TY - GEN
A1 - Hocking, Brian
T1 - Bridging boundaries: creating linkages : non-central governments and multilayered policy environments
N2 - Observers of international politics have been conscious of the growing international involvement of non-central governments (NCGs), particularly in federal systems. These have been supplemented by the internationalisation of subnational actors in quasi-federal and even unitary states. One of the difficulties is that analysis has often been locked into the dominant paradigm debate in International Relations concerning who and who are not significant actors. Having briefly explored the nature of this changing environment, marked by a growing emphasis on access rather than control as a policy objective and the emergence of what is termed a 'catalytic diplomacy', the discussion focuses on the need for linkage between the levels of government in the pursuit of international as well as domestic policy goals. The nature of linkage mechanisms are discussed.
Y1 - 1996
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11126
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Kempson, Ruth
A1 - Cann, Ronnie
T1 - Dialogue pressures and syntactic change
N2 - On the basis of the Dynamic Syntax framework, this paper argues that the production pressures in dialogue determining alignment effects and given versus new informational effects also drive the shift from case-rich free word order systems without clitic pronouns into systems with clitic pronouns with rigid relative ordering. The paper introduces assumptions of Dynamic Syntax, in particular the building up of interpretation through structural underspecification and update, sketches the attendant account of production with close coordination of parsing and production strategies, and shows how what was at the Latin stage a purely pragmatic, production-driven decision about linear ordering becomes encoded in the clitics in theMedieval Spanish system which then through successive steps of routinization yield the modern systems with immediately pre-verbal fixed clitic templates.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10469
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Wolska, Magdalena
A1 - Kruijff-Korbayová, Ivana
T1 - Modeling anaphora in informal mathematical dialogue
N2 - We analyze anaphoric phenomena in the context of building an input understanding component for a conversational system for tutoring mathematics. In this paper, we report the results of data analysis of two sets of corpora of dialogs on mathematical theorem proving. We exemplify anaphoric phenomena, identify factors relevant to anaphora resolution in our domain and extensions to the input interpretation component to support it.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10455
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - DeVault, David
A1 - Stone, Matthew
T1 - Scorekeeping in an uncertain language game
N2 - Received views of utterance context in pragmatic theory characterize the occurrent subjective states of interlocutors using notions like common knowledge or mutual belief. We argue that these views are not compatible with the uncertainty and robustness of context-dependence in humanhuman dialogue. We present an alternative characterization of utterance context as objective and normative. This view reconciles the need for uncertainty with received intuitions about coordination and meaning in context, and can directly inform computational approaches to dialogue.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10448
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Saget, Sylvie
A1 - Guyomard, Marc
T1 - Goal-oriented dialog as a collaborative subordinated activity involving collective acceptance
N2 - Modeling dialog as a collaborative activity consists notably in specifying the contain of the Conversational Common Ground and the kind of social mental state involved. In previous work (Saget, 2006), we claim that Collective Acceptance is the proper social attitude for modeling Conversational Common Ground in the particular case of goal-oriented dialog. We provide a formalization of Collective Acceptance, besides elements in order to integrate this attitude in a rational model of dialog are provided; and finally, a model of referential acts as being part of a collaborative activity is provided. The particular case of reference has been chosen in order to exemplify our claims.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10420
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Mills, Gregory J.
A1 - Healey, Patrick G. T.
T1 - Clarifying spatial descriptions : local and global effects on semantic co-ordination
N2 - A key problem for models of dialogue is to explain the mechanisms involved in generating and responding to clarification requests. We report a 'Maze task' experiment that investigates the effect of 'spoof' clarification requests on the development of semantic co-ordination. The results provide evidence of both local and global semantic co-ordination phenomena that are not captured by existing dialogue co-ordination models.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10414
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Macura, Zoran
A1 - Ginzburg, Jonathan
T1 - Acquiring words across generations : introspectively or interactively?
N2 - How does a shared lexicon arise in population of agents with differing lexicons, and how can this shared lexicon be maintained over multiple generations? In order to get some insight into these questions we present an ALife model in which the lexicon dynamics of populations that possess and lack metacommunicative interaction (MCI) capabilities are compared. We ran a series of experiments on multi-generational populations whose initial state involved agents possessing distinct lexicons. These experiments reveal some clear differences in the lexicon dynamics of populations that acquire words solely by introspection contrasted with populations that learn using MCI or using a mixed strategy of introspection and MCI. The lexicon diverges at a faster rate for an introspective population, eventually collapsing to one single form which is associated with all meanings. This contrasts sharply with MCI capable populations in which a lexicon is maintained, where every meaning is associated with a unique word. We also investigated the effect of increasing the meaning space and showed that it speeds up the lexicon divergence for all populations irrespective of their acquisition method.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10408
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Lücking, Andy
A1 - Rieser, Hannes
A1 - Staudacher, Marc
T1 - Multi-modal integration for gesture and speech
N2 - Demonstratives, in particular gestures that "only" accompany speech, are not a big issue in current theories of grammar. If we deal with gestures, fixing their function is one big problem, the other one is how to integrate the representations originating from different channels and, ultimately, how to determine their composite meanings. The growing interest in multi-modal settings, computer simulations, human-machine interfaces and VRapplications increases the need for theories ofmultimodal structures and events. In our workshopcontribution we focus on the integration of multimodal contents and investigate different approaches dealing with this problem such as Johnston et al. (1997) and Johnston (1998), Johnston and Bangalore (2000), Chierchia (1995), Asher (2005), and Rieser (2005).
