TY - THES A1 - Munk, Sarah Chaya T1 - The Messianic Jewish Movement and its relation to Torah T1 - Die messianisch-jüdische Bewegung und ihre Beziehung zur Thora BT - a theological field study BT - eine theologische Feldstudie N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit zur Messianisch Jüdischen Bewegung und ihrer Beziehung zur Torah erforscht exemplarisch anhand von 10 Interviews mit ausgewählten Jeshua-gläubigen Juden in Leitungsfunktionen die verschiedenen Aspekte der Beziehung zur Torah. Dabei entsteht durch die Auswahl der Interviewpartner eine für die Bewegung als ganze typische Bandbreite von verschiedenen Positionen, die sich zwar in vielen Punkten überlappen, doch vielfach grundverschieden sind und zum Teil einander widersprechen. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die theologisch begründeten, divergenten und sich widersprechenden Positionen gelegt, mit dem Versuch, diese verständlich zu machen. Nach einer kurzen Einführung zur Messianisch Jüdischen Bewegung werden Aspekte der Messianisch-Jüdischen Doppelidentität beleuchtet und ihre Relevanz für die Beziehung zur Torah aufgezeigt. Diesem folgt ein Überblick über die Foren, in denen Jeshua-gläubige Juden über ihre Beziehung zur Torah diskutieren. Die umfangreiche Bibliographie am Ende der Arbeit erlaubt Einblick in einen lebhaften, noch längst nicht abgeschlossenen Diskussionsprozess innerhalb der Bewegung. Eine knapp kommentierte Begriffsdifferenzierung dient als Übersicht über die wichtigsten Bedeutungen von Torah, die in der Messianisch Jüdischen Bewegung Verwendung finden. Nach diesen Vorarbeiten wird die Feldstudie präsentiert. Eine Beschreibung des Forschungsfeldes und methodologische Reflexionen sind den Interviews vorangestellt. In den Interviews werden zunächst die Assoziationen mit dem Begriff Torah erfasst und die begriffliche Füllung und Verwendung geklärt. Hier schon zeigen sich einige gravierende Unterschiede. Die theologischen Positionen und Verständnisse von Torah werden mit dem biographischen Kontext und Hauptwirkungsfeld und mit Nennung der wichtigsten formenden Einflüsse dargestellt. Festgehalten werden zunächst die Punkte, in denen bei allen Übereinstimmung herrscht, denn sie dienen als gemeinsame Basis. Alle studieren die schriftliche Torah und erachten diese wie auch den übrigen Tanach und die Schriften des Neuen Testaments in der vorliegenden Form als göttlich inspiriert und autoritativ verbindlich. Alle haben für sich einen positiven Zugang zur Torah, entsprechend ihrer eigenen Begriffsdefinition, gefunden. Für alle weist die schriftliche Torah und der Tanach auf Jeshua hin. Alle sind sich einig, dass Jeshua die Torah nicht außer Kraft gesetzt, sondern erfüllt hat. Und alle fühlen als Jude in irgendeiner Weise eine Verantwortung gegenüber der Torah. In Bezug auf das Halten von Geboten sagen alle, dass sich keiner dadurch den Weg in den Himmel erwerben kann. G-ttes Treue gegenüber Seinen Verheißungen für Israel wird von allen bekräftigt, doch ob der neue Bund in Jeshua den alten Bund vom Berg Sinai abgelöst hat, oder ob er einfach zum bereits bestehenden Bund von Sinai hinzukommt, ob rituelle Gebote nach Jeshua's Tod und Auferstehung und der Zerstörung des Tempels weiter gehalten werden sollen, ob die Gebote zur Absonderung von den Nationen weiter gehalten werden sollen, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen rabbinischer Halacha gefolgt werden soll und was die Einzelnen in ihren Familien und Gemeinden tun und lehren, dies wird Interview um Interview erörtert. Es zeigt sich, wie verschiedene Leseweisen und Gewichtungen von Schlüsselschriftstellen die verschiedenen Positionen hervorbringen. So wie die Verschiedenartigkeit der Positionen in Beziehung zur Torah bereits ahnen lässt, sind die Interview-Partner zur Frage nach einer Messianisch Jüdischen Halacha geteilter Meinung. Doch auch hier wird der Begriff Halacha von den Repräsentanten verschieden gefüllt. Zum Schluss der Feldstudie werden die Versuche, Messianisch Jüdische Halacha zu produzieren und die Probleme und Kritikpunkte, die von anderen Interviewpartnern dagegen geäußert wurden erläutert. Den Abschluss der Arbeit bilden ein theologischer Rahmen, der all die verschiedenen Positionen und Beziehungen zur Torah fassen kann und einige Ansatzpunkte für eine mögliche Messianisch Jüdische hermeneutische Theologie der Torah. N2 - This study on the Messianic Jewish movement and its relationship to the Torah explores the various aspects of the relationship to the Torah on the basis of 10 interviews with selected Yeshua-believing Jews in leadership positions. The selection of interviewees results in a range of different positions typical of the movement as a whole, which overlap in many respects but are often fundamentally different and sometimes contradictory. Particular attention is paid to the theologically based, divergent and contradictory positions in an attempt to make these understandable. After a brief introduction to the Messianic Jewish movement, aspects of the Messianic Jewish dual identity are examined and their relevance for the relationship to the Torah is demonstrated. This is followed by an overview of the forums in which Yeshua-believing Jews discuss their relationship to the Torah. The extensive bibliography at the end of the work provides an insight into a lively discussion process within the movement that is still far from complete. A briefly annotated differentiation of terms serves as an overview of the most important meanings of Torah used in the Messianic Jewish movement. Following this preliminary work, the field study is presented. A description of the research field and methodological reflections precede the interviews. In the interviews, the associations with the term Torah are first recorded and the conceptual meaning and use clarified. This already reveals some serious differences. The theological positions and understandings of Torah are presented with the biographical context and main field of influence, and the most important formative influences are named. The points on which they all agree are noted first, as they serve as a common basis. All study the written Torah and consider it, as well as the rest of the Tanakh and the writings of the New Testament in their present form, to be divinely inspired and authoritative. All have found a positive approach to the Torah according to their own definition of the term. For all of them, the written Torah and the Tanakh point to Yeshua. All agree that Yeshua did not abrogate the Torah, but fulfilled it. And all feel a responsibility as a Jew to the Torah in some way. With regard to keeping commandments, all say that no one can earn their way to heaven by doing so. G-d's faithfulness to His promises to Israel is affirmed by all, but whether the new covenant in Yeshua superseded the old covenant of Mt. Sinai, or whether it is simply added to the already existing covenant of Sinai, whether ritual commandments are to continue to be kept after Yeshua's death and resurrection and the destruction of the Temple, whether the commandments aiming at separation from the nations should continue to be kept, whether and under what conditions rabbinic halacha should be followed and what individuals do and teach in their families and communities - all this is discussed interview by interview. It becomes clear how different ways of reading and weighting key scriptures produce different positions. Just as the diversity of positions in relation to the Torah already suggests, the interview partners are divided on the question of a Messianic Jewish Halacha. But here too, the term halacha is interpreted differently by the representatives. At the end of the field study, the attempts to produce Messianic Jewish Halacha and the problems and points of criticism expressed by other interviewees are explained. The work concludes with a theological framework able to contain all the different positions and relationships to the Torah and some starting points for a possible Messianic Jewish hermeneutic theology of the Torah. KW - Messianic Jewish Movement KW - Torah KW - theological field study KW - Messianic Judaism KW - Jewish identity KW - New religious movements KW - Messianism KW - Messianic Jews KW - Torah observance KW - Halacha KW - Judaism KW - Jewish denominations KW - Jewish Christians KW - Hebrew Catholics KW - Messianische Juden KW - Halacha KW - hebräische Katholiken KW - Judenchristen KW - jüdische Konfessionen KW - jüdische Identität KW - Judentum KW - messianisch-jüdische Bewegung KW - messianische Juden KW - messianisches Judentum KW - Messianismus KW - neue religiöse Bewegungen KW - Thora KW - Einhaltung der Thora KW - theologische Feldstudie Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-636441 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R. A1 - Huang, Sichao A1 - Liu, Sisi A1 - Jia, Weihan A1 - Li, Kai A1 - Liu, Xingqi A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila A. A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Sedimentary DNA identifies modern and past macrophyte diversity and its environmental drivers in high-latitude and high-elevation lakes in Siberia and China JF - Limnology and oceanography N2 - Arctic and alpine aquatic ecosystems are changing rapidly under recent global warming, threatening water resources by diminishing trophic status and changing biotic composition. Macrophytes play a key role in the ecology of freshwaters and we need to improve our understanding of long-term macrophytes diversity and environmental change so far limited by the sporadic presence of macrofossils in sediments. In our study, we applied metabarcoding using the trnL P6 loop marker to retrieve macrophyte richness and composition from 179 surface-sediment samples from arctic Siberian and alpine Chinese lakes and three representative lake cores. The surface-sediment dataset suggests that macrophyte richness and composition are mostly affected by temperature and conductivity, with highest richness when mean July temperatures are higher than 12 degrees C and conductivity ranges between 40 and 400 mu S cm(-1). Compositional turnover during the Late Pleistocene/Holocene is minor in Siberian cores and characterized by a less rich, but stable emergent macrophyte community. Richness decreases during the Last Glacial Maximum and rises during wetter and warmer climate in the Late-glacial and Mid-Holocene. In contrast, we detect a pronounced change from emergent to submerged taxa at 14 ka in the Tibetan alpine core, which can be explained by increasing temperature and conductivity due to glacial runoff and evaporation. Our study provides evidence for the suitability of the trnL marker to recover modern and past macrophyte diversity and its applicability for the response of macrophyte diversity to lake-hydrochemical and climate variability predicting contrasting macrophyte changes in arctic and alpine lakes under intensified warming and human impact. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12061 SN - 0024-3590 SN - 1939-5590 VL - 67 IS - 5 SP - 1126 EP - 1141 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bizic, Mina A1 - Ionescu, Danny A1 - Karnatak, Rajat A1 - Musseau, Camille L. A1 - Onandia, Gabriela A1 - Berger, Stella A. A1 - Nejstgaard, Jens C. A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar A1 - Gessner, Mark O. A1 - Wollrab, Sabine A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter T1 - Land-use type temporarily affects active pond community structure but not gene expression patterns JF - Molecular ecology N2 - Changes in land use and agricultural intensification threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of small water bodies. We studied 67 kettle holes (KH) in an agricultural landscape in northeastern Germany using landscape-scale metatranscriptomics to understand the responses of active bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic communities to land-use type. These KH are proxies of the millions of small standing water bodies of glacial origin spread across the northern hemisphere. Like other landscapes in Europe, the study area has been used for intensive agriculture since the 1950s. In contrast to a parallel environmental DNA study that suggests the homogenization of biodiversity across KH, conceivably resulting from long-lasting intensive agriculture, land-use type affected the structure of the active KH communities during spring crop fertilization, but not a month later. This effect was more pronounced for eukaryotes than for bacteria. In contrast, gene expression patterns did not differ between months or across land-use types, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy across the KH communities. Variability in gene expression was best explained by active bacterial and eukaryotic community structures, suggesting that these changes in functioning are primarily driven by interactions between organisms. Our results indicate that influences of the surrounding landscape result in temporary changes in the activity of different community members. Thus, even in KH where biodiversity has been homogenized, communities continue to respond to land management. This potential needs to be considered when developing sustainable management options for restoration purposes and for successful mitigation of further biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes. KW - agriculture KW - eRNA KW - land use KW - metacommunity KW - transcriptomics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16348 SN - 0962-1083 SN - 1365-294X VL - 31 IS - 6 SP - 1716 EP - 1734 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ullmann, Andreas J. A1 - von Staden, Andreas T1 - A room full of ‘views’ BT - introducing a new dataset to explore compliance with the decisions of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies’ individual complaints procedures JF - Journal of conflict resolution N2 - Quantitative research into the effectiveness of the UN human rights treaty bodies (UNTBs) in eliciting remedial responses from states is impeded by a lack of usable data on how states respond to their decisions. The new Treaty Body Views Dataset (TBVD) aims to fill this gap. It comprises details on all published decisions in individual complaints cases issued by the UNTBs between 1979 and 2019 and matches these with information on their state of compliance. The TBVD can be used for research on the activities of the treaty bodies, the nature of the decisions themselves, or state behavior following a decision. An empirical application illustrates how the TBVD can advance knowledge about the factors that correlate with compliance with adverse UNTB decisions. Results show that the likelihood of implementation hinges critically on decision-level characteristics, and reveal differences and similarities between compliance with UNTB decisions and regional human rights court judgments. KW - human rights KW - international institutions KW - second-order compliance KW - individual complaints procedures KW - UN human rights treaty bodies Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027231160460 SN - 0022-0027 VL - 68 IS - 2-3 SP - 534 EP - 561 PB - Sage Publications CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Li, Chenzhi A1 - Boehmer, Thomas A1 - Postl, Alexander K. A1 - Heim, Birgit A1 - Andreev, Andrei A. A1 - Cao, Xianyong A1 - Wieczorek, Mareike A1 - Ni, Jian T1 - LegacyPollen 1.0 BT - a taxonomically harmonized global late Quaternary pollen dataset of 2831 records with standardized chronologies JF - Earth system science data : ESSD N2 - Here we describe the LegacyPollen 1.0, a dataset of 2831 fossil pollen records with metadata, a harmonized taxonomy, and standardized chronologies. A total of 1032 records originate from North America, 1075 from Europe, 488 from Asia, 150 from Latin America, 54 from Africa, and 32 from the Indo-Pacific. The pollen data cover the late Quaternary (mostly the Holocene). The original 10 110 pollen taxa names (including variations in the notations) were harmonized to 1002 terrestrial taxa (including Cyperaceae), with woody taxa and major herbaceous taxa harmonized to genus level and other herbaceous taxa to family level. The dataset is valuable for synthesis studies of, for example, taxa areal changes, vegetation dynamics, human impacts (e.g., deforestation), and climate change at global or continental scales. The harmonized pollen and metadata as well as the harmonization table are available from PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.929773; Herzschuh et al., 2021). R code for the harmonization is provided at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910972; Herzschuh et al., 2022) so that datasets at a customized harmonization level can be easily established. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3213-2022 SN - 1866-3508 SN - 1866-3516 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - 3213 EP - 3227 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Michaelis, Vivien A1 - Aengenheister, Leonie A1 - Tuchtenhagen, Max A1 - Rinklebe, Jörg A1 - Ebert, Franziska A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja A1 - Buerki-Thurnherr, Tina A1 - Bornhorst, Julia T1 - Differences and interactions in placental manganese and iron transfer across an in vitro model of human villous trophoblasts JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Manganese (Mn) as well as iron (Fe) are essential trace elements (TE) important for the maintenance of physiological functions including fetal development. However, in the case of Mn, evidence suggests that excess levels of intrauterine Mn are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although Mn is known to cross the placenta, the fundamentals of Mn transfer kinetics and mechanisms are largely unknown. Moreover, exposure to combinations of TEs should be considered in mechanistic transfer studies, in particular for TEs expected to share similar transfer pathways. Here, we performed a mechanistic in vitro study on the placental transfer of Mn across a BeWo b30 trophoblast layer. Our data revealed distinct differences in the placental transfer of Mn and Fe. While placental permeability to Fe showed a clear inverse dose-dependency, Mn transfer was largely independent of the applied doses. Concurrent exposure of Mn and Fe revealed transfer interactions of Fe and Mn, indicating that they share common transfer mechanisms. In general, mRNA and protein expression of discussed transporters like DMT1, TfR, or FPN were only marginally altered in BeWo cells despite the different exposure scenarios highlighting that Mn transfer across the trophoblast layer likely involves a combination of active and passive transport processes. KW - manganese KW - iron KW - placental transfer KW - TE interactions KW - BeWo b30 KW - trophoblasts Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063296 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klaus, Benita A1 - Müller, Patrick A1 - van Wickeren, Nora A1 - Dordevic, Milos A1 - Schmicker, Marlen A1 - Zdunczyk, Yael A1 - Brigadski, Tanja A1 - Lessmann, Volkmar A1 - Vielhaber, Stefan A1 - Schreiber, Stefanie A1 - Müller, Notger G. T1 - Structural and functional brain alterations in patients with myasthenia gravis JF - Brain communications N2 - Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular transmission and causing skeletal muscle weakness. Additionally, systemic inflammation, cognitive deficits and autonomic dysfunction have been described. However, little is known about myasthenia gravis-related reorganization of the brain. In this study, we thus investigated the structural and functional brain changes in myasthenia gravis patients. Eleven myasthenia gravis patients (age: 70.64 +/- 9.27; 11 males) were compared to age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (age: 70.18 +/- 8.98; 11 males). Most of the patients (n = 10, 0.91%) received cholinesterase inhibitors. Structural brain changes were determined by applying voxel-based morphometry using high-resolution T-1-weighted sequences. Functional brain changes were assessed with a neuropsychological test battery (including attention, memory and executive functions), a spatial orientation task and brain-derived neurotrophic factor blood levels. Myasthenia gravis patients showed significant grey matter volume reductions in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, myasthenia gravis patients showed significantly lower performance in executive functions, working memory (Spatial Span, P = 0.034, d = 1.466), verbal episodic memory (P = 0.003, d = 1.468) and somatosensory-related spatial orientation (Triangle Completion Test, P = 0.003, d = 1.200). Additionally, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were significantly higher in myasthenia gravis patients (P = 0.001, d = 2.040). Our results indicate that myasthenia gravis is associated with structural and functional brain alterations. Especially the grey matter volume changes in the cingulate gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe could be associated with cognitive deficits in memory and executive functions. Furthermore, deficits in somatosensory-related spatial orientation could be associated with the lower volumes in the inferior parietal lobe. Future research is needed to replicate these findings independently in a larger sample and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in more detail. Klaus et al. compared myasthenia gravis patients to matched healthy control subjects and identified functional alterations in memory functions as well as structural alterations in the cingulate gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobe and in the fusiform gyrus. KW - myasthenia gravis KW - neuroplasticity KW - VBM KW - neuropsychological testing KW - BDNF Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac018 SN - 2632-1297 VL - 4 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Houben, Timo A1 - Pujades, Estanislao A1 - Kalbacher, Thomas A1 - Dietrich, Peter A1 - Attinger, Sabine T1 - From dynamic groundwater level measurements to regional aquifer parameters - assessing the power of spectral analysis JF - Water resources research N2 - Large-scale groundwater models are required to estimate groundwater availability and to inform water management strategies on the national scale. However, parameterization of large-scale groundwater models covering areas of major river basins and more is challenging due to the lack of observational data and the mismatch between the scales of modeling and measurements. In this work, we propose to bridge the scale gap and derive regional hydraulic parameters by spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations. We hypothesize that specific locations in aquifers can reveal regional parameters of the hydraulic system. We first generate ensembles of synthetic but realistic aquifers which systematically differ in complexity. Applying Liang and Zhang's (2013), , semi-analytical solution for the spectrum of hydraulic head time series, we identify for each ensemble member and at different locations representative aquifer parameters. Next, we extend our study to investigate the use of spectral analysis in more complex numerical models and in real settings. Our analyses indicate that the variance of inferred effective transmissivity and storativity values for stochastic aquifer ensembles is small for observation points which are far away from the Dirichlet boundary. Moreover, the head time series has to cover a period which is roughly 10 times as long as the characteristic time of the aquifer. In deterministic aquifer models we infer equivalent, regionally valid parameters. A sensitivity analysis further reveals that as long as the aquifer length and the position of the groundwater measurement location is roughly known, the parameters can be robustly estimated. KW - spectral analysis of groundwater level fluctuations KW - proof of concept in numerical environments KW - homogeneous KW - stochastic and deterministic numerical model design KW - regional aquifer parameters KW - sensitivity analysis with field data KW - plausibility test with field data Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031289 SN - 0043-1397 SN - 1944-7973 VL - 58 IS - 5 PB - Wiley CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trouwloon, Danick A1 - Streck, Charlotte A1 - Chagas, Thiago A1 - Martinus, Glenpherd T1 - Understanding the use of carbon credits by companies BT - a review of the defining elements of corporate climate claims JF - Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) N2 - Worldwide, companies are increasingly making claims about their current climate efforts and their future mitigation commitments. These claims tend to be underpinned by carbon credits issued in voluntary carbon markets to offset emissions. Corporate climate claims are largely unregulated which means that they are often (perceived to be) misleading and deceptive. As such, corporate climate claims risk undermining, rather than contributing to, global climate mitigation. This paper takes as its point of departure the proposition that a better understanding of corporate climate claims is needed to govern such claims in a manner that adequately addresses potential greenwashing risks. To that end, the paper reviews the nascent literature on corporate climate claims relying on the use of voluntary carbon credits. Drawing on the reviewed literature, three key dimensions of corporate climate claims as related to carbon credits are discussed: 1) the intended use of carbon credits: offsetting versus non-offsetting claims; 2) the framing and meaning of headline terms: net-zero versus carbon neutral claims; and 3) the status of the claim: future aspirational commitments versus stated achievements. The paper thereby offers a preliminary categorization of corporate climate claims and discusses risks associated with and governance implications for each of these categories. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202200158 SN - 2056-6646 VL - 7 IS - 4 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Streck, Charlotte T1 - Synergies between the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the Paris Agreement BT - the role of policy milestones, monitoring frameworks and safeguards JF - Climate policy N2 - The 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and Paris Agreement (PA) are highly complementary agreements where each depends on the other’s success to be effective. The GBF offers a very specific framework of interim goals and targets that break down the objective of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) into a decade-spanning work plan. Comprised of 10 sections – including a 2050 vision and a 2030 mission, four overarching goals and 23 specific targets – the GBF is expected to guide biodiversity policy around the world in the coming years to decades. A similar set of global interim climate policy targets could translate the global temperature goal into concrete policy milestones that would provide policy makers and civil society with reference points for policy making and efforts to hold governments accountable. Beyond inspiring climate policy experts to convert temperature goals into policy milestones, GBF has the potential to strengthen the implementation of the PA at the nexus of biodiversity and climate (adaptation and mitigation) action. For example, the GBF can help to ensure that nature-based climate solutions are implemented with full consideration of biodiversity concerns, of the rights and interests of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and with fair and transparent benefit sharing arrangements. In sum, the GBF should be mandatory reading for all climate policy makers. KW - climate policy KW - Paris Agreement KW - UNFCCC KW - CBD KW - global biodiversity framework Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2230940 SN - 1469-3062 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 800 EP - 811 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Streck, Charlotte ED - Barnes, Richard ED - Long, Ronán T1 - From laggards to leaders T2 - Frontiers in international environmental law : doceans and climate challenges : essays in honour of David Freestone N2 - The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change embraces the participation of non-state actors in a separate governance track – the ‘Non-state actor zone for global action’ (nazca) – that runs alongside the formal track of unfccc negotiations and the implementation of the Paris Agreement by State Parties through ‘nationally determined contributions’. unfccc Secretariat is entrusted with orchestrating non-state global and transnational initiatives, partnerships and networks. The involvement of non-state actors in the implementation of the Paris Agreement helps to address an action gap by countries that are unable or unwilling to implement ambitious ndcs. However, the increased prominence of initiatives driven by non-state actors also increases their direct and indirect influence on processes and rules which raises a number of questions with regards to the legitimacy of action and the democratic deficit of the global climate regime. Balancing legitimacy with effectiveness requires non-state initiatives to ensure transparent and inclusive governance, and accountability towards progress against their goals and pledges. Despite its encouragement towards private initiatives, the Paris Agreement creates surprisingly little regulatory space for non-state actors to gain hold. Neither are there measures that would link ndcs to nazca initiatives, nor are functional requirements such as transparency or reporting extended to non-state initiatives. While the Paris Agreement marks an important step towards harnessing private sector ability and ambition for climate action, more remains to be done to create a truly enabling framework for private action to strive and complement public efforts to address climate change. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-90-04-37287-0 SN - 978-90-04-37288-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004372887_004 SP - 75 EP - 105 PB - Brill Nijhoff CY - Leiden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Alexiadou, Artemis A1 - Allen, Shanley A1 - Bunk, Oliver A1 - Gagarina, Natalia A1 - Iefremenko, Kateryna A1 - Martynova, Maria A1 - Pashkova, Tatiana A1 - Rizou, Vicky A1 - Schroeder, Christoph A1 - Shadrova, Anna A1 - Szucsich, Luka A1 - Tracy, Rosemarie A1 - Tsehaye, Wintai A1 - Zerbian, Sabine A1 - Zuban, Yulia T1 - Heritage speakers as part of the native language continuum JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - We argue for a perspective on bilingual heritage speakers as native speakers of both their languages and present results from a large-scale, cross-linguistic study that took such a perspective and approached bilinguals and monolinguals on equal grounds. We targeted comparable language use in bilingual and monolingual speakers, crucially covering broader repertoires than just formal language. A main database was the open-access RUEG corpus, which covers comparable informal vs. formal and spoken vs. written productions by adolescent and adult bilinguals with heritage-Greek, -Russian, and -Turkish in Germany and the United States and with heritage-German in the United States, and matching data from monolinguals in Germany, the United States, Greece, Russia, and Turkey. Our main results lie in three areas. (1) We found non-canonical patterns not only in bilingual, but also in monolingual speakers, including patterns that have so far been considered absent from native grammars, in domains of morphology, syntax, intonation, and pragmatics. (2) We found a degree of lexical and morphosyntactic inter-speaker variability in monolinguals that was sometimes higher than that of bilinguals, further challenging the model of the streamlined native speaker. (3) In majority language use, non-canonical patterns were dominant in spoken and/or informal registers, and this was true for monolinguals and bilinguals. In some cases, bilingual speakers were leading quantitatively. In heritage settings where the language was not part of formal schooling, we found tendencies of register leveling, presumably due to the fact that speakers had limited access to formal registers of the heritage language. Our findings thus indicate possible quantitative differences and different register distributions rather than distinct grammatical patterns in bilingual and monolingual speakers. This supports the integration of heritage speakers into the native-speaker continuum. Approaching heritage speakers from this perspective helps us to better understand the empirical data and can shed light on language variation and change in native grammars. Furthermore, our findings for monolinguals lead us to reconsider the state-of-the art on majority languages, given recurring evidence for non-canonical patterns that deviate from what has been assumed in the literature so far, and might have been attributed to bilingualism had we not included informal and spoken registers in monolinguals and bilinguals alike. KW - heritage speakers KW - registers KW - participles KW - word order KW - bare NPs KW - boundary tone KW - referent introduction KW - relative clause formation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717973 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Kay, Alex James T1 - L’impero della distruzione BT - una storia dell’uccisione di massa nazista T3 - La biblioteca N2 - La prima storia complessiva degli efferati crimini nazisti, che dimostra come diffuse e generalizzate politiche di sterminio fossero cruciali per la strategia del regime al fine di vincere la guerra e impossessarsi del mondo. La Germania nazista uccise circa tredici milioni di civili e altri non combattenti con deliberate politiche di omicidi di massa, soprattutto durante gli anni della guerra. Quasi la metà delle vittime furono ebree, sistematicamente annientate dall'Olocausto, fulcro del programma paneuropeo di purificazione razziale messo in atto dai nazisti. Alex Kay sostiene che è anche possibile esaminare il genocidio degli ebrei europei inserendolo nel contesto piú ampio delle uccisioni di massa naziste. Per la prima volta, L'impero della distruzione considera gli ebrei europei insieme a tutti gli altri principali gruppi di vittime: prigionieri dell'Armata Rossa, popolazione urbana sovietica, civili inermi vittime di terrore preventivo e rappresaglie, disabili psichici e fisici, rom europei e intellighenzia polacca. Ciascuno di questi gruppi era considerato dal regime nazista come una potenziale minaccia alla capacità della Germania di condurre con successo una guerra per l'egemonia in Europa. Un'opera fondamentale e innovativa che associa i numeri complessivi dello sterminio con la ricostruzione di singoli casi di orrore quotidiano. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.academia.edu/90810172/L_impero_della_distruzione_Una_storia_dell_uccisione_di_massa_nazista SN - 978-88-06-25377-6 SN - 978-88-58-44038-4 VL - 77 PB - Einaudi CY - Torino ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hong, Jun Sung A1 - Kim, Dong Ha A1 - Thornberg, Robert A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Wright, Michelle F. T1 - Racial discrimination to bullying behavior among White and Black adolescents in the USA: from parents' perspectives JF - International journal of environmental research and public health N2 - The present study proposes and tests pathways by which racial discrimination might be positively related to bullying victimization among Black and White adolescents. Data were derived from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, a national survey that provides data on children's physical and mental health and their families. Data were collected from households with one or more children between June 2016 to February 2017. A letter was sent to randomly selected households, who were invited to participate in the survey. The caregivers consisted of 66.9% females and 33.1% males for the White sample, whose mean age was 47.51 (SD = 7.26), and 76.8% females and 23.2% males for the Black sample, whose mean age was 47.61 (SD = 9.71). In terms of the adolescents, 49.0% were females among the White sample, whose mean age was 14.73 (SD = 1.69). For Black adolescents, 47.9% were females and the mean age was 14.67(SD = 1.66). Measures for the study included bullying perpetration, racial discrimination, academic disengagement, and socio-demographic variables of the parent and child. Analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and structural path analyses. For adolescents in both racial groups, racial discrimination appears to be positively associated with depression, which was positively associated with bullying perpetration. For White adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with academic disengagement, which was also positively associated with bullying perpetration. For Black adolescents, although racial discrimination was not significantly associated with academic disengagement, academic disengagement was positively associated with bullying perpetration. KW - academic disengagement KW - bullying KW - depression KW - racial discrimination KW - race Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127084 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 19 IS - 12 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kay, Alex James ED - Žuravlev, Sergej Vladimirovič T1 - The holocaust in the USSR BT - international scholarship and research findings T2 - Historia Russica T2 - Der Zweite Weltkrieg und der Große Vaterländische Krieg: zum 75. Jahrestag seines Endes. Materialien der internationalen wissenschaftlichen Konferenz N2 - This paper sketches the current status of international scholarship on the subject of the Holocaust in the USSR and its place in the wider military conflict of the Second World War. Research on this topic over the last 20 to 30 years has been truly international and the findings of this research cannot be sketched here without pointing to the contributions made by German, American, Russian, Israeli, British and Australian historians. Historians from these countries have made important contributions to our understanding of key questions relating to this subject. These questions address, among other things, pre-invasion orders issued to German units; the radicalisation of German policy, culminating in the root-and-branch extermination of Soviet Jewry; the network of ghettos set up on Soviet territory; the nature of the killing and the methods used to murder these victims; the total death toll of the Holocaust in the USSR; and the relationship between war and extermination, in which genocide can be regarded as an actual strategy of warfare pursued by the German Reich. KW - Soviet History KW - Second World War KW - Russian History KW - Nazi Germany KW - Holocaust Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.academia.edu/67857379/The_Holocaust_in_the_USSR_International_Scholarship_and_Research_Findings SN - 978-5-8055-0403-8 SP - 155 EP - 164 PB - Institut für russische Geschichte (RAN) CY - Moskau ER - TY - JOUR T1 - forum:logopädie 36.2022, 4 T2 - Forum Logopädie : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Bundesverbandes für Logopädie e.V, dbl KW - Logopädie KW - Zeitschrift Y1 - 2022 SN - 0932-0547 VL - 36 IS - 4 PB - Schulz-Kirchner CY - Idstein ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taleb, Aiham A1 - Rohrer, Csaba A1 - Bergner, Benjamin A1 - De Leon, Guilherme A1 - Rodrigues, Jonas Almeida A1 - Schwendicke, Falk A1 - Lippert, Christoph A1 - Krois, Joachim T1 - Self-supervised learning methods for label-efficient dental caries classification JF - Diagnostics : open access journal N2 - High annotation costs are a substantial bottleneck in applying deep learning architectures to clinically relevant use cases, substantiating the need for algorithms to learn from unlabeled data. In this work, we propose employing self-supervised methods. To that end, we trained with three self-supervised algorithms on a large corpus of unlabeled dental images, which contained 38K bitewing radiographs (BWRs). We then applied the learned neural network representations on tooth-level dental caries classification, for which we utilized labels extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). Finally, a holdout test-set was established, which consisted of 343 BWRs and was annotated by three dental professionals and approved by a senior dentist. This test-set was used to evaluate the fine-tuned caries classification models. Our experimental results demonstrate the obtained gains by pretraining models using self-supervised algorithms. These include improved caries classification performance (6 p.p. increase in sensitivity) and, most importantly, improved label-efficiency. In other words, the resulting models can be fine-tuned using few labels (annotations). Our results show that using as few as 18 annotations can produce >= 45% sensitivity, which is comparable to human-level diagnostic performance. This study shows that self-supervision can provide gains in medical image analysis, particularly when obtaining labels is costly and expensive. KW - unsupervised methods KW - self-supervised learning KW - representation learning KW - dental caries classification KW - data driven approaches KW - annotation KW - efficient deep learning Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051237 SN - 2075-4418 VL - 12 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kay, Alex James T1 - Holocaust Research in Germany BT - current status and future challenges T2 - Hurbán Folyóirat Y1 - 2020 UR - https://hdke.hu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/3-kay-alex-j.pdf UR - https://hdke.hu/folyoirat/2023-2/ SN - 3004-023X VL - 2 SP - 22 EP - 28 PB - Holokauszt Emlékközpont – Holocaust Memorial Center CY - Budapest ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stuenzi, Simone Maria A1 - Kruse, Stefan A1 - Boike, Julia A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Oehme, Alexander A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila A. A1 - Westermann, Sebastian A1 - Langer, Moritz T1 - Thermohydrological impact of forest disturbances on ecosystem-protected permafrost JF - Journal of geophysical research : Biogeosciences N2 - Boreal forests cover over half of the global permafrost area and protect underlying permafrost. Boreal forest development, therefore, has an impact on permafrost evolution, especially under a warming climate. Forest disturbances and changing climate conditions cause vegetation shifts and potentially destabilize the carbon stored within the vegetation and permafrost. Disturbed permafrost-forest ecosystems can develop into a dry or swampy bush- or grasslands, shift toward broadleaf- or evergreen needleleaf-dominated forests, or recover to the pre-disturbance state. An increase in the number and intensity of fires, as well as intensified logging activities, could lead to a partial or complete ecosystem and permafrost degradation. We study the impact of forest disturbances (logging, surface, and canopy fires) on the thermal and hydrological permafrost conditions and ecosystem resilience. We use a dynamic multilayer canopy-permafrost model to simulate different scenarios at a study site in eastern Siberia. We implement expected mortality, defoliation, and ground surface changes and analyze the interplay between forest recovery and permafrost. We find that forest loss induces soil drying of up to 44%, leading to lower active layer thicknesses and abrupt or steady decline of a larch forest, depending on disturbance intensity. Only after surface fires, the most common disturbances, inducing low mortality rates, forests can recover and overpass pre-disturbance leaf area index values. We find that the trajectory of larch forests after surface fires is dependent on the precipitation conditions in the years after the disturbance. Dryer years can drastically change the direction of the larch forest development within the studied period. KW - permafrost KW - boreal forest KW - periglacial process KW - Siberia KW - larch forest KW - disturbance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006630 SN - 2169-8953 SN - 2169-8961 VL - 127 IS - 5 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kay, Alex James T1 - Filbert, Alfred T2 - Deutsche Biographie N2 - Bibliographie-Eintrag: Der Jurist Alfred Filbert gehörte von 1935 bis 1945 zu den Funktionseliten im Hauptamt des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers-SS und im Reichssicherheitshauptamt. 1941 verantwortete er als Leiter des SS-Einsatzkommandos 9 die Ermordung von rund 18 000 Juden. 1945 untergetaucht, wurde er 1959 verhaftet, 1962 zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt und 1975 vorzeitig entlassen. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/12517926X.html#dbocontent PB - NDB-online CY - München ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Kay, Alex James T1 - Das Reich der Vernichtung T1 - L’impero della distruzione BT - eine Gesamtgeschichte des nationalsozialistischen Massenmordens BT - una storia dell’uccisione di massa nazista T3 - Empire of destruction N2 - Der organisierte Massenmord an ethnischen und sozialen Bevölkerungsgruppen als Kriegsstrategie. Von 1939 bis 1945 ermordete das nationalsozialistische Regime rund 13 Millionen Zivilisten und andere Nichtkombattanten in Vernichtungslagern und außerhalb davon. Fast die Hälfte der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus waren Juden. Die Judenverfolgung und die Shoah sind in der Geschichte ohne Beispiel, aber als Teil eines systematischen Massenmordprogramms zu betrachten. Zu den Opfern der NS-Verbrechen gehörten auch Behinderte, Roma, polnische Eliten, gefangene Rotarmisten und unbewaffnete Zivilisten. Der Massenmord als Kriegsstrategie: die erste integrative, umfassende Analyse. Vom britischen Historiker Alex J. Kay, der bereits fünf bedeutende Bücher über die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus veröffentlicht hat. Die Geschichte des Holocausts und die Ermordung ethnischer und sozialer Bevölkerungsgruppen. Fundamentaler Beitrag zur Aufarbeitung der nationalsozialistischen Verbrechen im 2. Weltkrieg. Die erste integrative Gesamtdarstellung der Völkermord-Politik des NS-Regimes. Erstmals führt Alex J. Kay die systematischen Mordprogramme und ihre Opfer in einer differenzierten Darstellung der deutschen Kriegsverbrechen zusammen. Es wird deutlich, dass Genozid und Vergeltungsmaßnahmen integrativer Bestandteil der Kriegsstrategie zur Durchsetzung der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie waren. In seiner bahnbrechenden Analyse zeigt er, wie eine strategisch geplante, staatliche Politik des Massenmords Millionen von Menschen das Leben kostete. KW - Deutsches Reich KW - Nationalsozialistisches Verbrechen KW - Massenmord KW - Verfolgung KW - Judenvernichtung KW - Kriegsverbrechen KW - Geschichte 1933-1945 Y1 - 2022 UR - https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/potsdamuni/detail.action?docID=7422237 SN - 978-3-8062-4604-9 SN - 978-3-8062-4504-2 SN - 978-3-8062-4605-6 PB - Theiss in der Verlag Herder GmbH CY - Freiburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reeve, Holly A. A1 - Nicholson, Jake A1 - Altaf, Farieha A1 - Lonsdale, Thomas H. A1 - Preissler, Janina A1 - Lauterbach, Lars A1 - Lenz, Oliver A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Hollmann, Frank A1 - Paul, Caroline E. A1 - Vincent, Kylie A. T1 - A hydrogen-driven biocatalytic approach to recycling synthetic analogues of NAD(P)H JF - Chemical communications : ChemComm N2 - We demonstrate a recycling system for synthetic nicotinamide cofactor analogues using a soluble hydrogenase with turnover number of >1000 for reduction of the cofactor analogues by H-2. Coupling this system to an ene reductase, we show quantitative conversion of N-ethylmaleimide to N-ethylsuccinimide. The biocatalyst system retained >50% activity after 7 h. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cc02411j SN - 1359-7345 SN - 1364-548X VL - 58 IS - 75 SP - 10540 EP - 10543 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roe, Stephanie A1 - Streck, Charlotte A1 - Beach, Robert A1 - Busch, Jonah A1 - Chapman, Melissa A1 - Daioglou, Vassilis A1 - Deppermann, Andre A1 - Doelman, Jonathan A1 - Emmet-Booth, Jeremy A1 - Engelmann, Jens A1 - Fricko, Oliver A1 - Frischmann, Chad A1 - Funk, Jason A1 - Grassi, Giacomo A1 - Griscom, Bronson A1 - Havlik, Petr A1 - Hanssen, Steef A1 - Humpenöder, Florian A1 - Landholm, David A1 - Lomax, Guy A1 - Lehmann, Johannes A1 - Mesnildrey, Leah A1 - Nabuurs, Gert-Jan A1 - Popp, Alexander A1 - Rivard, Charlotte A1 - Sanderman, Jonathan A1 - Sohngen, Brent A1 - Smith, Pete A1 - Stehfest, Elke A1 - Woolf, Dominic A1 - Lawrence, Deborah T1 - Land-based measures to mitigate climate change BT - potential and feasibility by country JF - Global change biology N2 - Land-based climate mitigation measures have gained significant attention and importance in public and private sector climate policies. Building on previous studies, we refine and update the mitigation potentials for 20 land-based measures in >200 countries and five regions, comparing “bottom-up” sectoral estimates with integrated assessment models (IAMs). We also assess implementation feasibility at the country level. Cost-effective (available up to $100/tCO2eq) land-based mitigation is 8–13.8 GtCO2eq yr−1 between 2020 and 2050, with the bottom end of this range representing the IAM median and the upper end representing the sectoral estimate. The cost-effective sectoral estimate is about 40% of available technical potential and is in line with achieving a 1.5°C pathway in 2050. Compared to technical potentials, cost-effective estimates represent a more realistic and actionable target for policy. The cost-effective potential is approximately 50% from forests and other ecosystems, 35% from agriculture, and 15% from demand-side measures. The potential varies sixfold across the five regions assessed (0.75–4.8 GtCO2eq yr−1) and the top 15 countries account for about 60% of the global potential. Protection of forests and other ecosystems and demand-side measures present particularly high mitigation efficiency, high provision of co-benefits, and relatively lower costs. The feasibility assessment suggests that governance, economic investment, and socio-cultural conditions influence the likelihood that land-based mitigation potentials are realized. A substantial portion of potential (80%) is in developing countries and LDCs, where feasibility barriers are of greatest concern. Assisting countries to overcome barriers may result in significant quantities of near-term, low-cost mitigation while locally achieving important climate adaptation and development benefits. Opportunities among countries vary widely depending on types of land-based measures available, their potential co-benefits and risks, and their feasibility. Enhanced investments and country-specific plans that accommodate this complexity are urgently needed to realize the large global potential from improved land stewardship. KW - AFOLU KW - co-benefits KW - demand management KW - feasibility KW - land management KW - land sector KW - mitigation KW - natural climate solutions KW - nature-based solutions Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15873 SN - 1365-2486 VL - 27 IS - 23 SP - 6025 EP - 6058 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silva, Bibiana A1 - Oliveira Costa, Ana Carolina A1 - Tchewonpi, Sorel Sagu A1 - Bönick, Josephine A1 - Huschek, Gerd A1 - Gonzaga, Luciano Valdemiro A1 - Fett, Roseane A1 - Baldermann, Susanne A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal T1 - Comparative quantification and differentiation of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Bentham) honeydew honey proteins using targeted peptide markers identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry JF - Food research international N2 - Honey traceability is an important topic, especially for honeydew honeys, due to the increased incidence of adulteration. This study aimed to establish specific markers to quantify proteins in honey. A proteomics strategy to identify marker peptides from bracatinga honeydew honey was therefore developed. The proteomics approach was based on initial untargeted identification of honey proteins and peptides by LC-ESI-Triple-TOF-MS/MS, which identified the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) presence. Afterwards, the peptides were selected by the in silico digestion. The marker peptides were quantified by the developed targeted LC-QqQ-MS/MS method, which provided good linearity and specificity, besides recoveries between 92 and 100% to quantify peptides from bracatinga honeydew honey. The uniqueness and high response in mass spectrometry were backed by further complementary protein analysis (SDS-PAGE). The selected marker peptides EALPHVPIFDR (MRJP 1), ILGANVK (MRJP 2), TFVTIER (MRJP 3), QNIDVVAR (MRJP 4), FINNDYNFNEVNFR (MRJP 5) and LLQPYPDWSWTK (MRJP 7), quantified by LC-QqQ-MS/MS, highlighted that the content of QNIDVVAR from MRJP 4 could be used to differentiate bracatinga honeydew honey from floral honeys (p < 0.05) as a potential marker for its authentication. Finally, principal components analysis highlighted the QNIDVVAR content as a good descriptor of the analyzed bracatinga honeydew honey samples. KW - Honeydew honey KW - Major royal jelly proteins KW - Marker peptides KW - High-resolution mass spectrometry KW - Principal component analysis Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109991 SN - 0963-9969 SN - 1873-7145 VL - 141 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stevanato, Luca A1 - Baroni, Gabriele A1 - Oswald, Sascha A1 - Lunardon, Marcello A1 - Mareš, Vratislav A1 - Marinello, Francesco A1 - Moretto, Sandra A1 - Polo, Matteo A1 - Sartori, Paolo A1 - Schattan, Paul A1 - Rühm, Werner T1 - An alternative incoming correction for cosmic-ray neutron sensing observations using local muon measurement JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - Measuring the variability of incoming neutrons locally would be usefull for the cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) method. As the measurement of high energy neutrons is not so easy, alternative particles can be considered for such purpose. Among them, muons are particles created from the same cascade of primary cosmic-ray fluxes that generate neutrons at the ground. In addition, they can be easily detected by small and relatively inexpensive detectors. For these reasons they could provide a suitable local alternative to incoming corrections based on remote neutron monitor data. The reported measurements demonstrated that muon detection system can detect incoming cosmic-ray variations locally. Furthermore the precision of this measurement technique is considered adequate for many CRNS applications. KW - CRNS KW - soil-moisture KW - neutrons KW - muons KW - cosmic-rays Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095383 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 49 IS - 6 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jasser, Greta A1 - Kelly, Megan A1 - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin T1 - Male supremacism and the Hanau terrorist attack BT - between online misogyny and far-right violence Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.icct.nl/publication/male-supremacism-and-hanau-terrorist-attack-between-online-misogyny-and-far-right PB - International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) CY - Den Haag ER - TY - THES A1 - Bunselmeyer, Lena T1 - Die Agenda 2030 in kommunalen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien T1 - The Agenda 2030 in Sustainability Strategies of Local Governments N2 - Die 2016 verabschiedeten Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) der Vereinten Nationen sind Referenzrahmen von Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien auf Bundes- Landes- und kommunaler Ebene geworden. Städte rückten im Zuge der Agenda 2030 in den Mittelpunkt. Ihre Verwaltungen befinden sich dabei in einem herausfordernden Spannungsfeld: Einerseits haben die SDGs den holistischen Anspruch, vollständig in das Handeln der Kommunen integriert zu werden. Andererseits ist für eine effektive Umsetzung eine starke Anpassung der SDGs an den lokalen Kontext notwendig. Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet anhand einer Fallstudie die Frage, wie Kommunen die Nachhaltigkeitsziele der Vereinten Nationen in ihre Handlungsprogramme und Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien übersetzen, und welche Faktoren Einfluss auf diesen Prozess haben. Dabei wird ein translationstheoretischer Ansatz verwendet, der die Übertragung einer Idee in einen lokalen Kontext als aktiven Transfer versteht, bei dem das Handeln der beteiligten Akteure und deren Konstruktion der aufzunehmenden Idee im Fokus steht. Die Translation wird mit Hilfe von qualitativen Interviews nachvollzogen und analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die SDGs zwar anhand ihrer Relevanz für die Kommune gefiltert werden, der normative Anspruch der SDGs aber erhalten bleibt und angesichts des als gering beurteilten Fortschritts der Kommune besonderes Gewicht erhält. Zentrale Einflussfaktoren für die Translation sind die verfügbaren personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen, die Akzeptanz für die SDGs in Verwaltung, Politik und Gesellschaft und nicht zuletzt das persönliche Engagement einzelner Verwaltungsmitarbeiter*innen. N2 - The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have become the leading set of guidelines for sustainability strategies on every government level. Cities are the Agenda 2030’s focal point. Their local governments however find themselves in a challenging dilemma: On the one hand, the SDG’s holistic approach warrants a wholesale integration into local policy. On the other hand, a substantial adaptation is necessary to integrate the Goals into the local context. This paper uses a case study to examine how municipalities translate the Sustainable Development Goals into their sustainability action plans and strategies. Moreover, it examines which factors are influential to this process. This study uses a translation theory perspective, which characterizes the transfer of an idea into the local context as an active process. It focusses on the actors and how they perceive the transferred idea. For this, qualitative interviews are conducted and analyzed. Thereby, this study shows that while SDGs are being filtered according to their relevancy for the municipality, their normative dimension remains intact. The municipal actors consider this dimension crucial vis-à-vis the lack of progress that they perceive in their municipality. This study finds that core influencing factors are the financial and personnel resources available, the acceptance of SDGs within the administration, politics and society as well as the activism of singular municipal actors. KW - SDGs KW - Kommunen KW - öffentliche Verwaltung KW - Translation KW - Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien KW - SDGs KW - local government KW - public administration KW - translation KW - sustainability strategies Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-634873 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Svennevig, Kristian A1 - Hermanns, Reginald L. A1 - Keiding, Marie A1 - Binder, Daniel A1 - Citterio, Michele A1 - Dahl-Jensen, Trine A1 - Mertl, Stefan A1 - Sørensen, Erik Vest A1 - Voss, Peter Henrik T1 - A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground-the June 2021 Assapaat landslibe, West Greenland JF - Landslides N2 - A large landslide (frozen debris avalanche) occurred at Assapaat on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland on June 13, 2021, at 04:04 local time. We present a compilation of available data from field observations, photos, remote sensing, and seismic monitoring to describe the event. Analysis of these data in combination with an analysis of pre- and post-failure digital elevation models results in the first description of this type of landslide. The frozen debris avalanche initiated as a 6.9 * 10(6) m(3) failure of permafrozen talus slope and underlying colluvium and till at 600-880 m elevation. It entrained a large volume of permafrozen colluvium along its 2.4 km path in two subsequent entrainment phases accumulating a total volume between 18.3 * 10(6) and 25.9 * 10(6) m(3). About 3.9 * 10(6) m(3) is estimated to have entered the Vaigat strait; however, no tsunami was reported, or is evident in the field. This is probably because the second stage of entrainment along with a flattening of slope angle reduced the mobility of the frozen debris avalanche. We hypothesise that the initial talus slope failure is dynamically conditioned by warming of the ice matrix that binds the permafrozen talus slope. When the slope ice temperature rises to a critical level, its shear resistance is reduced, resulting in an unstable talus slope prone to failure. Likewise, we attribute the large-scale entrainment to increasing slope temperature and take the frozen debris avalanche as a strong sign that the permafrost in this region is increasingly at a critical state. Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic and frequent landslide events in the past decade in Western Greenland let us hypothesise that continued warming will lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of these types of landslides. Essential data for critical arctic slopes such as precipitation, snowmelt, and ground and surface temperature are still missing to further test this hypothesis. It is thus strongly required that research funds are made available to better predict the change of landslide threat in the Arctic. KW - Assapaat landslide KW - Slope temperature KW - Global warming Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7 SN - 1612-510X SN - 1612-5118 VL - 19 SP - 2549 EP - 2567 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin T1 - What anti-gender and anti-vaccines politics have in common BT - the construction of gender and the Covid-19 pandemic in right-wing discourses KW - anti-gender KW - featured KW - gender research KW - politics KW - science & technology Y1 - 2022 UR - https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2022/04/11/what-anti-gender-and-anti-vaccines-politics-have-in-common-the-construction-of-gender-and-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-right-wing-discourses/ PB - London School of Economics and Political Science CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krämer, Hauke Kai A1 - Gelbrecht, Maximilian A1 - Pavithran, Induja A1 - Sujith, Ravindran A1 - Marwan, Norbert T1 - Optimal state space reconstruction via Monte Carlo decision tree search JF - Nonlinear Dynamics N2 - A novel idea for an optimal time delay state space reconstruction from uni- and multivariate time series is presented. The entire embedding process is considered as a game, in which each move corresponds to an embedding cycle and is subject to an evaluation through an objective function. This way the embedding procedure can be modeled as a tree, in which each leaf holds a specific value of the objective function. By using a Monte Carlo ansatz, the proposed algorithm populates the tree with many leafs by computing different possible embedding paths and the final embedding is chosen as that particular path, which ends at the leaf with the lowest achieved value of the objective function. The method aims to prevent getting stuck in a local minimum of the objective function and can be used in a modular way, enabling practitioners to choose a statistic for possible delays in each embedding cycle as well as a suitable objective function themselves. The proposed method guarantees the optimization of the chosen objective function over the parameter space of the delay embedding as long as the tree is sampled sufficiently. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the classical time delay embedding methods using a variety of application examples. We compare recurrence plot-based statistics inferred from reconstructions of a Lorenz-96 system and highlight an improved forecast accuracy for map-like model data as well as for palaeoclimate isotope time series. Finally, we utilize state space reconstruction for the detection of causality and its strength between observables of a gas turbine type thermoacoustic combustor. KW - State space reconstruction KW - Embedding KW - Optimization KW - Time series analysis KW - Causality KW - Prediction KW - Recurrence analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07280-2 SN - 0924-090X SN - 1573-269X VL - 108 IS - 2 SP - 1525 EP - 1545 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin T1 - The politics of fear BT - right wing anti-gender and anti-vaccination narratives T2 - WIIS Blog Y1 - 2022 UR - https://wiisglobal.org/the-politics-of-fear-right-wing-anti-gender-and-anti-vaccination-narratives-2/#_edn1 CY - Women in International Security ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kong, Xiangzhen A1 - Ghaffar, Salman A1 - Determann, Maria A1 - Friese, Kurt A1 - Jomaa, Seifeddine A1 - Mi, Chenxi A1 - Shatwell, Tom A1 - Rinke, Karsten A1 - Rode, Michael T1 - Reservoir water quality deterioration due to deforestation emphasizes the indirect effects of global change JF - Water research : a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) N2 - Deforestation is currently a widespread phenomenon and a growing environmental concern in the era of rapid climate change. In temperate regions, it is challenging to quantify the impacts of deforestation on the catchment dynamics and downstream aquatic ecosystems such as reservoirs and disentangle these from direct climate change impacts, let alone project future changes to inform management. Here, we tackled this issue by investigating a unique catchment-reservoir system with two reservoirs in distinct trophic states (meso- and eutrophic), both of which drain into the largest drinking water reservoir in Germany. Due to the prolonged droughts in 2015-2018, the catchment of the mesotrophic reservoir lost an unprecedented area of forest (exponential increase since 2015 and ca. 17.1% loss in 2020 alone). We coupled catchment nutrient exports (HYPE) and reservoir ecosystem dynamics (GOTM-WET) models using a process-based modeling approach. The coupled model was validated with datasets spanning periods of rapid deforestation, which makes our future projections highly robust. Results show that in a short-term time scale (by 2035), increasing nutrient flux from the catchment due to vast deforestation (80% loss) can turn the mesotrophic reservoir into a eutrophic state as its counterpart. Our results emphasize the more prominent impacts of deforestation than the direct impact of climate warming in impairment of water quality and ecological services to downstream aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to evaluate the impact of climate change on temperate reservoirs by incorporating a time scale-dependent context, highlighting the indirect impact of deforestation in the short-term scale. In the long-term scale (e.g. to 2100), a guiding hypothesis for future research may be that indirect effects (e.g., as mediated by catchment dynamics) are as important as the direct effects of climate warming on aquatic ecosystems. KW - deforestation KW - climate change KW - temperate regions KW - reservoir KW - eutrophication KW - process-based modeling Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118721 SN - 0043-1354 SN - 1879-2448 VL - 221 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - THES A1 - Huegle, Johannes T1 - Causal discovery in practice: Non-parametric conditional independence testing and tooling for causal discovery T1 - Kausale Entdeckung in der Praxis: Nichtparametrische bedingte Unabhängigkeitstests und Werkzeuge für die Kausalentdeckung N2 - Knowledge about causal structures is crucial for decision support in various domains. For example, in discrete manufacturing, identifying the root causes of failures and quality deviations that interrupt the highly automated production process requires causal structural knowledge. However, in practice, root cause analysis is usually built upon individual expert knowledge about associative relationships. But, "correlation does not imply causation", and misinterpreting associations often leads to incorrect conclusions. Recent developments in methods for causal discovery from observational data have opened the opportunity for a data-driven examination. Despite its potential for data-driven decision support, omnipresent challenges impede causal discovery in real-world scenarios. In this thesis, we make a threefold contribution to improving causal discovery in practice. (1) The growing interest in causal discovery has led to a broad spectrum of methods with specific assumptions on the data and various implementations. Hence, application in practice requires careful consideration of existing methods, which becomes laborious when dealing with various parameters, assumptions, and implementations in different programming languages. Additionally, evaluation is challenging due to the lack of ground truth in practice and limited benchmark data that reflect real-world data characteristics. To address these issues, we present a platform-independent modular pipeline for causal discovery and a ground truth framework for synthetic data generation that provides comprehensive evaluation opportunities, e.g., to examine the accuracy of causal discovery methods in case of inappropriate assumptions. (2) Applying constraint-based methods for causal discovery requires selecting a conditional independence (CI) test, which is particularly challenging in mixed discrete-continuous data omnipresent in many real-world scenarios. In this context, inappropriate assumptions on the data or the commonly applied discretization of continuous variables reduce the accuracy of CI decisions, leading to incorrect causal structures. Therefore, we contribute a non-parametric CI test leveraging k-nearest neighbors methods and prove its statistical validity and power in mixed discrete-continuous data, as well as the asymptotic consistency when used in constraint-based causal discovery. An extensive evaluation of synthetic and real-world data shows that the proposed CI test outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in the accuracy of CI testing and causal discovery, particularly in settings with low sample sizes. (3) To show the applicability and opportunities of causal discovery in practice, we examine our contributions in real-world discrete manufacturing use cases. For example, we showcase how causal structural knowledge helps to understand unforeseen production downtimes or adds decision support in case of failures and quality deviations in automotive body shop assembly lines. N2 - Kenntnisse über die Strukturen zugrundeliegender kausaler Mechanismen sind eine Voraussetzung für die Entscheidungsunterstützung in verschiedenen Bereichen. In der Fertigungsindustrie beispielsweise erfordert die Fehler-Ursachen-Analyse von Störungen und Qualitätsabweichungen, die den hochautomatisierten Produktionsprozess unterbrechen, kausales Strukturwissen. In Praxis stützt sich die Fehler-Ursachen-Analyse in der Regel jedoch auf individuellem Expertenwissen über assoziative Zusammenhänge. Aber "Korrelation impliziert nicht Kausalität", und die Fehlinterpretation assoziativer Zusammenhänge führt häufig zu falschen Schlussfolgerungen. Neueste Entwicklungen von Methoden des kausalen Strukturlernens haben die Möglichkeit einer datenbasierten Betrachtung eröffnet. Trotz seines Potenzials zur datenbasierten Entscheidungsunterstützung wird das kausale Strukturlernen in der Praxis jedoch durch allgegenwärtige Herausforderungen erschwert. In dieser Dissertation leisten wir einen dreifachen Beitrag zur Verbesserung des kausalen Strukturlernens in der Praxis. (1) Das wachsende Interesse an kausalem Strukturlernen hat zu einer Vielzahl von Methoden mit spezifischen statistischen Annahmen über die Daten und verschiedenen Implementierungen geführt. Daher erfordert die Anwendung in der Praxis eine sorgfältige Prüfung der vorhandenen Methoden, was eine Herausforderung darstellt, wenn verschiedene Parameter, Annahmen und Implementierungen in unterschiedlichen Programmiersprachen betrachtet werden. Hierbei wird die Evaluierung von Methoden des kausalen Strukturlernens zusätzlich durch das Fehlen von "Ground Truth" in der Praxis und begrenzten Benchmark-Daten, welche die Eigenschaften realer Datencharakteristiken widerspiegeln, erschwert. Um diese Probleme zu adressieren, stellen wir eine plattformunabhängige modulare Pipeline für kausales Strukturlernen und ein Tool zur Generierung synthetischer Daten vor, die umfassende Evaluierungsmöglichkeiten bieten, z.B. um Ungenauigkeiten von Methoden des Lernens kausaler Strukturen bei falschen Annahmen an die Daten aufzuzeigen. (2) Die