from computer simulations of a simple model of the IOVP effect and discuss alternative accounts. We conclude that oculornotor errors, which often induce mislocalized fixations, represent the most important source of the IOVP effect. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y1  - 2007
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.005
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nuthmann, Antje
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Messung von Blickbewegungen
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 978-3-8017-1846-6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gattei, Carolina
A1  - Sigman, Mariano
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects: these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000: activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
KW  - locality
KW  - antilocality
KW  - working memory capacity
KW  - individual differences
KW  - Spanish
KW  - activation
KW  - DLT
KW  - expectation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gattei, Carolina
A1  - Sigman, Mariano
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
KW  - locality
KW  - antilocality
KW  - working memory capacity
KW  - individual differences
KW  - Spanish
KW  - activation
KW  - DLT
KW  - expectation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
IS  - 312
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Gattei, Carolina
A1  - Sigman, Mariano
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution
N2  - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 273 
KW  - locality
KW  - antilocality
KW  - working memory capacity
KW  - individual differences
KW  - Spanish
KW  - activation
KW  - DLT
KW  - expectation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75694
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Moshel, Shay
A1  - Zivotofsky, Ari Z.
A1  - Liang, Jin-Rong
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Havlin, Shlomo
T1  - Persistence and phase synchronization properties of fixational eye movement
N2  - When we fixate our gaze on a stable object, our eyes move continuously with extremely small involuntary and autonomic movements, that even we are unaware of during their occurrence. One of the roles of these fixational eye movements is to prevent the adaptation of the visual system to continuous illumination and inhibit fading of the image. These random, small movements are restricted at long time scales so as to keep the target at the centre of the field of view. In addition, the synchronisation properties between both eyes are related to binocular coordination in order to provide stereopsis. We investigated the roles of different time scale behaviours, especially how they are expressed in the different spatial directions (vertical versus horizontal). We also tested the synchronisation between both eyes. Results show different scaling behaviour between horizontal and vertical movements. When the small ballistic movements, i.e., microsaccades, are removed, the scaling behaviour in both axes becomes similar. Our findings suggest that microsaccades enhance the persistence at short time scales mostly in the horizontal component and much less in the vertical component. We also applied the phase synchronisation decay method to study the synchronisation between six combinations of binocular fixational eye movement components. We found that the vertical-vertical components of right and left eyes are significantly more synchronised than the horizontal-horizontal components. These differences may be due to the need for continuously moving the eyes in the horizontal plane in order to match the stereoscopic image for different viewing distances.
Y1  - 2008
UR  - 1960 = DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00762-3
SN  - 1951-6355
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Moshel, Shay
A1  - Liang, Jin-Rong
A1  - Caspi, Avi
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Havlin, Shlomo
A1  - Zivotofsky, Ari Z.
T1  - Phase-synchronization decay of fixational eye movements
Y1  - 2005
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Ming, Yan
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Shu, Hua
A1  - Pan, Jinger
A1  - Zhou, Xiaolin
T1  - Parafoveal Load of Word N+1 Modulates Preprocessing Effectivenessof Word N+2 in Chinese Reading
N2  - Preview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N+2)and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N+2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N+1. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N+2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N+1 was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N+1 and PB for word N+2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N+1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.
T2  - Ming Yan; Reinhold Kliegl; Hua Shu; Jinger Pan; Xiaolin Zhou
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 250 
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57103
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Spieler, D.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Untitled - Introduction
Y1  - 2001
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas
T1  - Sequential and coordinative processing dynamics in figural transformations across the life span
Y1  - 1996
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Krampe, Ralf-Thomas
T1  - Timing, sequencing and executive control in repetitive movement production
N2  - The authors demonstrate that the timing and sequencing of target durations require low-level timing and executive control. Sixteen young (M-age = 19 years) and 16 older (M-age = 70 years) adults participated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, individual mean-variance functions for low-level timing (isochronous tapping) and the sequencing of multiple targets (rhythm production) revealed (a) a dissociation of low-level timing and sequencing in both age groups, (b) negligible age differences for low-level timing, and (c) large age differences for sequencing. Experiment 2 supported the distinction between low-level timing and executive functions: Selection against a dominant rhythm and switching between rhythms impaired performances in both age groups and induced pronounced perseveration of the dominant pattern in older adults.
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 0096-1523
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformations
N2  - Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple-object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Experiment 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Experiment 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Experiments 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (a) basic-level slowing and (b) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 163 
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40416
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformation
N2  - Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple- object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Exp 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Exp 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Exps 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (1) basic- level slowing and (2) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Y1  - 1993
SN  - 0278-7393
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Differential effects of cue changes and task changes on task-set selection costs
Y1  - 2003
SN  - 0278-7393
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Complex semantic processing in old age : does it stay or does it go?
Y1  - 2000
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Matuschek, Hannes
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Baayen, Harald R.
