TY - THES A1 - Soltani, Ouad T1 - BLF1-Mode of Action in Barley Leaf Size Control N2 - Establishment of final leaf size in plants represents a complex mechanism that relies on the precise regulation of two interconnected cellular processes, cell division and cell expansion. In previous work, the barley protein BROAD LEAF1 (BLF1) was identified as a novel negative regulator of cell proliferation, that mainly limits leaf growth in the width direction. Here I identified a novel RING/U-box protein that interacts with BLF1 through a yeast two hybrid screen. Using BiFC, Co-IP and FRET I confirmed the interaction of the two proteins in planta. Enrichment of the BLF1-mEGFP fusion protein and the increase of the FRET signal upon MG132 treatment of tobacco plants, together with an in vivo ubiquitylation assay in bacteria, confirmed that the RING/U-box E3 interacts with BLF1 to mediate its ubiquitylation and degradation by the 26S proteasome system. Consistent with regulation of endogenous BLF1 in barley by proteasomal degradation, inhibition of the proteasome by bortezomib treatment on BLF1-vYFP transgenic barley plants also resulted in an enrichment of the BLF1 protein. I thus demonstrated that RING/U-box E3 is colocalized with BLF1 in nuclei and negatively regulates BLF1 protein levels. Analysis of ring-e3_1 knock-out mutants suggested the involvement of the RING/U-box E3 gene in leaf growth control, although the effect was mainly on leaf length. Together, my results suggest that proteasomal degradation, possibly mediated by RING/U-box E3, contributes to fine-tuning BLF1 protein-level in barley. N2 - Die Festlegung der endgültigen Blattgröße bei Pflanzen ist ein komplexer Mechanismus, der auf der präzisen Regulierung zweier miteinander verbundener zellulärer Prozesse beruht, der Zellteilung und der Zellexpansion. In einer früheren Arbeit wurde das Gerstenprotein BROAD LEAF1 (BLF1), als ein neuartiger negativer Regulator der Zellproliferation identifiziert, der das Blattwachstum hauptsächlich in Richtung der Breite begrenzt. Hier habe ich durch einen Hefe-Zwei-Hybrid-Screen ein neuartiges RING/U-Box-Protein identifiziert, das mit BLF1 interagiert. Mittels BiFC, Co-IP und FRET konnte ich die Interaktion der beiden Proteine in der Pflanze bestätigen. Die Anreicherung des BLF1-mEGFP-Fusionsproteins und der Anstieg des FRET-Signals bei der Behandlung von Tabakpflanzen mit MG132 sowie ein in vivo Ubiquitylierungsassay in Bakterien bestätigten, dass das RING/U-Box-E3 mit BLF1 interagiert und dessen Ubiquitylierung und Abbau durch das 26S-Proteasom-System vermittelt. Darüber hinaus habe ich festgestellt, dass die Behandlung mit Bortezomib, einem Inhibitor des Proteasoms, bei BLF1-vYFP-transgenen Pflanzen ebenfalls zu einer Anreicherung des BLF1-Proteins führt. Ich zeige dass RING/U-Box E3 mit BLF1 in den Zellkernen kolokalisiert ist und den BLF1-Proteinspiegel negativ reguliert. Die Analyse der Knock-out-Mutante ring-e3_1 legte eine Beteiligung das RING/U-Box-E3 Gen an der Kontrolle des Blattlänge nahe, was es zu einem guten Kandidaten macht, der die Funktion des BLF1-Gens regulieren könnte. KW - Barley KW - Gerste KW - leaf width KW - Blattbreite KW - cell proliferation KW - Zellproliferation KW - INDETERMINATE DOMAIN protein KW - INDETERMINATE DOMAIN-Protein KW - BROAD LEAF1 KW - RING/U-box E3 KW - ubiquitination KW - Ubiquitinierung KW - proteasomal degradation KW - 26S-Proteasom-System-Abbau KW - protein-level regulation KW - Proteinspiegel regulieren Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607054 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bastos Lima, Rita T1 - Seed coat-derived brassnosteroids non-cell autonomously regulate endosperm development Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kulshreshtha, Ritika T1 - Dissecting the functional of role of microtubule and cellulose microfibril patterning during flower development in Arabidopsis Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zali, Zahra T1 - Volcanic tremor analysis based on advanced signal processing concepts including music information retrieval (MIR) strategies N2 - Volcanoes are one of the Earth’s most dynamic zones and responsible for many changes in our planet. Volcano seismology aims to provide an understanding of the physical processes in volcanic systems and anticipate the style and timing of eruptions by analyzing the seismic records. Volcanic tremor signals are usually observed in the seismic records before or during volcanic eruptions. Their analysis contributes to evaluate the evolving volcanic activity and potentially predict eruptions. Years of continuous seismic monitoring now provide useful information for operational eruption forecasting. The continuously growing amount of seismic recordings, however, poses a challenge for analysis, information extraction, and interpretation, to support timely decision making during volcanic crises. Furthermore, the complexity of eruption processes and precursory activities makes the analysis challenging. A challenge in studying seismic signals of volcanic origin is the coexistence of transient signal swarms and long-lasting volcanic tremor signals. Separating transient events from volcanic tremors can, therefore, contribute to improving our understanding of the underlying physical processes. Some similar issues (data reduction, source separation, extraction, and classification) are addressed in the context of music information retrieval (MIR). The signal characteristics of acoustic and seismic recordings comprise a number of similarities. This thesis is going beyond classical signal analysis techniques usually employed in seismology by exploiting similarities of seismic and acoustic signals and building the information retrieval strategy on the expertise developed in the field of MIR. First, inspired by the idea of harmonic–percussive separation (HPS) in musical signal processing, I have developed a method to extract harmonic volcanic tremor signals and to detect transient events from seismic recordings. This provides a clean tremor signal suitable for tremor investigation along with a characteristic function suitable for earthquake detection. Second, using HPS algorithms, I have developed a noise reduction technique for seismic signals. This method is especially useful for denoising ocean bottom seismometers, which are highly contaminated by noise. The advantage of this method compared to other denoising techniques is that it doesn’t introduce distortion to the broadband earthquake waveforms, which makes it reliable for different applications in passive seismological analysis. Third, to address the challenge of extracting information from high-dimensional data and investigating the complex eruptive phases, I have developed an advanced machine learning model that results in a comprehensive signal processing scheme for volcanic tremors. Using this method seismic signatures of major eruptive phases can be automatically detected. This helps to provide a chronology of the volcanic system. Also, this model is capable to detect weak precursory volcanic tremors prior to the eruption, which could be used as an indicator of imminent eruptive activity. The extracted patterns of seismicity and their temporal variations finally provide an explanation for the transition mechanism between eruptive phases. N2 - Vulkane gehören zu den dynamischsten Zonen der Erde und sind für viele Veränderungen auf unserem Planeten verantwortlich. Die Vulkanseismologie zielt darauf ab, physikalischen Prozesse in Vulkansystemen besser zu verstehen und die Art und den Zeitpunkt von Eruptionen durch die Analyse der seismischen Aufzeichnungen vorherzusagen. Die Signale vulkanischer Tremore werden normalerweise vor oder während Vulkanausbrüchen beobachtet und müssen überwacht werden, um die vulkanische Aktivität zu bewerten. Die Untersuchung vulkanischer Tremore ist ein wichtiger Teil der Vulkanüberwachung, die darauf abzielt, Anzeichen für das Erwachen oder Wiedererwachen von Vulkanen zu erkennen und möglicherweise Ausbrüche vorherzusagen. Mehrere Dekaden kontinuierlicher seismischer Überwachung liefern nützliche Informationen für die operative Eruptionsvorhersage. Die ständig wachsende Menge an seismischen Aufzeichnungen stellt jedoch eine Herausforderung für die Analyse, Informationsextraktion und Interpretation für die zeitnahe Entscheidungsfindung während Vulkankrisen dar. Darüber hinaus erschweren die Komplexität der Eruptionsprozesse und Vorläuferaktivitäten die Analyse. Eine Herausforderung bei der Untersuchung seismischer Signale vulkanischen Ursprungs ist die Koexistenz von transienten Signalschwärmen und lang anhaltenden vulkanischen Tremoren. Die Trennung dieser beiden Signaltypen kann daher dazu beitragen, unser Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden physikalischen Prozesse zu verbessern. Einige ähnliche Probleme (Datenreduktion, Quellentrennung, Extraktion und Klassifizierung) werden im Zusammenhang mit Music Information Retrieval (MIR, dt. Etwa Musik-Informationsabruf) behandelt. Die Signaleigenschaften von akustischen und seismischen Aufzeichnungen weisen eine Reihe von Gemeinsamkeiten auf. Ich gehe über die klassischen Signalanalysetechniken hinaus, die normalerweise in der Seismologie verwendet werden, indem ich die Ähnlichkeiten von seismischen und akustischen Signalen und das Fachwissen aus dem Gebiet der MIR zur Informationsgewinnung nutze. Inspiriert von der Idee der harmonisch-perkussiven Trennung (HPS) in der musikalischen Signalverarbeitung habe ich eine Methode entwickelt, mit der harmonische vulkanische Erschütterungssignale extrahiert und transiente Ereignisse aus seismischen Aufzeichnungen erkannt werden können. Dies liefert ein sauberes Tremorsignal für die Tremoruntersuchung, sowie eine charakteristischen Funktion, die für die Erdbebenerkennung geeignet ist. Weiterhin habe ich unter Verwendung von HPS-Algorithmen eine Rauschunterdrückungstechnik für seismische Signale entwickelt. Diese kann zum Beispiel verwendet werden, um klarere Signale an Meeresbodenseismometern zu erhalten, die sonst durch zu starkes Rauschen überdeckt sind. Der Vorteil dieser Methode im Vergleich zu anderen Denoising-Techniken besteht darin, dass sie keine Verzerrung in der Breitbandantwort der Erdbebenwellen einführt, was sie für verschiedene Anwendungen in der passiven seismologischen Analyse zuverlässiger macht. Um Informationen aus hochdimensionalen Daten zu extrahieren und komplexe Eruptionsphasen zu untersuchen, habe ich ein fortschrittliches maschinelles Lernmodell entwickelt, aus dem ein umfassendes Signalverarbeitungsschema für vulkanische Erschütterungen abgeleitet werden kann. Mit dieser Methode können automatisch seismische Signaturen größerer Eruptionsphasen identifizieren werden. Dies ist nützlich, um die Chronologie eines Vulkansystems zu verstehen. Außerdem ist dieses Modell in der Lage, schwache vulkanische Vorläuferbeben zu erkennen, die als Indikator für bevorstehende Eruptionsaktivität verwendet werden könnten. Basierend auf den extrahierten Seismizitätsmustern und ihren zeitlichen Variationen liefere ich eine Erklärung für den Übergangsmechanismus zwischen verschiedenen Eruptionsphasen. KW - seismic signal processing KW - machine learning KW - volcano seismology KW - music information retrieval KW - noise reduction Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-610866 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schrape, Oliver T1 - Methodology for standard cell-based design and implementation of reliable and robust hardware systems T1 - Methoden für Standardzellbasiertes Design und Implementierung zuverlässiger und robuster Hardware Systeme N2 - Reliable and robust data processing is one of the hardest requirements for systems in fields such as medicine, security, automotive, aviation, and space, to prevent critical system failures caused by changes in operating or environmental conditions. In particular, Signal Integrity (SI) effects such as crosstalk may distort the signal information in sensitive mixed-signal designs. A challenge for hardware systems used in the space are radiation effects. Namely, Single Event Effects (SEEs) induced by high-energy particle hits may lead to faulty computation, corrupted configuration settings, undesired system behavior, or even total malfunction. Since these applications require an extra effort in design and implementation, it is beneficial to master the standard cell design process and corresponding design flow methodologies optimized for such challenges. Especially for reliable, low-noise differential signaling logic such as Current Mode Logic (CML), a digital design flow is an orthogonal approach compared to traditional manual design. As a consequence, mandatory preliminary considerations need to be addressed in more detail. First of all, standard cell library concepts with suitable cell extensions for reliable systems and robust space applications have to be elaborated. Resulting design concepts at the cell level should enable the logical synthesis for differential logic design or improve the radiation-hardness. In parallel, the main objectives of the proposed cell architectures are to reduce the occupied area, power, and delay overhead. Second, a special setup for standard cell characterization is additionally required for a proper and accurate logic gate modeling. Last but not least, design methodologies for mandatory design flow stages such as logic synthesis and place and route need to be developed for the respective hardware systems to keep the reliability or the radiation-hardness at an acceptable level. This Thesis proposes and investigates standard cell-based design methodologies and techniques for reliable and robust hardware systems implemented in a conventional semi-conductor technology. The focus of this work is on reliable differential logic design and robust radiation-hardening-by-design circuits. The synergistic connections of the digital design flow stages are systematically addressed for these two types of hardware systems. In more detail, a library for differential logic is extended with single-ended pseudo-gates for intermediate design steps to support the logic synthesis and layout generation with commercial Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools. Special cell layouts are proposed to relax signal routing. A library set for space applications is similarly extended by novel Radiation-Hardening-by-Design (RHBD) Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) cells, enabling a one fault correction. Therein, additional optimized architectures for glitch filter cells, robust scannable and self-correcting flip-flops, and clock-gates are proposed. The circuit concepts and the physical layout representation views of the differential logic gates and the RHBD cells are discussed. However, the quality of results of designs depends implicitly on the accuracy of the standard cell characterization which is examined for both types therefore. The entire design flow is elaborated from the hardware design description to the layout representations. A 2-Phase routing approach together with an intermediate design conversion step is proposed after the initial place and route stage for reliable, pure differential designs, whereas a special constraining for RHBD applications in a standard technology is presented. The digital design flow for differential logic design is successfully demonstrated on a reliable differential bipolar CML application. A balanced routing result of its differential signal pairs is obtained by the proposed 2-Phase-routing approach. Moreover, the elaborated standard cell concepts and design methodology for RHBD circuits are applied to the digital part of a 7.5-15.5 MSPS 14-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and a complex microcontroller architecture. The ADC is implemented in an unhardened standard semiconductor technology and successfully verified by electrical measurements. The overhead of the proposed hardening approach is additionally evaluated by design exploration of the microcontroller application. Furthermore, the first obtained related measurement results of novel RHBD-∆TMR flip-flops show a radiation-tolerance up to a threshold Linear Energy Transfer (LET) of 46.1, 52.0, and 62.5 MeV cm2 mg-1 and savings in silicon area of 25-50 % for selected TMR standard cell candidates. As a conclusion, the presented design concepts at the cell and library levels, as well as the design flow modifications are adaptable and transferable to other technology nodes. In particular, the design of hybrid solutions with integrated reliable differential logic modules together with robust radiation-tolerant circuit parts is enabled by the standard cell concepts and design methods proposed in this work. N2 - Eine zuverlässige und robuste Datenverarbeitung ist eine der wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für Systeme in Bereichen wie Medizin, Sicherheit, Automobilbau, Luft- und Raumfahrt, um kritische Systemausfälle zu verhindern, welche durch Änderungen der Betriebsbedingung oder Umweltgegebenheiten hervorgerufen werden können. Insbesondere Signalintegritätseffekte (Signal Integrity (SI)) wie das Übersprechen und Überlagern von Signalen (crosstalk) können den Informationsgehalt in empfindlichen Mixed-Signal-Designs verzerren. Eine zusätzliche Herausforderung für Hardwaresysteme für Weltraumanwendungen ist die Strahlung. Resultierende Effekte, die durch hochenergetische Teilchentreffer ausgelöst werden (Single Event Effects (SEEs)), können zu fehlerhaften Berechnungen, beschädigten Konfigurationseinstellungen, unerwünschtem Systemverhalten oder sogar zu völliger Fehlfunktion führen. Da diese Anwendungen einen zusätzlichen Aufwand beim Entwurf und der Implementierung erfordern, ist es von Vorteil, über Standardzellenentwurfskonzepte und entsprechende Entwurfsablaufmethoden zu verfügen, die für genau solche Herausforderungen optimiert sind. Insbesondere für zuverlässige, rauscharme differenzielle Logik, wie der Current Mode Logic (CML), ist ein digitaler Entwurfsablauf ein orthogonaler Ansatz im Vergleich zum traditionellen manuellen Entwurfskonzept. Infolgedessen müssen obligatorische Vorüberlegungen detaillierter behandelt werden. Zunächst sind Konzepte für Standardzellbibliotheken mit geeigneten Zellerweiterungen für zuverlässige Systeme und robuste Raumfahrtanwendungen zu erarbeiten. Daraus resultierende Entwurfskonzepte auf Zellebene sollten die logische Synthese für den differenziellen Logikentwurf ermöglichen oder die Strahlungshärte eines Designs verbessern. Parallel dazu sind die Hauptziele der vorgeschlagenen Zellarchitekturen, die Verringerung der genutzten Siliziumfläche und der Verlustleistung sowie den Verzögerungs-Overhead zu minimieren. Zweitens ist ein spezieller Aufbau für die Charakterisierung von Standardzellen erforderlich, um eine angemessene und genaue Modellierung der Logikgatter zu ermöglichen. Nicht zuletzt müssen für die jeweiligen Hardwaresysteme Methoden für die Entwurfsphasen wie Logik-Synthese und das Platzieren und Routen (Place and Route (PnR)) entwickelt werden, um die Zuverlässigkeit beziehungsweise die Strahlungshärte auf einem akzeptablen Niveau zu halten. In dieser Arbeit werden standardisierte Zellen-basierte Entwurfsmethoden und -techniken für zuverlässige und robuste Hardwaresysteme vorgeschlagen und untersucht, welche in einer herkömmlichen Halbleitertechnologie implementiert werden. Dabei werden zuverlässige differenzielle Logikschaltungen und robuste strahlungsgehärtete Schaltungen betrachtet. Die synergetischen Verbindungen des digitalen Entwurfs werden systematisch für diese beiden Hardwaresysteme behandelt. Im Detail wird eine Bibliothek für differentielle Logik mit Single-Ended-Pseudo-Gattern für Zwischenschritte erweitert, die die Logiksynthese und Layout-Generierung mit heutigen Entwicklungswerkzeugen unterstützen. Ein spezieller Rahmen für das Layout der Zellen wird vorgeschlagen, um das Routing der Signale zu vereinfachen. Die Bibliothek für Raumfahrtanwendungen wird in ähnlicher Weise um neuartige Radiation-Hardening-by-Design (RHBD)-Zellen mit dreifacher modularer Redundanz (Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR)) erweitert, welche eine 1-Bit-Fehlerkorrektur erlaubt. Zusätzlich werden optimierte Architekturen für Glitch-Filterzellen, robuste abtastbare (scannable) und selbstkorrigierende Flip-flops und Taktgatter (clock-gates) vorgeschlagen. Die Schaltungskonzepte, die physische Layout-Repräsentation der differentiellen Logikgatter und der vorgeschlagenen RHBD-Zellen werden diskutiert. Die Qualität der Ergebnisse der Entwürfe hängt jedoch implizit von der Genauigkeit der Standardzellencharakterisierung ab, die daher für beide Typen untersucht wird. Der gesamte Entwurfsablauf wird von der Entwurfsbeschreibung