Anwendung von constraint-basierten Methoden des kausalen Strukturlernens erfordert die Wahl eines bedingten Unabhängigkeitstests (CI-Test), was insbesondere bei gemischten diskreten und kontinuierlichen Daten, die in vielen realen Szenarien allgegenwärtig sind, die Anwendung erschwert. Beispielsweise führen falsche Annahmen der CI-Tests oder die Diskretisierung kontinuierlicher Variablen zu einer Verschlechterung der Korrektheit der Testentscheidungen, was in fehlerhaften kausalen Strukturen resultiert. Um diese Probleme zu adressieren, stellen wir einen nicht-parametrischen CI-Test vor, der auf Nächste-Nachbar-Methoden basiert, und beweisen dessen statistische Validität und Trennschärfe bei gemischten diskreten und kontinuierlichen Daten, sowie dessen asymptotische Konsistenz in constraint-basiertem kausalem Strukturlernen. Eine umfangreiche Evaluation auf synthetischen und realen Daten zeigt, dass der vorgeschlagene CI-Test bestehende Verfahren hinsichtlich der Korrektheit der Testentscheidung und gelernter kausaler Strukturen übertrifft, insbesondere bei geringen Stichprobengrößen. (3) Um die Anwendbarkeit und Möglichkeiten kausalen Strukturlernens in der Praxis aufzuzeigen, untersuchen wir unsere Beiträge in realen Anwendungsfällen aus der Fertigungsindustrie. Wir zeigen an mehreren Beispielen aus der automobilen Karosseriefertigungen wie kausales Strukturwissen helfen kann, unvorhergesehene Produktionsausfälle zu verstehen oder eine Entscheidungsunterstützung bei Störungen und Qualitätsabweichungen zu geben. KW - causal discovery KW - causal structure learning KW - causal AI KW - non-parametric conditional independence testing KW - manufacturing KW - causal reasoning KW - mixed data KW - kausale KI KW - kausale Entdeckung KW - kausale Schlussfolgerung KW - kausales Strukturlernen KW - Fertigung KW - gemischte Daten KW - nicht-parametrische bedingte Unabhängigkeitstests Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-635820 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yuan, Jun A1 - Zhang, Chujun A1 - Qiu, Beibei A1 - Liu, Wei A1 - So, Shu Kong A1 - Mainville, Mathieu A1 - Leclerc, Mario A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Zou, Yingping T1 - Effects of energetic disorder in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells JF - Energy & environmental science N2 - Organic solar cells (OSCs) have progressed rapidly in recent years through the development of novel organic photoactive materials, especially non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Consequently, OSCs based on state-of-the-art NFAs have reached significant milestones, such as similar to 19% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and small energy losses (less than 0.5 eV). Despite these significant advances, understanding of the interplay between molecular structure and optoelectronic properties lags significantly behind. For example, despite the theoretical framework for describing the energetic disorder being well developed for the case of inorganic semiconductors, the question of the applicability of classical semiconductor theories in analyzing organic semiconductors is still under debate. A general observation in the inorganic field is that inorganic photovoltaic materials possessing a polycrystalline microstructure exhibit suppressed disorder properties and better charge carrier transport compared to their amorphous analogs. Accordingly, this principle extends to the organic semiconductor field as many organic photovoltaic materials are synthesized to pursue polycrystalline-like features. Yet, there appears to be sporadic examples that exhibit an opposite trend. However, full studies decoupling energetic disorder from aggregation effects have largely been left out. Hence, the potential role of the energetic disorder in OSCs has received little attention. Interestingly, recently reported state-of-the-art NFA-based devices could achieve a small energetic disorder and high PCE at the same time; and interest in this investigation related to the disorder properties in OSCs was revived. In this contribution, progress in terms of the correlation between molecular design and energetic disorder is reviewed together with their effects on the optoelectronic mechanism and photovoltaic performance. Finally, the specific challenges and possible solutions in reducing the energetic disorder of OSCs from the viewpoint of materials and devices are proposed. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee00271j SN - 1754-5692 SN - 1754-5706 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 2806 EP - 2818 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kroh, Daniel A1 - Eller, Fabian A1 - Schötz, Konstantin A1 - Wedler, Stefan A1 - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena A1 - Freychet, Guillaume A1 - Wei, Qingya A1 - Dörr, Maximilian A1 - Jones, David A1 - Zou, Yingping A1 - Herzig, Eva M. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Köhler, Anna T1 - Identifying the signatures of intermolecular interactions in blends of PM6 with Y6 and N4 using absorption spectroscopy JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - In organic solar cells, the resulting device efficiency depends strongly on the local morphology and intermolecular interactions of the blend film. Optical spectroscopy was used to identify the spectral signatures of interacting chromophores in blend films of the donor polymer PM6 with two state-of-the-art nonfullerene acceptors, Y6 and N4, which differ merely in the branching point of the side chain. From temperature-dependent absorption and luminescence spectroscopy in solution, it is inferred that both acceptor materials form two types of aggregates that differ in their interaction energy. Y6 forms an aggregate with a predominant J-type character in solution, while for N4 molecules the interaction is predominantly in a H-like manner in solution and freshly spin-cast film, yet the molecules reorient with respect to each other with time or thermal annealing to adopt a more J-type interaction. The different aggregation behavior of the acceptor materials is also reflected in the blend films and accounts for the different solar cell efficiencies reported with the two blends. KW - charge-transfer states KW - Frank-Condon analysis KW - morphology KW - organic solar cells Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202205711 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 32 IS - 44 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin A1 - Asante, Doris T1 - From victims to activists BT - women’s engagement and participation in p/cve T2 - Australian outlook N2 - For a long time, women were invisible in the policy responses to political violence and terrorism. Although the introduction of Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) has helped improve the representation of women, there is still a long way to go. Y1 - 2022 UR - https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/from-victims-to-activists-womens-engagement-and-participation-in-p-cve/ PB - Australian Institute of International Affairs CY - Deakin ACT ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Casel, Katrin A1 - Fernau, Henning A1 - Ghadikolaei, Mehdi Khosravian A1 - Monnot, Jerome A1 - Sikora, Florian T1 - On the complexity of solution extension of optimization problems JF - Theoretical computer science : the journal of the EATCS N2 - The question if a given partial solution to a problem can be extended reasonably occurs in many algorithmic approaches for optimization problems. For instance, when enumerating minimal vertex covers of a graph G = (V, E), one usually arrives at the problem to decide for a vertex set U subset of V (pre-solution), if there exists a minimal vertex cover S (i.e., a vertex cover S subset of V such that no proper subset of S is a vertex cover) with U subset of S (minimal extension of U). We propose a general, partial-order based formulation of such extension problems which allows to model parameterization and approximation aspects of extension, and also highlights relationships between extension tasks for different specific problems. As examples, we study a number of specific problems which can be expressed and related in this framework. In particular, we discuss extension variants of the problems dominating set and feedback vertex/edge set. All these problems are shown to be NP-complete even when restricted to bipartite graphs of bounded degree, with the exception of our extension version of feedback edge set on undirected graphs which is shown to be solvable in polynomial time. For the extension variants of dominating and feedback vertex set, we also show NP-completeness for the restriction to planar graphs of bounded degree. As non-graph problem, we also study an extension version of the bin packing problem. We further consider the parameterized complexity of all these extension variants, where the parameter is a measure of the pre-solution as defined by our framework. KW - extension problems KW - NP-hardness KW - parameterized complexity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2021.10.017 SN - 0304-3975 SN - 1879-2294 VL - 904 SP - 48 EP - 65 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Conrad, Markus A1 - Ullrich, Susann A1 - Schmidtke, David S. A1 - Kotz, Sonja A. T1 - ERPs reveal an iconic relation between sublexical phonology and affective meaning JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - Classical linguistic theory assumes that formal aspects, like sound, are not internally related to the meaning of words. However, recent research suggests language might code affective meaning such as threat and alert sublexically. Positing affective phonological iconicity as a systematic organization principle of the German lexicon, we calculated sublexical affective values for sub-syllabic phonological word segments from a large-scale affective lexical German database by averaging valence and arousal ratings of all words any phonological segment appears in. We tested word stimuli with either consistent or inconsistent mappings between lexical affective meaning and sublexical affective values (negative-valence/high-arousal vs. neutral-valence/lowarousal) in an EEG visual-lexical-decision task. A mismatch between sublexical and lexical affective values elicited an increased N400 response. These results reveal that systematic affective phonological iconicity - extracted from the lexicon - impacts the extraction of lexical word meaning during reading. KW - Sound symbolism KW - Visual word recognition KW - Phonological iconicity KW - Affective meaning KW - N400 KW - ERPs Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105182 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 226 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jasser, Greta A1 - Kelly, Megan A1 - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin T1 - Frauenfeind, aber kein Incel BT - das Manifest des Hanau-Attentäters zwischen Rechtsextremismus und Frauenhass T2 - Belltower.News N2 - Der Attentater von Hanau war, das verrät sein Manifest, ein Frauenfeind – aber kein Incel. Warum die Einschätzung als Incel bequem und gefährlich ist, erläutert dieser Gastbeitrag der Wissenschaftlerinnen Megan Kelly, Ann-Kathrin Rothermel und Greta Jasser, Fellows am Institute for Research on Male Supremacism (IRMS). KW - Antifeminismus KW - Frauen KW - Frauenhass KW - Gewalt KW - Hanau KW - Incels KW - Isla Vista KW - Manosphere KW - Rechtsextremismus KW - Rechtsterrorismus KW - Reddit KW - Sexismus Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.belltower.news/das-manifest-des-hanau-attentaeters-zwischen-rechtsextremismus-und-frauenhass-frauenfeind-aber-kein-incel-97509/ PB - Amadeu Antonio Stiftung CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Tatjana A1 - Brandt, Lasse A1 - de la Fuente, Marie A1 - Nenchev, Ivan T1 - Stimulus data and experimental design for a self-paced reading study on emoji-word substitutions JF - Data in Brief N2 - This data paper presents the experimental design and stimuli from an online self-paced reading study on the processing of emojis substituting lexically ambiguous nouns. We recorded reading times for the target ambiguous nouns