A1  - Bates, Douglas
T1  - Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models
JF  - Journal of memory and language
N2  - Linear mixed-effects models have increasingly replaced mixed-model analyses of variance for statistical inference in factorial psycholinguistic experiments. Although LMMs have many advantages over ANOVA, like ANOVAs, setting them up for data analysis also requires some care. One simple option, when numerically possible, is to fit the full variance covariance structure of random effects (the maximal model; Barr, Levy, Scheepers & Tily, 2013), presumably to keep Type I error down to the nominal a in the presence of random effects. Although it is true that fitting a model with only random intercepts may lead to higher Type I error, fitting a maximal model also has a cost: it can lead to a significant loss of power. We demonstrate this with simulations and suggest that for typical psychological and psycholinguistic data, higher power is achieved without inflating Type I error rate if a model selection criterion is used to select a random effect structure that is supported by the data. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
KW  - Power
KW  - Linear mixed effect model
KW  - Hypothesis testing
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001
SN  - 0749-596X
SN  - 1096-0821
VL  - 94
SP  - 305
EP  - 315
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Matuschek, Hannes
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Holschneider, Matthias
T1  - Smoothing Spline ANOVA decomposition of arbitrary Splines
BT  - an application to eye movements in reading
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - The Smoothing Spline ANOVA (SS-ANOVA) requires a specialized construction of basis and penalty terms in order to incorporate prior knowledge about the data to be fitted. Typically, one resorts to the most general approach using tensor product splines. This implies severe constraints on the correlation structure, i.e. the assumption of isotropy of smoothness can not be incorporated in general. This may increase the variance of the spline fit, especially if only a relatively small set of observations are given. In this article, we propose an alternative method that allows to incorporate prior knowledge without the need to construct specialized bases and penalties, allowing the researcher to choose the spline basis and penalty according to the prior knowledge of the observations rather than choosing them according to the analysis to be done. The two approaches are compared with an artificial example and with analyses of fixation durations during reading.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 537 
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409788
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 537
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Matuschek, Hannes
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Holschneider, Matthias
T1  - Smoothing Spline ANOVA Decomposition of Arbitrary Splines: An Application to Eye Movements in Reading
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - The Smoothing Spline ANOVA (SS-ANOVA) requires a specialized construction of basis and penalty terms in order to incorporate prior knowledge about the data to be fitted. Typically, one resorts to the most general approach using tensor product splines. This implies severe constraints on the correlation structure, i.e. the assumption of isotropy of smoothness can not be incorporated in general. This may increase the variance of the spline fit, especially if only a relatively small set of observations are given. In this article, we propose an alternative method that allows to incorporate prior knowledge without the need to construct specialized bases and penalties, allowing the researcher to choose the spline basis and penalty according to the prior knowledge of the observations rather than choosing them according to the analysis to be done. The two approaches are compared with an artificial example and with analyses of fixation durations during reading.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119165
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 10
IS  - 3
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Matuschek, Hannes
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - On the ambiguity of interaction and nonlinear main effects in a regime of dependent covariates
JF  - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2  - The analysis of large experimental datasets frequently reveals significant interactions that are difficult to interpret within the theoretical framework guiding the research. Some of these interactions actually arise from the presence of unspecified nonlinear main effects and statistically dependent covariates in the statistical model. Importantly, such nonlinear main effects may be compatible (or, at least, not incompatible) with the current theoretical framework. In the present literature, this issue has only been studied in terms of correlated (linearly dependent) covariates. Here we generalize to nonlinear main effects (i.e., main effects of arbitrary shape) and dependent covariates. We propose a novel nonparametric method to test for ambiguous interactions where present parametric methods fail. We illustrate the method with a set of simulations and with reanalyses (a) of effects of parental education on their children’s educational expectations and (b) of effects of word properties on fixation locations during reading of natural sentences, specifically of effects of length and morphological complexity of the word to be fixated next. The resolution of such ambiguities facilitates theoretical progress.
KW  - Interaction effects
KW  - Mixed models
KW  - Additive mixed models
KW  - Regression splines
KW  - Non-parametric curve estimation
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0956-9
SN  - 1554-351X
SN  - 1554-3528
VL  - 50
IS  - 5
SP  - 1882
EP  - 1894
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Masson, Michael E. J.