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10393
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Diderichsen, Philip
T1 - Cross recurrence quantification analysis of indefinite anaphora in Swedish dialog : an eye-tracking pilot experiment
N2 - A new method is used in an eye-tracking pilot experiment which shows that it is possible to detect differences in common ground associated with the use of minimally different types of indefinite anaphora. Following Richardson and Dale (2005), cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) was used to show that the tandem eye movements of two Swedish-speaking interlocutors are slightly more coupled when they are using fully anaphoric indefinite expressions than when they are using less anaphoric indefinites. This shows the potential of CRQA to detect even subtle processing differences in ongoing discourse.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10388
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Bergmann, Kirsten
A1 - Kopp, Stefan
T1 - Verbal or visual? : How information is distributed across speech and gesture in spatial dialog
N2 - In spatial dialog like in direction giving humans make frequent use of speechaccompanying gestures. Some gestures convey largely the same information as speech while others complement speech. This paper reports a study on how speakers distribute meaning across speech and gesture, and depending on what factors. Utterance meaning and the wider dialog context were tested by statistically analyzing a corpus of direction-giving dialogs. Problems of speech production (as indicated by discourse markers and disfluencies), the communicative goals, and the information status were found to be influential, while feedback signals by the addressee do not have any influence.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10375
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Kranstedt, Alfred
A1 - Lücking, Andy
A1 - Pfeiffer, Thies
A1 - Rieser, Hannes
A1 - Staudacher, Marc
T1 - Measuring and reconstructing pointing in visual contexts
N2 - We describe an experiment to gather original data on geometrical aspects of pointing. In particular, we are focusing upon the concept of the pointing cone, a geometrical model of a pointing’s extension. In our setting we employed methodological and technical procedures of a new type to integrate data from annotations as well as from tracker recordings. We combined exact information on position and orientation with rater’s classifications. Our first results seem to challenge classical linguistic and philosophical theories of demonstration in that they advise to separate pointings from reference.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10362
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Lücking, Andy
A1 - Rieser, Hannes
A1 - Staudacher, Marc
T1 - SDRT and multi-modal situated communication
N2 - Classical SDRT (Asher and Lascarides, 2003) discussed essential features of dialogue like adjacency pairs or corrections and up-dating. Recent work in SDRT (Asher, 2002, 2005) aims at the description of natural dialogue. We use this work to model situated communication, i.e. dialogue, in which sub-sentential utterances and gestures (pointing and grasping) are used as conventional modes of communication. We show that in addition to cognitive modelling in SDRT, capturing mental states and speech-act related goals, special postulates are needed to extract meaning out of contexts. Gestural meaning anchors Discourse Referents in contextually given domains. Both sorts of meaning are fused with the meaning of fragments to get at fully developed dialogue moves. This task accomplished, the standard SDRT machinery, tagged SDRSs, rhetorical relations, the up-date mechanism, and the Maximize Discourse Coherence constraint generate coherent structures. In sum, meanings from different verbal and non-verbal sources are assembled using extended SDRT to form coherent wholes.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10348
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Lascarides, Alex
A1 - Stone, Matthew
T1 - Formal semantics for iconic gesture
N2 - We present a formal analysis of iconic coverbal gesture. Our model describes the incomplete meaning of gesture that’s derivable from its form, and the pragmatic reasoning that yields a more specific interpretation. Our formalism builds on established models of discourse interpretation to capture key insights from the descriptive literature on gesture: synchronous speech and gesture express a single thought, but while the form of iconic gesture is an important clue to its interpretation, the content of gesture can be resolved only by linking it to its context.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10330
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Artstein, Ron
A1 - Poesio, Massimo
T1 - Identifying reference to abstract objects in dialogue
N2 - In two experiments, many annotators marked antecedents for discourse deixis as unconstrained regions of text. The experiments show that annotators do converge on the identity of these text regions, though much of what they do can be captured by a simple model. Demonstrative pronouns are more likely than definite descriptions to be marked with discourse antecedents. We suggest that our methodology is suitable for the systematic study of discourse deixis.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10357
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Hara, Yurie
T1 - Question intonation and lexicalized bias expression
N2 - This paper examines the interaction between different utterance types and the Japanese modal particle darou, and proposes that the decision-theoretic semantics accounts for the interaction among darou, sentence types and intonation.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10323
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Beyssade, Claire
A1 - Marandin, Jean-Marie
T1 - From complex to simple speech acts : a bidimensional analysis of illocutionary
N2 - We present a new analysis of illocutionary forces in dialogue. We analyze them as complex conversational moves involving two dimensions: what Speaker commits herself to and what she calls on Addressee to perform. We start from the analysis of speech acts such as confirmation requests or whimperatives, and extend the analysis to seemingly simple speech acts, such as statements and queries. Then, we show how to integrate our proposal in the framework of the Grammar for Conversation (Ginzburg, to app.), which is adequate for modelling agents' information states and how they get updated.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10319
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Thomas, Kavita E.