der Hardware bis hin zur generierten Layout-Darstellung ausgearbeitet. Infolgedessen wird ein 2-Phasen-Routing-Ansatz zusammen mit einem zwischengeschalteten Design-Konvertierungsschritt nach der initialen PnR-Phase für zuverlässige, differentielle Designs vorgeschlagen, während ein spezielles Constraining für RHBD-Anwendungen vorgestellt wird. Der digitale Entwurfsablauf für Differenziallogik wird erfolgreich an einer zuverlässigen bipolaren Differenzial-CML-Anwendung demonstriert. Durch den 2-Phasen-Routing-Ansatz wird ein ausgewogenes Routing-Ergebnis differentieller Signalpaare erzielt. Darüber hinaus werden die erarbeiteten Standardzellenkonzepte und die Entwurfsmethodik für RHBD-Schaltungen auf den digitalen Teil eines 7.5-15.5MSPS 14-bit Analog-Digital-Wandlers (ADC) und einer komplexen Mikrocontroller-Architektur angewandt. Der ADC wurde in einer nicht-gehärteten Standard-Halbleitertechnologie implementiert und erfolgreich durch elektrische Messungen verifiziert. Der Mehraufwand des Härtungsansatzes wird zusätzlich durch Design Exploration der Mikrocontroller-Anwendung bewertet. Ferner zeigen erste Messergebnisse der neuartigen RHBD-ΔTMR-Flip-flops eine Strahlungstoleranz bis zu einem linearen Energietransfer (Linear Energy Transfers (LET)) Schwellwert von 46.1, 52.0 und 62.5MeVcm2 mg-1 und eine Einsparung an Siliziumfläche von 25-50% für ausgewählte TMR-Standardzellenkandidaten. Die vorgestellten Entwurfskonzepte auf Zell- und Bibliotheksebene sowie die Änderungen des Entwurfsablaufs sind anpassbar und übertragbar auf andere Technologieknoten. Insbesondere der Entwurf hybrider Lösungen mit integrierten zuverlässigen differenziellen Logikmodulen zusammen mit robusten strahlungstoleranten Schaltungsteilen wird durch die in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagenen Konzepte und Entwurfsmethoden ermöglicht. KW - hardware design KW - ASIC KW - radiation hardness KW - digital design KW - ASIC (Applikationsspezifische Integrierte Schaltkreise) KW - Digital Design KW - Hardware Design KW - Strahlungshartes Design Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-589326 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin ED - Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin ED - Shepherd, Laura J. T1 - Gender at the crossroads BT - the role of gender in the UN’s global counterterrorism reform at the humanitarian-development-peace nexus T2 - Gender and the governance of terrorism and violent extremism N2 - Since the early 2000s, the United Nations (UN) global counterterrorism architecture has seen significant changes towards increased multilateralism, a focus on prevention, and inter-institutional coordination across the UN’s three pillars of work. Throughout this reform process, gender aspects have increasingly become presented as a “cross-cutting” theme. In this article, I investigate the role of gender in the UN’s counterterrorism reform process at the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, or “triple nexus”, from a feminist institutionalist perspective. I conduct a feminist discourse analysis of the counterterrorism discourses of three UN entities, which represent the different UN pillars of peace and security (DPO), development (UNDP), and humanitarianism and human rights (OHCHR). The article examines the role of gender in the inter-institutional reform process by focusing on the changes, overlaps and differences in the discursive production of gender in the entities’ counterterrorism agendas over time and in two recent UN counterterrorism conferences. I find that gendered dynamics of nested newness and institutional layering have played an essential role both as a justification for the involvement of individual entities in counterterrorism and as a vehicle for inter-institutional cooperation and struggle for discursive power. Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-1-003-38126-6 SN - 978-1-032-46347-6 SN - 978-1-032-46348-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003381266-2 SP - 11 EP - 36 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Sajedi, Maryam T1 - Investigation of metal-halide-perovskites by state-of-the-art synchrotron-radiation methods T1 - Untersuchung von Metallhalogenid-Perowskiten mit modernsten Synchrotronstrahlungsmethoden N2 - My thesis chiefly aims to shed light on the favourable properties of LHP semiconductors from the point of view of their electronic structure. Currently, various hypotheses are circulating to explain the exceptionally favourable transport properties of LHPs. Seeking an explanation for the low non-radiative recombination rates and long carrier lifetimes is particularly interesting to the halide perovskites research community. The first part of this work investigates the two main hypotheses that are believed to play a significant role: the existence of a giant Rashba effect and large polarons. The experimental method of ARPES is mainly applied to verify their credibility. The first hypothesis presumes that a giant Rashba effect restricts the recombination losses of the charge carriers by making the band gap slightly indirect. The Rashba effect is based on a strong SOC that could appear in LHPs thanks to incorporating the heavy element Pb in their structure. Earlier experimental work had pointed out this effect at the VBM of a hybrid LHP as a viable explanation for the long lifetimes of the charge carriers. My systematic ARPES studies on hybrid MAPbBr3 and spin-resolved ARPES studies on the inorganic CsPbBr3 disprove the presence of any Rashba effect in the VBM of the reported order of magnitude. Therefore, neither the spin texture nor an indirect band gap character at the VBM in the bulk or at the surface can explain the high efficiency of LHP. In case of existence, this effect is in terms of the Rashba parameter at least a factor of a hundred smaller than previously assumed. The second hypothesis proposes large polaron formation in the electronic structure of LHPs and attributes it to their high defect tolerance and low non-radiative recombination rate. Because the perovskite structure consists of negative and positive ions, polarons of this kind can be expected due to the Coulomb interaction between carriers and the polar lattice at intermediate electron-phonon coupling strength. Their existence is proposed to screen the carriers and defects to avoid recombination and trapping, thus leading to long carrier lifetimes. ARPES results by one group supported this assumption, reporting a 50% effective mass enhancement over the theoretical effective mass for CsPbBr3 in the orthorhombic structure. The current thesis examines this hypothesis experimentally by photon-energy-dependent ARPES spectra and theoretically by GW band calculations of CsPbBr3 perovskites. The investigation is based on the fact that a polaron contribution in charge transport can become evident by an increase of the effective mass as measured by ARPES over the calculated one without polaron effects. However, my experiments on crystalline CsPbBr3 did not imply a larger effective mass for which one could postulate large polarons. In fact, the effective masses determined from ARPES agree with that of theoretical predictions. The second part of my thesis thoroughly investigates the possibility of spontaneously magnetizing LHPs by introducing Mn2+ ions. Mn doping was reported to cause ferromagnetism in one of the most common LHPs, MAPbI3, mediated by super-exchange. The current work investigates the magnetic properties of a wide concentration range of Mn-doped MAPbI3 and triple-cation films by XAS, XMCD, and SQUID measurements. Based on the XAS line shape and a sum-rule analysis of the XMCD spectra, a pure Mn2+ configuration has been confirmed. Negative Curie temperatures are extracted from fitting the magnetization with a Curie-Weiss law. However, a remanent magnetization, which would be an indication of the absence of ferromagnetism down to 2K. As far as the double exchange is concerned, the element-specific XAS excludes a sufficient amount of Mn3+ as a prerequisite for this mechanism. All the findings show no evidence of significant double exchange or ferromagnetism in Mn-doped LHPs. The magnetic behavior is paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic. In the dissertation's last chapter, orthorhombic features of CsPbBr3 are revealed by ARPES, including an extra VBM at the Γ-point. The VBM of CsPbBr3 shows a temperature-dependent splitting, which decreases by 190 meV between 38K and 300K and tracks a shift of a saddle point at the cubic M-point. It is possible to reproduce the energy shift using an atomic model with a larger unit cell for room temperature, allowing local inversion symmetry breaking. This indicates the importance of electric dipoles for the inorganic LHPs, which may contribute to their high efficiency by breaking inversion symmetry and a Berry-phase effect. N2 - In meiner Dissertation geht es vor allem darum, die vorteilhaften Eigenschaften von LHP ausgehend von ihrer elektronischen Struktur zu beleuchten. Derzeit kursieren zahlreiche Hypothesen, um die außergewöhnlich guten Transporteigenschaften von LHPs zu erklären. Die Suche nach einer Erklärung für die niedrigen strahlungslosen Rekombinationsraten und die langen Ladungsträgerlebensdauern ist von besonderem Interesse für die Forschercommunity der Halogenidperowskite. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht die beiden Haupthypothesen, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie eine wichtige Rolle spielen: die Existenz eines riesigen Rashba-Effekts und großer Polaronen. Hier wird hauptsächlich die experimentelle Methode der ARPES angewandt, um ihre Glaubwürdigkeit zu überprüfen. Die erste Hypothese geht davon aus, dass ein riesiger Rashba-Effekt die Rekombinationsverluste der Ladungsträger einschränkt, indem er die Bandlücke leicht indirekt macht. Der Rashba-Effekt basiert auf einer starken Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung, die in LHPs, dank der Präsenz des schweren Elements Pb in ihrer Struktur, potenziell auftreten könnte. Eine frühere experimentelle Arbeit hatte diesen Effekt am VBM eines hybriden LHP als mögliche Erklärung für die langen Lebensdauern der Ladungsträger vorgeschlagen. Meine systematischen ARPES-Studien am hybriden MAPbBr3 sowie die winkel- und spinaufgelösten ARPES-Studien am anorganischen CsPbBr3 widerlegen das Vorhandensein eines riesigen Rashba-Effekts im VBM in der angegebenen Größenordnung. Daher können weder die Spin-Textur noch der indirekte Bandlückencharakter am VBM im Volumen oder an der Oberfläche die hohe Effizienz von LHP erklären. Dieser Effekt ist, falls er existiert, mindestens um einen Faktor hundert kleiner als bisher angenommen. Die zweite Hypothese geht von der Bildung großer Polaronen in der elektronischen Struktur von LHPs aus, welche zu ihrer hohen Defekttoleranz und niedrigen strahlungslosen Rekombination srate beitragen soll. Da die Perowskit Struktur aus negativen und positiven Ionen besteht, sind solche Polaronen wegen der Coulomb-Wechselwirkung zwischen Ladungsträger und Ionengitter bei mittlerer Stärke der Elektron-Phonon-Kopplung zu erwarten. Es wird angenommen, dass sie die Ladungsträger und Defekte abschirmen, was Rekombination und Trapping verhindert und zu langen Ladungsträgerlebensdauern führt. Die ARPES-Ergebnisse einer Gruppe stützen diese Annahme und zeigen, dass die effektive Masse von CsPbBr3 um 50% höher ist als die theoretische effektive Masse für die orthorhombische Phase. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird diese Hypothese experimentell mit Hilfe von Photonenenergie-abhängigen ARPES-Spektren und theoretisch mit Hilfe von GW-Bandstrukturberechnungen an CsPbBr3-Perowskiten untersucht. Denn der Beitrag von Polaronen zum Ladungstransport lässt sich durch eine Zunahme der mit ARPES gemessenen effektiven-Masse nachweisen. Meine Experimente an kristallinem CsPbBr3 ergaben jedoch keine erhöhte effektive Masse, für die man große Polaronen postulieren könnte. Tatsächlich stimmen die aus ARPES ermittelten effektiven Massen gut mit den theoretischen Vorhersagen überein. Der zweite Teil meiner Dissertation untersucht die Möglichkeit, LHPs durch den Einbau von Mn2+ Ionen spontan zu magnetisieren. Es wurde berichtet, dass die Mn-Dotierung in einem der häufigsten LHPs - \MAPbI3 - Ferromagnetismus durch "Superaustausch" hervorruft. Außerdem berichteten zwei weitere Arbeiten über Ferromagnetismus sogar bei Raumtemperatur, hervorgerufen jedoch durch Doppalaustausch. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die magnetischen Eigenschaften eines weiten Konzentrationsbereichs von Mn-dotiertem MAPbI3 und Dreifachkation-Filmen mittels XAS, XMCD und SQUID-Messungen untersucht. Basierend auf der XAS-Linienform und der Summenregelanalyse der XMCD-Spektren wurde eine reine Mn2+ Konfiguration bestätigt. Negative Curie-Temperaturen werden aus einem Fit der Magnetisierung mit dem Curie-Weiss-Gesetz abgeleitet. Eine remanente Magnetisierung, die auf Ferromagnetismus hindeuten würde, wird jedoch bis hinunter zu 2K nicht beobachtet. Was den Doppelaustausch betrifft, so schließt die elementspezifische XAS eine ausreichende Menge an Mn3+ als Voraussetzung für diesen Mechanismus aus. Nach all diesen Erkenntnissen gibt es keinen Hinweis auf einen signifikanten Doppelaustausch oder Ferromagnetismus in Mn-dotierten LHP. Das magnetische Verhalten ist eher paramagnetisch als ferromagnetisch. Im letzten Kapitel der Dissertation werden orthorhombische ARPES-Strukturen bei CsPbBr3 beobachtet, einschließlich eines zusätzlichen VBM am Γ-Punkt. Das VBM von CsPbBr3 zeigt eine temperaturabhängige Aufspaltung, die zwischen 38K und 300 K um 190 meV abnimmt und von einer Verschiebung eines Sattelpunktes am kubischen M-Punkt stammt. Es ist möglich, die Energieverschiebung mit atomaren Model mit größerer Einzeitszelle für Raumtemperatur, eine Brechung der lokalen Inversionssymmetrie zulässt, zu reproduzieren. Dies deutet auf die Bedeutung elektrischer Dipole für anorganische LHP hin, die zu ihrer hohen Effizienz durch Brechung der Inversionssymmetrie und einen Berry-Phasen-Effekt beitragen könnten. KW - lead halide perovskites (LHP) KW - valence band (VB) KW - valence band maximum (VBM) KW - Brillouin zone (BZ) KW - surface Brillouin zone (SBZ) KW - Spin-orbi coupling (SOC) KW - Brillouin-Zone (BZ) KW - Bleihalogenid-Perowskite (BHP) KW - Oberflächen-Brillouin-Zone (OBZ) KW - Valenzband (VB) KW - Valenzbandmaximum (VBM) KW - Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung (SBW) Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - THES A1 - Chen, Junchao T1 - A self-adaptive resilient method for implementing and managing the high-reliability processing system T1 - Eine selbstadaptive belastbare Methode zum Implementieren und Verwalten von hochzuverlässigen Verarbeitungssysteme N2 - As a result of CMOS scaling, radiation-induced Single-Event Effects (SEEs) in electronic circuits became a critical reliability issue for modern Integrated Circuits (ICs) operating under harsh radiation conditions. SEEs can be triggered in combinational or sequential logic by the impact of high-energy particles, leading to destructive or non-destructive faults, resulting in data corruption or even system failure. Typically, the SEE mitigation methods are deployed statically in processing architectures based on the worst-case radiation conditions, which is most of the time unnecessary and results in a resource overhead. Moreover, the space radiation conditions are dynamically changing, especially during Solar Particle Events (SPEs). The intensity of space radiation can differ over five orders of magnitude within a few hours or days, resulting in several orders of magnitude fault probability variation in ICs during SPEs. This thesis introduces a comprehensive approach for designing a self-adaptive fault resilient multiprocessing system to overcome the static mitigation overhead issue. This work mainly addresses the following topics: (1) Design of on-chip radiation particle monitor for real-time radiation environment detection, (2) Investigation of space environment predictor, as support for solar particle events forecast, (3) Dynamic mode configuration in the resilient multiprocessing system. Therefore, according to detected and predicted in-flight space radiation conditions, the target system can be configured to use no mitigation or low-overhead mitigation during non-critical periods of time. The redundant resources can be used to improve system performance or save power. On the other hand, during increased radiation activity periods, such as SPEs, the mitigation methods can be dynamically configured appropriately depending on the real-time space radiation environment, resulting in higher system reliability. Thus, a dynamic trade-off in the target system between reliability, performance and power consumption in real-time can be achieved. All results of this work are evaluated in a highly reliable quad-core multiprocessing system that allows the self-adaptive setting of optimal radiation mitigation mechanisms during run-time. Proposed methods can serve as a basis for establishing a comprehensive self-adaptive resilient system design process. Successful implementation of the proposed design in the quad-core multiprocessor shows its application perspective also in the other designs. N2 - Infolge der CMOS-Skalierung wurden strahleninduzierte Einzelereignis-Effekte (SEEs) in elektronischen Schaltungen zu einem kritischen Zuverlässigkeitsproblem für moderne integrierte Schaltungen (ICs), die unter rauen Strahlungsbedingungen arbeiten. SEEs können in der kombinatorischen oder sequentiellen Logik durch den Aufprall hochenergetischer Teilchen ausgelöst werden, was zu destruktiven oder nicht-destruktiven Fehlern und damit zu Datenverfälschungen oder sogar Systemausfällen führt. Normalerweise werden die Methoden zur Abschwächung von SEEs statisch in Verarbeitungsarchitekturen auf der Grundlage der ungünstigsten Strahlungsbedingungen eingesetzt, was in den meisten Fällen unnötig ist und zu einem Ressourcen-Overhead führt. Darüber hinaus ändern sich die Strahlungsbedingungen im Weltraum dynamisch, insbesondere während Solar Particle Events (SPEs). Die Intensität der Weltraumstrahlung kann sich innerhalb weniger Stunden oder Tage um mehr als fünf Größenordnungen ändern, was zu einer Variation der Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit in ICs während SPEs um mehrere Größenordnungen führt. In dieser Arbeit wird ein umfassender Ansatz für den Entwurf eines selbstanpassenden, fehlerresistenten Multiprozessorsystems vorgestellt, um das Problem des statischen Mitigation-Overheads zu überwinden. Diese Arbeit befasst sich hauptsächlich mit den folgenden Themen: (1) Entwurf eines On-Chip-Strahlungsteilchen Monitors zur Echtzeit-Erkennung von Strahlung Umgebungen, (2) Untersuchung von Weltraumumgebungsprognosen zur Unterstützung der Vorhersage von solaren Teilchen Ereignissen, (3) Konfiguration des dynamischen Modus in einem belastbaren Multiprozessorsystem. Daher kann das Zielsystem je nach den erkannten und vorhergesagten Strahlungsbedingungen während des Fluges so konfiguriert werden, dass es während unkritischer Zeiträume keine oder nur eine geringe Strahlungsminderung vornimmt. Die redundanten Ressourcen können genutzt werden, um die Systemleistung zu verbessern oder Energie zu sparen. In Zeiten erhöhter Strahlungsaktivität, wie z. B. während SPEs, können die Abschwächungsmethoden dynamisch und in Abhängigkeit von der Echtzeit-Strahlungsumgebung im Weltraum konfiguriert werden, was zu einer höheren Systemzuverlässigkeit führt. Auf diese Weise kann im Zielsystem ein dynamischer Kompromiss zwischen Zuverlässigkeit, Leistung und Stromverbrauch in Echtzeit erreicht werden. Alle Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit wurden in einem hochzuverlässigen Quad-Core-Multiprozessorsystem evaluiert, das die selbstanpassende Einstellung optimaler Strahlungsschutzmechanismen während der Laufzeit ermöglicht. Die vorgeschlagenen Methoden können als Grundlage für die Entwicklung eines umfassenden, selbstanpassenden und belastbaren Systementwurfsprozesses dienen. Die erfolgreiche Implementierung des vorgeschlagenen Entwurfs in einem Quad-Core-Multiprozessor zeigt, dass er auch für andere Entwürfe geeignet ist. KW - single event upset KW - solar particle event KW - machine learning KW - self-adaptive multiprocessing system KW - maschinelles Lernen KW - selbstanpassendes Multiprozessorsystem KW - strahleninduzierte Einzelereignis-Effekte KW - Sonnenteilchen-Ereignis Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-583139 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Quarmby, Andrew James A1 - Mönnig, Jamal A1 - Mugele, Hendrik A1 - Henschke, Jakob A1 - Kim, MyoungHwee A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Engel, Tilman T1 - Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 830 KW - achilles tendinopathy KW - biomechanics KW - neuromuscular KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - athletes KW - runners KW - kinematics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-587603 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 830 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quarmby, Andrew James A1 - Mönnig, Jamal A1 - Mugele, Hendrik A1 - Henschke, Jakob A1 - Kim, MyoungHwee A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Engel, Tilman T1 - Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review JF - Frontiers in Sports and Active Living N2 - Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn. KW - achilles tendinopathy KW - biomechanics KW - neuromuscular KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - athletes KW - runners KW - kinematics Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1012471 SN - 2624-9367 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaefer, Laura A1 - Carnarius, Friederike A1 - Dech, Silas A1 - Bittmann, Frank T1 - Repeated measurements of Adaptive Force BT - maximal holding capacity differs from other maximal strength parameters and preliminary characteristics for non-professional strength vs. endurance athletes JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - The Adaptive Force (AF) reflects the neuromuscular capacity to adapt to external loads during holding muscle actions and is similar to motions in real life and sports. The maximal isometric AF (AFisoₘₐₓ) was considered to be the most relevant parameter and was assumed to have major importance regarding injury mechanisms and the development of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of different torque parameters over the course of 30 repeated maximal AF trials. In addition, maximal holding vs. maximal pushing isometric muscle actions were compared. A side consideration was the behavior of torques in the course of repeated AF actions when comparing strength and endurance athletes. The elbow flexors of n = 12 males (six strength/six endurance athletes, non-professionals) were measured 30 times (120 s rest) using a pneumatic device. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was measured pre and post. MVIC, AFisoₘₐₓ, and AFₘₐₓ (maximal torque of one AF measurement) were evaluated regarding different considerations and statistical tests. AFₘₐₓ and AFisoₘₐₓ declined in the course of 30 trials [slope regression (mean ± standard deviation): AFₘₐₓ = −0.323 ± 0.263; AFisoₘₐₓ = −0.45 ± 0.45]. The decline from start to end amounted to −12.8% ± 8.3% (p < 0.001) for AFₘₐₓ and −25.41% ± 26.40% (p < 0.001) for AFisoₘₐₓ. AF parameters declined more in strength vs. endurance athletes. Thereby, strength athletes showed a rather stable decline for AFmax and a plateau formation for AFisoₘₐₓ after 15 trials. In contrast, endurance athletes reduced their AFₘₐₓ, especially after the first five trials, and remained on a rather similar level for AFisomax. The maximum of AFisoₘₐₓ of all 30 trials amounted 67.67% ± 13.60% of MVIC (p < 0.001, n = 12), supporting the hypothesis of two types of isometric muscle action (holding vs. pushing). The findings provided the first data on the behavior of torque parameters after repeated isometric–eccentric actions and revealed further insights into neuromuscular control strategies. Additionally, they highlight the importance of investigating AF parameters in athletes based on the different behaviors compared to MVIC. This is assumed to be especially relevant regarding injury mechanisms. KW - Adaptive Force KW - maximal isometric Adaptive Force KW - holding capacity KW - neuromuscular control KW - strength vs. endurance athletes KW - injury mechanisms KW - repeated adaptive isometric–eccentric muscle action KW - holding (HIMA) and pushing (PIMA) isometric muscle action Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1020954 SN - 1664-042X VL - 14 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaefer, Laura A1 - Bittmann, Frank T1 - The adaptive force as a potential biomechanical parameter in the recovery process of patients with long COVID JF - Diagnostics N2 - Long COVID patients show symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle weakness and pain. Adequate diagnostics are still lacking. Investigating muscle function might be a beneficial approach. The holding capacity (maximal isometric Adaptive Force; AFisomax) was previously suggested to be especially sensitive for impairments. This longitudinal, non-clinical study aimed to investigate the AF in long COVID patients and their recovery process. AF parameters of elbow and hip flexors were assessed in 17 patients at three time points (pre: long COVID state, post: immediately after first treatment, end: recovery) by an objectified manual muscle test. The tester applied an increasing force on the limb of the patient, who had to resist isometrically for as long as possible. The intensity of 13 common symptoms were queried. At pre, patients started to lengthen their muscles at ~50% of the maximal AF (AFmax), which was then reached during eccentric motion, indicating unstable adaptation. At post and end, AFisomax increased significantly to ~99% and 100% of AFmax, respectively, reflecting stable adaptation. AFmax was statistically similar for all three time points. Symptom intensity decreased significantly from pre to end. The findings revealed a substantially impaired maximal holding capacity in long COVID patients, which returned to normal function with substantial health improvement. AFisomax might be a suitable sensitive functional parameter to assess long COVID patients and to support therapy process KW - Adaptive Force KW - maximal isometric Adaptive Force KW - holding capacity KW - muscle function KW - long COVID fatigue KW - post COVID syndrome KW - muscle weakness KW - neuromuscular control KW - biomechanical parameter Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050882 SN - 2075-4418 VL - 13 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodríguez Sánchez, Alejandra A1 - Wucherpfennig, Julian A1 - Rischke, Ramona A1 - Iacus, Stefano Maria T1 - Search-and-rescue in the Central Mediterranean Route does not induce migration BT - predictive modeling to answer causal queries in migration research JF - Scientific reports N2 - State- and private-led search-and-rescue are hypothesized to foster irregular migration (and thereby migrant fatalities) by altering the decision calculus associated with the journey. We here investigate this ‘pull factor’ claim by focusing on the Central Mediterranean route, the most frequented and deadly irregular migration route towards Europe during the past decade. Based on three intervention periods—(1) state-led Mare Nostrum, (2) private-led search-and-rescue, and (3) coordinated pushbacks by the Libyan Coast Guard—which correspond to substantial changes in laws, policies, and practices of search-and-rescue in the Mediterranean, we are able to test the ‘pull factor’ claim by employing an innovative machine learning method in combination with causal inference. We employ a Bayesian structural time-series model to estimate the effects of these three intervention periods on the migration flow as measured by crossing attempts (i.e., time-series aggregate counts of arrivals, pushbacks, and deaths), adjusting for various known drivers of irregular migration. We combine multiple sources of traditional and non-traditional data to build a synthetic, predicted counterfactual flow. Results show that our predictive modeling approach accurately captures the behavior of the target time-series during the various pre-intervention periods of interest. A comparison of the observed and predicted counterfactual time-series in the post-intervention periods suggest that pushback policies did affect the migration flow, but that the search-and-rescue periods did not yield a discernible difference between the observed and the predicted counterfactual number of crossing attempts. Hence we do not find support for search-and-rescue as a driver of irregular migration. In general, this modeling approach lends itself to forecasting migration flows with the goal of answering causal queries in migration research. KW - human behaviour KW - population dynamics Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38119-4 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trouwloon, Danick A1 - Streck, Charlotte A1 - Chagas, Thiago A1 - Martinus, Glenpherd T1 - Understanding the use of carbon credits by companies BT - a review of the defining elements of corporate climate claims JF - Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) N2 - Worldwide, companies are increasingly making claims about their current climate efforts and their future mitigation commitments. These claims tend to be underpinned by carbon credits issued in voluntary carbon markets to offset emissions. Corporate climate claims are largely unregulated which means that they are often (perceived to be) misleading and deceptive. As such, corporate climate claims risk undermining, rather than contributing to, global climate mitigation. This paper takes as its point of departure the proposition that a better understanding of corporate climate claims is needed to govern such claims in a manner that adequately addresses potential greenwashing risks. To that end, the paper reviews the nascent literature on corporate climate claims relying on the use of voluntary carbon credits. Drawing on the reviewed literature, three key dimensions of corporate climate claims as related to carbon credits are discussed: 1) the intended use of carbon credits: offsetting versus non-offsetting claims; 2) the framing and meaning of headline terms: net-zero versus carbon neutral claims; and 3) the status of the claim: future aspirational commitments versus stated achievements. The paper thereby offers a preliminary categorization of corporate climate claims and discusses risks associated with and governance implications for each of these categories. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202200158 SN - 2056-6646 VL - 7 IS - 4 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pinkas, Ronen T1 - On prayer and dialectic in modern Jewish philosophy BT - Hermann Cohen and Franz Rosenzweig JF - Religions N2 - This paper is founded on two philosophical assumptions. The first is that there is a difference between two patterns of recognition: the dialectical and the dialogical. The second assumption is that the origins of the dialogical pattern may be found in the relationship between human beings and God, a relationship in which prayer has a major role. The second assumption leads to the supposition that the emphasis of the dialogic approach on moral responsibility is theologically grounded. In other words, the relationship between humanity and God serves as a paradigm for human relationships. By focusing on Hermann Cohen and Franz Rosenzweig, in the context of prayer and dialectic, this paper highlights the complexity of these themes in modern Jewish thought. These two important philosophers utilize dialectical reasoning while also criticizing it and offering an alternative. The conclusions of their thought, in general, and their position on prayer, in particular, demonstrate a preference for a relational way of thinking over a dialectical one, but without renouncing the latter. KW - dialectic KW - dialogue KW - prayer KW - modern Jewish philosophy KW - religious existentialism Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14080996 SN - 2077-1444 VL - 14 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liedl, Bernd A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Samper Mejia, Cristina A1 - Verwiebe, Roland T1 - Risk perceptions of individuals living in single-parent households during the COVID-19 crisis BT - examining the mediating and moderating role of income JF - Frontiers in sociology N2 - The COVID-19 crisis had severe social and economic impact on the life of most citizens around the globe. Individuals living in single-parent households were particularly at risk, revealing detrimental labour market outcomes and assessments of future perspectives marked by worries. As it has not been investigated yet, in this paper we study, how their perception about the future and their outlook on how the pandemic will affect them is related to their objective economic resources. Against this background, we examine the subjective risk perception of worsening living standards of individuals living in single-parent households compared to other household types, their objective economic situation based on the logarithmised equivalised disposable household incomes and analyse the relationship between those indicators. Using the German SOEP, including the SOEP-CoV survey from 2020, our findings based on regression modelling reveal that individuals living in single-parent households have been worse off during the pandemic, facing high economic insecurity. Path and interaction models support our assumption that the association between those indicators may not be that straightforward, as there are underlying mechanisms–such as mediation and moderation–of income affecting its direction and strength. With respect to our central hypotheses, our empirical findings point toward (1) a mediation effect, by demonstrating that the subjective risk perception of single-parent households can be partly explained by economic conditions. (2) The moderating effect suggests that the concrete position at the income distribution of households matters as well. While at the lower end of the income distribution, single-parent households reveal particularly worse risk perceptions during the pandemic, at the high end of the income spectrum, risk perceptions are similar for all household types. Thus, individuals living in single-parent households do not perceive higher risks of worsening living standards due to their household situation per se, but rather because they are worse off in terms of their economic situation compared to individuals living in other household types. KW - COVID-19 pandemic KW - Germany KW - household types KW - individuals living in single-parent households KW - objective labour market outcome KW - subjective risk perception Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1265302 SN - 2297-7775 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thienen, Julia von A1 - Weinstein, Theresa Julia A1 - Meinel, Christoph T1 - Creative metacognition in design thinking BT - exploring theories, educational practices, and their implications for measurement JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Design thinking is a well-established practical and educational approach to fostering high-level creativity and innovation, which has been refined since the 1950s with the participation of experts like Joy Paul Guilford and Abraham Maslow. Through real-world projects, trainees learn to optimize their creative outcomes by developing and practicing creative cognition and metacognition. This paper provides a holistic perspective on creativity, enabling the formulation of a comprehensive theoretical framework of creative metacognition. It focuses on the design thinking approach to creativity and explores the role of metacognition in four areas of creativity expertise: Products, Processes, People, and Places. The analysis includes task-outcome relationships (product metacognition), the monitoring of strategy effectiveness (process metacognition), an understanding of individual or group strengths and weaknesses (people metacognition), and an examination of the mutual impact between environments and creativity (place metacognition). It also reviews measures taken in design thinking education, including a distribution of cognition and metacognition, to support students in their development of creative mastery. On these grounds, we propose extended methods for measuring creative metacognition with the goal of enhancing comprehensive assessments of the phenomenon. Proposed methodological advancements include accuracy sub-scales, experimental tasks where examinees explore problem and solution spaces, combinations of naturalistic observations with capability testing, as well as physiological assessments as indirect measures of creative metacognition. KW - accuracy KW - creativity KW - design thinking KW - education KW - measurement KW - metacognition KW - innovation KW - framework Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157001 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 14 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Glauber Pontes A1 - Rodrigues, Ítalo Sampaio A1 - Raabe, Armin A1 - Holstein, Peter A1 - De Araujo, Josè Carlos T1 - Direct measurement of open-water evaporation BT - a newly developed sensor applied to a Brazilian tropical reservoir JF - Hydrological sciences journal N2 - This study investigates the sensitivity and uncertainty of evaporation assessment in a tropical reservoir in northeastern Brazil. For this purpose, four approaches were used: Penman, a Dalton-modified equation, a pressure meter and a novel acoustic sensor. The main objective is to evaluate whether sensors can be employed to adequately assess lake evaporation. The sensors were installed in floating pans and the equations are based on variables collected from a raft. The wind-inducted waves in the reservoir often disturbed the measurements using both pressure (uncertainty of +/- 0.6 mm) and acoustic (uncertainty of +/- 0.1 mm) sensors, causing flaws and affecting continuous monitoring. The modified Dalton model, based on data collected with a floating station, estimated values over three-hour courses of evaporation similar to those measured by the pressure meter. These findings are important contributions to an accurate monitoring of water losses through evaporation and reservoir operation, particularly in dry regions. KW - water management KW - sub-daily evaporation KW - direct measurement KW - instrumentation Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2022.2157278 SN - 0262-6667 SN - 2150-3435 VL - 68 IS - 3 SP - 379 EP - 394 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon, Oxon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian A1 - Schmitz, Andreas T1 - Divided we stand, united we fall? BT - structure and struggles of contemporary German sociology JF - International review of sociology N2 - This contribution presents an analysis of the structure and conflictual dynamics of contemporary German sociology which has recently separated into two professional societies. Using geometric data analysis, we present an empirical construction of the power/knowledge structure of the field, its paradigmatic plurality, and the various forms of sociological practices involved. KW - German sociology KW - scientific fields KW - geometric data analysis KW - class-specific analysis KW - prosopography Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2023.2244170 SN - 0390-6701 SN - 1469-9273 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 512 EP - 545 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Markov, Adrian T1 - Acute effects of exercise order in concurrent training on immunological stress responses and measures of muscular fitness in youth athletes of both sexes N2 - Background and aims: To succeed in competition, elite team and individual athletes often seek the development of both, high levels of muscle strength and power as well as cardiorespiratory endurance. In this context, concurrent training (CT) is a commonly applied and effective training approach. While being exposed to high training loads, youth athletes (≤ 18 years) are yet underrepresented in the scientific literature. Besides, immunological responses to CT have received little attention. Therefore, the aims of this work were to examine the acute (< 15min) and delayed (≥ 6 hours) effects of dif-ferent exercise order in CT on immunological stress responses, muscular fitness, metabolic response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male and female judo athletes. Methods: A total of twenty male and thirteen female participants, with an average age of 16 ± 1.8 years and 14.4 ± 2.1 years, respectively, were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to two CT sessions; power-endurance versus endurance-power (i.e., study 1), or strength-endurance versus endurance-strength (i.e., study 2). Markers of immune response (i.e., white-blood-cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, mon-ocytes, and lymphocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index), muscular fitness (i.e., counter-movement jump [CMJ]), metabolic responses (i.e., blood lactate, glucose), and RPE were collected at different time points (i.e., PRE12H, PRE, MID, POST, POST6H, POST22H). Results (study 1): There were significant time*order interactions for white-blood-cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. The power-endurance order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in white-blood-cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes while the endur-ance-power order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in the granu-locyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger increases from PRE-to-POST6H in white-blood-cells and granulocytes were observed following the power-endurance order compared to endurance-power. All markers of immune response returned toward baseline values at POST22H. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood glucose and lactate. Following the endur-ance-power order, blood lactate and glucose increased from PRE-to-MID but not from PRE-to-POST. Meanwhile, in the power-endurance order blood lactate and glucose increased from PRE-to-POST but not from PRE-to-MID. A significant time*order inter-action was observed for CMJ-force with larger PRE-to-POST decreases in the endur-ance-power order compared to power-endurance order. Further, CMJ-power showed larger PRE-to-MID performance decreases following the power-endurance order, com-pared to the endurance-power order. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger PRE-to-MID values following the endurance-power order and larger PRE-to-POST values following the power-endurance order. Results (study 2): There were significant time*order interactions for lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. The strength-endurance order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in lymphocytes while the endurance-strength order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. All markers of the immune system returned toward baseline values at POST22H. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood glucose and lactate. From PRE-to-MID, there was a significantly greater increase in blood lactate and glu-cose following the endurance-strength order compared to strength-endurance order. Meanwhile, from PRE-to-POST there was a significantly higher increase in blood glu-cose following the strength-endurance order compared to endurance-strength order. Regarding physical fitness, a significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force and CMJ-power with larger PRE-to-MID increases following the endurance-strength order compared to the strength-endurance order. For RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger PRE-to-MID values following the endur-ance-power order and larger PRE-to-POST values following the power-endurance or-der. Conclusions: The primary findings from both studies revealed order-dependent effects on immune responses. In male youth judo athletes, the results demonstrated greater immunological stress responses, both immediately (≤ 15 min) and delayed (≥ 6 hours), following the power-endurance order compared to the endurance-power order. For female youth judo athletes, the results indicated higher acute, but not delayed, order-dependent changes in immune responses following the strength-endurance order compared to the endurance-strength order. It is worth noting that in both studies, all markers of immune system response returned to baseline levels within 22 hours. This suggests that successful recovery from the exercise-induced immune stress response was achieved within 22 hours. Regarding metabolic responses, physical fitness, and perceived exertion, the findings from both studies indicated acute (≤ 15 minutes) alterations that were dependent on the exercise order. These alterations were primarily influ-enced by the endurance exercise component. Moreover, study 1 provided substantial evidence suggesting that internal load measures, such as immune markers, may differ from external load measures. This indicates a disparity between immunological, perceived, and physical responses following both concurrent training orders. Therefore, it is crucial for practitioners to acknowledge these differences and take them into consideration when designing training programs. N2 - Hintergrund und Ziele: Um im Wettkampf erfolgreich zu sein, streben Elitesportler oft die Entwicklung einer hohen Muskelkraft und -leistung als auch der kardiorespiratorischen Ausdauer an. In diesem Zusammenhang ist das gleichzeitige Training von Kraft- und Ausdauer (CT) ein häufig angewandter und effektiver Trainingsansatz. Während Jugendliche (≤ 18 Jahre) hohen Trainingsbelastungen ausgesetzt sind, sind sie in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur noch unterrepräsentiert. Außerdem haben immunologische Reaktionen auf CT bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhalten. Daher waren die Ziele dieser Arbeit, die akuten (< 15min) und verzögerten (≥ 6 Stunden) Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Übungsreihenfolgen im CT auf immunologische Stressreaktionen, muskuläre Fitness, Stoffwechselreaktionen und empfundene Anstrengung (RPE) bei hochtrainierten jugendlichen männlichen und weiblichen Judosportlern zu untersuchen. Methoden: In die Studie wurden insgesamt zwanzig männliche und dreizehn weibliche Teilnehmer im Alter von durchschnittlich 16 ± 1,8 Jahren bzw. 14,4 ± 2,1 Jahren aufgenommen. Sie wurden zufällig zwei CT-Einheiten zugewiesen: Muskelpower-Ausdauer im Vergleich zu Ausdauer-Muskelpower (d. h. Studie 1) oder Kraft-Ausdauer im Vergleich zu Ausdauer-Kraft (d. h. Studie 2). Marker der Immunantwort (d. h. weiße Blutkörperchen, Granulozyten, Lymphozyten, Monozyten und Lymphozyten, Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis, und systemischer Entzündungsindex), muskuläre Fitness (d. h. counter-movement jump [CMJ]), Stoffwechselreaktionen (d. h. Blutlaktat, Blutglukose) und RPE wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten (d. h. PRE12H, PRE, MID, POST, POST6H, POST22H) erhoben. Ergebnisse (Studie 1): Es gab signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktionen für weiße Blutkörperchen, Lymphozyten, Granulozyten, Monozyten, das Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und den systemischen Entzündungs-index. Die Reihenfolge Muskelpower-Ausdauer führte zu signifikant größeren PRE-bis-POST-Anstiegen bei weißen Blutkörperchen, Monozyten und Lymphozyten, während die Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Muskelpower zu signifikant größeren PRE-bis-POST-Anstiegen im Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und dem systemischen Entzündungsindex führte. Ebenso wurden nach der Reihenfolge Muskelpower-Ausdauer signifikant größere Anstiege von PRE-bis-POST6H bei weißen Blutkörperchen und Granulozyten im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Muskelpower beobachtet. Alle Marker des Immunsystems kehrten bis POST22H wieder auf das Ausgangsniveau zurück. Darüber hinaus wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für Blutglukose und Blutlaktat beobachtet. Nach der Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft stiegen Blutlaktat und Blutglukose von PRE-bis-MID, aber nicht von PRE-bis-POST. Außerdem wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für CMJ-Kraft beobachtet. Entsprechend zeigten sich größere PRE-bis-POST Verminderungen in der Ausdauer-Muskelpower Reihenfolge im Vergleich zu Muskelpower-Ausdauer. Außerdem zeigte die CMJ-Leistung einen größeren Leistungsverlust von PRE-bis-MID in der Muskelpower-Ausdauer Reihenfolge, im Vergleich zu Ausdauer-Muskelpower. Mit Blick auf RPE gab es ebenfalls signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktionen. Entsprechend waren die RPE-Werte höher von PRE-bis-MID nach der Ausdauer-Muskelpower Reihenfolge und von PRE-bis-POST nach der Muskelpower-Ausdauer Reihenfolge. Ergebnisse Studie 2: Beobachtet wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für Lymphozyten, Monozyten, das Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und den systemischen Entzündungsindex. Die Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer hat zu signifikanten Steigerungen der Lymphozyten von PRE-bis-POST geführt, während die Ausdauer-Kraft Reihenfolge signifikante Anstiege des Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und des systemischen Entzündungsindex zur Folge hatte. Alle Marker des Immunsystems kehrten bis POST22H wieder auf das Ausgangsniveau zurück. Darüber hinaus wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für Blutglukose und Blutlaktat beobachtet. Von PRE-bis-MID gab es nach der Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer einen signifikant größeren Anstieg von Blutlaktat und Blutglukose. Darüber hinaus gab es von PRE-bis-POST einen signifikant höheren Anstieg der Blutglukose nach der Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft. In Bezug auf die körperliche Fitness wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für CMJ-Kraft und CMJ-Leistung beobachtet, wobei größere PRE-bis-MID-Anstiege nach der Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer zu verzeichnen waren. In Bezug auf die empfundene Anstrengung wurden signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktionen festgestellt. Hier kam es zu größeren PRE-bis-MID-Werten in Folge von Ausdauer-Kraft und größere PRE-bis-POST-Werte nach Kraft-Ausdauer. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Hauptergebnisse beider Studien zeigten reihenfolgeabhängige Auswirkungen auf Immunreaktionen. Bei männlichen jugendlichen Judosportlern zeigten die Ergebnisse größere immunologische Stressreaktionen, sowohl unmittelbar (≤ 15 min) als auch verzögert (≥ 6 Stunden), nach der Reihenfolge Muskelpower-Ausdauer im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Muskelpower. Bei weiblichen jugendlichen Judosportlern deuteten die Ergebnisse auf höhere akute, aber nicht verzögerte, reihenfolgeabhängige Immunreaktionen nach der Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft hin. Es ist erwähnenswert, dass in beiden Studien alle Marker der Immunreaktion innerhalb von 22 Stunden auf das Ausgangsniveau zurückkehrten. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass eine erfolgreiche Erholung von der durch Bewegung verursachten Immunstressreaktion innerhalb von 22 Stunden erreicht wurde. In Bezug auf Stoffwechselreaktionen, körperliche Fitness und empfundene Anstrengung zeigten die Ergebnisse beider Studien akute (≤ 15 Minuten) Veränderungen, die von der Übungsreihenfolge abhängig waren. Diese Veränderungen wurden hauptsächlich durch die Ausdauerübungskomponente beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus lieferte Studie 1 Hinweise darauf, dass interne Belastungsmessungen, wie Immunmarker, von externen Belastungsmessungen wie beispielsweise RPE abweichen können. Dies deutet auf eine Diskrepanz zwischen immunologischen Reaktionen, körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeiten und empfundener Ermüdung nach beiden Trainingsreihenfolgen hin. Daher ist es für Praktiker wichtig, sich dieser Unterschiede bewusst zu sein und bei der Gestaltung von Trainingsprogrammen zu berücksichtigen. KW - concurrent training KW - combined strength and endurance KW - risk of infection KW - white blood cells KW - leukocytosis KW - adolescents KW - combat sports KW - Kombination aus Kraft und Ausdauer KW - Infektionsrisiko KW - weiße Blutkörperchen KW - Leukozytose KW - Jugendliche KW - Kampfsport KW - Profisportler KW - Concurrent Training Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-618517 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schindler, Daniel T1 - Mathematical modeling and simulation of protrusion-driven cell dynamics T1 - Mathematische Modellierung und Simulation von amöboiden Zelldynamiken N2 - Amoeboid cell motility takes place in a variety of biomedical processes such as cancer metastasis, embryonic morphogenesis, and wound healing. In contrast to other forms of cell motility, it is mainly driven by substantial cell shape changes. Based on the interplay of explorative membrane protrusions at the front and a slower-acting membrane retraction at the rear, the cell moves in a crawling kind of way. Underlying these protrusions and retractions are multiple physiological processes resulting in changes of the cytoskeleton, a meshwork of different multi-functional proteins. The complexity and versatility of amoeboid cell motility raise the need for novel computational models based on a profound theoretical framework to analyze and simulate the dynamics of the cell shape. The objective of this thesis is the development of (i) a mathematical framework to describe contour dynamics in time and space, (ii) a computational model to infer expansion and retraction characteristics of individual cell tracks and to produce realistic contour dynamics, (iii) and a complementing Open Science approach to make the above methods fully accessible and easy to use. In this work, we mainly used single-cell recordings of the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. Based on stacks of segmented microscopy images, we apply a Bayesian approach to obtain smooth representations of the cell membrane, so-called cell contours. We introduce a one-parameter family of regularized contour flows to track reference points on the contour (virtual markers) in time and space. This way, we define a coordinate system to visualize local geometric and dynamic quantities of individual contour dynamics in so-called kymograph plots. In particular, we introduce the local marker dispersion as a measure to identify membrane protrusions and retractions in a fully automated way. This mathematical framework is the basis of a novel contour dynamics model, which consists of three biophysiologically motivated components: one stochastic term, accounting for membrane protrusions, and two deterministic terms to control the shape and area of the contour, which account for membrane retractions. Our model provides a fully automated approach to infer protrusion and retraction characteristics from experimental cell tracks while being also capable of simulating realistic and qualitatively different contour dynamics. Furthermore, the model is used to classify two different locomotion types: the amoeboid and a so-called fan-shaped type. With the complementing Open Science approach, we ensure a high standard regarding the usability of our methods and the reproducibility of our research. In this context, we introduce our software publication named AmoePy, an open-source Python package to segment, analyze, and simulate amoeboid cell motility. Furthermore, we describe measures to improve its usability and extensibility, e.g., by detailed run instructions and an automatically generated source code documentation, and to ensure its functionality and stability, e.g., by automatic software tests, data validation, and a hierarchical package structure. The mathematical approaches of this work provide substantial improvements regarding the modeling and analysis of amoeboid cell motility. We deem the above methods, due to their generalized nature, to be of greater value for other scientific applications, e.g., varying organisms and experimental setups or the transition from unicellular to multicellular movement. Furthermore, we enable other researchers from different fields, i.e., mathematics, biophysics, and medicine, to apply our mathematical methods. By following Open Science standards, this work is of greater value for the cell migration community and a potential role model for other Open Science contributions. N2 - Amöboide Zellmotilität findet bei einer Vielzahl biomedizinischer Prozesse wie Krebsmetastasierung, embryonaler Morphogenese und Wundheilung statt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Formen der Zellmotilität wird sie hauptsächlich durch erhebliche Formveränderungen der Zelle angetrieben. Sie beruht auf dem Zusammenspiel von explorativen Membranausstülpungen an der Vorderseite und einem langsamer wirkenden Membraneinzug an der Rückseite. Die Komplexität amöboider Zellmotilität machen neue Berechnungsmodelle erforderlich, um die Dynamik der Zellform mathematisch fundiert zu analysieren und zu simulieren. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung (i) eines mathematischen Frameworks zur Beschreibung der Konturendynamik in Zeit und Raum, (ii) eines Computermodells, um Eigenschaften der Membranveränderungen von einzelnen Zellen zu inferieren und gleichzeitig realistische Konturdynamiken zu simulieren, (iii) und eines ergänzenden Open-Science-Ansatzes, um die oben genannten Methoden vollständig zugänglich und leicht anwendbar zu machen. Auf der Grundlage von aufeinander folgenden Mikroskopiebildern vom Modellorganismus Dictyostelium discoideum, wenden wir einen Bayesschen Ansatz an, um glatte Darstellungen der Zellmembran, sogenannte Zellkonturen, zu erhalten. Wir führen eine einparametrige Familie von regularisierten Konturflüssen ein, um Referenzpunkte auf der Kontur (virtuelle Marker) in Zeit und Raum zu verfolgen. Auf diese Weise definieren wir ein Koordinatensystem zur Visualisierung lokaler geometrischer und dynamischer Größen der individuellen Konturdynamiken in sogenannten Kymographen-Plots. Insbesondere führen wir die lokale Marker-Dispersion ein, mit der signifikante Membranveränderungen identifiziert werden können. Dieses mathematische Framework bildet die Grundlage für unser neues Modell zur Beschreibung von Konturendynamiken. Es besteht aus drei biophysiologisch motivierten Komponenten: einem stochastischen Term, der die Membranausstülpungen steuert, und zwei deterministischen Termen, die das Membraneinziehen, unter Berücksichtigung der Konturform und -fläche, steuern. Unser Modell bietet einen vollautomatisierten Ansatz zur Inferrenz der Charakteristiken von Membranveränderungen für experimentelle Zelldaten. Außerdem ermöglicht es die Simulation von realistischen und qualitativ unterschiedlichen Konturendynamiken. Mit dem ergänzenden Open-Science-Ansatz setzen wir einen hohen Standard hinsichtlich der Nutzbarkeit unserer Methoden und der Reproduzierbarkeit unserer Forschung. In diesem Kontext stellen wir die Softwarepublikation AmoePy vor, ein Open-Source-Pythonpaket zur Segmentierung, Analyse und Simulation von amöboider Zellmotilität. Darüber hinaus beschreiben wir Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Benutzerfreundlichkeit und Erweiterbarkeit, z. B. durch detaillierte Ausführanweisungen und eine automatisch generierte Quellcodedokumentation, und zur Gewährleistung der Funktionalität und Stabilität, z. B. durch automatische Softwaretests, Datenvalidierung und eine hierarchische Paketstruktur. Die mathematischen Methoden dieser Arbeit stellen wesentliche Verbesserungen in der Modellierung und Analyse der amöboiden Zellmotilität dar. Wir sind der Ansicht, dass die oben genannten Methoden aufgrund ihrer Verallgemeinerbarkeit von größerem Wert für andere wissenschaftliche Anwendungen sind und potentiell einsetzbar in verschiedenen Wissenschaftsfeldern sind, u. a. Mathematik, Biophysik und Medizin. Durch die Einhaltung von Open-Science-Standards ist diese Arbeit von größerem Wert und ein potenzielles Vorbild für andere Open-Science-Beiträge. KW - amöboide Bewegung KW - Zellmotilität KW - mathematische Modellierung KW - offene Wissenschaft KW - amoeboid motion KW - cell motility KW - mathematical modeling KW - open science Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-613275 ER - TY - THES A1 - Courtin, Jérémy T1 - Biodiversity changes in Siberia between quaternary glacial and interglacial stages T1 - Veränderungen der Biodiversität in Sibirien zwischen Quartären Glazial- und Interglazialphasen BT - exploring the potential of sedaDNA BT - das Potenzial von sedaDNA erforschen N2 - Der vom Menschen verursachte Klimawandel wirkt sich auf die biologische Vielfalt der Erde und damit auf die Ökosysteme und ihre Leistungen aus. Die Ökosysteme in den hohen Breitengraden sind aufgrund der verstärkten Erwärmung an den Polen noch stärker betroffen als der Rest der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Dennoch ist es schwierig, die Dynamik von Ökosystemen in den hohen Breitengraden vorherzusagen, da die Wechselwirkungen zwischen abiotischen und biotischen Komponenten sehr komplex sind. Da die Vergangenheit der Schlüssel zur Zukunft ist, ist die Interpretation vergangener ökologischer Veränderungen möglich, um laufende Prozesse besser zu verstehen. Im Quartär durchlief das Pleistozän mehrere glaziale und interglaziale Phasen, welche die Ökosysteme der Vergangenheit beeinflussten. Während des letzten Glazials bedeckte die pleistozäne Steppentundra den größten Teil der unvergletscherten nördlichen Hemisphäre und verschwand parallel zum Aussterben der Megafauna am Übergang zum Holozän (vor etwa 11 700 Jahren). Der Ursprung des Rückgangs der Steppentundra ist nicht gut