TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - McDonald, Scott A. T1 - How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Preview effects KW - Linear mixed model KW - Boundary paradigm Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.658073 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 581 EP - 600 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wotschack, Christiane A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Reading strategy modulates parafoveal-on-foveal effects in sentence reading JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Task demands and individual differences have been linked reliably to word skipping during reading. Such differences in fixation probability may imply a selection effect for multivariate analyses of eye-movement corpora if selection effects correlate with word properties of skipped words. For example, with fewer fixations on short and highly frequent words the power to detect parafoveal-on-foveal effects is reduced. We demonstrate that increasing the fixation probability on function words with a manipulation of the expected difficulty and frequency of questions reduces an age difference in skipping probability (i.e., old adults become comparable to young adults) and helps to uncover significant parafoveal-on-foveal effects in this group of old adults. We discuss implications for the comparison of results of eye-movement research based on multivariate analysis of corpus data with those from display-contingent manipulations of target words. KW - Fixational selectivity KW - Parafoveal-on-foveal effects KW - Reading strategy KW - Distributed processing KW - Eye movements in reading Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.625094 SN - 1747-0218 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 548 EP - 562 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - INPR A1 - Asendorpf, Jens B. A1 - Conner, Mark A1 - De Fruyt, Filip A1 - De Houwer, Jan A1 - Denissen, Jaap J. A. A1 - Fiedler, Klaus A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Funder, David C. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nosek, Brian A. A1 - Perugini, Marco A1 - Roberts, Brent W. A1 - Schmitt, Manfred A1 - Van Aken, Marcel A. G. A1 - Weber, Hannelore A1 - Wicherts, Jelte M. T1 - Replication is more than hitting the lottery twice T2 - European journal of personality N2 - The main goal of our target article was to provide concrete recommendations for improving the replicability of research findings. Most of the comments focus on this point. In addition, a few comments were concerned with the distinction between replicability and generalizability and the role of theory in replication. We address all comments within the conceptual structure of the target article and hope to convince readers that replication in psychological science amounts to much more than hitting the lottery twice. Y1 - 2013 SN - 0890-2070 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 138 EP - 144 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asendorpf, Jens B. A1 - Conner, Mark A1 - De Fruyt, Filip A1 - De Houwer, Jan A1 - Denissen, Jaap J. A. A1 - Fiedler, Klaus A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Funder, David C. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nosek, Brian A. A1 - Perugini, Marco A1 - Roberts, Brent W. A1 - Schmitt, Manfred A1 - vanAken, Marcel A. G. A1 - Weber, Hannelore A1 - Wicherts, Jelte M. T1 - Recommendations for increasing replicability in psychology JF - European journal of personality N2 - Replicability of findings is at the heart of any empirical science. The aim of this article is to move the current replicability debate in psychology towards concrete recommendations for improvement. We focus on research practices but also offer guidelines for reviewers, editors, journal management, teachers, granting institutions, and university promotion committees, highlighting some of the emerging and existing practical solutions that can facilitate implementation of these recommendations. The challenges for improving replicability in psychological science are systemic. Improvement can occur only if changes are made at many levels of practice, evaluation, and reward. KW - replicability KW - confirmation bias KW - publication bias KW - generalizability KW - research transparency Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1919 SN - 0890-2070 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 108 EP - 119 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese JF - Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association N2 - Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words. KW - semantic KW - preview benefit KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x SN - 0141-0423 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - S51 EP - S63 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Masson, Michael E. J. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Modulation of additive and interactive effects in lexical decision by Trial History JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Additive and interactive effects of word frequency, stimulus quality, and semantic priming have been used to test theoretical claims about the cognitive architecture of word-reading processes. Additive effects among these factors have been taken as evidence for discrete-stage models of word reading. We present evidence from linear mixed-model analyses applied to 2 lexical decision experiments indicating that apparent additive effects can be the product of aggregating over- and underadditive interaction effects that are modulated by recent trial history, particularly the lexical status and stimulus quality of the previous trial's target. Even a simple practice effect expressed as improved response speed across trials was powerfully modulated by the nature of the previous target item. These results suggest that additivity and interaction between factors may reflect trial-to-trial variation in stimulus representations and decision processes rather than fundamental differences in processing architecture. KW - additive and interactive effects KW - effects of trial history KW - lexical decision KW - linear mixed models Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029180 SN - 0278-7393 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 898 EP - 914 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Parafoveal processing efficiency in rapid automatized naming a comparison between Chinese normal and dyslexic children JF - Journal of experimental child psychology N2 - Dyslexic children are known to be slower than normal readers in rapid automatized naming (RAN). This suggests that dyslexics encounter local processing difficulties, which presumably induce a narrower perceptual span. Consequently, dyslexics should suffer less than normal readers from removing parafoveal preview. Here we used a gaze-contingent moving window paradigm in a RAN task to experimentally test this prediction. Results indicate that dyslexics extract less parafoveal information than control children. We propose that more attentional resources are recruited to the foveal processing because of dyslexics' less automatized translation of visual symbols into phonological output, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. This in turn leads to less efficient preactivation of parafoveal information and, hence, more difficulty in processing the next foveal item. KW - Dyslexia KW - Eye movement KW - Perceptual span KW - Rapid automatized naming KW - Parafoveal processing KW - Linear mixed model Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.007 SN - 0022-0965 VL - 115 IS - 3 SP - 579 EP - 589 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelmann, Felix A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control JF - Topics in cognitive science N2 - We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, & Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short Time Out regressions (Mitchell, Shen, Green, & Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control. KW - Sentence comprehension KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Parsing difficulty KW - Working memory KW - Surprisal KW - Computational modeling Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12026 SN - 1756-8757 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 452 EP - 474 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodriguez-Villagra, Odir Antonio A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task - age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control JF - Developmental psychology N2 - We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC. KW - working memory capacity KW - interference model KW - inhibition KW - children KW - old adults and young adults Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030883 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 1683 EP - 1696 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Slattery, Timothy J. A1 - Yang, Jinmian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed. KW - stimulus-onset delay KW - oculomotor control KW - fixation durations KW - sentence reading Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031647 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1468 EP - 1484 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye-voice span during rapid automatized naming of digits and dice in Chinese normal and dyslexic children JF - Developmental science. N2 - We measured Chinese dyslexic and control children's eye movements during rapid automatized naming (RAN) with alphanumeric (digits) and symbolic (dice surfaces) stimuli. Both types of stimuli required identical oral responses, controlling for effects associated with speech production. Results showed that naming dice was much slower than naming digits for both groups, but group differences in eye-movement measures and in the eye-voice span (i.e. the distance between the currently fixated item and the voiced item) were generally larger in digit-RAN than in dice-RAN. In addition, dyslexics were less efficient in parafoveal processing in these RAN tasks. Since the two RAN tasks required the same phonological output and on the assumption that naming dice is less practiced than naming digits in general, the results suggest that the translation of alphanumeric visual symbols into phonological codes is less efficient in dyslexic children. The dissociation of the print-to-sound conversion and phonological representation suggests that the degree of automaticity in translation from visual symbols to phonological codes in addition to phonological processing per se is also critical to understanding dyslexia. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12075 SN - 1467-7687 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 967 EP - 979 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Publication statistics show collaboration, not competition Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thompson, Laura A. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding Y1 - 1991 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Testing-the-Limits kognitiver Entwicklungskapazität in einer Gedächtnisleistung Y1 - 1991 SN - 0233-2353 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Tony A1 - Carbrera, Angel A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing Y1 - 1993 SN - 0-8058- 1487-6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformation N2 - Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple- object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Exp 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Exp 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Exps 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (1) basic- level slowing and (2) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Y1 - 1993 SN - 0278-7393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Krampe, Ralf T. T1 - Psychophysikalische Bestimmung von kognitiven Darbietungenszeit-Leistungs-Funktionen Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Philipp, Doris T1 - Cognitive plasticity Y1 - 2002 SN - 0-7619-5494-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Über rezeptive Gedächtnisse Y1 - 2005 SN - 978-3-9522759-5-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Messung von Blickbewegungen Y1 - 2006 SN - 978-3-8017-1846-6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Multiple Zeitskalen in den Fixationsbewegungen der Augen Y1 - 2006 UR - http://edoc.bbaw.de/volltexte/2007/494/pdf/Debatte_4.pdf SN - 978-3-939818-05-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Zur Wahrnehmung und (Selbst-)Attribution von Kausalität Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-3-939818-07-6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - An lterative algorithm for the estimation of the distribution of mislocated fixations during reading Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-0-08-044980-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohn, Christiane A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Post-interpretive processes influence interpretive processing during reading: evidence from eye movements Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-18-4169-96-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Wei, Ping A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention Y1 - 2010 UR - http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238/full U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00238 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Synchronization Analysis and Recurrence in Complex Systems Y1 - 2006 SN - 978-3-527-40623-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Parafoveal load of word N+1 modulates preprocessing effectiveness of word N+2 in chinese reading Y1 - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019329 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya A1 - Lachmann, Margic A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults Y1 - 1991 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Gedächtnis für Gedankenbilder : Altersunterschiede in Entwicklungskapazität und kognitiven Mechanismen Y1 - 1992 PB - Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Gendt, Anja A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory in children : tracing age differences and special educational needs to parameters of a formal model N2 - Parameters of a formal working-memory model were estimated for verbal and spatial memory updating of children. The model proposes interference though feature overwriting and through confusion of whole elements as the primary cause of working-memory capacity limits. We tested 2 age groups each containing 1 group of normal intelligence and 1 deficit group. For young children the deficit was developmental dyslexia; for older children it was a general learning difficulty. The interference model predicts less interference through overwriting but more through confusion of whole elements for the dyslexic children than for their age-matched controls. Older children exhibited less interference through confusion of whole elements and a higher processing rate than young children, but general learning difficulty was associated with slower processing than in the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the difference between verbal and spatial updating mapped onto several meaningful dissociations of model parameters. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Comparing word frequencies from different German text corpora Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-86956-178-3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age difference in the perceptual span during reading N2 - Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + 1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + 1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boston, Marisa Ferrara A1 - Halbe, John T. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Parallel processing and entence comprehension difficulty N2 - Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty, but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers' eye fixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated; and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension. Y1 - 2011 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01690965.2010.492228 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.492228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heister, Julian A1 - Würzner, Kay-Michael A1 - Bubenzer, Johannes A1 - Pohl, Edmund A1 - Hanneforth, Thomas A1 - Geyken, Alexander A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - dlexDB : eine lexikalische Datenbank für die psychologische und linguistische Forschung N2 - Mit der lexikalischen Datenbank dlexDB stellen wir der psychologischen und linguistischen Forschung im World Wide Web online statistische Kennwerte für eine Vielzahl von verarbeitungsrelevanten Merkmalen von Wörtern zur Verfügung. Diese Kennwerte umfassen die durch CELEX (Baayen, Piepenbrock und Gulikers, 1995) bekannten Variablen der Häufigkeiten von Wortformen und Lemmata in Texten geschriebener Sprache. Darüber hinaus berechnen wir eine Reihe neuer Kennwerte wie die Häufigkeiten von Silben, Morphemen, Zeichenfolgen und Mehrwortverbindungen sowie Wortähnlichkeitsmaße. Die Datengrundlage bildet das Kernkorpus des Digitalen Wörterbuchs der deutschen Sprache (DWDS) mit über 100 Millionen laufenden Wörtern. Wir illustrieren die Validität dieser Kennwerte mit neuen Ergebnissen zu ihrem Einfluss auf Fixationsdauern beim Lesen von Sätzen. Y1 - 2011 UR - http://psycontent.metapress.com/content/l12056u222554076/fulltext.html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000029 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moshel, Shay A1 - Zivotofsky, Ari Z. A1 - Liang, Jin-Rong A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Havlin, Shlomo T1 - Persistence and phase synchronization properties of fixational eye movement N2 - When we fixate our gaze on a stable object, our eyes move continuously with extremely small involuntary and autonomic movements, that even we are unaware of during their occurrence. One of the roles of these fixational eye movements is to prevent the adaptation of the visual system to continuous illumination and inhibit fading of the image. These random, small movements are restricted at long time scales so as to keep the target at the centre of the field of view. In addition, the synchronisation properties between both eyes are related to binocular coordination in order to provide stereopsis. We investigated the roles of different time scale behaviours, especially