TY - JOUR A1 - Kniepert, Juliane A1 - Lange, Ilja A1 - van der Kaap, Niels J. A1 - Koster, L. Jan Anton A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - A conclusive view on charge generation, recombination, and extraction in As-prepared and annealed P3HT:PCBM blends: combined experimental and simulation work JF - dvanced energy materials N2 - Time-delayed collection field (TDCF) and bias-amplified charge extraction (BACE) are applied to as-prepared and annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C-71 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blends coated from chloroform. Despite large differences in fill factor, short-circuit current, and power conversion efficiency, both blends exhibit a negligible dependence of photogeneration on the electric field and strictly bimolecular recombination (BMR) with a weak dependence of the BMR coefficient on charge density. Drift-diffusion simulations are performed using the measured coefficients and mobilities, taking into account bimolecular recombination and the possible effects of surface recombination. The excellent agreement between the simulation and the experimental data for an intensity range covering two orders of magnitude indicates that a field-independent generation rate and a density-independent recombination coefficient describe the current-voltage characteristics of the annealed P3HT: PCBM devices, while the performance of the as-prepared blend is shown to be limited by space charge effects due to a low hole mobility. Finally, even though the bimolecular recombination coefficient is small, surface recombination is found to be a negligible loss mechanism in these solar cells. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201301401 SN - 1614-6832 SN - 1614-6840 VL - 4 IS - 7 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dahm, Torsten A1 - Fischer, Tomas T1 - Velocity ratio variations in the source region of earthquake swarms in NW Bohemia obtained from arrival time double-differences JF - Geophysical journal international N2 - Crustal earthquake swarms are an expression of intensive cracking and rock damaging over periods of days, weeks or month in a small source region in the crust. They are caused by longer lasting stress changes in the source region. Often, the localized stressing of the crust is associated with fluid or gas migration, possibly in combination with pre-existing zones of weaknesses. However, verifying and quantifying localized fluid movement at depth remains difficult since the area affected is small and geophysical prospecting methods often cannot reach the required resolution. We apply a simple and robust method to estimate the velocity ratio between compressional (P) and shear (S) waves (upsilon(P)/upsilon(S)-ratio) in the source region of an earthquake swarm. The upsilon(P)/upsilon(S)-ratio may be unusual small if the swarm is related to gas in a porous or fractured rock. The method uses arrival time difference between P and S waves observed at surface seismic stations, and the associated double differences between pairs of earthquakes. An advantage is that earthquake locations are not required and the method seems lesser dependent on unknown velocity variations in the crust outside the source region. It is, thus, suited for monitoring purposes. Applications comprise three natural, mid-crustal (8-10 km) earthquake swarms between 1997 and 2008 from the NW-Bohemia swarm region. We resolve a strong temporal decrease of upsilon(P)/upsilon(S) before and during the main activity of the swarm, and a recovery of upsilon(P)/upsilon(S) to background levels at the end of the swarms. The anomalies are interpreted in terms of the Biot-Gassman equations, assuming the presence of oversaturated fluids degassing during the beginning phase of the swarm activity. KW - Tomography KW - Earthquake source observations KW - Volcano seismology Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt410 SN - 0956-540X SN - 1365-246X VL - 196 IS - 2 SP - 957 EP - 970 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Keller, Adrian T1 - Molecular processes studied at a single-molecule level using DNA origami nanostructures and atomic force microscopy JF - Molecules N2 - DNA origami nanostructures allow for the arrangement of different functionalities such as proteins, specific DNA structures, nanoparticles, and various chemical modifications with unprecedented precision. The arranged functional entities can be visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) which enables the study of molecular processes at a single-molecular level. Examples comprise the investigation of chemical reactions, electron-induced bond breaking, enzymatic binding and cleavage events, and conformational transitions in DNA. In this paper, we provide an overview of the advances achieved in the field of single-molecule investigations by applying atomic force microscopy to functionalized DNA origami substrates. KW - DNA origami KW - atomic force microscopy KW - single-molecule analysis KW - DNA radiation damage KW - protein binding KW - enzyme reactions KW - G quadruplexes Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190913803 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 13803 EP - 13823 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - de Araujo, Jose Carlos A1 - Batalla Villanueva, Ramon J. A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Special issue: analysis and modelling of sediment transfer in Mediterranean river basins T2 - Journal of soils and sediments : protection, risk assessment and remediation Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-1000-7 SN - 1439-0108 SN - 1614-7480 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 1905 EP - 1908 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Lacroix, Andre A1 - Roettger, Katrin A1 - Gollhofer, Albert A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas T1 - Relationships between trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, and balance performance in older adults JF - Journal of aging and physical activity N2 - This study investigated associations between variables of trunk muscle strength (TMS), spinal mobility, and balance in seniors. Thirty-four seniors (sex: 18 female, 16 male; age: 70 +/- 4 years; activity level: 13 +/- 7 hr/week) were tested for maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the trunk extensors, flexors, lateral flexors, rotators, spinal mobility, and steady-state, reactive, and proactive balance. Significant correlations were detected between all measures of TMS and static steady-state balance (r = .43.57, p < .05). Significant correlations were observed between specific measures of TMS and dynamic steady-state balance (r = .42.55, p < .05). No significant correlations were found between all variables of TMS and reactive/proactive balance and between all variables of spinal mobility and balance. Regression analyses revealed that TMS explains between 1-33% of total variance of the respective balance parameters. Findings indicate that TMS is related to measures of steady-state balance which may imply that TMS promoting exercises should be integrated in strength training for seniors. KW - elderly KW - core KW - gait KW - postural balance KW - force KW - physical performance Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/JAPA.2013-0108 SN - 1063-8652 SN - 1543-267X VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 490 EP - 498 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chang, Der-Chen A1 - Habal, Nadia A1 - Schulze, Bert-Wolfgang T1 - The edge algebra structure of the Zaremba problem JF - Journal of pseudo-differential operators and applications N2 - We study mixed boundary value problems, here mainly of Zaremba type for the Laplacian within an edge algebra of boundary value problems. The edge here is the interface of the jump from the Dirichlet to the Neumann condition. In contrast to earlier descriptions of mixed problems within such an edge calculus, cf. (Harutjunjan and Schulze, Elliptic mixed, transmission and singular crack problems, 2008), we focus on new Mellin edge quantisations of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator on the Neumann side of the boundary and employ a pseudo-differential calculus of corresponding boundary value problems without the transmission property at the interface. This allows us to construct parametrices for the original mixed problem in a new and transparent way. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11868-013-0088-7 SN - 1662-9981 SN - 1662-999X VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 155 PB - Springer CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Medeiros, Pedro Henrique Augusto A1 - de Araujo, Jose Carlos A1 - Mamede, George Leite A1 - Creutzfeldt, Benjamin A1 - Güntner, Andreas A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Connectivity of sediment transport in a semiarid environment: a synthesis for the Upper Jaguaribe Basin, Brazil JF - Journal of soils and sediments : protection, risk assessment and remediation N2 - Hydrosedimentological studies conducted in the semiarid Upper Jaguaribe Basin, Brazil, enabled the identification of the key processes controlling sediment connectivity at different spatial scales (10(0)-10(4) km(2)). Water and sediment fluxes were assessed from discharge, sediment concentrations and reservoir siltation measurements. Additionally, mathematical modelling (WASA-SED model) was used to quantify water and sediment transfer within the watershed. Rainfall erosivity in the study area was moderate (4600 MJ mm ha(-1) h(-1) year(-1)), whereas runoff depths (16-60 mm year(-1)), and therefore the sediment transport capacity, were low. Consequently, similar to 60 % of the eroded sediment was deposited along the landscape, regardless of the spatial scale. The existing high-density reservoir network (contributing area of 6 km(2) per reservoir) also limits sediment propagation, retaining up to 47 % of the sediment at the large basin scale. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) decreased with the spatial scale; on average, 41 % of the eroded sediment was yielded from the hillslopes, while for the whole 24,600-km(2) basin, the SDR was reduced to 1 % downstream of a large reservoir (1940-hm(3) capacity). Hydrological behaviour in the Upper Jaguaribe Basin represents a constraint on sediment propagation; low runoff depth is the main feature breaking sediment connectivity, which limits sediment transference from the hillslopes to the drainage system. Surface reservoirs are also important barriers, but their relative importance to sediment retention increases with scale, since larger contributing areas are more suitable for the construction of dams due to higher hydrological potential. KW - Brazil KW - Connectivity KW - Sediment redistribution KW - Semiarid KW - Spatial scale Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0988-z SN - 1439-0108 SN - 1614-7480 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 1938 EP - 1948 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pohl, Martin T1 - Physik für alle T3 - Verdammt clever Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-527-41235-8 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze, Bert-Wolfgang A1 - Wei, Y. T1 - The Mellin-edge quantisation for corner operators JF - Complex analysis and operator theory N2 - We establish a quantisation of corner-degenerate symbols, here called Mellin-edge quantisation, on a manifold with second order singularities. The typical ingredients come from the "most singular" stratum of which is a second order edge where the infinite transversal cone has a base that is itself a manifold with smooth edge. The resulting operator-valued amplitude functions on the second order edge are formulated purely in terms of Mellin symbols taking values in the edge algebra over . In this respect our result is formally analogous to a quantisation rule of (Osaka J. Math. 37:221-260, 2000) for the simpler case of edge-degenerate symbols that corresponds to the singularity order 1. However, from the singularity order 2 on there appear new substantial difficulties for the first time, partly caused by the edge singularities of the cone over that tend to infinity. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11785-013-0289-3 SN - 1661-8254 SN - 1661-8262 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - 803 EP - 841 PB - Springer CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heistermann, Maik A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Georgi, Christof A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Increasing life expectancy of water resources literature JF - Water resources research N2 - In a study from 2008, Lariviere and colleagues showed, for the field of natural sciences and engineering, that the median age of cited references is increasing over time. This result was considered counterintuitive: with the advent of electronic search engines, online journal issues and open access publications, one could have expected that cited literature is becoming younger. That study has motivated us to take a closer look at the changes in the age distribution of references that have been cited in water resources journals since 1965. Not only could we confirm the findings of Lariviere and colleagues. We were also able to show that the aging is mainly happening in the oldest 10-25% of an average reference list. This is consistent with our analysis of top-cited papers in the field of water resources. Rankings based on total citations since 1965 consistently show the dominance of old literature, including text books and research papers in equal shares. For most top-cited old-timers, citations are still growing exponentially. There is strong evidence that most citations are attracted by publications that introduced methods which meanwhile belong to the standard toolset of researchers and practitioners in the field of water resources. Although we think that this trend should not be overinterpreted as a sign of stagnancy, there might be cause for concern regarding how authors select their references. We question the increasing citation of textbook knowledge as it holds the risk that reference lists become overcrowded, and that the readability of papers deteriorates. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015674 SN - 0043-1397 SN - 1944-7973 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 5019 EP - 5028 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cesca, Simone A1 - Sen, Ali Tolga A1 - Dahm, Torsten T1 - Seismicity monitoring by cluster analysis of moment tensors JF - Geophysical journal international N2 - We suggest a new clustering approach to classify focal mechanisms from large moment tensor catalogues, with the purpose of automatically identify families of earthquakes with similar source geometry, recognize the orientation of most active faults, and detect temporal variations of the rupture processes. The approach differs in comparison to waveform similarity methods since clusters are detected even if they occur in large spatial distances. This approach is particularly helpful to analyse large moment tensor catalogues, as in microseismicity applications, where a manual analysis and classification is not feasible. A flexible algorithm is here proposed: it can handle different metrics, norms, and focal mechanism representations. In particular, the method can handle full moment tensor or constrained source model catalogues, for which different metrics are suggested. The method can account for variable uncertainties of different moment tensor components. We verify the method with synthetic catalogues. An application to real data from mining induced seismicity illustrates possible applications of the method and demonstrate the cluster detection and event classification performance with different moment tensor catalogues. Results proof that main earthquake source types occur on spatially separated faults, and that temporal changes in the number and characterization of focal mechanism clusters are detected. We suggest that moment tensor clustering can help assessing time dependent hazard in mines. KW - Persistence KW - memory KW - correlations KW - clustering KW - Earthquake source observations Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt492 SN - 0956-540X SN - 1365-246X VL - 196 IS - 3 SP - 1813 EP - 1826 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lange, Ilja A1 - Reiter, Sina A1 - Paetzel, Michael A1 - Zykov, Anton A1 - Nefedov, Alexei A1 - Hildebrandt, Jana A1 - Hecht, Stefan A1 - Kowarik, Stefan A1 - Woell, Christof A1 - Heimel, Georg A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Tuning the work function of polar zinc oxide surfaces using modified phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayers JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Zinc oxide (ZnO) is regarded as a promising alternative material for transparent conductive electrodes in optoelectronic devices. However, ZnO suffers from poor chemical stability. ZnO also has a moderate work function (WF), which results in substantial charge injection barriers into common (organic) semiconductors that constitute the active layer in a device. Controlling and tuning the ZnO WF is therefore necessary but challenging. Here, a variety of phosphonic acid based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited on ZnO surfaces are investigated. It is demonstrated that they allow the tuning the WF over a wide range of more than 1.5 eV, thus enabling the use of ZnO as both the hole-injecting and electron-injecting contact. The modified ZnO surfaces are characterized using a number of complementary techniques, demonstrating that the preparation protocol yields dense, well-defined molecular monolayers. KW - ZnO KW - self-assembled monolayers KW - phosphonic acid KW - surface modification KW - electrodes Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201401493 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 24 IS - 44 SP - 7014 EP - 7024 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vogel, Dominik A1 - Löbel, Stephan A1 - Proeller, Isabella A1 - Schuppan, Tino T1 - Einflussfaktoren von Führungsverhalten in der öffentlichen Verwaltung BT - Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie in der Bundesagentur für Arbeit N2 - Dieser Artikel adressiert zwei bisher nur wenig untersuchte Aspekte der Führungsforschung: Führungsverhalten im öffentlichen Sektor und Faktoren die Führungsverhalten beeinflussen. Mittels einer Fallstudie in der Bundesagentur für Arbeit werden explorativ Hypothesen über Einflussfaktoren des Führungsverhaltens aufgestellt. Die Studie kommt zu der Erkenntnis, dass eine oftmals angenommene Führungslücke im öffentlichen Sektor nicht bestätigt werden kann. Für das ausgeprägte Führungsverhalten, das in der Fallstudie beobachtet wurde, wird als Determinante die besondere Ausgestaltung des Managementsystems der Bundesagentur für Arbeit verantwortlich gemacht. Dazu gehört unter anderem das Performance Management System sowie die Führungskräfteauswahl und -entwicklung. Die Arbeit schließt mit Empfehlungen für weitere Forschungsansätze auf dem Gebiet der Führungsforschung im öffentlichen Sektor. N2 - This article focuses on two aspects of leadership research in the public sector which have received little attention so far. Firstly, leadership behavior in the public sector and secondly, its influencing factors. Based on an embedded case study of the German federal labor administra-tion ("Bundesagentur für Arbeit") hypotheses on influencing factors of leadership behavior were derived. In general, a rather active and explicit leadership behavior has been observed in the case study, and which is rather contradictory to the often proclaimed stereotype of a "leadership gap" in the public sector. As main determinants the unique arrangement of the management system of the "Bundesagentur für Arbeit" has been identified, especially the performance management system as well as the leadership selection and development programmes. The article concludes by giving recommendations for further research in the field of leadership in the public sector. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe - 73 KW - Führungsverhalten KW - Leadership KW - Personalentwicklung KW - Einflussfaktoren KW - Bundesagentur für Arbeit Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-95865 SP - 459 EP - 478 ER - TY - THES A1 - Takouna, Ibrahim T1 - Energy-efficient and performance-aware virtual machine management for cloud data centers T1 - Energieeffizientes und performancebewusstes Management virtueller Maschinen für Cloud Datenzentren N2 - Virtualisierte Cloud Datenzentren stellen nach Bedarf Ressourcen zur Verfügu-ng, ermöglichen agile Ressourcenbereitstellung und beherbergen heterogene Applikationen mit verschiedenen Anforderungen an Ressourcen. Solche Datenzentren verbrauchen enorme Mengen an Energie, was die Erhöhung der Betriebskosten, der Wärme innerhalb der Zentren und des Kohlendioxidausstoßes verursacht. Der Anstieg des Energieverbrauches kann durch ein ineffektives Ressourcenmanagement, das die ineffiziente Ressourcenausnutzung verursacht, entstehen. Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt detaillierte Modelle und neue Verfahren für virtualisiertes Ressourcenmanagement in Cloud Datenzentren vor. Die vorgestellten Verfahren ziehen das Service-Level-Agreement (SLA) und die Heterogenität der Auslastung bezüglich des Bedarfs an Speicherzugriffen und Kommunikationsmustern von Web- und HPC- (High Performance Computing) Applikationen in Betracht. Um die präsentierten Techniken zu evaluieren, verwenden wir Simulationen und echte Protokollierung der Auslastungen von Web- und HPC- Applikationen. Außerdem vergleichen wir unser Techniken und Verfahren mit anderen aktuellen Verfahren durch die Anwendung von verschiedenen Performance Metriken. Die Hauptbeiträge dieser Dissertation sind Folgendes: Ein Proaktives auf robuster Optimierung basierendes Ressourcenbereitstellungsverfahren. Dieses Verfahren erhöht die Fähigkeit der Hostes zur Verfüg-ungsstellung von mehr VMs. Gleichzeitig aber wird der unnötige Energieverbrauch minimiert. Zusätzlich mindert diese Technik unerwünschte Ände-rungen im Energiezustand des Servers. Die vorgestellte Technik nutzt einen auf Intervall basierenden Vorhersagealgorithmus zur Implementierung einer robusten Optimierung. Dabei werden unsichere Anforderungen in Betracht gezogen. Ein adaptives und auf Intervall basierendes Verfahren zur Vorhersage des Arbeitsaufkommens mit hohen, in kürzer Zeit auftretenden Schwankungen. Die Intervall basierende Vorhersage ist implementiert in der Standard Abweichung Variante und in der Median absoluter Abweichung Variante. Die Intervall-Änderungen basieren auf einem adaptiven Vertrauensfenster um die Schwankungen des Arbeitsaufkommens zu bewältigen. Eine robuste VM Zusammenlegung für ein effizientes Energie und Performance Management. Dies ermöglicht die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit zwischen der Energie und der Performance zu minimieren. Unser Verfahren reduziert die Anzahl der VM-Migrationen im Vergleich mit den neu vor kurzem vorgestellten Verfahren. Dies trägt auch zur Reduzierung des durch das Netzwerk verursachten Energieverbrauches. Außerdem reduziert dieses Verfahren SLA-Verletzungen und die Anzahl von Änderungen an Energiezus-tänden. Ein generisches Modell für das Netzwerk eines Datenzentrums um die verzö-gerte Kommunikation und ihre Auswirkung auf die VM Performance und auf die Netzwerkenergie zu simulieren. Außerdem wird ein generisches Modell für ein Memory-Bus des Servers vorgestellt. Dieses Modell beinhaltet auch Modelle für die Latenzzeit und den Energieverbrauch für verschiedene Memory Frequenzen. Dies erlaubt eine Simulation der Memory Verzögerung und ihre Auswirkung auf die VM-Performance und auf den Memory Energieverbrauch. Kommunikation bewusste und Energie effiziente Zusammenlegung für parallele Applikationen um die dynamische Entdeckung von Kommunikationsmustern und das Umplanen von VMs zu ermöglichen. Das Umplanen von VMs benutzt eine auf den entdeckten Kommunikationsmustern basierende Migration. Eine neue Technik zur Entdeckung von dynamischen Mustern ist implementiert. Sie basiert auf der Signal Verarbeitung des Netzwerks von VMs, anstatt die Informationen des virtuellen Umstellung der Hosts oder der Initiierung der VMs zu nutzen. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass unsere Methode die durchschnittliche Anwendung des Netzwerks reduziert und aufgrund der Reduzierung der aktiven Umstellungen Energie gespart. Außerdem bietet sie eine bessere VM Performance im Vergleich zu der CPU-basierten Platzierung. Memory bewusste VM Zusammenlegung für unabhängige VMs. Sie nutzt die Vielfalt des VMs Memory Zuganges um die Anwendung vom Memory-Bus der Hosts zu balancieren. Die vorgestellte Technik, Memory-Bus Load Balancing (MLB), verteilt die VMs reaktiv neu im Bezug auf ihre Anwendung vom Memory-Bus. Sie nutzt die VM Migration um die Performance des gesamtem Systems zu verbessern. Außerdem sind die dynamische Spannung, die Frequenz Skalierung des Memory und die MLB Methode kombiniert um ein besseres Energiesparen zu leisten. N2 - Virtualized cloud data centers provide on-demand resources, enable agile resource provisioning, and host heterogeneous applications with different resource requirements. These data centers consume enormous amounts of energy, increasing operational expenses, inducing high thermal inside data centers, and raising carbon dioxide emissions. The increase in energy consumption can result from ineffective resource management that causes inefficient resource utilization. This dissertation presents detailed models and novel techniques and algorithms for virtual resource management in cloud data centers. The proposed techniques take into account Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and workload heterogeneity in terms of memory access demand and communication patterns of web applications and High Performance Computing (HPC) applications. To evaluate our proposed techniques, we use simulation and real workload traces of web applications and HPC applications and compare our techniques against the other recently proposed techniques using several performance metrics. The major contributions of this dissertation are the following: proactive resource provisioning technique based on robust optimization to increase the hosts' availability for hosting new VMs while minimizing the idle energy consumption. Additionally, this technique mitigates undesirable changes in the power state of the hosts by which the hosts' reliability can be enhanced in avoiding failure during a power state change. The proposed technique exploits the range-based prediction algorithm for implementing robust optimization, taking into consideration the uncertainty of demand. An adaptive range-based prediction for predicting workload with high fluctuations in the short-term. The range prediction is implemented in two ways: standard deviation and median absolute deviation. The range is changed based on an adaptive confidence window to cope with the workload fluctuations. A robust VM consolidation for efficient energy and performance management to achieve equilibrium between energy and performance trade-offs. Our technique reduces the number of VM migrations compared to recently proposed techniques. This also contributes to a reduction in energy consumption by the network infrastructure. Additionally, our technique reduces SLA violations and the number of power state changes. A generic model for the network of a data center to simulate the communication delay and its impact on VM performance, as well as network energy consumption. In addition, a generic model for a memory-bus of a server, including latency and energy consumption models for different memory frequencies. This allows simulating the memory delay and its influence on VM performance, as well as memory energy consumption. Communication-aware and energy-efficient consolidation for parallel applications to enable the dynamic discovery of communication patterns and reschedule VMs using migration based on the determined communication patterns. A novel dynamic pattern discovery technique is implemented, based on signal processing of network utilization of VMs instead of using the information from the hosts' virtual switches or initiation from VMs. The result shows that our proposed approach reduces the network's average utilization, achieves energy savings due to reducing the number of active switches, and provides better VM performance compared to CPU-based placement. Memory-aware VM consolidation for independent VMs, which exploits the diversity of VMs' memory access to balance memory-bus utilization of hosts. The proposed technique, Memory-bus Load Balancing (MLB), reactively redistributes VMs according to their utilization of a memory-bus using VM migration to improve the performance of the overall system. Furthermore, Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) of the memory and the proposed MLB technique are combined to achieve better energy savings. KW - Energieeffizienz KW - Cloud Datenzentren KW - Ressourcenmanagement KW - dynamische Umsortierung KW - energy efficiency KW - cloud datacenter KW - resource management KW - dynamic consolidation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72399 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pieper, Imke A1 - Wehe, Christoph A. A1 - Bornhorst, Julia A1 - Ebert, Franziska A1 - Leffers, Larissa A1 - Holtkamp, Michael A1 - Höseler, Pia A1 - Weber, Till A1 - Mangerich, Aswin A1 - Bürkle, Alexander A1 - Karst, Uwe A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja T1 - Mechanisms of Hg species induced toxicity in cultured human astrocytes BT - genotoxicity and DNA-damage response JF - Metallomics N2 - The toxicologically most relevant mercury (Hg) species for human exposure is methylmercury (MeHg). Thiomersal is a common preservative used in some vaccine formulations. The aim of this study is to get further mechanistic insight into the yet not fully understood neurotoxic modes of action of organic Hg species. Mercury species investigated include MeHgCl and thiomersal. Additionally HgCl2 was studied, since in the brain mercuric Hg can be formed by dealkylation of the organic species. As a cellular system astrocytes were used. In vivo astrocytes provide the environment necessary for neuronal function. In the present study, cytotoxic effects of the respective mercuricals increased with rising alkylation level and correlated with their cellular bioavailability. Further experiments revealed for all species at subcytotoxic concentrations no induction of DNA strand breaks, whereas all species massively increased H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks. This co-genotoxic effect is likely due to a disturbance of the cellular DNA damage response. Thus, at nanomolar, sub-cytotoxic concentrations, all three mercury species strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition seems to be different for the species. Since chronic PARP-1 inhibition is also discussed to sacrifice neurogenesis and learning abilities, further experiments on neurons and in vivo studies could be helpful to clarify whether the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation contributes to organic Hg induced neurotoxicity. KW - cell-death KW - poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 KW - neurodegenerative diseases KW - adduct formation KW - thimerosal KW - methylmercury KW - repair KW - neurotoxicity KW - manganese KW - exposure Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3mt00337j SN - 1756-591X SN - 1756-5901 VL - 2014 IS - 6 SP - 662 EP - 671 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pieper, Imke A1 - Wehe, Christoph A. A1 - Bornhorst, Julia A1 - Ebert, Franziska A1 - Leffers, Larissa A1 - Holtkamp, Michael A1 - Hoeseler, Pia A1 - Weber, Till A1 - Mangerich, Aswin A1 - Buerkle, Alexander A1 - Karst, Uwe A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja T1 - Mechanisms of Hg species induced toxicity in cultured human astrocytes: genotoxicity and DNA-damage response JF - Metallomics : integrated biometal science N2 - The toxicologically most relevant mercury (Hg) species for human exposure is methylmercury (MeHg). Thiomersal is a common preservative used in some vaccine formulations. The aim of this study is to get further mechanistic insight into the yet not fully understood neurotoxic modes of action of organic Hg species. Mercury species investigated include MeHgCl and thiomersal. Additionally HgCl2 was studied, since in the brain mercuric Hg can be formed by dealkylation of the organic species. As a cellular system astrocytes were used. In vivo astrocytes provide the environment necessary for neuronal function. In the present study, cytotoxic effects of the respective mercuricals increased with rising alkylation level and correlated with their cellular bioavailability. Further experiments revealed for all species at subcytotoxic concentrations no induction of DNA strand breaks, whereas all species massively increased H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks. This co- genotoxic effect is likely due to a disturbance of the cellular DNA damage response. Thus, at nanomolar, sub-cytotoxic concentrations, all three mercury species strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition seems to be different for the species. Since chronic PARP-1 inhibition is also discussed to sacrifice neurogenesis and learning abilities, further experiments on neurons and in vivo studies could be helpful to clarify whether the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation contributes to organic Hg induced neurotoxicity. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3mt00337j SN - 1756-5901 SN - 1756-591X VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 662 EP - 671 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pieper, Imke A1 - Wehe, Christoph A. A1 - Bornhorst, Julia A1 - Ebert, Franziska A1 - Leffers, Larissa A1 - Holtkamp, Michael A1 - Höseler, Pia A1 - Weber, Till A1 - Mangerich, Aswin A1 - Bürkle, Alexander A1 - Karst, Uwe A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja T1 - Mechanisms of Hg species induced toxicity in cultured human astrocytes BT - genotoxicity and DNA-damage response N2 - The toxicologically most relevant mercury (Hg) species for human exposure is methylmercury (MeHg). Thiomersal is a common preservative used in some vaccine formulations. The aim of this study is to get further mechanistic insight into the yet not fully understood neurotoxic modes of action of organic Hg species. Mercury species investigated include MeHgCl and thiomersal. Additionally HgCl2 was studied, since in the brain mercuric Hg can be formed by dealkylation of the organic species. As a cellular system astrocytes were used. In vivo astrocytes provide the environment necessary for neuronal function. In the present study, cytotoxic effects of the respective mercuricals increased with rising alkylation level and correlated with their cellular bioavailability. Further experiments revealed for all species at subcytotoxic concentrations no induction of DNA strand breaks, whereas all species massively increased H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks. This co- genotoxic effect is likely due to a disturbance of the cellular DNA damage response. Thus, at nanomolar, sub-cytotoxic concentrations, all three mercury species strongly disturbed poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a signalling reaction induced by DNA strand breaks. Interestingly, the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition seems to be different for the species. Since chronic PARP-1 inhibition is also discussed to sacrifice neurogenesis and learning abilities, further experiments on neurons and in vivo studies could be helpful to clarify whether the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation contributes to organic Hg induced neurotoxicity. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 171 KW - adduct formation KW - cell-death KW - exposure KW - manganese KW - methylmercury KW - neurodegenerative diseases KW - neurotoxicity KW - poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 KW - repair KW - thimerosal Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-74379 SP - 662 EP - 671 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Anne A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - Cardiac sensitivity in children: Sex differences and its relationship to parameters of emotional processing JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research N2 - In adults, the level of ability to perceive one's own body signals plays an important role for many concepts of emotional experience as demonstrated for emotion processing or emotion regulation. Representative data on perception of body signals and its emotional correlates in children is lacking. Therefore, the present study investigated the cardiac sensitivity of 1,350 children between 6 and 11 years of age in a heartbeat perception task. Our main findings demonstrated the distribution of cardiac sensitivity in children as well as associations with interpersonal emotional intelligence and adaptability. Furthermore, independent of body mass index, boys showed a significantly higher cardiac sensitivity than girls. We conclude that cardiac sensitivity in children appears to show weaker but similar characteristics and relations to emotional parameters as found in adults, so that a dynamic developmental process can be assumed. KW - Children KW - Emotional intelligence KW - Heartbeat perception KW - Heart rate variability KW - Interoceptive sensitivity Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12233 SN - 0048-5772 SN - 1469-8986 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - 932 EP - 941 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Anne A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - Interoceptive sensitivty, body weight and eating behavior in children: a prospective study JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - body weight KW - children KW - eating behavior KW - heartbeat perception KW - interoceptive sensitivity KW - overweight Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01003 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Nowozin, Claudia A1 - Wahnschaffe, A. A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Kunz, D. T1 - Does bright light interfere with fear learning? T2 - Journal of sleep research : official journal of the European Sleep Research Society Y1 - 2014 SN - 0962-1105 SN - 1365-2869 VL - 23 SP - 102 EP - 102 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nietzsche, Madlen A1 - Schiessl, Ingrid A1 - Börnke, Frederik T1 - The complex becomes more complex: protein-protein interactions of SnRK1 with DUF581 family proteins provide a framework for cell and stimulus type-specific SnRK1 signaling in plants JF - Frontiers in plant science N2 - In plants, SNF1-related kinase (SnRK1) responds to the availability of carbohydrates as well as to environmental stresses by down-regulating ATP consuming biosynthetic processes, while stimulating energy-generating catabolic reactions through gene expression and post-transcriptional regulation. The functional SnRK1 complex is a heterotrimer where the catalytic alpha subunit associates with a regulatory beta subunit and an activating gamma subunit. Several different metabolites as well as the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) have been shown to modulate SnRK1 activity in a cell- and stimulus-type specific manner. It has been proposed that tissue- or stimulus-specific expression of adapter proteins mediating SnRK1 regulation can at least partly explain the differences observed in SnRK1 signaling. By using yeast two-hybrid and in planta bi-molecular fluorescence complementation assays we were able to demonstrate that proteins containing the domain of unknown function (DUF) 581 could interact with both isoforms of the SnRK1 alpha subunit (AKIN10/11) of Arabidopsis. A structure/function analysis suggests that the DUF581 is a generic SnRK1 interaction module and co-expression with DUF581 proteins in plant cells leads to reallocation of the kinase to specific regions within the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid analyses suggest that SnRK1 and DUF581 proteins share common interaction partners inside the nucleus. The analysis of available microarray data implies that expression of the 19 members of the DUF581 encoding gene family in Arabidopsis is differentially regulated by hormones and environmental cues, indicating specialized functions of individual family members. We hypothesize that DUF581 proteins could act as mediators conferring tissue- and stimulus-type specific differences in SnRK1 regulation. KW - Arabidopsis KW - SnRK1 KW - DUF581 KW - protein-protein interaction KW - stress signaling KW - ABA Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00054 SN - 1664-462X VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Wittmann, Marc T1 - Interoceptive focus shapes the experience of time JF - PLoS one N2 - The perception of time is a fundamental part of human experience. Recent research suggests that the experience of time emerges from emotional and interoceptive (bodily) states as processed in the insular cortex. Whether there is an interaction between the conscious awareness of interoceptive states and time distortions induced by emotions has rarely been investigated so far. We aimed to address this question by the use of a retrospective time estimation task comparing two groups of participants. One group had a focus on interoceptive states and one had a focus on exteroceptive information while watching film clips depicting fear, amusement and neutral content. Main results were that attention to interoceptive processes significantly affected subjective time experience. Fear was accompanied with subjective time dilation that was more pronounced in the group with interoceptive focus, while amusement led to a quicker passage of time which was also increased by interoceptive focus. We conclude that retrospective temporal distortions are directly influenced by attention to bodily responses. These effects might crucially interact with arousal levels. Sympathetic nervous system activation affecting memory build-up might be the decisive factor influencing retrospective time judgments. Our data substantially extend former research findings underscoring the relevance of interoception for the effects of emotional states on subjective time experience. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086934 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Toeroek, T. A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Berger, M. A. A1 - Linton, M. G. A1 - Demoulin, Pascal A1 - van Driel-Gesztelyi, L. T1 - The evolution of writhe in kink-unstable flux ropes and erupting filaments JF - Plasma physics and controlled fusion N2 - The helical kink instability of a twisted magnetic flux tube has been suggested as a trigger mechanism for solar filament eruptions and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate if estimations of the pre-emptive twist can be obtained from observations of writhe in such events, we quantitatively analyze the conversion of twist into writhe in the course of the instability, using numerical simulations. We consider the line tied, cylindrically symmetric Gold-Hoyle flux rope model and measure the writhe using the formulae by Berger and Prior which express the quantity as a single integral in space. We find that the amount of twist converted into writhe does not simply scale with the initial flux rope twist, but depends mainly on the growth rates of the instability eigenmodes of higher longitudinal order than the basic mode. The saturation levels of the writhe, as well as the shapes of the kinked flux ropes, are very similar for considerable ranges of initial flux rope twists, which essentially precludes estimations of pre-eruptive twist from measurements of writhe. However, our simulations suggest an upper twist limit of similar to 6 pi for the majority of filaments prior to their eruption. KW - magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) KW - Sun: corona KW - Sun: filaments Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/56/6/064012 SN - 0741-3335 SN - 1361-6587 VL - 56 IS - 6 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brosinsky, Arlena A1 - Förster, Saskia A1 - Segl, Karl A1 - Kaufmann, Hermann T1 - Spectral fingerprinting: sediment source discrimination and contribution modelling of artificial mixtures based on VNIR-SWIR spectral properties JF - Journal of soils and sediments : protection, risk assessment and remediation N2 - Knowledge of the origin of suspended sediment is important for improving our understanding of sediment dynamics and thereupon support of sustainable watershed management. An direct approach to trace the origin of sediments is the fingerprinting technique. It is based on the assumption that potential sediment sources can be discriminated and that the contribution of these sources to the sediment can be determined on the basis of distinctive characteristics (fingerprints). Recent studies indicate that visible-near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) reflectance characteristics of soil may be a rapid, inexpensive alternative to traditional fingerprint properties (e.g. geochemistry or mineral magnetism). To further explore the applicability of VNIR-SWIR spectral data for sediment tracing purposes, source samples were collected in the Isabena watershed, a 445 km(2) dryland catchment in the central Spanish Pyrenees. Grab samples of the upper soil layer were collected from the main potential sediment source types along with in situ reflectance spectra. Samples were dried and sieved, and artificial mixtures of known proportions were produced for algorithm validation. Then, spectral readings of potential source and artificial mixture samples were taken in the laboratory. Colour coefficients and physically based parameters were calculated from in situ and laboratory-measured spectra. All parameters passing a number of prerequisite tests were subsequently applied in discriminant function analysis for source discrimination and mixing model analyses for source contribution assessment. The three source types (i.e. badlands, forest/grassland and an aggregation of other sources, including agricultural land, shrubland, unpaved roads and open slopes) could be reliably identified based on spectral parameters. Laboratory-measured spectral fingerprints permitted the quantification of source contribution to artificial mixtures, and introduction of source heterogeneity into the mixing model decreased accuracies for some source types. Aggregation of source types that could not be discriminated did not improve mixing model results. Despite providing similar discrimination accuracies as laboratory source parameters, in situ derived source information was found to be insufficient for contribution modelling. The laboratory mixture experiment provides valuable insights into the capabilities and limitations of spectral fingerprint properties. From this study, we conclude that combinations of spectral properties can be used for mixing model analyses of a restricted number of source groups, whereas more straightforward in situ measured source parameters do not seem suitable. However, modelling results based on laboratory parameters also need to be interpreted with care and should not rely on the estimates of mean values only but should consider uncertainty intervals as well. KW - Artificial mixture KW - Mixing model KW - Sediment fingerprinting KW - Spectroscopy Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0925-1 SN - 1439-0108 SN - 1614-7480 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 1949 EP - 1964 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Förster, Saskia A1 - Wilczok, Charlotte A1 - Brosinsky, Arlena A1 - Segl, Karl T1 - Assessment of sediment connectivity from vegetation cover and topography using remotely sensed data in a dryland catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees JF - Journal of soils and sediments : protection, risk assessment and remediation N2 - Many Mediterranean drylands are characterized by strong erosion in headwater catchments, where connectivity processes play an important role in the redistribution of water and sediments. Sediment connectivity describes the ease with which sediment can move through a catchment. The spatial and temporal characterization of connectivity patterns in a catchment enables the estimation of sediment contribution and transfer paths. Apart from topography, vegetation cover is one of the main factors driving sediment connectivity. This is particularly true for the patchy vegetation cover typical of many dryland environments. Several connectivity measures have been developed in the last few years. At the same time, advances in remote sensing have enabled an improved catchment-wide estimation of ground cover at the subpixel level using hyperspectral imagery. The objective of this study was to assess the sediment connectivity for two adjacent subcatchments (similar to 70 km(2)) of the Isabena River in the Spanish Pyrenees in contrasting seasons using a quantitative connectivity index based on fractional vegetation cover and topography data. The fractional cover of green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, bare soil and rock were derived by applying a multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis approach to the hyperspectral image data. Sediment connectivity was mapped using the index of connectivity, in which the effect of land cover on runoff and sediment fluxes is expressed by a spatially distributed weighting factor. In this study, the cover and management factor (C factor) of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used as a weighting factor. Bi-temporal C factor maps were derived by linking the spatially explicit fractional ground cover and vegetation height obtained from the airborne data to the variables of the RUSLE subfactors. The resulting connectivity maps show that areas behave very differently with regard to connectivity, depending on the land cover and on the spatial distribution of vegetation abundances and topographic barriers. Most parts of the catchment show higher connectivity values in August as compared to April. The two subcatchments show a slightly different connectivity behaviour that reflects the different land cover proportions and their spatial configuration. The connectivity estimation can support a better understanding of processes controlling the redistribution of water and sediments from the hillslopes to the channel network at a scale appropriate for land management. It allows hot spot areas of erosion to be identified and the effects of erosion control measures, as well as different land management scenarios, to be studied. KW - Fractional cover KW - Imaging spectroscopy KW - Index of connectivity KW - North-eastern Spain KW - Sediment connectivity KW - Spectral unmixing Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0992-3 SN - 1439-0108 SN - 1614-7480 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 1982 EP - 2000 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uestuen, Suayib A1 - Börnke, Frederik T1 - Interactions of Xanthomonas type-III effector proteins with the plant ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like pathways JF - Frontiers in plant science N2 - In eukaryotes, regulated protein turnover is required during many cellular processes, including defense against pathogens. Ubiquitination and degradation of ubiquitinated proteins via the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main pathway for the turnover of intracellular proteins in eukaryotes. The extensive utilization of the UPS in host cells makes it an ideal pivot for the manipulation of cellular processes by pathogens. Like many other Gram-negative bacteria, Xanthomonas species secrete a suite of type-III effector proteins (T3Es) into their host cells to promote virulence. Some of these T3Es exploit the plant UPS to interfere with immunity. This review summarizes T3E examples from the genus Xanthomonas with a proven or suggested interaction with the host UPS or UPS-like systems and also discusses the apparent paradox that arises from the presence of T3Es that inhibit the UPS in general while others rely on its activity for their function. KW - Xanthomonas KW - type-III effector KW - ubiquitin KW - proteasome KW - plant defense Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00736 SN - 1664-462X VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Börnke, Frederik T1 - The complex becomes more complex: protein-protein interactions of SnRK1 with DUF581 family proteins provide a framework for cell- and stimulus type-specific SnRK1 signaling in plants (vol 5, 54, 2014) T2 - Frontiers in plant science Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00693 SN - 1664-462X VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Driel-Gesztelyi, L. A1 - Baker, Daniel N. A1 - Toeroek, T. A1 - Pariat, E. A1 - Green, L. M. A1 - Williams, D. R. A1 - Carlyle, J. A1 - Valori, G. A1 - Demoulin, Pascal A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Long, D. M. A1 - Matthews, S. A. A1 - Malherbe, J. -M. T1 - Coronal magnetic reconnection driven by CME expansion-the 2011 June 7 event JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) erupt and expand in a magnetically structured solar corona. Various indirect observational pieces of evidence have shown that the magnetic field of CMEs reconnects with surrounding magnetic fields, forming, e.g., dimming regions distant from the CME source regions. Analyzing Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) observations of the eruption from AR 11226 on 2011 June 7, we present the first direct evidence of coronal magnetic reconnection between the fields of two adjacent active regions during a CME. The observations are presented jointly with a data-constrained numerical simulation, demonstrating the formation/intensification of current sheets along a hyperbolic flux tube at the interface between the CME and the neighboring AR 11227. Reconnection resulted in the formation of new magnetic connections between the erupting magnetic structure from AR 11226 and the neighboring active region AR 11227 about 200 Mm from the eruption site. The onset of reconnection first becomes apparent in the SDO/AIA images when filament plasma, originally contained within the erupting flux rope, is redirected toward remote areas in AR 11227, tracing the change of large-scale magnetic connectivity. The location of the coronal reconnection region becomes bright and directly observable at SDO/AIA wavelengths, owing to the presence of down-flowing cool, dense (1010 cm(-3)) filament plasma in its vicinity. The high-density plasma around the reconnection region is heated to coronal temperatures, presumably by slow-mode shocks and Coulomb collisions. These results provide the first direct observational evidence that CMEs reconnect with surrounding magnetic structures, leading to a large-scale reconfiguration of the coronal magnetic field. KW - magnetic reconnection KW - magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) KW - Sun: corona KW - Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) KW - Sun: magnetic fields KW - Sun: UV radiation Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/85 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 788 IS - 1 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Yeldesbay, Azamat A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij A1 - Rosenblum, Michael T1 - How much time has passed? Ask your heart JF - Frontiers in neurorobotics N2 - Internal signals like one's heartbeats are centrally processed via specific pathways and both their neural representations as well as their conscious perception (interoception) provide key information for many cognitive processes. Recent empirical findings propose that neural processes in the insular cortex, which are related to bodily signals, might constitute a neurophysiological mechanism for the encoding of duration. Nevertheless, the exact nature of such a proposed relationship remains unclear. We aimed to address this question by searching for the effects of cardiac rhythm on time perception by the use of a duration reproduction paradigm. Time intervals used were of 0.5, 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 25, and 40s length. In a framework of synchronization hypothesis, measures of phase locking between the cardiac cycle and start/stop signals of the reproduction task were calculated to quantify this relationship. The main result is that marginally significant synchronization indices (Sls) between the heart cycle and the time reproduction responses for the time intervals of 2, 3, 10, 14, and 25s length were obtained, while results were not significant for durations of 0.5, 7, and 40s length. On the single participant level, several subjects exhibited some synchrony between the heart cycle and the time reproduction responses, most pronounced for the time interval of 25s (8 out of 23 participants for 20% quantile). Better time reproduction accuracy was not related with larger degree of phase locking, but with greater vagal control of the heart. A higher interoceptive sensitivity (IS) was associated with a higher synchronization index (SI) for the 2s time interval only. We conclude that information obtained from the cardiac cycle is relevant for the encoding and reproduction of time in the time span of 2-25s. Sympathovagal tone as well as interoceptive processes mediate the accuracy of time estimation. KW - time interval reproduction KW - synchronization KW - heart cycle KW - interoception KW - interoceptive sensitivity Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2014.00015 SN - 1662-5218 VL - 8 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wimmelbacher, Matthias A1 - Börnke, Frederik T1 - Redox activity of thioredoxin z and fructokinase-like protein 1 is dispensable for autotrophic growth of Arabidopsis thaliana JF - Journal of experimental botany N2 - Redox modulation of protein activity by thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a key role in cellular regulation. Thioredoxin z (TRX z) and its interaction partner fructokinase-like protein 1 (FLN1) represent subunits of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP), suggesting a role of both proteins in redox regulation of chloroplast gene expression. Loss of TRX z or FLN1 expression generates a PEP-deficient phenotype and renders the plants incapable to grow autotrophically. This study shows that PEP function in trx z and fln1 plants can be restored by complementation with redox-inactive TRX z C106S and FLN1 C(105/106)A protein variants, respectively. The complemented plants showed wild-type levels of chloroplast gene expression and were restored in photosynthetic capacity, indicating that redox regulation of PEP through TRX z/FLN1 per se is not essential for autotrophic growth. Promoter-reporter gene studies indicate that TRX z and FLN1 are expressed during early phases of leaf development while expression ceases at maturation. Taken together, our data support a model in which TRX z and FLN1 are essential structural components of the PEP complex and their redox activity might only play a role in the fine tuning of PEP function. KW - Chloroplast transcription KW - FLN1 KW - plastid-encoded RNA polymerase KW - redox regulation KW - thioredoxins KW - TRX z Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru122 SN - 0022-0957 SN - 1460-2431 VL - 65 IS - 9 SP - 2405 EP - 2413 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - BOOK ED - Kellner, Marcel ED - Neuhoff, Knud T1 - Solange die Welt steht, ist soviel Blut nicht geflossen BT - Feldpostbriefe badischer Soldaten aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 T3 - Schriftenreihe der Badischen Heimat N2 - Dieser Band der Schriftenreihe der Badischen Heimat will im Rahmen der Vielzahl von Publikationen, die in diesem Jahr an den Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges erinnern, einen besonderen Beitrag leisten. Gleichsam als „Geschichte von unten“ wirkend, gibt die vorliegende Sammlung der Feldpostbriefe einen gefilterten Eindruck in das Seelenleben der Kriegsgeneration wieder. Sie ist als Kollektion badischer Soldatenbriefe in dieser Form bisher einmalig und erweitert das Wahrnehmungsspektrum der scheinbar in weiter Ferne und dennoch so nah liegenden „Urkatastrophe“ um eine weitere wichtige Nuance. Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-7930-5117-6 N1 - hrsg. vom Landesverein Badische Heimat e.V. und dem Landesverband Baden-Württemberg im Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V. Ausgew., mitgeteilt und kommentiert von Marcel Kellner und Knud Neuhoff VL - 9 PB - Freiburg, Br. CY - Rombach ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kellner, Marcel A1 - Neuhoff, Knud T1 - Ich schreibe halt so, wie ich's sehe... BT - editorische Notizen zur Kriegsbriefsammlung des Landesvereins Balische Heimat Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-7930-5117-6 SP - 13 EP - 16 PB - Rombach CY - Freiburg, Br. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sabrow, Martin T1 - Memoiren der Macht BT - Gedachte Geschichte in der Autobiographik kommunistischer Parteifunktionäre T2 - Geschichte Denken : Perspektiven auf die Geschichtsschreibung heute Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-525-30068-5 SP - 186 EP - 207 PB - Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht CY - Göttingen ER - TY - THES A1 - Nguyen, Van Manh T1 - Large-scale floodplain sediment dynamics in the Mekong Delta : present state and future prospects T1 - Großskalige Sedimentdynamik im Mekong Delta : aktuelle Situation und zukünftige Entwicklungen N2 - The Mekong Delta (MD) sustains the livelihood and food security of millions of people in Vietnam and Cambodia. It is known as the “rice bowl” of South East Asia and has one of the world’s most productive fisheries. Sediment dynamics play a major role for the high productivity of agriculture and fishery in the delta. However, the MD is threatened by climate change, sea level rise and unsustainable development activities in the Mekong Basin. But despite its importance and the expected threats, the understanding of the present and future sediment dynamics in the MD is very limited. This is a consequence of its large extent, the intricate system of rivers, channels and floodplains and the scarcity of observations. Thus this thesis aimed at (1) the quantification of suspended sediment dynamics and associated sediment-nutrient deposition in floodplains of the MD, and (2) assessed the impacts of likely future boundary changes on the sediment dynamics in the MD. The applied methodology combines field experiments and numerical simulation to quantify and predict the sediment dynamics in the entire delta in a spatially explicit manner. The experimental part consists of a comprehensive procedure to monitor quantity and spatial variability of sediment and associated nutrient deposition for large and complex river floodplains, including an uncertainty analysis. The measurement campaign applied 450 sediment mat traps in 19 floodplains over the MD for a complete flood season. The data also supports quantification of nutrient deposition in floodplains based on laboratory analysis of nutrient fractions of trapped sedimentation.The main findings are that the distribution of grain size and nutrient fractions of suspended sediment are homogeneous over the Vietnamese floodplains. But the sediment deposition within and between ring dike floodplains shows very high spatial variability due to a high level of human inference. The experimental findings provide the essential data for setting up and calibration of a large-scale sediment transport model for the MD. For the simulation studies a large scale hydrodynamic model was developed in order to quantify large-scale floodplain sediment dynamics. The complex river-channel-floodplain system of the MD is described by a quasi-2D model linking a hydrodynamic and a cohesive sediment transport model. The floodplains are described as quasi-2D presentations linked to rivers and channels modeled in 1D by using control structures. The model setup, based on the experimental findings, ignored erosion and re-suspension processes due to a very high degree of human interference during the flood season. A two-stage calibration with six objective functions was developed in order to calibrate both the hydrodynamic and sediment transport modules. The objective functions include hydraulic and sediment transport parameters in main rivers, channels and floodplains. The model results show, for the first time, the tempo-spatial distribution of sediment and associated nutrient deposition rates in the whole MD. The patterns of sediment transport and deposition are quantified for different sub-systems. The main factors influencing spatial sediment dynamics are the network of rivers, channels and dike-rings, sluice gate operations, magnitude of the floods and tidal influences. The superposition of these factors leads to high spatial variability of the sediment transport and deposition, in particular in the Vietnamese floodplains. Depending on the flood magnitude, annual sediment loads reaching the coast vary from 48% to 60% of the sediment load at Kratie, the upper boundary of the MD. Deposited sediment varies from 19% to 23% of the annual load at Kratie in Cambodian floodplains, and from 1% to 6% in the compartmented and diked floodplains in Vietnam. Annual deposited nutrients (N, P, K), which are associated to the sediment deposition, provide on average more than 50% of mineral fertilizers typically applied for rice crops in non-flooded ring dike compartments in Vietnam. This large-scale quantification provides a basis for estimating the benefits of the annual Mekong floods for agriculture and fishery, for assessing the impacts of future changes on the delta system, and further studies on coastal deposition/erosion. For the estimation of future prospects a sensitivity-based approach is applied to assess the response of floodplain hydraulics and sediment dynamics to the changes in the delta boundaries including hydropower development, climate change in the Mekong River Basin and effective sea level rise. The developed sediment model is used to simulate the mean sediment transport and sediment deposition in the whole delta system for the baseline (2000-2010) and future (2050-2060) periods. For each driver we derive a plausible range of future changes and discretize it into five levels, resulting in altogether 216 possible factor combinations. Our results thus cover all plausible future pathways of sediment dynamics in the delta based on current knowledge. The uncertainty of the range of the resulting impacts can be decreased in case more information on these drivers becomes available. Our results indicate that the hydropower development dominates the changes in sediment dynamics of the Mekong Delta, while sea level rise has the smallest effect. The floodplains of Vietnamese Mekong Delta are much more sensitive to the changes compared to the other subsystems of the delta. In terms of median changes of the three combined drivers, the inundation extent is predicted to increase slightly, but the overall floodplain sedimentation would be reduced by approximately 40%, while the sediment load to the Sea would diminish to half of the current rates. These findings provide new and valuable information on the possible impacts of future development on the delta, and indicate the most vulnerable areas. Thus, the presented results are a significant contribution to the ongoing international discussion on the hydropower development in the Mekong basin and its impact on the Mekong delta. N2 - Das Mekong Delta bildet die Existenzgrundlage und Nahrungsquelle für mehrere Millionen Menschen in Vietnam und Kambodscha. Die Sedimentdynamik spielt in diesem Zusammenhang eine große Rolle für die Landwirtschaft und Fischerei im Delta. Klimawandel und zweifelhaft nachhaltige Entwicklungen im Mekong Einzugsgebiet können jedoch diese essentielle Grundlage gefährden. Trotz der hohen Bedeutung des Sedimenthaushaltes für das Delta ist jedoch das Wissen um die räumliche und zeitliche Dynamik der Sedimentdynamik und insbesondere der Sedimentation auf den Überflutungsflächen sehr begrenzt. Dies liegt zum einen an der hohen Komplexität des Deltas mit unzähligen Kanälen, Deichen und hydraulischen Strukturen, zum anderen an dem Mangel an Beobachtungsdaten. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielte daher auf a) die Schaffung einer quantitativen Datenbasis zur Sedimentation auf den Überflutungsflächen, b) auf eine modellbasierte Abschätzung der Sedimentation im gesamten Mekong Delta, und c) auf die Abschätzung des Einflusses relevanter Änderungen in den Randbedingungen auf die zukünftige Sedimentdynamik. Im experimentellen Teil der Arbeit wurde die Sedimentation auf den Überflutungsflächen im vietnamesischen Teil des Deltas mittels Sedimentfallen, die über weite Bereiche des Deltas verteilt wurden, quantitativ inklusive einer Unsicherheitsabschätzung bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Sedimentation räumlich sehr stark variiert, verursacht durch die Komplexität und Diversität des hydraulischen Systems und insbesondere die menschliche Steuerung der hydraulischen Bauten. Die experimentellen Daten geben einen ersten Einblick in die räumliche Variabilität der Sedimentation im Mekong Delta, und bilden die Basis für die Kalibrierung des hydraulischen Modells im nächsten Schritt. Zusätzlich konnten auch die Nährstoffanteile im Sediment bestimmt werden, wodurch eine Basis zur Abschätzung des Nutzens der Sedimente für die Landwirtschaft gelegt wurde. Die Sedimentdynamik wurde mittels eines quasi-2D hydraulischen Modells, das mit einer Sedimenttransportroutine für kohäsive Sedimente gekoppelt wurde, simuliert. Hierbei wurden die hydraulische und die Sedimenttransportroutine unabhängig voneinander mit mehreren Optimierungsfunktionen und Stations-, Feld- und Fernerkundungsdaten kalibriert. Durch die Modellergebnisse konnte zum ersten Mal die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität des Sedimenttansports und der Sedimentation quantifiziert werden. Diese großskalige Quantifizierung bildet zudem die Basis für eine ökonomische Nutzensabschätzung der Sedimente für die Landwirtschaft und Fischerei. Mittels des entwickelten und kalibrierten Modells konnten auch zukünftige Entwicklungen abgeschätzt werden. Hierzu wurde ein Verfahren basierend auf einem Sensitivitätsansatz implementiert, mittels dessen die Auswirkungen des Baus von Staudämmen im Mekong Einzugsgebiet, des Klimawandels auf den Abfluss und Sedimenttransport aus dem Mekong Einzugsgebiet und des effektiven Meeresspiegelanstiegs auf die Sedimentdynamik im Delta einzeln in verschiedenen Ausprägungsstufen als auch kombiniert quantifiziert werden konnte. Durch diese Kombinationen können alle möglichen zukünftigen Entwicklungen basierend auf dem jetzigen Kenntnisstand betrachtet werden. Von den betrachteten Faktoren hat der Bau von Staudämmen den größten Einfluss auf die Sedimentdynamik im Delta, insbesondere auf den vietnamesischen Teil des Deltas. Der Klimawandel hat das Potential diese Änderungen partiell zu dämpfen, aber auch zu verstärken. Die Änderungen im Meeresspiegel haben den geringsten Effekt, beschränken sich in den Auswirkungen auf den Vietnamesischen Teil und modulieren im Wesentlichen die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels. Diese Ergebnisse liefern somit neue quantitative Erkenntnisse zur möglichen zukünftigen Sedimentdynamik im Mekong Delta, identifiziert die verwundbarsten Regionen und trägt dadurch zur internationalen kontroversen Diskussion über die Auswirkungen des Staudammbaus im Mekong bei. KW - Mekong Delta KW - Sedimentfallen KW - Sedimentation KW - Sedimenttransportroutine KW - Staudämme KW - Mekong Delta KW - sediment trap KW - floodplain sedimentation KW - sediment transport KW - hydropower dam impact Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72512 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brothers, Soren M. A1 - Koehler, J. A1 - Attermeyer, Katrin A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Mehner, T. A1 - Meyer, N. A1 - Scharnweber, Inga Kristin A1 - Hilt, Sabine T1 - A feedback loop links brownification and anoxia in a temperate, shallow lake JF - Limnology and oceanography N2 - This study examines a natural, rapid, fivefold increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in a temperate shallow lake, describing the processes by which increased DOC resulted in anoxic conditions and altered existing carbon cycling pathways. High precipitation for two consecutive years led to rising water levels and the flooding of adjacent degraded peatlands. Leaching from the flooded soils provided an initial increase in DOC concentrations (from a 2010 mean of 12 +/- 1 mg L-1 to a maximum concentration of 53 mg L-1 by June 2012). Increasing water levels, DOC, and phytoplankton concentrations reduced light reaching the sediment surface, eliminating most benthic primary production and promoting anoxia in the hypolimnion. From January to June 2012 there was a sudden increase in total phosphorus (from 57 mg L-1 to 216 mg L-1), DOC (from 24.6 mg L-1 to 53 mg L-1), and iron (from 0.12 mg L-1 to 1.07 mg L-1) concentrations, without any further large fluxes in water levels. We suggest that anoxic conditions at the sediment surface and flooded soils produced a dramatic release of these chemicals that exacerbated brownification and eutrophication, creating anoxic conditions that persisted roughly 6 months below a water depth of 1 m and extended periodically to the water surface. This brownification-anoxia feedback loop resulted in a near-complete loss of macroinvertebrate and fish populations, and increased surface carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by an order of magnitude relative to previous years. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.4.1388 SN - 0024-3590 SN - 1939-5590 VL - 59 IS - 4 SP - 1388 EP - 1398 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurzbacher, Christian A1 - Roesel, Stefan A1 - Rychla, Anna A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter T1 - Importance of saprotrophic freshwater fungi for pollen degradation JF - PLoS one N2 - Fungi and bacteria are the major organic matter (OM) decomposers in aquatic ecosystems. While bacteria are regarded as primary mineralizers in the pelagic zone of lakes and oceans, fungi dominate OM decomposition in streams and wetlands. Recent findings indicate that fungal communities are also active in lakes, but little is known about their diversity and interactions with bacteria. Therefore, the decomposer niche overlap of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria was studied on pollen (as a seasonally recurring source of fine particulate OM) by performing microcosm experiments with three different lake types. Special emphasis was placed on analysis of fungal community composition and diversity. We hypothesized that (I) pollen select for small saprotrophic fungi and at the same time for typical particle-associated bacteria; (II) fungal communities form specific free-living and attached sub-communities in each lake type; (III) the ratio between fungi or bacteria on pollen is controlled by the lake's chemistry. Bacteria-to-fungi ratios were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and bacterial and fungal diversity were studied by clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprints. A protease assay was used to identify functional differences between treatments. For generalization, systematic differences in bacteria-to-fungi ratios were analyzed with a dataset from the nearby Baltic Sea rivers. High abundances of Chytridiomycota as well as occurrences of Cryptomycota and yeast-like fungi confirm the decomposer niche overlap of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria on pollen. As hypothesized, microbial communities consistently differed between the lake types and exhibited functional differences. Bacteria-to-fungi ratios correlated well with parameters such as organic carbon and pH. The importance of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen for bacteria-to-fungi ratios was supported by the Baltic Sea river dataset. Our findings highlight the fact that carbon-to-nitrogen ratios may also control fungal contributions to OM decomposition in aquatic ecosystems. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094643 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 4 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molkenthin, Christian A1 - Scherbaum, Frank A1 - Griewank, Andreas A1 - Kuehn, Nicolas A1 - Stafford, Peter T1 - A Study of the sensitivity of response spectral amplitudes on seismological parameters using algorithmic differentiation JF - Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America N2 - Response spectra are of fundamental importance in earthquake engineering and represent a standard measure in seismic design for the assessment of structural performance. However, unlike Fourier spectral amplitudes, the relationship of response spectral amplitudes to seismological source, path, and site characteristics is not immediately obvious and might even be considered counterintuitive for high oscillator frequencies. The understanding of this relationship is nevertheless important for seismic-hazard analysis. The purpose of the present study is to comprehensively characterize the variation of response spectral amplitudes due to perturbations of the causative seismological parameters. This is done by calculating the absolute parameter sensitivities (sensitivity coefficients) defined as the partial derivatives of the model output with respect to its input parameters. To derive sensitivities, we apply algorithmic differentiation (AD). This powerful approach is extensively used for sensitivity analysis of complex models in meteorology or aerodynamics. To the best of our knowledge, AD has not been explored yet in the seismic-hazard context. Within the present study, AD was successfully implemented for a proven and extensively applied simulation program for response spectra (Stochastic Method SIMulation [SMSIM]) using the TAPENADE AD tool. We assess the effects and importance of input parameter perturbations on the shape of response spectra for different regional stochastic models in a quantitative way. Additionally, we perform sensitivity analysis regarding adjustment issues of groundmotion prediction equations. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140022 SN - 0037-1106 SN - 1943-3573 VL - 104 IS - 5 SP - 2240 EP - 2252 PB - Seismological Society of America CY - Albany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cao, Xianyong A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Ni, Jian A1 - Zhao, Yan A1 - Böhmer, Thomas T1 - Spatial and temporal distributions of major tree taxa in eastern continental Asia during the last 22,000 years T2 - The Holocene N2 - This study investigates the spatial and temporal distributions of 14 key arboreal taxa and their driving forces during the last 22,000 calendar years before ad 1950 (kyr BP) using a taxonomically harmonized and temporally standardized fossil pollen dataset with a 500-year resolution from the eastern part of continental Asia. Logistic regression was used to estimate pollen abundance thresholds for vegetation occurrence (presence or dominance), based on modern pollen data and present ranges of 14 taxa in China. Our investigation reveals marked changes in spatial and temporal distributions of the major arboreal taxa. The thermophilous (Castanea, Castanopsis, Cyclobalanopsis, Fagus, Pterocarya) and eurythermal (Juglans, Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus) broadleaved tree taxa were restricted to the current tropical or subtropical areas of China during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and spread northward since c. 14.5 kyr BP. Betula and conifer taxa (Abies, Picea, Pinus), in contrast, retained a wider distribution during the LGM and showed no distinct expansion direction during the Late Glacial. Since the late mid-Holocene, the abundance but not the spatial extent of most trees decreased. The changes in spatial and temporal distributions for the 14 taxa are a reflection of climate changes, in particular monsoonal moisture, and, in the late Holocene, human impact. The post-LGM expansion patterns in eastern continental China seem to be different from those reported for Europe and North America, for example, the westward spread for eurythermal broadleaved taxa. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 417 KW - China KW - Holocene KW - Last Glacial Maximum KW - pollen mapping KW - vegetation expansion Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404176 VL - 25 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Albrecht, Steve T1 - Generation, recombination and extraction of charges in polymer T1 - Generierung, Rekombination und Extraktion von Ladungen in Polymer BT - fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells BT - Fulleren Mischsolarzellen N2 - A dramatic efficiency improvement of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on electron-donating conjugated polymers in combination with soluble fullerene derivatives has been achieved over the past years. Certified and reported power conversion efficiencies now reach over 9% for single junctions and exceed the 10% benchmark for tandem solar cells. This trend brightens the vision of organic photovoltaics becoming competitive with inorganic solar cells including the realization of low-cost and large-area organic photovoltaics. For the best performing organic materials systems, the yield of charge generation can be very efficient. However, a detailed understanding of the free charge carrier generation mechanisms at the donor acceptor interface and the energy loss associated with it needs to be established. Moreover, organic solar cells are limited by the competition between charge extraction and free charge recombination, accounting for further efficiency losses. A conclusive picture and the development of precise methodologies for investigating the fundamental processes in organic solar cells are crucial for future material design, efficiency optimization, and the implementation of organic solar cells into commercial products. In order to advance the development of organic photovoltaics, my thesis focuses on the comprehensive understanding of charge generation, recombination and extraction in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells summarized in 6 chapters on the cumulative basis of 7 individual publications. The general motivation guiding this work was the realization of an efficient hybrid inorganic/organic tandem solar cell with sub-cells made from amorphous hydrogenated silicon and organic bulk heterojunctions. To realize this project aim, the focus was directed to the low band-gap copolymer PCPDTBT and its derivatives, resulting in the examination of the charge carrier dynamics in PCPDTBT:PC70BM blends in relation to by the blend morphology. The phase separation in this blend can be controlled by the processing additive diiodooctane, enhancing domain purity and size. The quantitative investigation of the free charge formation was realized by utilizing and improving the time delayed collection field technique. Interestingly, a pronounced field dependence of the free carrier generation for all blends is found, with the field dependence being stronger without the additive. Also, the bimolecular recombination coefficient for both blends is rather high and increases with decreasing internal field which we suggest to be caused by a negative field dependence of mobility. The additive speeds up charge extraction which is rationalized by the threefold increase in mobility. By fluorine attachment within the electron deficient subunit of PCPDTBT, a new polymer F-PCPDTBT is designed. This new material is characterized by a stronger tendency to aggregate as compared to non-fluorinated PCPDTBT. Our measurements show that for F-PCPDTBT:PCBM blends the charge carrier generation becomes more efficient and the field-dependence of free charge carrier generation is weakened. The stronger tendency to aggregate induced by the fluorination also leads to increased polymer rich domains, accompanied in a threefold reduction in the non-geminate recombination coefficient at conditions of open circuit. The size of the polymer domains is nicely correlated to the field-dependence of charge generation and the Langevin reduction factor, which highlights the importance of the domain size and domain purity for efficient charge carrier generation. In total, fluorination of PCPDTBT causes the PCE to increase from 3.6 to 6.1% due to enhanced fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage. Further optimization of the blend ratio, active layer thickness, and polymer molecular weight resulted in 6.6% efficiency for F-PCPDTBT:PC70BM solar cells. Interestingly, the double fluorinated version 2F-PCPDTBT exhibited poorer FF despite a further reduction of geminate and non-geminate recombination losses. To further analyze this finding, a new technique is developed that measures the effective extraction mobility under charge carrier densities and electrical fields comparable to solar cell operation conditions. This method involves the bias enhanced charge extraction technique. With the knowledge of the carrier density under different electrical field and illumination conditions, a conclusive picture of the changes in charge carrier dynamics leading to differences in the fill factor upon fluorination of PCPDTBT is attained. The more efficient charge generation and reduced recombination with fluorination is counterbalanced by a decreased extraction mobility. Thus, the highest fill factor of 60% and efficiency of 6.6% is reached for F-PCPDTBT blends, while 2F-PCPDTBT blends have only moderate fill factors of 54% caused by the lower effective extraction mobility, limiting the efficiency to 6.5%. To understand the details of the charge generation mechanism and the related losses, we evaluated the yield and field-dependence of free charge generation using time delayed collection field in combination with sensitive measurements of the external quantum efficiency and absorption coefficients for a variety of blends. Importantly, both the yield and field-dependence of free charge generation is found to be unaffected by excitation energy, including direct charge transfer excitation below the optical band gap. To access the non-detectable absorption at energies of the relaxed charge transfer emission, the absorption was reconstructed from the CT emission, induced via the recombination of thermalized charges in electroluminescence. For a variety of blends, the quantum yield at energies of charge transfer emission was identical to excitations with energies well above the optical band-gap. Thus, the generation proceeds via the split-up of the thermalized charge transfer states in working solar cells. Further measurements were conducted on blends with fine-tuned energy levels and similar blend morphologies by using different fullerene derivatives. A direct correlation between the efficiency of free carrier generation and the energy difference of the relaxed charge transfer state relative to the energy of the charge separated state is found. These findings open up new guidelines for future material design as new high efficiency materials require a minimum energetic offset between charge transfer and the charge separated state while keeping the HOMO level (and LUMO level) difference between donor and acceptor as small as possible. N2 - Die Effizienz von organischen Mischsolarzellen ist in den letzten Jahren durch die Entwicklung neuer halbleitender Materialen beträchtlich gestiegen. Die besten organischen Mischsolarzellen zeigen heute sehr effiziente Ladungsgeneration. Dennoch ist die genaue Funktionsweise der fundamentalen Ladungsgenerationsschritte nicht bis ins Detail verstanden. Zur weiteren Steigerung der Wirkungsgrade und für die kommerzielle Nutzung organischer Mischsolarzellen, sind ein übergreifendes Verständnis der Funktionsweise und die Entwicklung neuer Messmethoden unumgänglich. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist auf diese Fragestellung fokussiert: die Arbeit soll helfen, fundierte Kenntnisse der Ladungsträgererzeugung, der Rekombination und der Extraktion freier Ladungsträger in organischen Mischsolarzellen zu erlangen. Zuerst wurde der Fokus auf Mischsolarzellen mit dem Polymer PCPDTBT gelegt. Dieses Polymer durchmischt stark mit dem Fulleren-Derivat PCBM. Durch Verwendung eines Lösungsmitteladditives kann die Phasenentmischung und damit der Wirkungsgrad deutlich gesteigert werden. Die Generations- und Rekombinationsprozesse wurden mittels zeitverzögerter Sammelfeld-Methode untersucht. Dabei wurde zum ersten Mal eine signifikante Feldabhängigkeit der Ladungsträger-erzeugung entdeckt. Interessanterweise korreliert diese Feldabhängigkeit mit der Domänengröße also dem Grad der Entmischung. In größeren und reineren Polymerphasen ist die Feldabhängigkeit kleiner und die Extraktion verbessert, was zum höheren Wirkungsgrad führt. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde untersucht, wie sich die Fluorinierung des Polymers PCPDTBT auf das Bauteilverhalten auswirkt. Durch Fluorinierung des Polymer-Rückgrats von PCPDTBT wurden zum einen die Energieniveaus abgesenkt, ohne dass sich das Absorptionsverhalten geändert hat. Zum anderen wurde die Phasenentmischung beeinflusst. Mit Fluorinierung entstehen größere, reinere und kristallinere Polymerphasen. Dadurch wird die Generation der Ladungsträger effizienter und die Rekombination stärker unterdrückt. Eindeutige Korrelationen zwischen Phasengröße und Generationseffizienz konnten hierbei gefunden werden. Insgesamt steigt die Bauteileffizienz bei Verwendung von fluoriniertem PCPDTBT von 3.6 auf 6.1% bei gleicher Prozessierung. Durch weitere Optimierung konnte die Effizienz auf 6.6% für fluoriniertes PCPDTBT gesteigert werden. Eine di-Fluorinierung von PCPDTBT limitiert die Bauteileffizienz, speziell den Füll Faktor, trotz der Entstehung noch reinerer Polymerphasen. Eine genauere Analyse der Extraktionseffizienz mittels der genauen Bestimmung der Gleichgewichts-Ladungsträgerdichte für verschiedenen Beleuchtungs- und Feldsituationen zeigte, dass die Fluorinierung die Effizienz der Extraktion deutlich absenkt und dadurch bei di-Fluorinierung die Rekombinationsverluste im Bauteil trotz verlangsamter Rekombination ansteigen. Um weitere fundierte Kenntnisse der Ladungsgeneration zu gewinnen, wurde die Ladungsgeneration für verschiedene Gemische mit veränderten Energieniveaus in Abhängigkeit der Anregungsenergie untersucht. Dabei wurde die wichtige Kenntnis erlangt, dass die Photonenenergie, unabhängig von der Lage der Energieniveaus, keinen Einfluss auf die Effizienz der Generation hat und somit die Bildung freier Ladungsträger aus relaxierten Transferzuständen erfolgt. Dadurch ergeben sich neue Leitlinien für zukünftige Materialeigenschaften mit optimierten Wirkungsgraden. KW - organic solar cells KW - bulk heterojunction KW - charge carrier dynamics KW - charge generation KW - non geminate recombination KW - Generierung von Ladungsträgern KW - nicht geminale Rekombination KW - Extraktion KW - Polymer KW - Fulleren Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72285 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, W. A1 - Tkachov, R. A1 - Komber, H. A1 - Senkovskyy, V. A1 - Schubert, M. A1 - Wei, Z. A1 - Facchetti, A. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Kiriy, A. T1 - Chain-growth polycondensation of perylene diimide-based copolymers BT - a new route to regio-regular perylene diimide-based acceptors for all-polymer solar cells and n-type transistors N2 - Herein, we report the chain-growth tin-free room temperature polymerization method to synthesize n-type perylene diimide-dithiophene-based conjugated polymers (PPDIT2s) suitable for solar cell and transistor applications. The palladium/electron-rich tri-tert-butylphosphine catalyst is effective to enable the chain-growth polymerization of anion-radical monomer Br-TPDIT-Br/Zn to PPDIT2 with a molecular weight up to Mw ≈ 50 kg mol−1 and moderate polydispersity. This is the second example of the polymerization of unusual anion-radical aromatic complexes formed in a reaction of active Zn and electron-deficient diimide-based aryl halides. As such, the discovered polymerization method is not a specific reactivity feature of the naphthalene-diimide derivatives but is rather a general polymerization tool. This is an important finding, given the significantly higher maximum external quantum efficiency that can be reached with PDI-based copolymers (32–45%) in all-polymer solar cells compared to NDI-based materials (15–30%). Our studies revealed that PPDIT2 synthesized by the new method and the previously published polymer prepared by step-growth Stille polycondensation show similar electron mobility and all-polymer solar cell performance. At the same time, the polymerization reported herein has several technological advantages as it proceeds relatively fast at room temperature and does not involve toxic tin-based compounds. Because several chain-growth polymerization reactions are well-suited for the preparation of well-defined multi-functional polymer architectures, the next target is to explore the utility of the discovered polymerization in the synthesis of end-functionalized polymers and block copolymers. Such materials would be helpful to improve the nanoscale morphology of polymer blends in all-polymer solar cells. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 273 Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-98724 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lange, Ilja T1 - Energetische Struktur von Schichten organischer Halbleiter und ihr fundamentaler Einfluss auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften organischer elektronischer Bauteile Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kopinski, Stephan A1 - Engel, Tilman A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Reliability of ultrasound measurements for subcutaneous adipose tissue in elite canoe athletes T2 - Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine Y1 - 2014 SN - 0195-9131 SN - 1530-0315 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 539 EP - 539 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Luft, Laura A1 - Neumann, Carsten A1 - Freude, Matthias A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Hyperspectral modeling of ecological indicators - A new approach for monitoring former military training areas JF - Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management N2 - Military areas are valuable habitats and refuges for rare and endangered plants and animals. We developed a new approach applying innovative methods of hyperspectral remote sensing to bridge the existing gap between remote sensing technology and the demands of the nature conservation community. Remote sensing has already proven to be a valuable monitoring instrument. However, the approaches lack the consideration of the demands of applied nature conservation which includes the legal demands of the EU Habitat Directive. Following the idea of the Vital Signs Monitoring in the USA, we identified a subset of the highest priority monitoring indicators for our study area. We analyzed continuous spectral response curves and tested the measurability of N=19 indicators on the basis of complexity levels aggregated from extensive vegetation assemblages. The spectral differentiability for the floristic as well as faunistic indicators revealed values up to 100% accuracy. We point out difficulties when it comes to distinguishing faunistic habitat requirements of several species adapted to dry open landscapes, which in this case results in OVERALL ACCURACY of 67, 87-95, and 35% in the error matrix. In summary, we provide an applicable and feasible method to facilitating monitoring military areas by hyperspectral remote sensing in the following. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Ecological health KW - Fauna KW - Flora KW - Hyperspectral remote sensing KW - Military conversion KW - Natura 2000 monitoring Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.06.025 SN - 1470-160X SN - 1872-7034 VL - 46 SP - 264 EP - 285 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR T1 - forum:logopädie 28.2014, 1 T2 - Forum Logopädie : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Bundesverbandes für Logopädie e.V, dbl KW - Logopädie KW - Zeitschrift Y1 - 2014 SN - 0932-0547 VL - 28 IS - 1 PB - Schulz-Kirchner CY - Idstein ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - De Witt Huberts, Jessie A1 - Honold, Jasmin A1 - Holzmann, Caroline A1 - Rector, Michael V. A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Chronic stress measurement methods and their comparability T2 - Psychosomatic medicine Y1 - 2014 SN - 0033-3174 SN - 1534-7796 VL - 76 IS - 3 SP - A129 EP - A129 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR T1 - forum:logopädie 28.2014, 2 T2 - Forum Logopädie : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Bundesverbandes für Logopädie e.V, dbl KW - Zeitschrift KW - Logopädie Y1 - 2014 SN - 0932-0547 VL - 28 IS - 2 PB - Schulz-Kirchner CY - Idstein ER - TY - THES A1 - Senyuk, Ulyana T1 - Zum Status relativähnlicher Sätze im Frühneuhochdeutschen T1 - Relative-like clauses in Early New High German BT - ein Beitrag zum Wesen der Subordination im älteren Deutsch BT - a contribution to the nature of subordination in old German N2 - Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den sogenannten relativähnlichen Sätzen im Frühneuhochdeutschen und leistet somit einen Beitrag zur Subordinationsforschung des älteren Deutsch. Relativähnliche Sätze sind formal durch ein satzinitiales anaphorisches d-Element und die Endstellung des finiten Verbs gekennzeichnet. Semantisch gesehen beziehen sie sich auf den vorangehenden Satz als Ganzes, indem sie ihn in bestimmter Weise weiterführen oder kommentieren. In der bisherigen Forschung werden diese Sätze satztypologisch als Hauptsätze mit Verbendstellung analysiert (vgl. dazu Maurer 1926, Behaghel 1932 und Lötscher 2000). Nach der ausführlichen Diskussion der formalen Abhängigkeitsmarker im älteren Deutsch sowie anhand einer umfangreichen korpusbasierten Untersuchung wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass relativähnliche Sätze im Frühneuhochdeutschen auch als abhängige Sätze - analog zu den weiterführenden Relativsätzen im Gegenwartsdeutschen - analysiert werden können. Die weiterführenden Relativsätze im Gegenwartsdeutschen enthalten satzinitial auch ein anaphorisches Element, das sich auf das Gesagte in dem vorangehenden Satz bezieht. Verbendstellung weisen sie ebenfalls auf (mehr zur Grammatik der weiterführenden Relativsätze vgl. insb. Brandt 1990 und Holler 2005). Über die Untersuchung relativähnlicher Sätze hinaus befasst sich diese Arbeit ausführlich mit formalen Abhängigkeitsmarkern des älteren Deutsch, wie Verbendstellung, Einleiter und afinite Konstruktion. N2 - This study deals with so-called relative-like clauses from Early New High German and makes a contribution to the research of subordination in older German. Formally relative-like clauses contain an anaphoric d-word in the initial clause position and exhibit the final position of the finite verb. Semantically they relate to the whole situation of the host clause as a continuation or as a comment. The earlier research analyses these clauses as main clauses with verb-end order (see Maurer 1926, Behaghel 1932 and Lötscher 2000). This study shows after an extensive discussion of the formal dependency markers in older German and on the basis of a large corpus-based study, that relative-like clauses in Early New High German can be analysed as dependent clauses, analogous to continuative relative clauses in Present-Day German. The continuative relative clauses contain also an anaphoric element in the initial clause position, which relates to the whole situation of the host clause. And they also exhibit the verb-end order (for more about the grammar of continuative relative clauses, see Brandt 1900 and Holler 2005). Beyond the study of relative-like clauses in Early New High German this thesis discusses in detail the formal dependency markers of old German like verb-end order, subordinated conjunctions and the afinite construction. KW - Frühneuhochdeutsch KW - historische Syntax KW - Satzgefüge KW - relativähnliche Sätze KW - Early New High German KW - historical syntax KW - clause combining KW - relative-like clauses Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-91673 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich A1 - Koch, Andreas A1 - Schulz, Stefanie A1 - Wacker, Philipp T1 - Interplay of para- and diatropic ring currents [(anti)aromaticity] of macrocyclic rings subject to conformational influences, further annelation and hydrogenation of aromatic ring moieties JF - Tetrahedron N2 - The spatial magnetic properties (Through Space NMR Shieldings-TSNMRS) of a variety of porphyrins, hemiporphyrazines and tetraoxo[8]circulenes have been computed, visualized as Iso-chemical Shielding Surfaces (ICSS) of various size and direction, and were examined subject to the interplay of present (para)-diatropic ring currents [(anti)aromaticity] and influences on the latter property originating from the macrocyclic ring conformation, further annelation and partial to complete hydrogenation of aromatic ring moieties. Caution seems to be indicated when concluding from a single NICS parameter to present (para)diatropic ring currents [(anti)aromaticity]. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Porphyrins KW - Hemiporphyrazines KW - Tetraoxo[8]circulenes KW - (Anti)aromaticity KW - Anisotropy effect KW - Theoretical calculations Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2014.10.018 SN - 0040-4020 VL - 70 IS - 48 SP - 9230 EP - 9239 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR T1 - forum:logopädie 28.2014, 3 T2 - Forum Logopädie : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Bundesverbandes für Logopädie e.V, dbl KW - Zeitschrift KW - Logopädie Y1 - 2014 SN - 0932-0547 VL - 28 IS - 4 PB - Schulz-Kirchner CY - Idstein ER - TY - JOUR T1 - forum:logopädie 28.2014, 4 T2 - Forum Logopädie : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Bundesverbandes für Logopädie e.V, dbl KW - Zeitschriften KW - Logopädie Y1 - 2014 SN - 0932-0547 VL - 28 IS - 5 PB - Schulz-Kirchner CY - Idstein ER -