T1 - Modelling Correction Signalled by "But" in Dialogue
N2 - Claiming that cross-speaker "but" can signal correction in dialogue, we start by describing the types of corrections "but" can communicate by focusing on the Speech Act (SA) communicated in the previous turn and address the ways in which "but" can correct what is communicated. We address whether "but" corrects the proposition, the direct SA or the discourse relation communicated in the previous turn. We will also briefly address other relations signalled by cross-turn "but". After presenting a typology of the situations "but" can correct, we will address how these corrections can be modelled in the Information State model of dialogue, motivating this work by showing how it can be used to potentially avoid misunderstandings. We wrap up by showing how the model presented here updates beliefs in the Information State representation of the dialogue and can be used to facilitate response deliberation.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10308
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Karagjosova, Elena
T1 - Correction and acceptance by contrastive focus
N2 - An account is presented of the focus properties, common ground effect and dialogue behaviour of the accented German discourse marker "doch" and the accented sentence negation "nicht". It is argued that "doch" and "nicht" evoke as a focus alternative the logical complement of the proposition expressed by the sentence in which they occur, and that an analysis in terms of contrastive focus accounts for their effect on the common ground and their function in dialogue.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10258
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Hörner, Gerald
A1 - Lau, Steffen
A1 - Kantor, Zoltan
A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
T1 - Isotope selective analysis of CO2 with tunable diode laser (TDL) spectroscopy in the NIR
N2 - The performance of a home-built tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer, aimed at multi-line detection of carbon dioxide, has been evaluated and optimized. In the regime of the (3001)III / (000) band of 12CO2 around 1.6 μm, the dominating isotope species 12CO2, 13CO2, and 12C18O16O were detected simultaneously without interference by water vapor. Detection limits in the range of few ppmv were obtained for each species utilizing wavelength modulation (WM) spectroscopy with balanced detection in a long-path absorption cell set-up. High sensitivity in conjunction with high precision —typically ±1‰ and ±6‰ for 3% and 0.7% of CO2, respectively— renders this experimental approach a promising analytical concept for isotope-ratio determination of carbon dioxide in soil and breath gas. For a moderate 12CO2 line, the pressure dependence of the line profile was characterized in detail, to account for pressure effects on sensitive measurements.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 020
KW - Isotopenverhältnis
KW - Kohlendioxid
KW - Diodenlaserspektroskopie
KW - Isotope ratio
KW - carbon monoxide
KW - diode laser spectroscopy
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10167
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Niederkrüger, Matthias
A1 - Salb, Christian
A1 - Beck, Michael
A1 - Hildebrandt, Niko
A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
A1 - Marowsky, Gerd
T1 - Improvement of a fluorescence immunoassay with a compact diode-pumped solid state laser at 315 nm
N2 - We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) diagnostics in deploying a newly developed compact diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser with emission at 315 nm. The laser is based on the quasi-three-level transition in Nd:YAG at 946 nm. The pulsed operation is either realized by an active Q-switch using an electro-optical device or by introduction of a Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber as passive Q-switch element. By extra-cavity second harmonic generation in different nonlinear crystal media we obtained blue light at 473 nm. Subsequent mixing of the fundamental and the second harmonic in a β-barium-borate crystal provided pulsed emission at 315 nm with up to 20 μJ maximum pulse energy and 17 ns pulse duration. Substitution of a nitrogen laser in a FIA diagnostics system by the DPSS laser succeeded in considerable improvement of the detection limit. Despite significantly lower pulse energies (7 μJ DPSS laser versus 150 μJ nitrogen laser), in preliminary investigations the limit of detection was reduced by a factor of three for a typical FIA.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 016
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer
KW - Neodym-YAG-Laser
KW - 946 nm
KW - 473 nm
KW - 315 nm
KW - gepulster DPSS Laser
KW - sättigbarer Absorber
KW - fluorescence immunoassay
KW - 946 nm
KW - 473 nm
KW - 315 nm
KW - pulsed DPSS laser
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10150
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Hörner, Gerald
A1 - Lau, Steffen
A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
T1 - NIR-diode laser spectroscopy for isotope-selective sensing of soil-respired carbon dioxide
N2 - The performance of a home-built tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer has been optimized regarding multi-line detection of carbon dioxide in natural gases. In the regime of the (3001)III ← (000) band of 12CO2 around 1.6 μm, the dominating isotope species 12CO2, 13CO2, and 12C18O16O were detected simultaneously. In contrast to most established techniques, selective measurements are performed without any sample preparation. This is possible since the CO2 detection is free of interference from water, ubiquitous in natural gases. Detection limits in the range of a few ppmv were obtained for each species utilizing wavelength modulation (WM) spectroscopy with balanced detection in a long-path absorption cell set-up. Linear calibration plots cover a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude, allowing for quantitative CO2 detection in various samples, like soil and breath gas. High isotopic resolution enables the excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of the chosen analytical concept. The obtained isotopic resolution of typically ± 1.0 ‰ and ± 1.5 ‰ (for 3 vol. % and 0.7 vol. % of CO2, respectively) offers a promising analytical tool for isotope-ratio determination of carbon dioxide in soil gas. Preliminary experiments on soil respiration for the first time combine the on-line quantification of the overall carbon dioxide content with an optode sensor and isotopic determination (TDL system) of natural gas species.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 021
KW - Kohlendioxid
KW - Isotopenverhältnis
KW - Bodengas
KW - Diodenlaserspektroskopie
KW - tunable diode laser (TDL)
KW - carbon dioxide
KW - isotope ratios
KW - soil gas
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10148
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Lau, Steffen
A1 - Salffner, Katharina
A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
T1 - Isotopic resolution of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide by NIR diode laser spectroscopy
N2 - Near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy with tunable diode lasers allows the simultaneous detection of the three most important isotopologues of carbon dioxide (12CO2, 13CO2, 12C18O16O) and carbon monoxide (12CO, 13CO, 12C18O). The flexible and compact fiber-optic tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) allows selective measurements of CO2 and CO with high isotopic resolution without sample preparation since there is no interference with water vapour. For each species, linear calibration plots with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude and detection limits (LOD) in the range of a few ppm were obtained utilizing wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with balanced detection in a Herriott-type multipass cell. The high performance of the apparatus is illustrated by fill-evacuation-refill cycles.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 017
KW - Isotop
KW - Kohlenmonoxid
KW - Kohlendioxid
KW - Diodenlaserspektroskopie
KW - isotope
KW - carbon monoxide
KW - carbon dioxide
KW - diode laser spectroscopy
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10135
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
A1 - Beck, Michael
A1 - Hildebrandt, Niko
A1 - Schmälzlin, Elmar
A1 - van Dongen, Joost T.
