TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bauer, Barbara
A1  - Vos, Matthijs
A1  - Klauschies, Toni
A1  - Gaedke, Ursula
T1  - Diversity, functional similarity, and top-down control drive synchronization and the reliability of ecosystem function
JF  - The American naturalist : a bi-monthly journal devoted to the advancement and correlation of the biological sciences
N2  - The concept that diversity promotes reliability of ecosystem function depends on the pattern that community-level biomass shows lower temporal variability than species-level biomasses. However, this pattern is not universal, as it relies on compensatory or independent species dynamics. When in contrast within--trophic level synchronization occurs, variability of community biomass will approach population-level variability. Current knowledge fails to integrate how species richness, functional distance between species, and the relative importance of predation and competition combine to drive synchronization at different trophic levels. Here we clarify these mechanisms. Intense competition promotes compensatory dynamics in prey, but predators may at the same time increasingly synchronize, under increasing species richness and functional similarity. In contrast, predators and prey both show perfect synchronization under strong top-down control, which is promoted by a combination of low functional distance and high net growth potential of predators. Under such conditions, community-level biomass variability peaks, with major negative consequences for reliability of ecosystem function.
KW  - biodiversity
KW  - ecosystem services
KW  - population dynamics
KW  - predator-prey system
KW  - species richness
KW  - synchrony
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1086/674906
SN  - 0003-0147
SN  - 1537-5323
VL  - 183
IS  - 3
SP  - 394
EP  - 409
PB  - Univ. of Chicago Press
CY  - Chicago
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rottstock, Tanja
A1  - Joshi, Jasmin Radha
A1  - Kummer, Volker
A1  - Fischer, Markus
T1  - Higher plant diversity promotes higher diversity of fungal pathogens, while it decreases pathogen infection per plant
JF  - Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America
N2  - Fungal plant pathogens are common in natural communities where they affect plant physiology, plant survival, and biomass production. Conversely, pathogen transmission and infection may be regulated by plant community characteristics such as plant species diversity and functional composition that favor pathogen diversity through increases in host diversity while simultaneously reducing pathogen infection via increased variability in host density and spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of multi-host multi-pathogen interactions is of high significance in the context of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning. We investigated the relationship between plant diversity and aboveground obligate parasitic fungal pathogen ("pathogens" hereafter) diversity and infection in grasslands of a long-term, large-scale, biodiversity experiment with varying plant species (1-60 species) and plant functional group diversity (1-4 groups). To estimate pathogen infection of the plant communities, we visually assessed pathogen-group presence (i.e., rusts, powdery mildews, downy mildews, smuts, and leaf-spot diseases) and overall infection levels (combining incidence and severity of each pathogen group) in 82 experimental plots on all aboveground organs of all plant species per plot during four surveys in 2006.
 Pathogen diversity, assessed as the cumulative number of pathogen groups on all plant species per plot, increased log-linearly with plant species diversity. However, pathogen incidence and severity, and hence overall infection, decreased with increasing plant species diversity. In addition, co-infection of plant individuals by two or more pathogen groups was less likely with increasing plant community diversity. We conclude that plant community diversity promotes pathogen-community diversity while at the same time reducing pathogen infection levels of plant individuals.
KW  - biodiversity
KW  - ecosystem processes
KW  - ecosystem services
KW  - grasslands
KW  - multi-host-multi-pathogen interactions
KW  - obligate parasitic fungal pathogens
KW  - pathogen diversity
KW  - pathogen proneness
KW  - pathogen transmission
KW  - plant functional types
Y1  - 2014
SN  - 0012-9658
SN  - 1939-9170
VL  - 95
IS  - 7
SP  - 1907
EP  - 1917
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Washington
ER  -