and for emojis depicting either the intended target referent or a contextually inappropriate homophonous noun. Furthermore, we recorded comprehension accuracy, demographics and a self-assessment of the participants' emoji usage frequency. The data includes all stimuli used, the raw data, the full JavaScript code for the online experiment, as well as Python and R code for the data analysis. We believe that our dataset may give important insights related to the comprehension mechanisms involved in the cognitive processing of emojis. For interpretation and discussion of the experiment, please see the original article entitled "The processing of emoji-word substitutions: A self-paced-reading study". KW - Emojis KW - Self-paced reading KW - Lexical ambiguity KW - Homonymy KW - Processing Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108399 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 43 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bande, Annika A1 - González, Leticia A1 - Klamroth, Tillmann A1 - Tremblay, Jean Christophe T1 - Theoretical chemistry and quantum dynamics at interfaces BT - Celebrating the career of Peter Saalfrank on the occasion of his 60th birthday T2 - Chemical physics : a journal devoted to experimental and theoretical research involving problems of both a chemical and physical nature Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111509 SN - 0301-0104 SN - 1873-4421 VL - 558 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ou, Qi A1 - Daout, Simon A1 - Weiss, Jonathan R. A1 - Shen, Lin A1 - Lazecky, Milan A1 - Wright, Tim J. A1 - Parsons, Barry E. T1 - Large-Scale interseismic strain mapping of the NE Tibetan Plateau from Sentinel-1 Interferometry JF - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth N2 - The launches of the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar satellites in 2014 and 2016 started a new era of high-resolution velocity and strain rate mapping for the continents. However, multiple challenges exist in tying independently processed velocity data sets to a common reference frame and producing high-resolution strain rate fields. We analyze Sentinel-1 data acquired between 2014 and 2019 over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and develop new methods to derive east and vertical velocities with similar to 100 m resolution and similar to 1 mm/yr accuracy across an area of 440,000 km(2). By implementing a new method of combining horizontal gradients of filtered east and interpolated north velocities, we derive the first similar to 1 km resolution strain rate field for this tectonically active region. The strain rate fields show concentrated shear strain along the Haiyuan and East Kunlun Faults, and local contractional strain on fault junctions, within the Qilianshan thrusts, and around the Longyangxia Reservoir. The Laohushan-Jingtai creeping section of the Haiyuan Fault is highlighted in our data set by extremely rapid strain rates. Strain across unknown portions of the Haiyuan Fault system, including shear on the eastern extension of the Dabanshan Fault and contraction at the western flank of the Quwushan, highlight unmapped tectonic structures. In addition to the uplift across most of the lowlands, the vertical velocities also contain climatic, hydrological or anthropogenic-related deformation signals. We demonstrate the enhanced view of large-scale active tectonic processes provided by high-resolution velocities and strain rates derived from Sentinel-1 data and highlight associated wide-ranging research applications. KW - Sentinel-1 InSAR KW - interseismic strain rate KW - creep and unmapped faults; KW - hydrological uplift and subsidence KW - tectonic geodesy KW - surface velocity KW - mapping Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024176 SN - 2169-9313 SN - 2169-9356 VL - 127 IS - 6 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - CHAP A1 - M’Hamed, Sonia Chikh A1 - Sprinz, Detlef F. ED - Dyrhauge, Helene ED - Kurze, Kristina T1 - The keys to the EU’s climate neutrality goal T2 - Making the European Green Deal work N2 - The EU and its member countries have been laggards in using forest carbon to reduce EU emissions. The European Green Deal aims to change this. As part of its long-term emissions reductions, the EU aims to offset this by creating land-based carbon sinks, especially forest carbon sinks as well as carbon capture and storage. This chapter focuses on the role of forest carbon as part of the EU's climate policies towards achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It furthermore examines the European Commission's proposed forest strategy and its proposal for a revised LULUCF Regulation. The chapter shows that the logic of appropriateness dominates the European Commission's forest policies. Finally, the chapter makes policy recommendations on how the EU could credibly use long-term carbon sinks to achieve climate neutrality. Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-1-032-16070-2 SN - 978-1-032-16077-1 SN - 978-1-003-24698-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003246985-6 SP - 60 EP - 75 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sprinz, Detlef F. ED - Jörgens, Helge ED - Knill, Christoph ED - Steinebach, Yves T1 - The challenge of long-term environmental policy T2 - Routledge handbook of environmental policy N2 - Long-term environmental policy remains a vexing puzzle of environmental policy. Following its definition, the author reviews the methods suitable for the study of long-term environmental policy and develops a typology of policy instruments to cope with these challenges. The concluding section offers five central research challenges to advance the study of long-term environmental policy. Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-0-367-48992-2 SN - 978-1-032-50311-0 SN - 978-1-003-04384-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003043843-26 SP - 305 EP - 314 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wagner, Dieter A1 - Tellez, Ibrahin Amhed León ED - Hickmann, Thomas ED - Lederer, Markus T1 - Knowledge and technology-transfer-networks BT - examples in the nutrition, food and agricultural sector in Germany and Cuba T2 - Leidenschaft und Augenmaß : sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf Entwicklung, Verwaltung, Umwelt und Klima : Festschrift für Harald Fuhr Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8487-5249-2 SN - 978-3-8452-9429-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845294292-285 SP - 285 EP - 298 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dunn, Malcolm H. A1 - Ganahl, Joseph P. ED - Hickmann, Thomas ED - Lederer, Markus T1 - Das Prinzip und System der modernen Armut T2 - Leidenschaft und Augenmaß : sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf Entwicklung, Verwaltung, Umwelt und Klima : Festschrift für Harald Fuhr Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8487-5249-2 SN - 978-3-8452-9429-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845294292-23 SP - 23 EP - 38 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ijomone, Omamuyovwi M. A1 - Iroegbu, Joy D. A1 - Morcillo, Patricia A1 - Ayodele, Akinyemi J. A1 - Ijomone, Olayemi K. A1 - Bornhorst, Julia A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja A1 - Aschner, Michael T1 - Sex-dependent metal accumulation and immunoexpression of Hsp70 and Nrf2 in rats' brain following manganese exposure JF - Environmental toxicology N2 - Manganese (Mn), although important for multiple cellular processes, has posed environmental health concerns due to its neurotoxic effects. In recent years, there have been extensive studies on the mechanism of Mn-induced neuropathology, as well as the sex-dependent vulnerability to its neurotoxic effects. Nonetheless, cellular mechanisms influenced by sex differences in susceptibility to Mn have yet to be adequately characterized. Since oxidative stress is a key mechanism of Mn neurotoxicity, here, we have probed Hsp70 and Nrf2 proteins to investigate the sex-dependent changes following exposure to Mn. Male and female rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of MnCl2 (10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg) 48 hourly for a total of eight injections (15 days). We evaluated changes in body weight, as well as Mn accumulation, Nrf2 and Hsp70 expression across four brain regions; striatum, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in both sexes. Our results showed sex-specific changes in body-weight, specifically in males but not in females. Additionally, we noted sex-dependent accumulation of Mn in the brain, as well as in expression levels of Nrf2 and Hsp70 proteins. These findings revealed sex-dependent susceptibility to Mn-induced neurotoxicity corresponding to differential Mn accumulation, and expression of Hsp70 and Nrf2 across several brain regions. KW - brain KW - female KW - male KW - manganese KW - oxidative stress Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23583 SN - 1520-4081 SN - 1522-7278 VL - 37 IS - 9 SP - 2167 EP - 2177 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Jann, Werner ED - Hickmann, Thomas ED - Lederer, Markus T1 - The modern state and administrative reform BT - the times they are a-changin’ T2 - Leidenschaft und Augenmaß : sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven auf Entwicklung, Verwaltung, Umwelt und Klima : Festschrift für Harald Fuhr Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8487-5249-2 SN - 978-3-8452-9429-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845294292-59 SP - 59 EP - 72 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - THES A1 - Dörries, Timo Julian T1 - Anomalous transport and non-Gaussian dynamics in mobile-immobile models N2 - The mobile-immobile model (MIM) has been established in geoscience in the context of contaminant transport in groundwater. Here the tracer particles effectively immobilise, e.g., due to diffusion into dead-end pores or sorption. The main idea of the MIM is to split the total particle density into a mobile and an immobile density. Individual tracers switch between the mobile and immobile state following a two-state telegraph process, i.e., the residence times in each state are distributed exponentially. In geoscience the focus lies on the breakthrough curve (BTC), which is the concentration at a fixed location over time. We apply the MIM to biological experiments with a special focus on anomalous scaling regimes of the mean squared displacement (MSD) and non-Gaussian displacement distributions. As an exemplary system, we have analysed the motion of tau proteins, that diffuse freely inside axons of neurons. Their free diffusion thereby corresponds to the mobile state of the MIM. Tau proteins stochastically bind to microtubules, which effectively immobilises the tau proteins until they unbind and continue diffusing. Long immobilisation durations compared to the mobile durations give rise to distinct non-Gaussian Laplace shaped distributions. It is accompanied by a plateau in the MSD for initially mobile tracer particles at relevant intermediate timescales. An equilibrium fraction of initially mobile tracers gives rise to non-Gaussian displacements at intermediate timescales, while the MSD remains linear at all times. In another setting bio molecules diffuse in a biosensor and transiently bind to specific receptors, where advection becomes relevant in the mobile state. The plateau in the MSD observed for the advection-free setting and long immobilisation durations persists also for the case with advection. We find a new clear regime of anomalous diffusion with non-Gaussian distributions and a cubic scaling of the MSD. This regime emerges for initially mobile and for initially immobile tracers. For an equilibrium fraction of initially mobile tracers we observe an intermittent ballistic scaling of the MSD. The long-time effective diffusion coefficient is enhanced by advection, which we physically explain with the variance of mobile durations. Finally, we generalize the MIM to incorporate arbitrary immobilisation time distributions and focus on a Mittag-Leffler immobilisation time distribution with power-law tail ~ t^(-1-mu) with 0