T1 - New challenges in biophotonics : laser-based fluoroimmuno analysis and in-vivo optical oxygen monitoring
N2 - Two examples of our biophotonic research utilizing nanoparticles are presented, namely laser-based fluoroimmuno analysis and in-vivo optical oxygen monitoring. Results of the work include significantly enhanced sensitivity of a homogeneous fluorescence immunoassay and markedly improved spatial resolution of oxygen gradients in root nodules of a legume species.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 018
KW - Sauerstoff
KW - Quantenpunkt
KW - Lumineszenz
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Energietransfer
KW - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer
KW - Nanopartikel
KW - Lanthanoide
KW - Optode
KW - Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer
KW - Biophotonik
KW - biophotonics
KW - nanoparticles
KW - immunoassay
KW - oxygen
KW - optode
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10120
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Vlugter, Peter
A1 - Knott, Alistair
T1 - A multi-speaker dialogue system for computer-aided language learning
N2 - The main topic of this paper is how to configure a dialogue system to support computer-aided language learning. The paper also serves to introduce our new multi-speaker dialogue system, and highlight some of its novel features.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10208
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Dzikovska, Myroslava O.
A1 - Callaway, Charles B.
A1 - Stone, Matthew
A1 - Moore, Johanna D.
T1 - Understanding student input for tutorial dialogue in procedural domains
N2 - We present an analysis of student language input in a corpus of tutoring dialogue in the domain of symbolic differentiation. Our focus on procedural tutoring makes the dialogue comparable to collaborative problem-solving (CPS). Existing CPS models describe the process of negotiating plans and goals, which also fits procedural tutoring. However, we provide a classification of student utterances and corpus annotation which shows that approximately 28% of non-trivial student language in this corpus is not accounted for by existing models, and addresses other functions, such as evaluating past actions or correcting mistakes. Our analysis can be used as a foundation for improving models of tutoring dialogue.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10193
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Pfleger, Norbert
A1 - Alexandersson, Jan
T1 - Towards resolving referring expressions by implicitly activated referents in practical dialogue systems
N2 - We present an extension to a comprehensive context model that has been successfully employed in a number of practical conversational dialogue systems. The model supports the task of multimodal fusion as well as that of reference resolution in a uniform manner. Our extension consists of integrating implicitly mentioned concepts into the context model and we show how they serve as candidates for reference resolution.
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10187
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Tavassoli, Gholam-Abbas
T1 - Islamic movements in Iran
N2 - The modernist Islamic Movement sought to reconcile modern values and Islamic faith and attempted to express these values through an Islamic discourse and to reform political, religious and educational institutions along modernist lines. However, such a movement in the Islamic Republic of Iran raised controversy among the traditional leadership and secular intellectual groups. The aim of this paper is to discuss how far modernist Islam could progress in an islamic republic with an old tradition.
KW - Iran
KW - Modernisierung
KW - Islam
KW - islamistische Bewegungen
KW - Iran
KW - modernization
KW - Islam
KW - Islamic movements
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9699
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Beck, Michael
A1 - Hildebrandt, Niko
A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
T1 - Quantum dots as acceptors in FRET-assays containing serum
N2 - Quantum dots (QDs) are common as luminescing markers for imaging in biological applications because their optical properties seem to be inert against their surrounding solvent. This, together with broad and strong absorption bands and intense, sharp tuneable luminescence bands, makes them interesting candidates for methods utilizing Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), e. g. for sensitive homogeneous fluoroimmunoassays (FIA). In this work we demonstrate energy transfer from Eu3+-trisbipyridin (Eu-TBP) donors to CdSe-ZnS-QD acceptors in solutions with and without serum. The QDs are commercially available CdSe-ZnS core-shell particles emitting at 655 nm (QD655). The FRET system was achieved by the binding of the streptavidin conjugated donors with the biotin conjugated acceptors. After excitation of Eu-TBP and as result of the energy transfer, the luminescence of the QD655 acceptors also showed lengthened decay times like the donors. The energy transfer efficiency, as calculated from the decay times of the bound and the unbound components, amounted to 37%. The Förster-radius, estimated from the absorption and emission bands, was ca. 77 Å. The effective binding ratio, which not only depends on the ratio of binding pairs but also on unspecific binding, was obtained from the donor emission dependent on the concentration. As serum promotes unspecific binding, the overall FRET efficiency of the assay was reduced. We conclude that QDs are good substitutes for acceptors in FRET if combined with slow decay donors like Europium. The investigation of the influence of the serum provides guidance towards improving binding properties of QD assays.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 019
KW - Quantenpunkt
KW - Lumineszenz
KW - Serum
KW - Europium
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Energietransfer
KW - Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer
KW - Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer
KW - Quantum Dot
KW - Luminescence
KW - Serum
KW - Europium
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Energy Transfer
KW - FRET
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9504
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jannedy, Stefanie
A1 - Mendoza-Denton, Norma
T1 - Structuring information through gesture and intonation
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - Face-to-face communication is multimodal. In unscripted spoken discourse we can observe the interaction of several "semiotic layers", modalities of information such as syntax, discourse structure, gesture, and intonation. We explore the role of gesture and intonation in structuring and aligning information in spoken discourse through a study of the co-occurrence of pitch accents and gestural apices. Metaphorical spatialization through gesture also plays a role in conveying the contextual relationships between the speaker, the government and other external forces in a naturally-occurring political speech setting.
KW - gesture
KW - intonation
KW - spoken discourse
KW - narrative structure
KW - political speech
KW - affect
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8774
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 3
SP - 199
EP - 244
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sennema, Anke
A1 - van de Vijver, Ruben
A1 - Carroll, Susanne E.
A1 - Zimmer-Stahl, Anne
T1 - Focus accent, word length and position as cues to L1 and L2 word recognition
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - The present study examines native and nonnative perceptual processing of semantic information conveyed by prosodic prominence. Five groups of German learners of English each listened to one of 5 experimental conditions. Three conditions differed in place of focus accent in the sentence and two conditions were with spliced stimuli. The experiment condition was presented first in the learners’ L1 (German) and then in a similar set in the L2 (English). The effect of the accent condition and of the length and position of the target in the sentence was evaluated in a probe recognition task. In both the L1 and L2 tasks there was no significant effect in any of the five focus conditions. Target position and target word length had an effect in the L1 task. Word length did not affect accuracy rates in the L2 task. For probe recognition in the L2, word length and the position of the target interacted with the focus condition.
KW - bilingual word processing
KW - prosodic prominence
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8769
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 3
SP - 183
EP - 198
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fiedler, Ines
A1 - Schwarz, Anne
T1 - Out-of-focus encoding in Gur and Kwa
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - This paper investigates the structural properties of morphosyntactically marked focus constructions, focussing on the often neglected non-focal sentence part in African tone languages. Based on new empirical evidence from five Gur and Kwa languages, we claim that these focus expressions have to be analysed as biclausal constructions even though they do not represent clefts containing restrictive relative clauses. First, we relativize the partly overgeneralized assumptions about structural correspondences between the out-of-focus part and relative clauses, and second, we show that our data do in fact support the hypothesis of a clause coordinating pattern as present in clause sequences in narration. It is argued that we deal with a non-accidental, systematic feature and that grammaticalization may conceal such basic narrative structures.
KW - ex-situ focus
KW - focus marker
KW - relative clause
KW - conjunction
KW - grammaticalization
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8739
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 3
SP - 111
EP - 142
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Elbourne, Paul
T1 - The Semantics of Ellipsis
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - There are four phenomena that are particularly troublesome for theories of ellipsis: the existence of sloppy readings when the relevant pronouns cannot possibly be bound; an ellipsis being resolved in such a way that an ellipsis site in the antecedent is not understood in the way it was there; an ellipsis site drawing material from two or more separate antecedents; and ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent. These cases are accounted for by means of a new theory that involves copying syntactically incomplete antecedent material and an analysis of silent VPs and NPs that makes them into higher order definite descriptions that can be bound into.
KW - VP-ellipsis
KW - NP-deletion
KW - definite descriptions
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8722
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 3
SP - 63
EP - 109
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weskott, Thomas
T1 - Stop bashing givenness!
BT - A note on Elke Kasimir's "Questions-Answers Test and Givenness"
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - Elke Kasimir’s paper (in this volume) argues against employing the notion of Givenness in the explanation of accent assignment. I will claim that the arguments against Givenness put forward by Kasimir are inconclusive because they beg the question of the role of Givenness. It is concluded that, more generally, arguments against Givenness as a diagnostic for information structural partitions should not be accepted offhand, since the notion of Givenness of discourse referents is (a) theoretically simple, (b) readily observable and quantifiable, and (c) bears cognitive significance.
KW - givenness
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8718
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 3
SP - 53
EP - 62
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kasimir, Elke
T1 - Question-answer test and givenness
BT - some question marks
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - In order to investigate the empirical properties of focus, it is necessary to diagnose focus (or: "what is focused") in particular linguistic examples. It is often taken for granted that the application of one single diagnostic tool, the so-called question-answer test, which roughly says that whatever a question asks for is focused in the answer, is a fool-proof test for focus. This paper investigates one example class where such uncritical belief in the question-answer test has led to the assumption of rather complex focus projection rules: in these examples, pitch accent placement has been claimed to depend on certain parts of the focused constituents being given or not. It is demonstrated that such focus projection rules are unnecessarily complex and in turn require the assumption of unnecessarily complicated meaning rules, not to speak of the difficulties to give a precise semantic/pragmatic definition of the allegedly involved givenness property. For the sake of the argument, an alternative analysis is put forward which relies solely on alternative sets following Mats Rooth's work, and avoids any recourse to givenness. As it turns out, this alternative analysis is not only simpler but also makes in a critical case the better predictions.
KW - focus
KW - givenness
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8698
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 3
SP - 1
EP - 52
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Teich, Elke
A1 - Fankhauser, Peter
T1 - Exploring lexical patterns in text
BT - lexical cohesion analysis with WordNet
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - We present a system for the linguistic exploration and analysis of lexical cohesion in English texts. Using an electronic thesaurus-like resource, Princeton WordNet, and the Brown Corpus of English, we have implemented a process of annotating text with lexical chains and a graphical user interface for inspection of the annotated text. We describe the system and report on some sample linguistic analyses carried out using the combined thesaurus-corpus resource.