how they are expressed in the different spatial directions (vertical versus horizontal). We also tested the synchronisation between both eyes. Results show different scaling behaviour between horizontal and vertical movements. When the small ballistic movements, i.e., microsaccades, are removed, the scaling behaviour in both axes becomes similar. Our findings suggest that microsaccades enhance the persistence at short time scales mostly in the horizontal component and much less in the vertical component. We also applied the phase synchronisation decay method to study the synchronisation between six combinations of binocular fixational eye movement components. We found that the vertical-vertical components of right and left eyes are significantly more synchronised than the horizontal-horizontal components. These differences may be due to the need for continuously moving the eyes in the horizontal plane in order to match the stereoscopic image for different viewing distances. Y1 - 2008 UR - 1960 = DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00762-3 SN - 1951-6355 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Fixational eye movements predict the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion N2 - Neuronal activity in area LIP is correlated with the perceived direction of ambiguous apparent motion (Z. M. Williams, J. C. Elfar, E. N. Eskandar, L. J. Toth, & J. A. Assad, 2003). Here we show that a similar correlation exists for small eye movements made during fixation. A moving dot grid with superimposed fixation point was presented through an aperture. In a motion discrimination task, unambiguous motion was compared with ambiguous motion obtained by shifting the grid by half of the dot distance. In three experiments we show that (a) microsaccadic inhibition, i.e., a drop in microsaccade frequency precedes reports of perceptual flips, (b) microsaccadic inhibition does not accompany simple response changes, and (c) the direction of microsaccades occurring before motion onset biases the subsequent perception of ambiguous motion. We conclude that microsaccades provide a signal on which perceptual judgments rely in the absence of objective disambiguating stimulus information. Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.journalofvision.org/content/by/year U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/8.14.13 SN - 1534-7362 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Twin surrogates to test for complex synchronisation N2 - We present an approach to generate (multivariate) twin surrogates (TS) based on recurrence properties. This technique generates surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i.e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system starting at different initial conditions. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronisation and exemplify this for the paradigmatic system of Rossler oscillators. The proposed test enables to assess the statistical relevance of a synchronisation analysis from passive experiments which are typical in natural systems Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.mendeley.com/research/twin-surrogates-to-test-for-complex-synchronisation/#page-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2006-10147-0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The IOVP-effect in mindless reading : Experiment and modeling N2 - Fixation durations in reading are longer for within-word fixation positions close to word center than for positions near word boundaries. This counterintuitive result was termed the Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) effect. We proposed an explanation of the effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations [Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45, 2201-2217], that suggests that the IOVP effect is not related to word processing. Here we demonstrate the existence of an IOVP effect in "mindless reading", a G-string scanning task. We compare the results from experimental data with results obtained from computer simulations of a simple model of the IOVP effect and discuss alternative accounts. We conclude that oculornotor errors, which often induce mislocalized fixations, represent the most important source of the IOVP effect. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades N2 - When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception could, thus, decrease saccade latencies. Second, microsaccades are likely to indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies would be expected after microsaccades. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, mean saccadic reaction time in visual and memory trials was increased by about 40 ms (or 16%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in the preparation of saccade motor programs Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/y67j226367352u28/fulltext.html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0148-1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kinder, Annette A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Sequence learning at optimal stimulus-response mapping : evidence from a serial reaction-time task N2 - We propose a new version of the serial reaction time (SRT) task in which participants merely looked at the target instead of responding manually. As response locations were identical to target locations, stimulus - response compatibility was maximal in this task. We demonstrated that saccadic response times decreased during training and increased again when a new sequence was presented. It is unlikely that this effect was caused by stimulus - response (S - R) learning because bonds between (visual) stimuli and (oculomotor) responses were already well established before the experiment started. Thus, the finding shows that the building of S - R bonds is not essential for learning in the SRT task. Y1 - 2008 UR - http://tandfprod.literatumonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17470210701557555 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701557555 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497634 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013 SN - 0149-7634 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading : a parafoveal fast-priming study N2 - Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze- contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pretarget word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms), effects were not significant but were numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/xlm/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/A0020233 SN - 0278-7393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hörnig, Robin A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - Word order variation in spatial descriptions with adverbs N2 - Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/0090-502x/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193264 SN - 0090-502X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hofmann, Markus A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. T1 - Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading N2 - Effects of frequency, predictability, and position of words on event-related potentials were assessed during word-by-word sentence reading in 48 subjects in an early and in a late time window corresponding to P200 and N400. Repeated measures multiple regression analyses revealed a P200 effect in the high-frequency range also the P200 was larger on words at the beginning and end of sentences than on words in the middle of sentences (i.e., a quadratic effect of word position). Predictability strongly affected the N400 component; the effect was stronger for low than for high- frequency words. The P200 frequency effect indicates that high-frequency words are lexically accessed very fast, independent of context information. Effects on the N400 suggest that predictability strongly moderates the late access especially of low-frequency words. Thus, contextual facilitation on the N400 appears to reflect both lexical and post- lexical stages of word recognition, questioning a strict classification into lexical and post-lexical processes. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00068993 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010 SN - 0006-8993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - A formal model of capacity limits in working memory JF - Journal of Memory and Language N2 - A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools. KW - working memory KW - interference KW - capacity KW - mathematical model KW - non-linear mixed effects Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0749596X U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009 SN - 0749-596X VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 601 EP - 626 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word n+2 N2 - Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, the experiment manipulated preview of word n + 2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for 1st-pass reading on word n + 2, replicating the results of K. Rayner, B. J. Juhasz, and S. J. Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the 3- letter word n + 1, that is, after the boundary but before word n + 2. Additionally, both word n + 1 and word n + 2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n + 1, some information is extracted from word n + 2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span. Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/xhp/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1250 SN - 0096-1523 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valsecchi, Matteo A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sommer, Werner A1 - Turatto, Massimo T1 - Microsaccadic inhibition and P300 enhancement in a visual oddball task N2 - It has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of visual oddballs induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. The amplitude of the P300 component in event-related potentials (ERPs) has been shown to be sensitive to the category (target vs. nontarget) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus, and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co-recording ERPs and eye movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other only weakly. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118485671/home U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00791.x SN - 0048-5772 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - When do microsaccades follow spatial attention? N2 - Following up on an exchange about the relation between microsaccades and spatial attention (Horowitz, Fencsik, Fine, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Horowitz, Fine, Fencsik, Yurgenson, & Wolfe, 2007; Laubrock, Engbert, Rolfs, & Kliegl, 2007), we examine the effects of selection criteria and response modality. We show that for Posner cuing with saccadic responses, microsaccades go with attention in at least 75% of cases (almost 90% if probability matching is assumed) when they are first (or only) microsaccades in the cue target interval and when they occur between 200 and 400 msec after the cue. The relation between spatial attention and the direction of microsaccades drops to chance level for unselected microsaccades collected during manual-response conditions. Analyses of data from four cross-modal cuing experiments demonstrate an above-chance, intermediate link for visual cues, but no systematic relation for auditory cues. Thus, the link between spatial attention and direction of microsaccades depends on the experimental condition and time of occurrence, but it can be very strong. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.3.683 SN - 1943-3921 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohn, Christiane A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Mikrobewegungen des Auges und Nanophilologie : was uns die Blickbewegungen über die Verarbeitungsprozesse beim Lesen verraten Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-3-484-55047-6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Valsecchie, Matteo A1 - Sommer, Werner A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Human microsaccade-related visual brain responses Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.jneurosci.org/rapidcomm.dtl U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0911-09.2009 SN - 0270-6474 ER -