A1  - Rabe, Maximilian M.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Modulation of additive and interactive effects by trial history revisited
JF  - Memory & cognition
KW  - Additive and interactive effects
KW  - Effects of trial history
KW  - Lexical decision
KW  - Data transformation
KW  - Linear mixed models
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0666-z
SN  - 0090-502X
SN  - 1532-5946
VL  - 45
SP  - 480
EP  - 492
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Masson, Michael E. J.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Modulation of additive and interactive effects in lexical decision by Trial History
JF  - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition
N2  - Additive and interactive effects of word frequency, stimulus quality, and semantic priming have been used to test theoretical claims about the cognitive architecture of word-reading processes. Additive effects among these factors have been taken as evidence for discrete-stage models of word reading. We present evidence from linear mixed-model analyses applied to 2 lexical decision experiments indicating that apparent additive effects can be the product of aggregating over- and underadditive interaction effects that are modulated by recent trial history, particularly the lexical status and stimulus quality of the previous trial's target. Even a simple practice effect expressed as improved response speed across trials was powerfully modulated by the nature of the previous target item. These results suggest that additivity and interaction between factors may reflect trial-to-trial variation in stimulus representations and decision processes rather than fundamental differences in processing architecture.
KW  - additive and interactive effects
KW  - effects of trial history
KW  - lexical decision
KW  - linear mixed models
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029180
SN  - 0278-7393
VL  - 39
IS  - 3
SP  - 898
EP  - 914
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Masson, Michael E. J.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Trial history modulates joint effects of stimulus quality, frequency, and priming in lexical decision
T2  - Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale
Y1  - 2012
SN  - 1196-1961
VL  - 66
IS  - 4
SP  - 318
EP  - 318
PB  - Canadian Psychological Assoc.
CY  - Ottawa
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - MacWhinney, Brian
A1  - Bates, Elizabeth
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Cue validity and sentence interpretation in English, German, and Italian
N2  - Linguistic and psycholinguistic accounts based on the study of English may prove unreliable as guides to sentence processing in even closely related languages. The present study illustrates this claim in a test of sentence interpretation by German-, Italian-, and English-speaking adults. Subjects were presented with simple transitive sentences in which contrasts of (1) word order, (2) agreement, (3) animacy, and (4) stress were systematically varied. For each sentence, subjects were asked to state which of the two nouns was the actor. The results indicated that Americans relied overwhelming on word order, using a first-noun strategy in NVN and a second-noun strategy in VNN and NNV sentences. Germans relied on both agreement and animacy. Italians showed extreme reliance on agreement cues. In both German and Italian, stress played a role in terms of complex interactions with word order and agreement. The findings were interpreted in terms of the “competition model” of Bates and MacWhinney (in H. Winitz (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Native and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982) in which cue validity is considered to be the primary determinant of cue strength. According to this model, cues are said to be high in validity when they are also high in applicability and reliability.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 038 
Y1  - 1984
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16847
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Lindenberger, Ulman
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Speed and intelligence in old age
N2  - Past research suggests that age differences in measures of cognitive speed contribute to differences in intellectual functioning between young and old adults. To investigate whether speed also predicts age-related differences in intellectual performance beyond age 70 years, tests indicating 5 intellectual abilities—speed, reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency—were administered to a close-to-representative, age-stratified sample of old and very old adults. Age trends of all 5 abilities were well described by a negative linear function. The speed-mediated effect of age fully explained the relationship between age and both the common and the specific variance of the other 4 abilities. Results offer strong support for the speed hypothesis of old age cognitive decline but need to be qualified by further research on the reasons underlying age differences in measures of speed.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 162 
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40402
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lindenberger, Ulman
A1  - Mayr, Ulrich
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Speed and intelligence in old age
Y1  - 1993
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Lindenberger, Ulman
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Bates, Paul B.
T1  - Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood
N2  - Using a testing-the-limits paradigm, the authors investigated the modulation (attenuation) o f negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory performance as a function of professional expertise. Six older graphic designers, 6 normal older adults, 6 younger graphic design students, and 6 normal younger students participated in a 19-session program with a cued-recall variant of the Method of Loci. Older graphic designers attained higher levels o f mnemonic performance than normal older adults but were not able to reach younger adults' level of performance; a perfect separation of age groups was achieved. Spatial visualization was a good predictor of mnemonic performance. Results suggest that negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory are attenuated but not eliminated by the advantages associated with criterion-relevant ability (talent) and experience.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 160 
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40384
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lindenberger, Ulman
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Baltes, Paul B.
T1  - Professional expertise does not eliminate negative age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood
Y1  - 1992
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lindenberger, Ulman
A1  - Brehmer, Y.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Baltes, Paul B.
T1  - Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon?
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 978-0-521-87205-8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Liang, Jin-Rong
A1  - Moshel, Shay
A1  - Zivotofsky, Ari Z.