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8685
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 2
SP - 129
EP - 145
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smith, George
T1 - Refining queries on a treebank with XSLT filters
BT - approaching the universal quantifier
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - This paper discusses the use of XSLT stylesheets as a filtering mechanism for refining the results of user queries on treebanks. The discussion is within the context of the TIGER treebank, the associated search engine and query language, but the general ideas can apply to any search engine for XML-encoded treebanks. It will be shown that important classes of linguistic phenomena can be accessed by applying relatively simple XSLT templates to the output of a query, effectively simulating the universal quantifier for a subset of the query language. uni-potsdam.de/cgi-bin/publika/view.pl?id=206">
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8678
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 2
SP - 117
EP - 128
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Meyer, Roland
T1 - VP-fronting in Czech and Polish
BT - a case study in corpus-oriented grammar research
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - Fronting of an infinite VP across a finite main verb-akin to German "VP-topicalization"-can be found also in Czech and Polish. The paper discusses evidence from large corpora for this process and some of its properties, both syntactic and information-structural. Based on this case, criteria for more user-friedly searching and retrieval of corpus data in syntactic research are being developed.
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8662
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 2
SP - 87
EP - 115
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Witt, Andreas
T1 - Multiple hierarchies
BT - new aspects of an old solution
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - In this paper, we present the Multiple Annotation approach, which solves two problems: the problem of annotating overlapping structures, and the problem that occurs when documents should be annotated according to different, possibly heterogeneous tag sets. This approach has many advantages: it is based on XML, the modeling of alternative annotations is possible, each level can be viewed separately, and new levels can be added at any time. The files can be regarded as an interrelated unit, with the text serving as the implicit link. Two representations of the information contained in the multiple files (one in Prolog and one in XML) are described. These representations serve as a base for several applications.
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8657
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 2
SP - 55
EP - 85
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lüdeling, Anke
T1 - Heterogeneity and standardization in data, use, and annotation
BT - a diachronic corpus of german
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - This paper describes the standardization problems that come up in a diachronic corpus: it has to cope with differing standards with regard to diplomaticity, annotation, and header information. Such highly het-erogeneous texts must be standardized to allow for comparative re-search without (too much) loss of information.
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8643
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 2
SP - 43
EP - 54
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wagner, Andreas
T1 - Unity in diversity
BT - integrating different linguistic data in TUSNELDA
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - This paper describes the creation and preparation of TUSNELDA, a collection of corpus data built for linguistic research. This collection contains a number of linguistically annotated corpora which differ in various aspects such as language, text sorts / data types, encoded annotation levels, and linguistic theories underlying the annotation. The paper focuses on this variation on the one hand and the way how these heterogeneous data are integrated into one resource on the other hand.
Y1 - 2005
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8625
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 2
SP - 1
EP - 20
ER -
TY - BOOK
A1 - Weikard, Hans-Peter
T1 - Property rights and resource allocation in an overlapping generations model
N2 - The paper is an enquiry into dynamic social contract theory. The social contract defines the rules of resource use. An intergenerational social contract in an economy with a single exhaustible resource is examined within a framework of an overlapping generations model. It is assumed that new generations do not accept the old social contract, and access to resources will be renegotiated between any incumbent generation and their successors. It turns out that later generations will be in an unfortunate position regardless of their bargaining power.
T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - Bd. 17
Y1 - 1997
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8543
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dipper, Stefanie
A1 - Götze, Michael
A1 - Stede, Manfred
A1 - Wegst, Tillmann
T1 - ANNIS
BT - a linguistic database for exploring information structure
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of our first version of the database "ANNIS" ("ANNotation of Information Structure"). For research based on empirical data, ANNIS provides a uniform environment for storing this data together with its linguistic annotations. A central database promotes standardized annotation, which facilitates interpretation and comparison of the data. ANNIS is used through a standard web browser and offers tier-based visualization of data and annotations, as well as search facilities that allow for cross-level and cross-sentential queries. The paper motivates the design of the system, characterizes its user interface, and provides an initial technical evaluation of ANNIS with respect to data size and query processing.
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8432
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 1
SP - 245
EP - 279
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hartmann, Katharina
A1 - Zimmermann, Malte
T1 - Focus strategies in chadic
BT - the case of tangale revisited
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - We argue that the standard focus theories reach their limits when confronted with the focus systems of the Chadic languages. The backbone of the standard focus theories consists of two assumptions, both called into question by the languages under consideration. Firstly, it is standardly assumed that focus is generally marked by stress. The Chadic languages, however, exhibit a variety of different devices for focus marking. Secondly, it is assumed that focus is always marked. In Tangale, at least, focus is not marked consistently on all types of constituents. The paper offers two possible solutions to this dilemma.
KW - tone languages
KW - focus marking
KW - focus movement
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8423
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 1
SP - 207
EP - 243
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jasinskaja, Ekaterina
A1 - Mayer, Jörg
A1 - Schlangen, David
T1 - Discourse structure and information structure
BT - interfaces and prosodic realization
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - In this paper we review the current state of research on the issue of discourse structure (DS)/information structure (IS) interface. This field has received a lot of attention from discourse semanticists and pragmatists, and has made substantial progress in recent years. In this paper we summarize the relevant studies. In addition, we look at the issue of DS/ISinteraction at a different level - that of phonetics. It is known that both information structure and discourse structure can be realized prosodically, but the issue of phonetic interaction between the prosodic devices they employ has hardly ever been discussed in this context. We think that a proper consideration of this aspect of DS/IS-interaction would enrich our understanding of the phenomenon, and hence we formulate some related research-programmatic positions.