erforscht, und die Kenntnis über die Mechanismen, die zu den Veränderungen in den vergangenen Lebensgemeinschaften und Ökosystemen geführt haben, ist von hoher Priorität, da sie wahrscheinlich mit denen vergleichbar sind, die sich auf moderne Ökosysteme auswirken. Durch die Entnahme von See- oder Permafrostkernsedimenten kann die vergangene Artenvielfalt an den Übergängen zwischen Eis- und Zwischeneiszeiten untersucht werden. Sibirien und Beringia waren der Ursprung der Ausbreitung der Steppentundra, weshalb die Untersuchung dieses Gebiets hohe Priorität hat. Bis vor kurzem waren Makrofossilien und Pollen die gängigsten Methoden. Sie dienen der Rekonstruktion vergangener Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung, haben aber ihre Grenzen und Schwächen. Seit Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts kann auch sedimentäre alte DNA (sedaDNA) untersucht werden. Mein Hauptziel war es, durch den Einsatz von sedaDNA-Ansätzen wissenschaftliche Beweise für Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung und Vielfalt der Ökosysteme der nördlichen Hemisphäre am Übergang zwischen den quartären Eiszeiten und Zwischeneiszeiten zu liefern. In dieser Arbeit liefere ich Momentaufnahmen ganzer alter Ökosysteme und beschreibe die Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung zwischen Quartärglazialen und Interglazialen und bestätige die Vegetationszusammensetzung sowie die räumlichen und zeitlichen Grenzen der pleistozänen Steppentundra. Ich stelle einen allgemeinen Verlust der Pflanzenvielfalt fest, wobei das Aussterben der Pflanzen parallel zum Aussterben der Megafauna verlief. Ich zeige auf, wie der Verlust der biotischen Widerstandsfähigkeit zum Zusammenbruch eines zuvor gut etablierten Systems führte, und diskutiere meine Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf den laufenden Klimawandel. Mit weiteren Arbeiten zur Eingrenzung von Verzerrungen und Grenzen kann sedaDNA parallel zu den etablierteren Makrofossilien- und Pollenansätzen verwendet werden oder diese sogar ersetzen, da meine Ergebnisse die Robustheit und das Potenzial von sedaDNA zur Beantwortung neuer paläoökologischer Fragen wie Veränderungen der Pflanzenvielfalt und -verluste belegen und Momentaufnahmen ganzer alter Biota liefern. N2 - Climate change of anthropogenic origin is affecting Earth’s biodiversity and therefore ecosystems and their services. High latitude ecosystems are even more impacted than the rest of Northern Hemisphere because of the amplified polar warming. Still, it is challenging to predict the dynamics of high latitude ecosystems because of complex interaction between abiotic and biotic components. As the past is the key to the future, the interpretation of past ecological changes to better understand ongoing processes is possible. In the Quaternary, the Pleistocene experienced several glacial and interglacial stages that affected past ecosystems. During the last Glacial, the Pleistocene steppe-tundra was covering most of unglaciated northern hemisphere and disappeared in parallel to the megafauna’s extinction at the transition to the Holocene (~11,700 years ago). The origin of the steppe-tundra decline is not well understood and knowledge on the mechanisms, which caused shifts in past communities and ecosystems, is of high priority as they are likely comparable to those affecting modern ecosystems. Lake or permafrost core sediments can be retrieved to investigate past biodiversity at transitions between glacial and interglacial stages. Siberia and Beringia were the origin of dispersal of the steppe-tundra, which make investigation this area of high priority. Until recently, macrofossils and pollen were the most common approaches. They are designed to reconstruct past composition changes but have limit and biases. Since the end of the 20th century, sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) can also be investigated. My main objectives were, by using sedaDNA approaches to provide scientific evidence of compositional and diversity changes in the Northern Hemisphere ecosystems at the transition between Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages. In this thesis, I provide snapshots of entire ancient ecosystems and describe compositional changes between Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages, and confirm the vegetation composition and the spatial and temporal boundaries of the Pleistocene steppe-tundra. I identify a general loss of plant diversity with extinction events happening in parallel of megafauna’ extinction. I demonstrate how loss of biotic resilience led to the collapse of a previously well-established system and discuss my results in regards to the ongoing climate change. With further work to constrain biases and limits, sedaDNA can be used in parallel or even replace the more established macrofossils and pollen approaches as my results support the robustness and potential of sedaDNA to answer new palaeoecological questions such as plant diversity changes, loss and provide snapshots of entire ancient biota. KW - sedaDNA KW - pleistocene KW - paleoecology KW - climate change KW - holocene KW - Siberia KW - sedaDNA KW - Pleistozän KW - Paläoökologie KW - Holozän KW - Klimawandel KW - Sibirien Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-595847 ER - TY - THES A1 - Strauß, Sophie T1 - Justice sensitivity in middle childhood T1 - Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität in der mittleren Kindheit T2 - exploring the measurement and manifestation of a trait in a sensitive developmental phase and its relations to variables from the social and moral development space T2 - Erforschung der Messung und Manifestation eines Traits in einer sensiblen Entwicklungsphase und seiner Beziehungen zu Variablen der sozialen und moralischen Entwicklung N2 - Justice structures societies and social relations of any kind; its psychological integration provides a fundamental cornerstone for social, moral, and personality development. The trait justice sensitivity captures individual differences in responses toward perceived injustice (JS; Schmitt et al., 2005, 2010). JS has shown substantial relations to social and moral behavior in adult and adolescent samples; however, it was not yet investigated in middle childhood despite this being a sensitive phase for personality development. JS differentiates in underlying perspectives that are either more self- or other-oriented regarding injustice, with diverging outcome relations. The present research project investigated JS and its perspectives in children aged 6 to 12 years with a special focus on variables of social and moral development as potential correlates and outcomes in four cross-sectional studies. Study 1 started with a closer investigation of JS trait manifestation, measurement, and relations to important variables from the nomological network, such as temperamental dimensions, social-cognitive skills, and global pro- and antisocial behavior in a pilot sample of children from south Germany. Study 2 investigated relations between JS and distributive behavior following distributive principles in a large-scale data set of children from Berlin and Brandenburg. Study 3 explored the relations of JS with moral reasoning, moral emotions, and moral identity as important precursors of moral development in the same large-scale data set. Study 4 investigated punishment motivation to even out, prevent, or compensate norm transgressions in a subsample, whereby JS was considered as a potential predictor of different punishment motives. All studies indicated that a large-scale, economic measurement of JS is possible at least from middle childhood onward. JS showed relations to temperamental dimensions, social skills, global social behavior; distributive decisions and preferences for distributive principles; moral reasoning, emotions, and identity; as well as with punishment motivation; indicating that trait JS is highly relevant for social and moral development. The underlying self- or other-oriented perspectives showed diverging correlate and outcome relations mostly in line with theory and previous findings from adolescent and adult samples, but also provided new theoretical ideas on the construct and its differentiation. Findings point to an early internal justice motive underlying trait JS, but additional motivations underlying the JS perspectives. Caregivers, educators, and clinical psychologists should pay attention to children’s JS and toward promoting an adaptive justice-related personality development to foster children’s prosocial and moral development as well as their mental health. N2 - Gerechtigkeit strukturiert Gesellschaften und soziale Beziehungen jeglicher Art; ihre psychologische Integration stellt einen grundlegenden Eckpfeiler für die soziale, moralische und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung dar. Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität (justice sensitivity; JS) erfasst als Trait individuelle Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeit (Schmitt et al., 2005, 2010). JS hat bei Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen substanzielle Zusammenhänge mit sozialem und moralischem Verhalten gezeigt; in der mittleren Kindheit wurde sie jedoch noch nicht untersucht, obwohl die mittlere Kindheit eine sensible Phase für die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung ist. JS differenziert sich in zugrunde liegende Perspektiven, die in Bezug auf Ungerechtigkeit entweder stärker selbst- oder fremdorientiert sind, mit divergierenden Outcome Beziehungen. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt untersuchte JS und seine Perspektiven bei Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren mit besonderem Augenmerk auf Variablen der sozialen und moralischen Entwicklung als mögliche Korrelate und Outcomes in vier Querschnittsstudien. Studie 1 begann mit einer näheren Untersuchung der Manifestation und Messung von JS sowie der Beziehungen zu wichtigen Variablen des nomologischen Netzwerks, wie z. B. Temperamentsdimensionen, sozial-kognitiven Fähigkeiten und globalem pro- und antisozialen Verhalten in einer Pilotstichprobe mit Kindern aus Süddeutschland. Studie 2 untersuchte Beziehungen zwischen JS und distributivem Verhalten nach distributiven Prinzipien in einem groß angelegten Datensatz mit Kindern aus Berlin und Brandenburg. Studie 3 untersuchte die Beziehungen zwischen JS und moralischem Schlussfolgern, moralischen Emotionen und moralischer Identität als wichtigen Vorläufern der moralischen Entwicklung in demselben Datensatz. Studie 4 untersuchte Bestrafungsmotivation zum Ausgleich, zur Verhinderung oder zur Kompensation von Normübertretungen in einer Teilstichprobe, wobei JS als potenzieller Prädiktor für verschiedene Bestrafungsmotive betrachtet wurde. Alle Studien zeigten, dass eine groß angelegte, ökonomische Messung von JS mindestens ab der mittleren Kindheit möglich ist. JS zeigte Beziehungen zu Temperamentsdimensionen, sozialen Fähigkeiten, globalem Sozialverhalten; distributiven Entscheidungen und Präferenzen für distributive Prinzipien; moralischem Schlussfolgern, Emotionen und Identität sowie mit Bestrafungsmotivation. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Trait JS für die soziale und moralische Entwicklung von großer Bedeutung ist. Die zugrunde liegenden selbst- oder fremdorientierten Perspektiven zeigten divergierende Korrelat- und Outcome Beziehungen, die größtenteils mit der Theorie und früheren Befunden aus Jugendlichen- und Erwachsenenstichproben übereinstimmten, aber auch neue theoretische Ideen über das Konstrukt und seine Differenzierung lieferten. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf ein frühes internalisiertes Gerechtigkeitsmotiv hin, das Trait JS zugrunde liegt, aber auch auf zusätzliche Motivationen, die den JS-Perspektiven zugrunde liegen. Eltern, Betreuungspersonen, Pädagog:innen und klinische Psycholog:innen sollten die JS von Kindern beachten und eine adaptive gerechtigkeitsbezogene Persönlichkeitsentwicklung unterstützen, um die prosoziale und moralische Entwicklung der Kinder sowie ihre psychische Gesundheit zu fördern. KW - justice sensitivity KW - moral development KW - middle childhood KW - distributive justice KW - personality development KW - justice development KW - Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität KW - Verteilungsgerechtigkeit KW - Gerechtigkeitsentwicklung KW - mittlere Kindheit KW - moralische Entwicklung KW - Persönlichkeitsentwicklung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-591944 ER - TY - THES A1 - Li, Xiaoping T1 - Regulation of starch granule number and morphology in arabidopsis thaliana Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Busch, Aglaja A1 - Bangerter, Christian A1 - Mayer, Frank A1 - Baur, Heiner T1 - Reliability of the active knee joint position sense test and influence of limb dominance and sex JF - Scientific reports N2 - The output of a sensorimotor performance can be measured with the joint position sense (JPS) test. However, investigations of leg dominance, sex and quality measures on this test are limited. Therefore, these potential influencing factors as well as reliability and consistency measures were evaluated for angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity during the active knee JPS test in healthy participants. Twenty healthy participants (10 males; 10 females; age 29 +/- 8 years; height 165 +/- 39 cm; body mass 69 +/- 13 kg) performed a seated knee JPS test with a target angle of 50 degrees. Measurements were conducted in two sessions separated by two weeks and consisted of two blocks of continuous angular reproduction (three minutes each block). The difference between reproduced and target angle was identified as angular error measured by an electrogoniometer. During reproduction, the neuromuscular activity of the quadriceps muscle was assessed by surface electromyography. Neuromuscular activity was normalized to submaximal voluntary contraction (subMVC) and displayed per muscle and movement phase. Differences between leg dominance and sex were calculated using Friedman-test (alpha = 0.05). Reliability measures including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis (bias +/- limits of agreement (LoA)) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were analysed. No significant differences between leg dominance and sex were found in angular error and neuromuscular activity. Angular error demonstrated inter-session ICC scores of 0.424 with a bias of 2.4 degrees (+/- 2.4 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 6.8 degrees and moderate intra-session ICC (0.723) with a bias of 1.4 degrees (+/- 1.65 degrees LoA) as well as MDC of 4.7 degrees. Neuromuscular activity for all muscles and movement phases illustrated inter-session ICC ranging from 0.432 to 0.809 with biases between - 2.5 and 13.6% subMVC and MDC from 13.4 to 63.9% subMVC. Intra-session ICC ranged from 0.705 to 0.987 with biases of - 7.7 to 2.4% subMVC and MDC of 2.7 to 46.5% subMVC. Leg dominance and sex seem not to influence angular reproduction performance and neuromuscular activity. Poor to excellent relative reliability paired with an acceptable consistency confirm findings of previous studies. Comparisons to pathological populations should be conducted with caution. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26932-2 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 13 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dumont, Hanna A1 - Ready, Douglas D. D. T1 - On the promise of personalized learning for educational equity JF - npj science of learning N2 - Students enter school with a vast range of individual differences, resulting from the complex interplay between genetic dispositions and unequal environmental conditions. Schools thus face the challenge of organizing instruction and providing equal opportunities for students with diverse needs. Schools have traditionally managed student heterogeneity by sorting students both within and between schools according to their academic ability. However, empirical evidence suggests that such tracking approaches increase inequalities. In more recent years, driven largely by technological advances, there have been calls to embrace students' individual differences in the classroom and to personalize students' learning experiences. A central justification for personalized learning is its potential to improve educational equity. In this paper, we discuss whether and under which conditions personalized learning can indeed increase equity in K-12 education by bringing together empirical and theoretical insights from different fields, including the learning sciences, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. We distinguish between different conceptions of equity and argue that personalized learning is unlikely to result in "equality of outcomes" and, by definition, does not provide "equality of inputs". However, if implemented in a high-quality way, personalized learning is in line with "adequacy" notions of equity, which aim to equip all students with the basic competencies to participate in society as active members and to live meaningful lives. KW - Education KW - Psychology KW - Sociology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-023-00174-x SN - 2056-7936 VL - 8 IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Gmeiner, Michaela Silvia A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Klein, Alexandra-Maria A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Self-regulation as a resource for coping with developmental challenges during middle childhood and adolescence BT - the prospective longitudinal PIER YOUTH-study JF - BMC Psychology N2 - Background Self-regulation (SR) as the ability to regulate one's own physical state, emotions, cognitions, and behavior, is considered to play a pivotal role in the concurrent and subsequent mental and physical health of an individual. Although SR skills encompass numerous sub-facets, previous research has often focused on only one or a few of these sub-facets, and only rarely on adolescence. Therefore, little is known about the development of the sub-facets, their interplay, and their specific contributions to future developmental outcomes, particularly in adolescence. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to prospectively examine (1) the development of SR and (2) their influence on adolescent-specific developmental outcomes in a large community sample. Methods/design Based on previously collected data from the Potsdam Intrapersonal Developmental Risk (PIER) study with three measurement points, the present prospective, longitudinal study aims to add a fourth measurement point (PIERYOUTH). We aim to retain at least 1074 participants now between 16 and 23 years of the initially 1657 participants (6-11 years of age at the first measurement point in 2012/2013; 52.2% female). The study will continue to follow a multi-method (questionnaires, physiological assessments, performance-based computer tasks), multi-facet (assessing various domains of SR), and multi-rater (self-, parent-, and teacher-report) approach. In addition, a broad range of adolescent-specific developmental outcomes is considered. In doing so, we will cover the development of SR and relevant outcomes over the period of 10 years. In addition, we intend to conduct a fifth measurement point (given prolonged funding) to investigate development up to young adulthood. Discussion With its broad and multimethodological approach, PIERYOUTH aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the development and role of various SR sub-facets from middle childhood to adolescence. The large sample size and low drop-out rates in the first three measurements points form a sound database for our present prospective research.Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00030847. KW - Self-regulation KW - Adolescence KW - Prospective longitudinal study KW - Mental health Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01140-3 SN - 2050-7283 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pranav, Manasi A1 - Hultzsch, Thomas A1 - Musiienko, Artem A1 - Sun, Bowen A1 - Shukla, Atul A1 - Jaiser, Frank A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Anticorrelated photoluminescence and free charge generation proves field-assisted exciton dissociation in low-offset PM6:Y5 organic solar cells JF - APL materials : high impact open access journal in functional materials science N2 - Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high-performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free-charge generation and photoluminescence in wnon-fullereneacceptor (NFA)-based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and the NFA Y5-a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artifacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady-state photoluminescence intensity and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low-offset system is entirely controlled by the field-dependent dissociation of local excitons into charge-transfer states. (c) 2023 Author(s). Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0151580 SN - 2166-532X VL - 11 IS - 6 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bittmann, Frank A1 - Dech, Silas A1 - Schaefer, Laura T1 - Another way to confuse motor control BT - manual technique supposed to shorten muscle spindles reduces the muscular holding stability in the sense of adaptive force in male soccer players JF - Brain Sciences N2 - Sensorimotor control can be impaired by slacked muscle spindles. This was shown for reflex responses and, recently, also for muscular stability in the sense of Adaptive Force (AF). The slack in muscle spindles was generated by contracting the lengthened muscle followed by passive shortening. AF was suggested to specifically reflect sensorimotor control since it requires tension-length control in adaptation to an increasing load. This study investigated AF parameters in reaction to another, manually performed slack procedure in a preselected sample (n = 13). The AF of 11 elbow and 12 hip flexors was assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) using a handheld device. Maximal isometric AF was significantly reduced after manual spindle technique vs. regular MMT. Muscle lengthening started at 64.93 & PLUSMN; 12.46% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During regular MMT, muscle length could be maintained stable until 92.53 & PLUSMN; 10.12% of MVIC. Hence, muscular stability measured by AF was impaired after spindle manipulation. Force oscillations arose at a significantly lower level for regular vs. spindle. This supports the assumption that they are a prerequisite for stable adaptation. Reduced muscular stability in reaction to slack procedures is considered physiological since sensory information is misled. It is proposed to use slack procedures to test the functionality of the neuromuscular system, which is relevant for clinical practice. KW - maximal isometric Adaptive Force KW - holding capacity KW - muscle stability KW - muscle instability KW - neuromuscular functioning KW - neuromuscular control KW - motor control KW - muscle spindle KW - muscle physiology KW - regulatory physiology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13071105 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 13 IS - 7 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hovhannisyan, Karen V. A1 - Nemati, Somayyeh A1 - Henkel, Carsten A1 - Anders, Janet T1 - Long-time equilibration can determine transient thermality JF - PRX Quantum N2 - When two initially thermal many-body systems start to interact strongly, their transient states quickly become non-Gibbsian, even if the systems eventually equilibrate. To see beyond this apparent lack of structure during the transient regime, we use a refined notion of thermality, which we call g-local. A system is g-locally thermal if the states of all its small subsystems are marginals of global thermal states. We numerically demonstrate for two harmonic lattices that whenever the total system equilibrates in the long run, each lattice remains g-locally thermal at all times, including the transient regime. This is true even when the lattices have long-range interactions within them. In all cases, we find that the equilibrium is described by the generalized Gibbs ensemble, with three-dimensional lattices requiring special treatment due to their extended set of conserved charges. We compare our findings with the well-known two-temperature model. While its standard form is not valid beyond weak coupling, we show that at strong coupling it can be partially salvaged by adopting the concept of a g-local temperature. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.030321 SN - 2691-3399 VL - 4 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bittmann, Frank A1 - Dech, Silas A1 - Schaefer, Laura T1 - How to confuse motor control BT - passive muscle shortening after contraction in lengthened position reduces the muscular holding stability in the sense of adaptive force JF - Life : open access journal N2 - Adaptation to external forces relies on a well-functioning proprioceptive system including muscle spindle afferents. Muscle length and tension control in reaction to external forces is most important regarding the Adaptive Force (AF). This study investigated the effect of different procedures, which are assumed to influence the function of muscle spindles, on the AF. Elbow flexors of 12 healthy participants (n = 19 limbs) were assessed by an objectified manual muscle test (MMT) with different procedures: regular MMT, MMT after precontraction (self-estimated 20% MVIC) in lengthened position with passive return to test position (CL), and MMT after CL with a second precontraction in test position (CL-CT). During regular MMTs, muscles maintained their length up to 99.7% +/- 1.0% of the maximal AF (AF(max)). After CL, muscles started to lengthen at 53.0% +/- 22.5% of AF(max). For CL-CT, muscles were again able to maintain the static position up to 98.3% +/- 5.5% of AF(max). AFiso(max) differed highly significantly between CL vs. CL-CT and regular MMT. CL was assumed to generate a slack of muscle spindles, which led to a substantial reduction of the holding capacity. This was immediately erased by a precontraction in the test position. The results substantiate that muscle spindle sensitivity seems to play an important role for neuromuscular functioning and musculoskeletal stability. KW - maximal isometric Adaptive Force KW - holding capacity KW - muscle stability KW - neuromuscular functioning KW - neuromuscular control KW - motor control KW - muscle spindle KW - muscle physiology KW - regulatory physiology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040911 SN - 2075-1729 VL - 13 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hijazi, Saddam A1 - Freitag, Melina A. A1 - Landwehr, Niels T1 - POD-Galerkin reduced order models and physics-informed neural networks for solving inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations JF - Advanced modeling and simulation in engineering sciences : AMSES N2 - We present a Reduced Order Model (ROM) which exploits recent developments in Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for solving inverse problems for the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE). In the proposed approach, the presence of simulated data for the fluid dynamics fields is assumed. A POD-Galerkin ROM is then constructed by applying POD on the snapshots matrices of the fluid fields and performing a Galerkin projection of the NSE (or the modified equations in case of turbulence modeling) onto the POD reduced basis. A POD-Galerkin PINN ROM is then derived by introducing deep neural networks which approximate the reduced outputs with the input being time and/or parameters of the model. The neural networks incorporate the physical equations (the POD-Galerkin reduced equations) into their structure as part of the loss function. Using this approach, the reduced model is able to approximate unknown parameters such as physical constants or the boundary conditions. A demonstration of the applicability of the proposed ROM is illustrated by three cases which are the steady flow around a backward step, the flow around a circular cylinder and the unsteady turbulent flow around a surface mounted cubic obstacle. KW - Proper orthogonal decomposition KW - Inverse problems KW - Physics-based machine learning KW - Navier-Stokes equations Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-023-00242-2 SN - 2213-7467 VL - 10 IS - 1 PB - SpringerOpen CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Lena Katharina A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Grosse, Peter Martin A1 - Mayer, Christoph A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Reconstructing five decades of sediment export from two glacierized high-alpine catchments in Tyrol, Austria, using nonparametric regression JF - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS N2 - Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature - QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km(2)) and Vernagt (11.4 km(2)), in the upper otztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach).Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance.Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of "peak sediment". We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1841-2023 SN - 1027-5606 SN - 1607-7938 VL - 27 IS - 9 SP - 1841 EP - 1863 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mazarei, Elham A1 - Penschke, Christopher A1 - Saalfrank, Peter T1 - Band gap engineering in two-dimensional materials by functionalization BT - Methylation of graphene and graphene bilayers JF - ACS Omega N2 - Graphene is well-knownfor its unique combination of electricaland mechanical properties. However, its vanishing band gap limitsthe use of graphene in microelectronics. Covalent functionalizationof graphene has been a common approach to address this critical issueand introduce a band gap. In this Article, we systematically analyzethe functionalization of single-layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene(BLG) with methyl (CH3) using periodic density functionaltheory (DFT) at the PBE+D3 level of theory. We also include a comparisonof methylated single-layer and bilayer graphene, as well as a discussionof different methylation options (radicalic, cationic, and anionic).For SLG, methyl coverages ranging from 1/8 to 1/1, (i.e.,the fully methylated analogue of graphane) are considered. We findthat up to a coverage theta of 1/2, graphene readily accepts CH3, with neighbor CH3 groups preferring trans positions. Above theta = 1/2, the tendency to accept further CH3 weakens and the lattice constant increases. The band gapbehaves less regularly, but overall it increases with increasing methylcoverage. Thus, methylated graphene shows potential for developingband gap-tuned microelectronics devices and may offer further functionalizationoptions. To guide in the interpretation of methylation experiments,vibrational signatures of various species are characterized by normal-modeanalysis (NMA), their vibrational density of states (VDOS), and infrared(IR) spectra, the latter two are obtained from ab initio moleculardynamics (AIMD) in combination with a velocity-velocity autocorrelationfunction (VVAF) approach. KW - Adsorption KW - Alkyls KW - Band structure KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Two dimensional materials Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c02068 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 8 IS - 24 SP - 22026 EP - 22041 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adesina, Morenike O. A1 - Block, Inga A1 - Günter, Christina A1 - Unuabonah, Emmanuel Iyayi A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Efficient Removal of Tetracycline and Bisphenol A from Water with a New Hybrid Clay/TiO2 Composite JF - ACS Omega N2 - New TiO2 hybrid composites were prepared fromkaolinclay, predried and carbonized biomass, and titanium tetraisopropoxideand explored for tetracycline (TET) and bisphenol A (BPA) removalfrom water. Overall, the removal rate is 84% for TET and 51% for BPA.The maximum adsorption capacities (q (m))are 30 and 23 mg/g for TET and BPA, respectively. These capacitiesare far greater than those obtained for unmodified TiO2. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution does not change theadsorption capacity of the adsorbent. pH changes only slightly changeBPA adsorption, while a pH > 7 significantly reduces the adsorptionof TET on the material. The Brouers-Sotolongo fractal modelbest describes the kinetic data for both TET and BPA adsorption, predictingthat the adsorption process occurs via a complex mechanism involvingvarious forces of attraction. Temkin and Freundlich isotherms, whichbest fit the equilibrium adsorption data for TET and BPA, respectively,suggest that adsorption sites are heterogeneous in nature. Overall,the composite materials are much more effective for TET removal fromaqueous solution than for BPA. This phenomenon is assigned to a differencein the TET/adsorbent interactions vs the BPA/adsorbent interactions:the decisive factor appears to be favorable electrostatic interactionsfor TET yielding a more effective TET removal. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c00184 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 8 IS - 24 SP - 21594 EP - 21604 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erler, Alexander A1 - Riebe, Daniel A1 - Beitz, Toralf A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - Leenen, Mathias A1 - Pätzold, Stefan A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Wójcik, Michał T1 - Mobile laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for future application in precision agriculture BT - a case study JF - Sensors N2 - In precision agriculture, the estimation of soil parameters via sensors and the creation of nutrient maps are a prerequisite for farmers to take targeted measures such as spatially resolved fertilization. In this work, 68 soil samples uniformly distributed over a field near Bonn are investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). These investigations include the determination of the total contents of macro- and micronutrients as well as further soil parameters such as soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) content, and soil texture. The applied LIBS instruments are a handheld and a platform spectrometer, which potentially allows for the single-point measurement and scanning of whole fields, respectively. Their results are compared with a high-resolution lab spectrometer. The prediction of soil parameters was based on multivariate methods. Different feature selection methods and regression methods like PLS, PCR, SVM, Lasso, and Gaussian processes were tested and compared. While good predictions were obtained for Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Cu, and silt content, excellent predictions were obtained for K, Fe, and clay content. The comparison of the three different spectrometers showed that although the lab spectrometer gives the best results, measurements with both field spectrometers also yield good results. This allows for a method transfer to the in-field measurements. KW - LIBS KW - precision agriculture KW - soil KW - multivariate methods KW - feature selection Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167178 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlappa, Stephanie A1 - Bressel, Lena A1 - Reich, Oliver A1 - Münzberg, Marvin T1 - Advanced particle size analysis in high-solid-content polymer dispersions using photon density wave spectroscopy JF - Polymers N2 - High-solid-content polystyrene and polyvinyl acetate dispersions of polymer particles with a 50 nm to 500 nm mean particle diameter and 12-55% (w/w) solid content have been produced via emulsion polymerization and characterized regarding their optical and physical properties. Both systems have been analyzed with common particle-size-measuring techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) and compared to inline particle size distribution (PSD) measurements via photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy in undiluted samples. It is shown that particle size measurements of undiluted polystyrene dispersions are in good agreement between analysis methods. However, for polyvinyl acetate particles, size determination is challenging due to bound water in the produced polymer. For the first time, water-swelling factors were determined via an iterative approach of PDW spectroscopy error (X-2) minimization. It is shown that water-swollen particles can be analyzed in high-solid-content solutions and their physical properties can be assumed to determine the refractive index, density, and volume fraction in dispersion. It was found that assumed water swelling improved the reduced scattering coefficient fit by PDW spectroscopy by up to ten times and particle size determination was refined and enabled. Particle size analysis of the water-swollen particles agreed well with offline-based state-of-the-art techniques. KW - emulsion polymerization KW - multiple light scattering KW - photon density wave KW - spectroscopy KW - particle sizing KW - swelling of polymers Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153181 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 15 IS - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Damle, Mitali T1 - Gas distribution around galaxies in cosmological simulations T1 - Gasverteilung um Galaxien in kosmologischen Simulationen N2 - The evolution of a galaxy is pivotally governed by its pattern of star formation over a given period of time. The star formation rate at any given time is strongly dependent on the amount of cold gas available in the galaxy. Accretion of pristine gas from the Intergalactic medium (IGM) is thought to be one of the primary sources for star-forming gas. This gas first passes through the virial regions of the galaxy before reaching the Interstellar medium (ISM), the hub of star formation. On the other hand, owing to the evolutionary course of young and massive stars, energetic winds are ejected from the ISM to the virial regions of the galaxy. A bunch of interlinked, complex astrophysical processes, arising from the concurrent presence of both infalling as well as outbound gas, play out over a range of timescales in the halo region or the Circumgalactic medium (CGM) of a galaxy. It would not be incorrect to say that the CGM has a stronghold over the gas reserves of a galaxy and thus, plays a backhand, yet, rather pivotal role in shaping many galactic properties, some of which are also readily observable. Observing the multi-phase CGM (via spectral-line ion measurements), however, remains a non-trivial effort even today. Low particle densities as well as the CGM’s vast spatial extent, coupled with likely deviations from a spherical distribution, marr the possibility of obtaining complete, unbiased, high-quality spectral information tracing the full extent of the gaseous halo. This often incomplete information leads to multiple inferences about the CGM properties that give rise to multiple contradicting models. In this regard, computer simulations offer a neat solution towards testing and, subsequently, falsifying many of these existing CGM models. Thanks to their controlled environments, simulations are able to not only effortlessly transcend several orders of magnitude in time and space, but also get around many of the observational limitations and provide some unique views on many CGM properties. In this thesis, I focus on effectively using different computer simulations to understand the role of CGM in various astrophysical contexts, namely, the effect of Local Group (LG) environment, major merger events and satellite galaxies. In Chapter 2, I discuss the approach used for modeling various phases of the simulated z = 0 LG CGM in Hestia constrained simulations. Each of the three realizations contain a Milky Way (MW)–Andromeda (M31) galaxy pair, along with their corresponding sets of satellite galaxies, all embedded within the larger cosmological context. For characterizing the different temperature–density phases within the CGM, I model five tracer ions with cloudy ionization modeling. The cold and cool–ionized CGM (H i and Si iii respectively) in Hestia is very clumpy and distributed close to the galactic centers, while the warm-hot and hot CGM (O vi, O vii and O viii) is tenuous and volume-filling. On comparing the H i and Si iii column densities for the simulated M31 with observational measurements from Project AMIGA survey and other low-z galaxies, I found that Hestia galaxies produced less gas in the outer CGM, unlike observations. My carefully designed observational bias model subsequently revealed the possibility that some MW gas clouds might be incorrectly associated with the M31 CGM in observations, and hence, may be partly responsible for giving rise to the detected mismatch between simulated data and observations. In Chapter 3, I present results from four zoom–in, major merger, gas–rich simulations and the subsequent role of the gas, originally situated in the CGM, in influencing some of the galactic observables. The progenitor parameters are selected such that the post–merger remnants are MW–mass galaxies. We generally see a very clear gas bridge joining the merging galaxies in case of multiple passage mergers while such a bridge is mostly absent