A1  - Caspi, Avi
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Havlin, Shlomo
T1  - Scaling of horizontal and vertical fixational eye movements
N2  - Eye movements during fixation of a stationary target prevent the adaptation of the visual system to continuous illumination and inhibit fading of the image. These random, involuntary, small movements are restricted at long time scales so as to keep the target at the center of the field of view. Here we use detrended fluctuation analysis in order to study the properties of fixational eye movements at different time scales. Results show different scaling behavior between horizontal and vertical movements. When the small ballistic movements, i.e., microsaccades, are removed, the scaling exponents in both planes become similar. Our findings suggest that microsaccades enhance the persistence at short time scales mostly in the horizontal component and much less in the vertical component. This difference may be due to the need for continuously moving the eyes in the horizontal plane, in order to match the stereoscopic image for different viewing distances
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 1063-651X
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Li, Nan
A1  - Wang, Suiping
A1  - Mo, Luxi
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect
BT  - evidence from Chinese sentence reading
JF  - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology
N2  - Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).
KW  - Semantic preview benefit
KW  - contextual constraint
KW  - word process
KW  - reading
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914
SN  - 1747-0218
SN  - 1747-0226
VL  - 71
IS  - 1
SP  - 241
EP  - 249
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laurinavichyute, Anna
A1  - Sekerina, Irina A.
A1  - Alexeeva, Svetlana
A1  - Bagdasaryan, Kristine
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Russian Sentence Corpus: Benchmark measures of eye movements in reading in Russian
JF  - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2  - This article introduces a new corpus of eye movements in silent readingthe Russian Sentence Corpus (RSC). Russian uses the Cyrillic script, which has not yet been investigated in cross-linguistic eye movement research. As in every language studied so far, we confirmed the expected effects of low-level parameters, such as word length, frequency, and predictability, on the eye movements of skilled Russian readers. These findings allow us to add Slavic languages using Cyrillic script (exemplified by Russian) to the growing number of languages with different orthographies, ranging from the Roman-based European languages to logographic Asian ones, whose basic eye movement benchmarks conform to the universal comparative science of reading (Share, 2008). We additionally report basic descriptive corpus statistics and three exploratory investigations of the effects of Russian morphology on the basic eye movement measures, which illustrate the kinds of questions that researchers can answer using the RSC. The annotated corpus is freely available from its project page at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/x5q2r/.
KW  - Reading
KW  - Eye movements
KW  - Russian
KW  - Ambiguity
KW  - Part of speech
KW  - Corpus
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1051-6
SN  - 1554-351X
SN  - 1554-3528
VL  - 51
IS  - 3
SP  - 1161
EP  - 1178
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Rolfs, Martin
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
T1  - When do microsaccades follow spatial attention?
N2  - Following up on an exchange about the relation between microsaccades and spatial attention (Horowitz, Fencsik, Fine, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Laubrock, Engbert, Rolfs, & Kliegl, 2007), we examine the effects of selection criteria and response modality. We show that for Posner cuing with saccadic responses, microsaccades go with attention in at least 75% of cases (almost 90% if probability matching is assumed) when they are first (or only) microsaccades in the cue target interval and when they occur between 200 and 400 msec after the cue. The relation between spatial attention and the direction of microsaccades drops to chance level for unselected microsaccades collected during manual-response conditions. Analyses of data from four cross-modal cuing experiments demonstrate an above-chance, intermediate link for visual cues, but no systematic relation for auditory cues. Thus, the link between spatial attention and direction of microsaccades depends on the experimental condition and time of occurrence, but it can be very strong.
Y1  - 2010
UR  - http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.683
SN  - 1943-3921
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
T1  - SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497634
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013
SN  - 0149-7634
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - The eye-voice span during reading aloud
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading.
KW  - reading
KW  - eye movements
KW  - eye-voice span
KW  - synchronization
KW  - working memory updating
KW  - psychologinguistics
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01432
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
IS  - 1432
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - The eye-voice span during reading aloud
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading.
KW  - reading
KW  - eye movements
KW  - eye-voice span
KW  - synchronization
KW  - working memory updating
KW  - psychologinguistics
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01437
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 6
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - The eye-voice span during reading aloud
N2  - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 283 
KW  - reading
KW  - eye movements
KW  - eye-voice span
KW  - synchronization
KW  - working memory updating
KW  - psycholinguistics
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-86904
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Rolfs, Martin
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Microsaccades are an index of covert attention : commentary on Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson and Wolfe
Y1  - 2007
UR  - http://pss.sagepub.com/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01904.x
SN  - 0956-7976
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Microsaccade dynamics during covert attention
N2  - We compared effects of covert spatial-attention shifts induced with exogenous or endogenous cues on microsaccade rate and direction. Separate and dissociated effects were obtained in rate and direction measures. Display changes caused microsaccade rate inhibition, followed by sustained rate enhancement. Effects on microsaccade direction were differentially tied to cue class (exogenous vs. endogenous) and type (neutral vs. directional). For endogenous cues, direction effects were weak and occurred late. Exogenous cues caused a fast direction bias towards the cue (i.e., early automatic triggering of saccade programs), followed by a shift in the opposite direction (i.e, controlled inhibition of cue-directed saccades, leading to a 'leakage' of microsaccades in the opposite direction). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 0042-6989
ER  -