KW - discourse structure
KW - information structure
KW - prosody
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8414
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 1
SP - 151
EP - 206
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ishihara, Shinichiro
T1 - Prosody by phase
BT - evidence from focus intonation wh-scope correspondence in Japanese
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - Japanese wh-questions always exhibit focus intonation (FI). Furthermore, the domain of FI exhibits a correspondence to the wh-scope. I propose that this phonology-semantics correspondence is a result of the cyclic computation of FI, which is explained under the notion of Multiple Spell-Out in the recent Minimalist framework. The proposed analysis makes two predictions: (1) embedding of an FI into another is possible; (2) (overt) movement of a wh-phrase to a phase edge position causes a mismatch between FI and wh-scope. Both predictions are tested experimentally, and shown to be borne out.
KW - Japanese
KW - wh-question
KW - prosody
KW - focus intonation
KW - wh-scope
KW - cyclicity
KW - phase
KW - Multiple Spell-Out
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8391
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 1
SP - 77
EP - 119
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Endriss, Cornelia
A1 - Hinterwimmer, Stefan
T1 - The influence of tense in adverbial quantification
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - We argue that there is a crucial difference between determiner and adverbial quantification. Following Herburger [2000] and von Fintel [1994], we assume that determiner quantifiers quantify over individuals and adverbial quantifiers over eventualities. While it is usually assumed that the semantics of sentences with determiner quantifiers and those with adverbial quantifiers basically come out the same, we will show by way of new data that quantification over events is more restricted than quantification over individuals. This is because eventualities in contrast to individuals have to be located in time which is done using contextual information according to a pragmatic resolution strategy. If the contextual information and the tense information given in the respective sentence contradict each other, the sentence is uninterpretable. We conclude that this is the reason why in these cases adverbial quantification, i.e. quantification over eventualities, is impossible whereas quantification over individuals is fine.
KW - Adverbial Quantification
KW - Covert Variables
KW - Domain Restriction
KW - Quantificational Variability
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8409
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 1
SP - 121
EP - 151
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert
T1 - Cyclic phonology-syntax-interaction
BT - movement to first position in German
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - This paper investigates the nature of the attraction of XPs to clauseinitial position in German (and other languages). It argues that there are two different types of preposing. First, an XP can move when it is attracted by an EPP-like feature of Comp. Comp can, however, also attract elements that bear the formal marker of some semantic or pragmatic (information theoretic) function. This second type of movement is driven by the attraction of a formal property of the moved element. It has often been misanalysed as “operator” movement in the past. Japanese wh-questions always exhibit focus intonation (FI). Furthermore, the domain of FI exhibits a correspondence to the wh-scope. I propose that this phonology-semantics correspondence is a result of the cyclic computation of FI, which is explained under the notion of Multiple Spell-Out in the recent Minimalist framework. The proposed analysis makes two predictions: (1) embedding of an FI into another is possible; (2) (overt) movement of a wh-phrase to a phase edge position causes a mismatch between FI and wh-scope. Both predictions are tested experimentally, and shown to be borne out.
KW - topicalization
KW - focus movement
KW - operator movement
KW - A-bar-movement
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8264
SN - 1866-4725
SN - 1614-4708
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 42
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Féry, Caroline
A1 - Herbst, Laura
ED - Ishihara, Shinichiro
ED - Schmitz, Michaela
ED - Schwarz, Anne
T1 - German sentence accent revisited
JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632
N2 - Results of a production experiment on the placement of sentence accent in German are reported. The hypothesis that German fulfills some of the most widely accepted rules of accent assignment— predicting focus domain integration—was only partly confirmed. Adjacency between argument and verb induces a single accent on the argument, as recognized in the literature, but interruption of this sequence by a modifier often induces remodeling of the accent pattern with a single accent on the modifier. The verb is rarely stressed. All models based on linear alignment or adjacency between elements belonging to a single accent domain fail to account for this result. A cyclic analysis of prosodic domain formation is proposed in an optimality-theoretic framework that can explain the accent pattern. Japanese wh-questions always exhibit focus intonation (FI). Furthermore, the domain of FI exhibits a correspondence to the wh-scope. I propose that this phonology-semantics correspondence is a result of the cyclic computation of FI, which is explained under the notion of Multiple Spell-Out in the recent Minimalist framework. The proposed analysis makes two predictions: (1) embedding of an FI into another is possible; (2) (overt) movement of a wh-phrase to a phase edge position causes a mismatch between FI and wh-scope. Both predictions are tested experimentally, and shown to be borne out.
KW - Prosody
KW - Syntax
KW - Information structure
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-8273
SN - 1614-4708
SN - 1866-4725
IS - 1
SP - 43
EP - 75
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Prevot, Michelle Elizabeth
T1 - Introduction of a thermo-sensitive non-polar species into polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules for drug delivery
T1 - Einbettung unpolarer, temperaturempfindlicher Substanzen in Polyelektrolytkapselsysteme zur Wirkstofffreisetzung
N2 - The layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) of polyelectrolytes has been extensively studied for the preparation of ultrathin films due to the versatility of the build-up process. The control of the permeability of these layers is particularly important as there are potential drug delivery applications. Multilayered polyelectrolyte microcapsules are also of great interest due to their possible use as microcontainers. This work will present two methods that can be used as employable drug delivery systems, both of which can encapsulate an active molecule and tune the release properties of the active species. Poly-(N-isopropyl acrylamide), (PNIPAM) is known to be a thermo-sensitive polymer that has a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) around 32oC; above this temperature PNIPAM is insoluble in water and collapses. It is also known that with the addition of salt, the LCST decreases. This work shows Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) evidence that the LCST of the PNIPAM can be tuned with salt type and concentration. Microcapsules were used to encapsulate this thermo-sensitive polymer, resulting in a reversible and tunable stimuli- responsive system. The encapsulation of the PNIPAM inside of the capsule was proven with Raman spectroscopy, DSC (bulk LCST measurements), AFM (thickness change), SEM (morphology change) and CLSM (in situ LCST measurement inside of the capsules). The exploitation of the capsules as a microcontainer is advantageous not only because of the protection the capsules give to the active molecules, but also because it facilitates easier transport. The second system investigated demonstrates the ability to reduce the permeability of polyelectrolyte multilayer films by the addition of charged wax particles. The incorporation of this hydrophobic coating leads to a reduced water sensitivity particularly after heating, which melts the wax, forming a barrier layer. This conclusion was proven with Neutron Reflectivity by showing the decreased presence of D2O in planar polyelectrolyte films after annealing creating a barrier layer. The permeability of capsules could also be decreased by the addition of a wax layer. This was proved by the increase in recovery time measured by Florescence Recovery After Photobleaching, (FRAP) measurements. In general two advanced methods, potentially suitable for drug delivery systems, have been proposed. In both cases, if biocompatible elements are used to fabricate the capsule wall, these systems provide a stable method of encapsulating active molecules. Stable encapsulation coupled with the ability to tune the wall thickness gives the ability to control the release profile of the molecule of interest.
N2 - Verkapselung ist ein vielseitiges Werkzeug, das zum Schutz und zum Transport von Molekülen ebenso eingesetzt werden kann, wie zur Verbindung von Reaktionspartnern in einem gemeinsamen, von der Umgebung abgeschirmten Raum. Es basiert auf einem einfachen Vorbild der Natur. Pflanzen schützen ihren Samen zum Beispiel durch eine harte, nahezu undurchdringbare Schale (Nüsse) oder durch eine selektiv durchlässige Hülle, wie bei Weizen, der sobald er feucht wird zu keimen beginnt. Die Natur setzt durch den Einsatz des Hülle-Kern Prinzips sehr effizient die Kontrolle über Durchlässigkeit und Anpassung an bestimmte Aufgaben um. Wird das Hülle-Kern-Prinzip zum Schutz oder Transport von Molekülen eingesetzt, so sind die zu verwendenden Kapseln nur wenige Mikrometer groß. Sie werden dann als Mikrokapseln bezeichnet. Zur Erzeugung dieser Mikrokapseln werden verschiedene Methoden verwendet. Der heute übliche Weg geht von einer ca. 5-10 Mikrometer großen Kugel (Kern) aus, die mit einer stabilen und an die gewünschten Eigenschaften angepassten Schicht von wenigen Nanometern versehen wird. Im Anschluss wird der Kern herausgelöst und eine hohle, stabile Kapsel erhalten. Schichten von wenigen Nanometern Dicke können aus Polyelektrolyten durch das Layer-by-Layer-Verfahren (LbL) hergestellt werden. Dieses Verfahren eignet sich auf Grund seiner vielen Anpassungsmöglichkeiten besonders zum Aufbau der Schichten für Mikrokapseln, da sich die Eigenschaften der Beschichtung bereits beim Aufbau der Schicht auf die Bedürfnisse maßschneidern lassen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erzeugung von Mikrokapseln, deren Eigenschaften temperaturabhängig sind. Dies wurde auf zwei Wegen erreicht. Zum einen wurden Kapseln aus Polyelektrolyten und Wachs aufgebaut. Bei Temperaturerhöhung schmilzt das Wachs und versiegelt die Kapsel. Zum anderen werden Kapseln mit einem Wärme empfindlichen Polymer gefüllt. Bei Temperaturerhöhung kollabiert das Polymergerüst. Der enthaltene Wirkstoff wird freigesetzt.
KW - Mikrokapsel
KW - Polyelektrolyt
KW - Mehrschichtsysteme
KW - Polyelectrolyte
KW - Multilayers
KW - Capsule
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7785
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Dai Pra, Paolo
A1 - Louis, Pierre-Yves
A1 - Minelli, Ida
T1 - Monotonicity and complete monotonicity for continuous-time Markov chains
N2 - We analyze the notions of monotonicity and complete monotonicity for Markov Chains in continuous-time, taking values in a finite partially ordered set. Similarly to what happens in discrete-time, the two notions are not equivalent. However, we show that there are partially ordered sets for which monotonicity and complete monotonicity coincide in continuous time but not in discrete-time.
N2 - Nous étudions les notions de monotonie et de monotonie complète pour les processus de Markov (ou chaînes de Markov à temps continu) prenant leurs valeurs dans un espace partiellement ordonné. Ces deux notions ne sont pas équivalentes, comme c'est le cas lorsque le temps est discret. Cependant, nous établissons que pour certains ensembles partiellement ordonnés, l'équivalence a lieu en temps continu bien que n'étant pas vraie en temps discret.
KW - Stochastik
KW - continuous time Markov Chains
KW - poset
KW - monotonicity
KW - coupling
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7665
ER -