when a direct collision occurs. On the basis of particle–to–galaxy distance computations and tracer particle analysis, I found that about 33–48 percent of the cold gas contributing to the merger–induced star formation in the bridge originated from the CGM regions. In Chapter 4, I used a sample of 234 MW-mass, L* galaxies from the TNG50 cosmological simulations, with an aim of characterizing the impact of their global satellite populations on the extended cold CGM properties of their host L* halos. On the basis of halo mass and number of satellite galaxies (N_sats ), I categorized the sample into low and high mass bins, and subsequently into bottom, inter and top quartiles respectively. After confirming that satellites indeed influence the extended cold halo gas density profiles of the host galaxies, I investigated the effects of different satellite population parameters on the host halo cold CGMs. My analysis showed that there is hardly any cold gas associated with the satellite population of the lowest mass halos. The stellar mass of the most massive satellite (M_*mms ) impacted the cold gas in low mass bin halos the most, while N_sats (followed by M_*mms ) was the most influential factor for the high mass halos. In any case, how easily cold gas was stripped off the most massive satellite did not play much role. The number of massive (Stellar mass, M* > 10^8 M_solar) satellites as well as the M_*mms associated with a galaxy are two of the most crucial parameters determining how much cold gas ultimately finds its way from the satellites to the host halo. Low mass galaxies are found rather lacking on both these fronts unlike their high mass counterparts. This work highlights some aspects of the complex gas physics that constitute the basic essence of a low-z CGM. My analysis proved the importance of a cosmological environment, local surroundings and merger history in defining some key observable properties of a galactic CGM. Furthermore, I found that different satellite properties were responsible for affecting the cold–dense CGM of the low and high-mass parent galaxies. Finally, the LG emerged as an exciting prospect for testing and pinning down several intricate details about the CGM. N2 - Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Sternenentstehung in einer Galaxie ist ein bestimmender Faktor für deren Entwicklung. Dabei ist die Sternenentstehungsrate stark abhängig von der in der Galaxie verfügbaren Menge an kaltem Gas. Die Akkretion von Gas aus dem intergalaktischen Medium (IGM) wird als eine der wichtigsten Quellen für das Gasreservoir angesehen, aus dem sich junge Sterne bilden. Bei diesem Prozess passiert das Gas zunächst die virialisierten äußeren Regionen der Milchstraße bevor es das Interstellare Medium (ISM) erreicht, der wichtigste Ort für die galaktische Sternentstehung. Im Gegensatz dazu tragen energiereiche Winde Gas zurück in die virialisierten Außenbereiche der Galaxie. Diese entstehen aufgrund der spezifischen Evolutionsprozesse von besonders jungen und massereichen Sternen in der galaktischen Scheibe. Durch das Zusammenspiel von einfallendem und das die Galaxie verlassendem Gas entsteht eine Vielzahl von astrophysikalischen Prozessen welche auf unterschiedlichsten Zeitskalen sowie in der Haloregion der Galaxie und dem zirkumgalaktischen Medium (CGM) von besonderer Wichtigkeit sind. Es kann behauptet werden, dass das CGM maßgeblich über die Gasreserven der Galaxie entscheidet und daher eine elementare Rolle in der Bestimmung vieler galaktischer Eigenschaften spielt von denen mache direkt beobachtbar sind. Die Beobachtung des CGM in seinen vielen unterschiedlichen Gasphasen (durch die Spektrallinienanalyse mehrerer Ionenspezies) gestaltet sich auch heute noch als kompliziert. Die geringen Teilchendichten und die schiere Größe im Zusammenspiel mit Abweichungen von sphärischer Geometrie erschweren es, vollständige, repräsentative und hochqualitative spektrale Datensätze zu erhalten welche das volle Ausmaß das galaktischen Halos in Betracht ziehen. Diese unvollständige Informationslage führt oft zu unterschiedlichen Interpretationen der Eigenschaften des CGM welche sich in verschiedenen, sich mitunter widersprechenden Modellen, widerspiegeln. In diesem Zusammenhang bieten Computersimulationen eine elegante Lösung, um viele der CGM Modelle zu testen und schließlich zu verifizieren oder falsifizieren. Die kontrollierte Umgebung erlaubt es, das CGM mühelos auf unterschiedlichsten Größenordnungen in Raum und Zeit zu untersuchen aber auch observationstechnische Limitationen zu umgehen, um ein einzigartiges Bild der Eingenschaften des CGM zu erhalten. In dieser Arbeit fokussiere ich mich auf die effektive Nutzung von verschiedenen Computersimulationen, um die Rolle des CGM im verschiedenen astrophysikalischen Kontexten zu verstehen. Im Kapitel 2 diskutiere ich den Ansatz, welcher für das Modellieren derunterschiedlichen Gasphasen des CGM in der Lokalen Gruppe (LG) bei z = 0 in den ”constrained” Simulationen des Hestia Projekts angewandt worden iii ist. Jede der drei Realisierungen enthält ein Milchstraßen-M31 Paar zusammen ihren Satellitengalaxien. Alle zusammen sind dabei eingebettet in den größeren kosmologischen Kontext. Für die Charakterisierung der unterschiedlichen Temperatur-Dichte Phasen im CGM habe ich eine Gruppe von fünf Ionen gewählt welche das Vorhandensein der Phasen anzeigen. Für jede der Zellen in der Simulation habe ich das cloudy post-processing Toolkit angewandt und die entsprechenden Anteile der Ionen im Gas bestimmt. Das kalte und kühle CGM (entsprechend charakterisiert durch H i beziehungsweise Si iii) zeigt sich sehr klumpig und ist nahe an den galaktischen Zentren verteilt während das warm-heiße CGM (charakterisiert durch O vi, O vii, O viii) dünn verteilt und volumenfüllend ist. Durch den Vergleich der Säulendichten für H i und Si iii aus den Simulationen zusammen mit Beobachtungsdaten der AMIGA Durchmusterung und Studien über andere Galaxien mit geringer Rotverschiebung habe ich herausgefunden, dass hestia weniger Gas in den Außenbereichen des CGM produziert als es die Beobachtungsdaten suggerieren. Mein sorgfältig entworfenes Modell für den Beobachtungsbias hat die Möglichkeit aufgezeigt, dass in Beobachtungen mache der Milchstraße zugehörigen Gaswolken als M31-zugehörig missinterpretiert werden könnten. Im Kapitel 3 präsentiere ich Ergebnisse von vier zoom-in, major merger und gasreichen Simulationen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Rolle des Gases, welches ursprünglich dem CGM zugehörig ist und dessen Einfluss auf einige galaktische Observablen. Die initialen Parameter sind so ausgewählt, dass die den Verschmelzungen entspringenden Galaxien eine vergleichbare Masse wie die der Milchstraße besitzen. Im Allgemeinen sehen wir eine klare Brücke von Gas im Falle von Verschmelzungen welche mehrere separate Annäherungen durchlebten. Im Vergleich dazu fehlt diese Brücke in den Fällen einer direkten Kollision. Auf der Grundlage von particle-to-galaxy Distanz Berechnungen und tracer particle Analysen habe ich herausgefunden, dass rund 33–48 Prozent des kalten Gases aus dem CGM zur Sternenentstehung, welche in Folge der Kollision erfolgt, beiträgt. In Kapitel 4 habe ich eine Stichprobe aus 234 L* Galaxien, jeweils mit der Masse der Milchstraße, aus der Kosmologischen Simulation TNG50 genutzt, um den Einfluss der globalen Begleitgalaxienpopulation auf die Eigenschaften des ausgedehnten und kalten CGM der Zentralhalos zu bestimmen. Auf der Basis der Halomasse habe ich die Galaxienhalos in Bins niedriger und hohern Masse eingeteilt. Dabei ist jeder dieser Bins wiederum unterteilt in das untere, mittlere und obere Quartil in Abhängigkeit der Anzahl der Begleitgalaxien (N_sats) im jeweiligen Halo. Nach der Bestätigung dass Begleitgalaxien in der Tat die Gasdichteprofile ihrer Zentralgalaxie beeinflussen, habe ich die Effekte von verschiedenen Populationsparametern der Begleitgalaxien auf die CGM der jeweiligen Zentralgalaxien untersucht. Meine Analyse zeigt, dass nahezu kein kaltes Gas mit der Population der Satellitengalaxien in den Halos mit der geringsten Masse assoziiert ist. Das Gas der Halos im masseärmeren Bin ist primär beeinflusst durch die stellare Masse der massereichsten Satelliten-galaxie (M_*mms), wohingegen N_sats (gefolgt von M _*mms) die Masse des kalten Gases der massereichsten Zentralhalos am signifikantesten beeinflusst hat. Unabhängig davon schien es nicht von Relevanz zu sein wie einfach das Gas von der massereichsten Satellitengalaxie abgetragen werden kann. Die Anzahl der der massereichen (M* > 10^8 M_solar) Satellitengalaxien, sowie die mit einer Galaxie assoziierten M_*mms zeigten sich als zwei der Wichtigsten Parameter um zu verstehen wie das kalte Gas von den Satellitengalaxien in den Halo transferiert wird. Im Falle von masseärmeren Galaxien scheinen sich diese in beiden Aspekten von ihren massereichen Gegenstücken zu unterscheiden und zeigen keine besondere Abhängingkeit. Diese Arbeit behandelt einige Aspekte der komplexem physikalischen Aspekte von astrophysikalischen Gasen welche die Basis für die Untersuchung des CGM bei geringen Rotverschiebungen bildet. Meine Analyse zeigt die Wichtigkeit des Kosmologischen Umfelds, die lokale Umgebung, sowie die Verschmelzungshistorie indem sie fundamentale Observablen des galaktischen CGM beeinflussen. Des weiteren habe ich herausgefunden, dass verschiedene Satelliteneigenschaften für die Beeinflussung des kalt–dichten CGM der masseärmeren und massereichen Muttergalaxien verantwortlich waren. Schließlich stellte sich heraus, dass die LG eine vielversprechendes Beispiel zum Testen und Festhalten mehrerer komplizierter Details über das CGM darstellt. KW - circumgalactic medium KW - cosmological simulations KW - local group KW - major mergers KW - satellite galaxies KW - zirkumgalaktischen Medium KW - kosmologische Computersimulationen KW - lokalen Gruppe KW - Major mergers KW - Begleitgalaxien Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-590543 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stübler, Sabine T1 - Mathematical model of the mucosal immune response to study inflammatory bowel diseases and their treatments T1 - Mathematisches Modell der mukosalen Immunantwort zur Analyse von chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen und deren Behandlung N2 - Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), characterised by a chronic inflammation of the gut wall, develop as consequence of an overreacting immune response to commensal bacteria, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental conditions. Large inter-individual differences in the outcome of currently available therapies complicate the decision for the best option for an individual patient. Predicting the prospects of therapeutic success for an individual patient is currently only possible to a limited extent; for this, a better understanding of possible differences between responders and non-responders is needed. In this thesis, we have developed a mathematical model describing the most important processes of the gut mucosal immune system on the cellular level. The model is based on literature data, which were on the one hand used (qualitatively) to choose which cell types and processes to incorporate and to derive the model structure, and on the other hand (quantitatively) to derive the parameter values. Using ordinary differential equations, it describes the concentration-time course of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and bacteria, each subdivided into different cell types and activation states, in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. We evaluate the model by means of simulations of the healthy immune response to salmonella infection and mucosal injury. A virtual population includes IBD patients, which we define through their initially asymptomatic, but after a trigger chronically inflamed gut wall. We demonstrate the model's usefulness in different analyses: (i) The comparison of virtual IBD patients with virtual healthy individuals shows that the disease is elicited by many small or fewer large changes, and allows to make hypotheses about dispositions relevant for development of the disease. (ii) We simulate the effects of different therapeutic targets and make predictions about the therapeutic outcome based on the pre-treatment state. (iii) From the analysis of differences between virtual responders and non-responders, we derive hypotheses about reasons for the inter-individual variability in treatment outcome. (iv) For the example of anti-TNF-alpha therapy, we analyse, which alternative therapies are most promising in case of therapeutic failure, and which therapies are most suited for combination therapies: For drugs also directly targeting the cytokine levels or inhibiting the recruitment of innate immune cells, we predict a low probability of success when used as alternative treatment, but a large gain when used in a combination treatment. For drugs with direct effects on T cells, via modulation of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor or inhibition of T cell proliferation, we predict a considerably larger probability of success when used as alternative treatment, but only a small additional gain when used in a combination therapy. N2 - Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED), charakterisiert durch chronische Entzündung der Darmwand, entstehen durch eine Überreaktion der Immunantwort auf kommensale Bakterien, ausgelöst durch eine Kombination an genetischen und Umwelteinflüssen. Große inter-individuelle Unterschiede im Behandlungserfolg mit den verfügbaren Medikamenten erschweren die Wahl der für den jeweiligen Patienten besten Therapieoption. Eine Vorhersage der Erfolgsaussichten einer Behandlung für einen Patienten ist zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nur sehr bedingt möglich; dafür wird ein besseres Verständnis möglicher Unterschiede zwischen sogenannten Respondern und Non-Respondern (Patienten, die gut bzw. schlecht auf ein Medikament ansprechen) benötigt. In der Dissertation haben wir ein mathematisches Modell entwickelt, das die wichtigsten Prozesse des mukosalen Immunsystems des Darms auf zellulärer Ebene beschreibt. Das Modell basiert auf Literaturdaten, die einerseits (qualitativ) zur Auswahl der zu betrachtenden Zelltypen und Prozesse und zur Herleitung der Modellstruktur und andererseits (quantitativ) zur Herleitung der Parameterwerte verwendet wurden. Mithilfe gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen wird der Konzentrations-Zeit-Verlauf von Neutrophilen, Makrophagen, dendritischen Zellen, T-Zellen und Bakterien, jeweils unterteilt in unterschiedliche Zelltypen und Aktivierungszustände, in der Lamina propria und den mesenterischen Lymphknoten, beschrieben. Wir evaluieren das Modells anhand von Simulationen der gesunden Immunantwort auf Salmonelleninfektion und Verletzung der Darmbarriere. Eine virtuelle Population beinhaltet CED-Patienten, die wir durch ein zunächst asymptomatisches, aber nach einem Auslöser chronisch entzündetes Darmgewebe definieren. Wir zeigen den Nutzen des Modells anhand verschiedener Analysen: (i) Der Vergleich von virtuellen CED-Patienten und virtuellen gesunden Individuen zeigt, dass die Krankheit durch viele kleine oder wenige große Veränderungen ausgelöst werden kann, und erlaubt, Hypothesen über krankheitsauslösende Veränderungen aufzustellen. (ii) Wir simulieren verschiedene Therapiemechanismen und treffen, basierend auf dem Zustand vor Behandlungsstart, Vorhersagen über den Therapieerfolg. (iii) Durch Analyse der Unterschiede zwischen virtuellen Respondern und Non-Respondern leiten wir Hypothesen über Ursachen für die inter-individuelle Variabilität im Therapieerfolg her. (iv) Am Beispiel von TNF-alpha-Antikörpern untersuchen wir, welche alternativen Therapien bei Therapieversagen am vielversprechendsten sind und welche Therapien sich besonders für Kombinationstherapien eignen: Für Medikamente, die auch direkt die Zytokinlevel beeinflussen oder die Rekrutierung von Zellen der natürlichen Immunantwort inhibieren, sagen wir eine geringe Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit bei Nutzung als Alternativtherapie, aber einen großen Gewinn durch Nutzung in einer Kombinationstherapie vorher. Für Medikamente mit direkten Effekten auf T-Zellen, durch Modulation des Sphingosin-1-Phosphat-Rezeptors oder Inhibierung der T-Zellproliferation, sagen wir eine deutlich größere Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit bei Nutzung als Alternativtherapie, aber nur einen geringen zusätzlichen Effekt bei Nutzung in einer Kombinationstherapie vorher. KW - systems biology KW - IBD KW - QSP KW - Systembiologie KW - CED KW - QSP Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612301 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Ungelenk, Johannes T1 - Touching at a Distance BT - Shakespeare's Theatre T3 - Edinburgh Critical Studies in Shakespeare and Philosophy : ECSSP N2 - Studies the capacity of Shakespeare’s plays to touch and think about touchBased on plays from all major genres: Hamlet, The Tempest, Richard III, Much Ado About Nothing and Troilus and CressidaCentres on creative, close readings of Shakespeare’s plays, which aim to generate critical impulses for the 21st century readerBrings Shakespeare Studies into touch with philosophers and theoreticians from a range of disciplinary areas – continental philosophy, literary criticism, psychoanalysis, sociology, phenomenology, law, linguistics: Friedrich Nietzsche, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Lacan, Luce Irigaray, Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Niklas Luhmann, Hans Blumenberg, Carl Schmitt, J. L. AustinTheatre has a remarkable capacity: it touches from a distance. The audience is affected, despite their physical separation from the stage. The spectators are moved, even though the fictional world presented to them will never come into direct touch with their real lives. Shakespeare is clearly one of the master practitioners of theatrical touch. As the study shows, his exceptional dramaturgic talent is intrinsically connected with being one of the great thinkers of touch. His plays fathom the complexity and power of a fascinating notion – touch as a productive proximity that is characterised by unbridgeable distance – which philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Derrida, Luce Irigaray and Jean-Luc Nancy have written about, centuries later. By playing with touch and its metatheatrical implications, Shakespeare raises questions that make his theatrical art point towards modernity: how are communities to form when traditional institutions begin to crumble? What happens to selfhood when time speeds up, when oneness and timeless truth can no longer serve as reliable foundations? What is the role and the capacity of language in a world that has lost its seemingly unshakeable belief and trust in meaning? How are we to conceive of the unthinkable extremes of human existence – birth and death – when the religious orthodoxy slowly ceases to give satisfactory explanations? Shakespeare’s theatre not only prompts these questions, but provides us with answers. They are all related to touch, and they are all theatrical at their core: they are argued and performed by the striking experience of theatre’s capacities to touch – at a distance Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-1-4744-9784-8 SN - 978-1-4744-9785-5 SN - 978-1-4744-9782-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474497848 PB - Edinburgh University Press CY - Edinburgh ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Timmerman, Martin Jan A1 - Krmicek, Lukas A1 - Krmíčková, Simona A1 - Slama, Jiri A1 - Sudo, Masafumi A1 - Sobel, Edward T1 - Tonian-Ediacaran evolution of the Brunovistulian microcontinent (Czech Republic) deciphered from LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages JF - Precambrian research N2 - Granitoids of the Slavkov Domain of the Brunovistulian microcontinent (BVM) in the Czech Republic have Ediacaran U-Pb zircon crystallization ages with the dominant magmatic activity occurring between ca. 597 and 595 Ma. The ages overlap published ages for the adjacent Thaya Domain, showing that both domains formed coevally in the same subduction setting. The data support published models in which the Slavkov Domain formed as arc crust. The main stage of magmatism stopped after ca. 595-590 Ma and was quickly followed by cooling accompanied by intrusion of small volumes of rhyolite dykes at ca. 594 Ma. Slavkov Domain metasedimentary rocks are dominated by Cryogenian-Ediacaran detrital zircon populations and their protoliths were locally derived erosional products of Cryogenian to Ediacaran arc rocks of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Metasedi-mentary rocks from the NE part of the BVM contain younger, ca. 550 Ma zircons indicating that the BVM grew northeastward by accretion of progressively younger material derived from magmatic rocks with latest Ediacaran crystallization ages. In contrast to the Thaya and Slavkov domains, the Metavolcanic Zone that lies between them formed between ca. 740 and 725 Ma in the late Tonian to early Cryogenian. It predates the main stage magmatic activity in the BVM by 135 to 150 Ma and is probably a relic of older crust that formed during rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent. At ca. 552-551 Ma in the latest Ediacaran, parts of the BVM were exposed at the surface, during which time red, terrestrial siliciclastic sediments (Basal Clastics) were deposited. These largely had (very) proximal sources such as the main stage granitoids of the Thaya and Slavkov domains. Clasts of (meta)sandstones contain much older zircon populations and provide evidence that Neoarchaean and Palaeo-, meso- and early Neoproterozoic crustal rocks were exposed in erosional position nearby. KW - Brunovistulicum KW - Cryogenian KW - Ediacaran KW - Basal Clastics KW - U -Pb dating KW - Ar KW - Ar dating Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.106981 SN - 0301-9268 SN - 1872-7433 VL - 387 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hollenstein, Nora A1 - Trondle, Marius A1 - Plomecka, Martyna A1 - Kiegeland, Samuel A1 - Ozyurt, Yilmazcan A1 - Jäger, Lena Ann A1 - Langer, Nicolas T1 - The ZuCo benchmark on cross-subject reading task classification with EEG and eye-tracking data JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - We present a new machine learning benchmark for reading task classification with the goal of advancing EEG and eye-tracking research at the intersection between computational language processing and cognitive neuroscience. The benchmark task consists of a cross-subject classification to distinguish between two reading paradigms: normal reading and task-specific reading. The data for the benchmark is based on the Zurich Cognitive Language Processing Corpus (ZuCo 2.0), which provides simultaneous eye-tracking and EEG signals from natural reading of English sentences. The training dataset is publicly available, and we present a newly recorded hidden testset. We provide multiple solid baseline methods for this task and discuss future improvements. We release our code and provide an easy-to-use interface to evaluate new approaches with an accompanying public leaderboard: . KW - reading task classification KW - eye-tracking KW - EEG KW - machine learning KW - reading research KW - cross-subject evaluation Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1028824 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Michelet, Robin A1 - Bindellini, Davide A1 - Melin, Johanna A1 - Neumann, Uta A1 - Blankenstein, Oliver A1 - Huisinga, Wilhelm A1 - Johnson, Trevor N. A1 - Whitaker, Martin J. A1 - Ross, Richard A1 - Kloft, Charlotte T1 - Insights in the maturational processes influencing hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics in congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients using a middle-out approach JF - Frontiers in Pharmacology N2 - Introduction: Hydrocortisone is the standard of care in cortisol replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Challenges in mimicking cortisol circadian rhythm and dosing individualization can be overcome by the support of mathematical modelling. Previously, a non-linear mixed-effects (NLME) model was developed based on clinical hydrocortisone pharmacokinetic (PK) pediatric and adult data. Additionally, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for adults and a pediatric model was obtained using maturation functions for relevant processes. In this work, a middle-out approach was applied. The aim was to investigate whether PBPK-derived maturation functions could provide a better description of hydrocortisone PK inter-individual variability when implemented in the NLME framework, with the goal of providing better individual predictions towards precision dosing at the patient level. Methods: Hydrocortisone PK data from 24 adrenal insufficiency pediatric patients and 30 adult healthy volunteers were used for NLME model development, while the PBPK model and maturation functions of clearance and cortisol binding globulin (CBG) were developed based on previous studies published in the literature. Results: Clearance (CL) estimates from both approaches were similar for children older than 1 year (CL/F increasing from around 150 L/h to 500 L/h), while CBG concentrations differed across the whole age range (CBG(NLME) stable around 0.5 mu M vs. steady increase from 0.35 to 0.8 mu M for CBG (PBPK)). PBPK-derived maturation functions were subsequently included in the NLME model. After inclusion of the maturation functions, none, a part of, or all parameters were re-estimated. However, the inclusion of CL and/or CBG maturation functions in the NLME model did not result in improved model performance for the CL maturation function (& UDelta;OFV > -15.36) and the re-estimation of parameters using the CBG maturation function most often led to unstable models or individual CL prediction bias. Discussion: Three explanations for the observed discrepancies could be postulated, i) non-considered maturation of processes such as absorption or first-pass effect, ii) lack of patients between 1 and 12 months, iii) lack of correction of PBPK CL maturation functions derived from urinary concentration ratio data for the renal function relative to adults. These should be investigated in the future to determine how NLME and PBPK methods can work towards deriving insights into pediatric hydrocortisone PK. KW - hydrocortisone KW - congenital adrenal hyperplasia KW - population pharmacokinetics KW - middle-out approach KW - pediatrics KW - physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) KW - non-linear mixed effects modelling (NLME); KW - maturation Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1090554 SN - 1663-9812 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nordmeyer, Sarah A1 - Kraus, Milena A1 - Ziehm, Matthias A1 - Kirchner, Marieluise A1 - Schafstedde, Marie A1 - Kelm, Marcus A1 - Niquet, Sylvia A1 - Stephen, Mariet Mathew A1 - Baczko, Istvan A1 - Knosalla, Christoph A1 - Schapranow, Matthieu-Patrick A1 - Dittmar, Gunnar A1 - Gotthardt, Michael A1 - Falcke, Martin A1 - Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera A1 - Kuehne, Titus A1 - Mertins, Philipp T1 - Disease- and sex-specific differences in patients with heart valve disease BT - a proteome study JF - Life Science Alliance N2 - Pressure overload in patients with aortic valve stenosis and volume overload in mitral valve regurgitation trigger specific forms of cardiac remodeling; however, little is known about similarities and differences in myocardial proteome regulation. We performed proteome profiling of 75 human left ventricular myocardial biopsies (aortic stenosis = 41, mitral regurgitation = 17, and controls = 17) using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry next to clinical and hemodynamic parameter acquisition. In patients of both disease groups, proteins related to ECM and cytoskeleton were more abundant, whereas those related to energy metabolism and proteostasis were less abundant compared with controls. In addition, disease group-specific and sex-specific differences have been observed. Male patients with aortic stenosis showed more proteins related to fibrosis and less to energy metabolism, whereas female patients showed strong reduction in proteostasis-related proteins. Clinical imaging was in line with proteomic findings, showing elevation of fibrosis in both patient groups and sex differences. Disease-and sex-specific proteomic profiles provide insight into cardiac remodeling in patients with heart valve disease and might help improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the development of individualized treatment strategies. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202201411 SN - 2575-1077 VL - 6 IS - 3 PB - EMBO Press CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Piro, Vitor C. A1 - Renard, Bernhard Y. T1 - Contamination detection and microbiome exploration with GRIMER JF - GigaScience N2 - Background: Contamination detection is a important step that should be carefully considered in early stages when designing and performing microbiome studies to avoid biased outcomes. Detecting and removing true contaminants is challenging, especially in low-biomass samples or in studies lacking proper controls. Interactive visualizations and analysis platforms are crucial to better guide this step, to help to identify and detect noisy patterns that could potentially be contamination. Additionally, external evidence, like aggregation of several contamination detection methods and the use of common contaminants reported in the literature, could help to discover and mitigate contamination. Results: We propose GRIMER, a tool that performs automated analyses and generates a portable and interactive dashboard integrating annotation, taxonomy, and metadata. It unifies several sources of evidence to help detect contamination. GRIMER is independent of quantification methods and directly analyzes contingency tables to create an interactive and offline report. Reports can be created in seconds and are accessible for nonspecialists, providing an intuitive set of charts to explore data distribution among observations and samples and its connections with external sources. Further, we compiled and used an extensive list of possible external contaminant taxa and common contaminants with 210 genera and 627 species reported in 22 published articles. Conclusion: GRIMER enables visual data exploration and analysis, supporting contamination detection in microbiome studies. The tool and data presented are open source and available at https://gitlab.com/dacs-hpi/grimer. KW - Contamination KW - Microbiome KW - Visualization KW - Taxonomy Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giad017 SN - 2047-217X VL - 12 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zakrzewski, Tanja T1 - Miguel de Luna as arbitrista BT - Dossier em Honra à Professora Filomena Barros JF - Hamsa : journal of Judaic and Islamic studies : revista de estudos judaicos e islâmicos N2 - This article deals with Miguel de Luna, a Morisco from Granada, who is most famous for his involvement in the Lead Books of Sacromonte affair. In the following pages I will, however, focus on a facet of his life that has been rather neglected. Rather than recount again his activities as translator for Arabic, I will shed light on his work as physician and claim that his medical paper on the benefits of bathing and the reopening of public baths in Granada may very well put him in league with the arbitristas, a group of intellectuals who advised the monarch in economic and financial matters. KW - Arbitrista KW - Granada KW - history of medicine KW - Morisco KW - Muslim Y1 - 2023 UR - https://journals.openedition.org/hamsa/4231 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4000/hamsa.4231 SN - 2183-2633 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Universidade de Évora CY - Évora ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teich, Paula A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment JF - Scientific reports N2 - Previous research has shown that children who were enrolled to school according to the legal key date (i.e., keyage children, between eight and nine years in third grade) exhibited a linear physical fitness development in the ninth year of life. In contrast, children who were enrolled with a delay (i.e., older-than-keyage children [OTK], between nine and ten years in third grade) exhibited a lower physical fitness compared to what would be expected for their age. In these studies, cross-sectional age differences within third grade and timing of school enrollment were confounded. The present study investigated the longitudinal development of keyage and OTK children from third to fifth grade. This design also afforded a comparison of the two groups at the same average chronological age, that is a dissociation of the effects of timing of school enrollment and age. We tested six physical fitness components: cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, power of lower and upper limbs, and static balance. 1502 children (i.e., 1206 keyage and 296 OTK children) from 35 schools were tested in third, fourth, and fifth grade. Except for cardiorespiratory endurance, both groups developed from third to fourth and from fourth to fifth grade and keyage children outperformed OTK children at the average ages of 9.5 or 10.5 years. For cardiorespiratory endurance, there was no significant gain from fourth to fifth grade and keyage and OTK children did not differ significantly at 10.5 years of age. One reason for a delayed school enrollment could be that a child is (or is perceived as) biologically younger than their chronological age at the school entry examination, implying a negative correlation between chronological and biological age for OTK children. Indeed, a simple reflection of chronological age brought the developmental rate of the chronologically youngest OTK children in line with the developmental rate observed for keyage children, but did not eliminate all differences. The mapping of chronological and biological age of OTK children and other possible reasons for lower physical fitness of OTK children remain a task for future research. KW - Health care KW - Paediatrics KW - Physiology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35727-y SN - 2045-2322 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrich, Annett A1 - Aji, Amit Koikkarah A1 - Dunsing, Valentin A1 - Chiantia, Salvatore T1 - Benchmarking of novel green fluorescent proteins for the quantification of protein oligomerization in living cells JF - PLoS one N2 - Protein-protein-interactions play an important role in many cellular functions. Quantitative non-invasive techniques are applied in living cells to evaluate such interactions, thereby providing a broader understanding of complex biological processes. Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy describes a group of quantitative microscopy approaches for the characterization of molecular interactions at single cell resolution. Through the obtained molecular brightness, it is possible to determine the oligomeric state of proteins. This is usually achieved by fusing fluorescent proteins (FPs) to the protein of interest. Recently, the number of novel green FPs has increased, with consequent improvements to the quality of fluctuation-based measurements. The photophysical behavior of FPs is influenced by multiple factors (including photobleaching, protonation-induced "blinking" and long-lived dark states). Assessing these factors is critical for selecting the appropriate fluorescent tag for live cell imaging applications. In this work, we focus on novel green FPs that are extensively used in live cell imaging. A systematic performance comparison of several green FPs in living cells under different pH conditions using Number & Brightness (N & B) analysis and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was performed. Our results show that the new FP Gamillus exhibits higher brightness at the cost of lower photostability and fluorescence probability (pf), especially at lower pH. mGreenLantern, on the other hand, thanks to a very high pf, is best suited for multimerization quantification at neutral pH. At lower pH, mEGFP remains apparently the best choice for multimerization investigation. These guidelines provide the information needed to plan quantitative fluorescence microscopy involving these FPs, both for general imaging or for protein-protein-interactions quantification via fluorescence fluctuation-based methods. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285486 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 18 IS - 8 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Friedrich, Thomas A1 - Oberkofler, Vicky A1 - Jiang, Li A1 - Crawford, Tim A1 - Lenhard, Michael A1 - Bäurle, Isabel T1 - Genomic and epigenomic determinants of heat stress-induced transcriptional memory in Arabidopsis JF - Genome biology : biology for the post-genomic era N2 - Background Transcriptional regulation is a key aspect of environmental stress responses. Heat stress induces transcriptional memory, i.e., sustained induction or enhanced re-induction of transcription, that allows plants to respond more efficiently to a recurrent HS. In light of more frequent temperature extremes due to climate change, improving heat tolerance in crop plants is an important breeding goal. However, not all heat stress-inducible genes show transcriptional memory, and it is unclear what distinguishes memory from non-memory genes. To address this issue and understand the genome and epigenome architecture of transcriptional memory after heat stress, we identify the global target genes of two key memory heat shock transcription factors, HSFA2 and HSFA3, using time course ChIP-seq. Results HSFA2 and HSFA3 show near identical binding patterns. In vitro and in vivo binding strength is highly correlated, indicating the importance of DNA sequence elements. In particular, genes with transcriptional memory are strongly enriched for a tripartite heat shock element, and are hallmarked by several features: low expression levels in the absence of heat stress, accessible chromatin environment, and heat stress-induced enrichment of H3K4 trimethylation. These results are confirmed by an orthogonal transcriptomic data set using both de novo clustering and an established definition of memory genes. Conclusions Our findings provide an integrated view of HSF-dependent transcriptional memory and shed light on its sequence and chromatin determinants, enabling the prediction and engineering of genes with transcriptional memory behavior. KW - Transcriptional memory KW - Priming KW - Heat stress KW - HSFA2 KW - HSFA3 KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Histone H3K4 trimethylation KW - ChIP-seq Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-023-02970-5 SN - 1474-760X VL - 24 IS - 1 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferreira, Clara Mendes A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Eccard, Jana T1 - So many choices, so little time BT - food preference and movement vary with the landscape of fear JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - Spatial and temporal variation in perceived predation risk is an important determinant of movement and foraging activity of animals. Foraging in this landscape of fear, individuals need to decide where and when to move, and what resources to choose. Foraging theory predicts the outcome of these decisions based on energetic trade-offs, but complex interactions between perceived predation risk and preferences of foragers for certain functional traits of their resources are rarely considered. Here, we studied the interactive effects of perceived predation risk on food trait preferences and foraging behavior in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in experimental landscapes. Individuals (n = 19) were subjected for periods of 24 h to two extreme, risk-uniform landscapes (either risky or safe), containing 25 discrete food patches, filled with seeds of four plant species in even amounts. Seeds varied in functional traits: size, nutrients, and shape. We evaluated whether and how risk modifies forager preference for functional traits. We also investigated whether perceived risk and distance from shelter affected giving-up density (GUD), time in patches, and number of patch visits. In safe landscapes, individuals increased time spent in patches, lowered GUD and visited distant patches more often compared to risky landscapes. Individuals preferred bigger seeds independent of risk, but in the safe treatment they preferred fat-rich over carb-rich seeds. Thus, higher densities of resource levels remained in risky landscapes, while in safe landscapes resource density was lower and less diverse due to selective foraging. Our results suggest that the interaction of perceived risk and dietary preference adds an additional layer to the cascading effects of a landscape of fear which affects biodiversity at resource level. KW - foraging behavior KW - functional traits KW - giving-up density KW - myodes glareolus KW - perceived predation risk KW - seed ecology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10330 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 13 IS - 7 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER -