TY - THES A1 - Chen, Xiaoming T1 - Two-dimensional constrained anisotropic inversion of magnetotelluric data T1 - Zweidimensionale constrained anisotrope Inversion von magnetotellurischen Daten N2 - Tectonic and geological processes on Earth often result in structural anisotropy of the subsurface, which can be imaged by various geophysical methods. In order to achieve appropriate and realistic Earth models for interpretation, inversion algorithms have to allow for an anisotropic subsurface. Within the framework of this thesis, I analyzed a magnetotelluric (MT) data set taken from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa. This data set exhibited strong indications for crustal anisotropy, e.g. MT phases out of the expected quadrant, which are beyond of fitting and interpreting with standard isotropic inversion algorithms. To overcome this obstacle, I have developed a two-dimensional inversion method for reconstructing anisotropic electrical conductivity distributions. The MT inverse problem represents in general a non-linear and ill-posed minimization problem with many degrees of freedom: In isotropic case, we have to assign an electrical conductivity value to each cell of a large grid to assimilate the Earth's subsurface, e.g. a grid with 100 x 50 cells results in 5000 unknown model parameters in an isotropic case; in contrast, we have the sixfold in an anisotropic scenario where the single value of electrical conductivity becomes a symmetric, real-valued tensor while the number of the data remains unchanged. In order to successfully invert for anisotropic conductivities and to overcome the non-uniqueness of the solution of the inverse problem it is necessary to use appropriate constraints on the class of allowed models. This becomes even more important as MT data is not equally sensitive to all anisotropic parameters. In this thesis, I have developed an algorithm through which the solution of the anisotropic inversion problem is calculated by minimization of a global penalty functional consisting of three entries: the data misfit, the model roughness constraint and the anisotropy constraint. For comparison, in an isotropic approach only the first two entries are minimized. The newly defined anisotropy term is measured by the sum of the square difference of the principal conductivity values of the model. The basic idea of this constraint is straightforward. If an isotropic model is already adequate to explain the data, there is no need to introduce electrical anisotropy at all. In order to ensure successful inversion, appropriate trade-off parameters, also known as regularization parameters, have to be chosen for the different model constraints. Synthetic tests show that using fixed trade-off parameters usually causes the inversion to end up by either a smooth model with large RMS error or a rough model with small RMS error. Using of a relaxation approach on the regularization parameters after each successful inversion iteration will result in smoother inversion model and a better convergence. This approach seems to be a sophisticated way for the selection of trade-off parameters. In general, the proposed inversion method is adequate for resolving the principal conductivities defined in horizontal plane. Once none of the principal directions of the anisotropic structure is coincided with the predefined strike direction, only the corresponding effective conductivities, which is the projection of the principal conductivities onto the model coordinate axes direction, can be resolved and the information about the rotation angles is lost. In the end the MT data from the Cape Fold Belt in South Africa has been analyzed. The MT data exhibits an area (> 10 km) where MT phases over 90 degrees occur. This part of data cannot be modeled by standard isotropic modeling procedures and hence can not be properly interpreted. The proposed inversion method, however, could not reproduce the anomalous large phases as desired because of losing the information about rotation angles. MT phases outside the first quadrant are usually obtained by different anisotropic anomalies with oblique anisotropy strike. In order to achieve this challenge, the algorithm needs further developments. However, forward modeling studies with the MT data have shown that surface highly conductive heterogeneity in combination with a mid-crustal electrically anisotropic zone are required to fit the data. According to known geological and tectonic information the mid-crustal zone is interpreted as a deep aquifer related to the fractured Table Mountain Group rocks in the Cape Fold Belt. N2 - Tektonische und geologische Prozesse verursachen häufig eine strukturelle Anisotropie des Untergrundes, welche von verschiedenen geophysikalischen Methoden beobachtet werden kann. Zur Erstellung und Interpretation geeigneter, realistischer Modelle der Erde sind Inversionsalgorithmen notwendig, die einen anisotropen Untergrund einbeziehen können. Für die vorliegende Arbeit habe ich einen magnetotellurischen (MT) Datensatz vom Cape Fold Gürtel in Südafrika untersucht. Diese Daten weisen auf eine ausgeprägte Anisotropie der Kruste hin, da z.B. die MT Phasen außerhalb des erwarteten Quadranten liegen und nicht durch standardisierte isotrope Inversionsalgorithmen angepasst und ausgewertet werden können. Um dieses Problem zu beheben, habe ich eine zweidimensionale Inversionsmethode entwickelt, welche eine anisotrope elektrische Leitfähigkeitsverteilungen in den Modellen zulässt. Die MT Inversion ist im allgemeinen ein nichtlineares, schlecht gestelltes Minimierungsproblem mit einer hohen Anzahl an Freiheitsgraden. Im isotropen Fall wird jeder Gitterzelle eines Modells ein elektrischer Leitfähigkeitswert zugewiesen um den Erduntergrund nachzubilden. Ein Modell mit beispielsweise 100 x 50 Zellen besitzt 5000 unbekannte Modellparameter. Im Gegensatz dazu haben wir im anisotropen Fall die sechsfache Anzahl, da hier aus dem einfachen Zahlenwert der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit ein symmetrischer, reellwertiger Tensor wird, wobei die Anzahl der Daten gleich bleibt. Für die erfolgreiche Inversion von anisotropen Leitfähigkeiten und um die Nicht-Eindeutigkeit der Lösung des inversen Problems zu überwinden, ist eine geeignete Einschränkung der möglichen Modelle absolut notwendig. Dies wird umso wichtiger, da die Sensitivität von MT Daten nicht für alle Anisotropieparameter gleich ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich einen Algorithmus entwickelt, welcher die Lösung des anisotropen Inversionsproblems unter Minimierung einer globalen Straffunktion berechnet. Diese besteht aus drei Teilen: der Datenanpassung, den Zusatzbedingungen an die Glätte des Modells und die Anisotropie. Im Gegensatz dazu werden beim isotropen Fall nur die ersten zwei Parameter minimiert. Der neu definierte Anisotropieterm wird mit Hilfe der Summe der quadratischen Abweichung der Hauptleitfähigkeitswerte des Modells gemessen. Die grundlegende Idee dieser Zusatzbedingung ist einfach. Falls ein isotropes Modell die Daten ausreichend gut anpassen kann, wird keine elektrische Anisotropie zusätzlich in das Modell eingefügt. Um eine erfolgreiche Inversion zu garantieren müssen geeignete Regularisierungsparameter für die verschiedenen Nebenbedingungen an das Modell gewählt werden. Tests mit synthetischen Modellen zeigen, dass bei festgesetzten Regularisierungsparametern die Inversion meistens entweder in einem glatten Modell mit hohem RMS Fehler oder einem groben Modell mit kleinem RMS Fehler endet. Die Anwendung einer Relaxationsbedingung auf die Regularisierung nach jedem Iterationsschritt resultiert in glatteren Inversionsmodellen und einer höheren Konvergenz und scheint ein ausgereifter Weg zur Wahl der Parameter zu sein. Die vorgestellte Inversionsmethode ist im allgemeinen in der Lage die Hauptleitfähigkeiten in der horizontalen Ebene zu finden. Wenn keine der Hauptrichtungen der Anisotropiestruktur mit der vorgegebenen Streichrichtung übereinstimmt, können nur die dazugehörigen effektiven Leitfähigkeiten, welche die Projektion der Hauptleitfähigkeiten auf die Koordinatenachsen des Modells darstellen, aufgelöst werden. Allerdings gehen die Informationen über die Rotationswinkel verloren. Am Ende meiner Arbeit werden die MT Daten des Cape Fold Gürtels in Südafrika analysiert. Die MT Daten zeigen in einem Abschnitt des Messprofils (> 10 km) Phasen über 90 Grad. Dieser Teil der Daten kann nicht mit herkömmlichen isotropen Modellierungsverfahren angepasst und daher mit diesen auch nicht vollständig ausgewertet werden. Die vorgestellte Inversionsmethode konnte die außergewöhnlich hohen Phasenwerte nicht wie gewünscht im Inversionsergebnis erreichen, was mit dem erwähnten Informationsverlust der Rotationswinkel begründet werden kann. MT Phasen außerhalb des ersten Quadranten können für gewöhnlich bei Anomalien mit geneigter Streichrichtung der Anisotropie gemessen werden. Um diese auch in den Inversionsergebnissen zu erreichen ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Algorithmus notwendig. Vorwärtsmodellierungen des MT Datensatzes haben allerdings gezeigt, dass eine hohe Leitfähigkeitsheterogenität an der Oberfläche in Kombination mit einer Zone elektrischer Anisotropie in der mittleren Kruste notwendig sind um die Daten anzupassen. Aufgrund geologischer und tektonischer Informationen kann diese Zone in der mittleren Kruste als tiefer Aquifer interpretiert werden, der im Zusammenhang mit den zerrütteten Gesteinen der Table Mountain Group des Cape Fold Gürtels steht. KW - Magnetotellurik KW - Anisotrope Inversion KW - Regularisierung KW - Anisotropie der Leitfähigkeit KW - magnetotelluric KW - anisotropic inversion KW - regularization KW - conductivity anisotropy Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63163 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Jian A1 - Kollosche, Matthias A1 - Lu, Tongqing A1 - Kofod, Guggi A1 - Suo, Zhigang T1 - Two types of transitions to wrinkles in dielectric elastomers JF - Soft matter N2 - A membrane of a dielectric elastomer coated with compliant electrodes may form wrinkles as the applied voltage is ramped up. We present a combination of experiment and theory to investigate the transition to wrinkles using a clamped membrane subject to a constant force and a voltage ramp. Two types of transitions are identified. In type-I transition, the voltage-stretch curve is N-shaped, and flat and wrinkled regions coexist in separate areas of the membrane. The type-I transition progresses by nucleation of small wrinkled regions, followed by the growth of the wrinkled regions at the expense of the flat regions, until the entire membrane is wrinkled. By contrast, in type-II transition, the voltage-stretch curve is monotonic, and the entire flat membrane becomes wrinkled with no nucleation barrier. The two types of transitions are analogous to the first and the second order phase transitions. While the type-I transition is accompanied by a jump in the vertical displacement, type-II transition is accompanied by a continuous change in the vertical displacement. Such transitions may enable applications in muscle-like actuation and energy harvesting, where large deformation and large energy of conversion are desired. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm26034d SN - 1744-683X VL - 8 IS - 34 SP - 8840 EP - 8846 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fettke, Jörg A1 - Leifels, Lydia A1 - Brust, Henrike A1 - Herbst, Karoline A1 - Steup, Martin T1 - Two carbon fluxes to reserve starch in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells are closely interconnected but differently modulated by temperature JF - Journal of experimental botany N2 - Parenchyma cells from tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. convert several externally supplied sugars to starch but the rates vary largely. Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to starch is exceptionally efficient. In this communication, tuber slices were incubated with either of four solutions containing equimolar [U-C-14]glucose 1-phosphate, [U-C-14]sucrose, [U-C-14]glucose 1-phosphate plus unlabelled equimolar sucrose or [U-C-14]sucrose plus unlabelled equimolar glucose 1-phosphate. C-14-incorporation into starch was monitored. In slices from freshly harvested tubers each unlabelled compound strongly enhanced C-14 incorporation into starch indicating closely interacting paths of starch biosynthesis. However, enhancement disappeared when the tubers were stored. The two paths (and, consequently, the mutual enhancement effect) differ in temperature dependence. At lower temperatures, the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is functional, reaching maximal activity at approximately 20 degrees C but the flux of the sucrose-dependent route strongly increases above 20 degrees C. Results are confirmed by in vitro experiments using [U-C-14]glucose 1-phosphate or adenosine-[U-C-14]glucose and by quantitative zymograms of starch synthase or phosphorylase activity. In mutants almost completely lacking the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme(s), the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is largely impeded. Irrespective of the size of the granules, glucose 1-phosphate-dependent incorporation per granule surface area is essentially equal. Furthermore, within the granules no preference of distinct glucosyl acceptor sites was detectable. Thus, the path is integrated into the entire granule biosynthesis. In vitro C-14-incorporation into starch granules mediated by the recombinant plastidial phosphorylase isozyme clearly differed from the in situ results. Taken together, the data clearly demonstrate that two closely but flexibly interacting general paths of starch biosynthesis are functional in potato tuber cells. KW - glucose 1-phosphate KW - phosphorylase KW - potato tubers KW - starch KW - starch synthase Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers014 SN - 0022-0957 VL - 63 IS - 8 SP - 3011 EP - 3029 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Markus A1 - Rosenberger, Elke T1 - Tunneling for a class of difference operators JF - ANNALES HENRI POINCARE N2 - We analyze a general class of difference operators on where is a multi-well potential and is a small parameter. We decouple the wells by introducing certain Dirichlet operators on regions containing only one potential well, and we shall treat the eigenvalue problem for as a small perturbation of these comparison problems. We describe tunneling by a certain interaction matrix, similar to the analysis for the Schrodinger operator [see Helffer and Sjostrand in Commun Partial Differ Equ 9:337-408, 1984], and estimate the remainder, which is exponentially small and roughly quadratic compared with the interaction matrix. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00023-011-0152-x SN - 1424-0637 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1231 EP - 1269 PB - Springer CY - Basel ER - TY - INPR A1 - Klein, Markus A1 - Rosenberger, Elke T1 - Tunneling for a class of difference operators N2 - We analyze a general class of difference operators containing a multi-well potential and a small parameter. We decouple the wells by introducing certain Dirichlet operators on regions containing only one potential well, and we treat the eigenvalue problem as a small perturbation of these comparison problems. We describe tunneling by a certain interaction matrix similar to the analysis for the Schrödinger operator, and estimate the remainder, which is exponentially small and roughly quadratic compared with the interaction matrix. T3 - Preprints des Instituts für Mathematik der Universität Potsdam - 1 (2012) 5 KW - semi-classical difference operator KW - tunneling KW - interaction matrix Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56989 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Fossen, Frank A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - Trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity Do these traits impact entrepreneurial dynamics? JF - Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics N2 - Experimental evidence reveals that there is a strong willingness to trust and to act in both positively and negatively reciprocal ways. So far it is rarely analyzed whether these variables of social cognition influence everyday decision making behavior. We focus on entrepreneurs who are permanently facing exchange processes in the interplay with investors, sellers, and buyers, as well as needing to trust others and reciprocate with their network. We base our analysis on the German Socio-Economic Panel with its recently introduced questions about trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity to examine the extent that these variables influence the entrepreneurial decision processes. More specifically, we analyze whether (i) the willingness to trust other people influences the probability of starting a business; (ii) trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity influence the exit probability of entrepreneurs; and (iii) willingness to trust and to act reciprocally influences the probability of being an entrepreneur versus an employee or a manager. Our findings reveal that, in particular, trust impacts entrepreneurial development. Interestingly, entrepreneurs are more trustful than employees, but much less trustful than managers. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Trust KW - Reciprocity Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.005 SN - 0167-4870 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 394 EP - 409 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fedyunin, Ivan A1 - Lehnhardt, Lothar A1 - Böhmer, Nadine A1 - Kaufmann, Paul A1 - Zhang, Gong A1 - Ignatov, Zoya T1 - tRNA concentration fine tunes protein solubility Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579312005807 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fedyunin, Ivan A1 - Lehnhardt, Lothar A1 - Böhmer, Nadine A1 - Kaufmann, Paul A1 - Zhang, Gong A1 - Ignatova, Zoya T1 - tRNA concentration fine tunes protein solubility JF - FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences N2 - Clusters of codons pairing to low-abundance tRNAs synchronize the translation with co-translational folding of single domains in multidomain proteins. Although proven with some examples, the impact of the ribosomal speed on the folding and solubility on a global, cell-wide level remains elusive. Here we show that upregulation of three low-abundance tRNAs in Escherichia coil increased the aggregation propensity of several cellular proteins as a result of an accelerated elongation rate. Intriguingly, alterations in the concentration of the natural tRNA pool compromised the solubility of various chaperones consequently rendering the solubility of some chaperone-dependent proteins. KW - Protein translation KW - Protein misfolding KW - tRNA KW - E. coli Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.012 SN - 0014-5793 VL - 586 IS - 19 SP - 3336 EP - 3340 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Christ, Nicolas A1 - Immenhauser, Adrian A1 - Amour, Frederic A1 - Mutti, Maria A1 - Preston, Rosalind A1 - Whitaker, Fiona F. A1 - Peterhänsel, Arndt A1 - Egenhoff, Sven O. A1 - Dunn, Paul A. A1 - Agar, Susan M. T1 - Triassic Latemar cycle tops - Subaerial exposure of platform carbonates under tropical arid climate JF - Sedimentary geology : international journal of applied and regional sedimentology N2 - The Triassic Latemar platform in the Dolomites, Italy, is the site of several ongoing controversies. Perhaps the most interesting debate focuses on apparent cyclic deposition within the Latemar platform, whose nature and duration are still open to debate. Further disagreement concerns the lack of meteoric diagenesis-related isotope shifts at cycle tops that bear circumstantial petrographic evidence for subaerial emergence. Here, an evaluation of the nature of Latemar cycle tops is presented combining evidence from previous work and new field, petrographic and geochemical data. Cycle tops are ranked according to increasing exposure duration and spatial extent: type I surfaces lacking unequivocal evidence of prolonged supratidal conditions; type II dolomite caps formed in warm, evaporitic, intertidal lagoonal waters followed by exposure of perhaps intermediate duration; type III clastic-rich, red calcareous horizons with some showing platform-wide extent, representing prolonged supratidal conditions, and type IV discontinuities in tepee belts, genetically related to type II and III surfaces, but likely representing shorter-lived exposure stages. Petrographic and geochemical criteria indicate that most diagenesis occurred in the shallow marine and burial domain whilst an extensive meteoric overprint of cycle tops is lacking. This is underlined by the scarcity of meteoric diagenetic fabrics such as gravitational cements that, where present, are here interpreted as marine-vadose in origin. The scarcity of carbon and oxygen isotope signatures commonly assigned to subaerial exposure stages is best explained in the context of mid-Triassic climate. The low latitude, tropical but arid setting of the Latemar, situated in the western extension of the Tethys ocean, its isolation from nearby continental areas and overall short-term emergence episodes are in agreement with a limited degree of meteoric alteration of most cycle tops. High amounts of aeolian clastic material beneath some cycle tops, along with high Fe and Mn elemental abundances argue for intermittent subaerial conditions. This study proposes an enhancement of the classical Allan and Matthews (1982) isotope model for subaerial exposure under strongly arid climates. As the subaerial exposure nature of Latemar cycle tops, and therefore eustasy as the cause for cyclicity, have been previously challenged due to the lack of meteoric-induced isotopic signatures, the outcome of this study is of significance for the ongoing Latemar stratigraphic controversy. KW - Triassic KW - Latemar KW - Subaerial exposure KW - Carbonate platforms KW - Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes KW - Diagenesis Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.02.008 SN - 0037-0738 VL - 265 IS - 28 SP - 1 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Masson, Michael E. J. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Trial history modulates joint effects of stimulus quality, frequency, and priming in lexical decision T2 - Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale Y1 - 2012 SN - 1196-1961 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 318 EP - 318 PB - Canadian Psychological Assoc. CY - Ottawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rychkov, Dmitry A1 - Altafim, Ruy Alberto Pisani A1 - Qiu, Xunlin A1 - Gerhard, Reimund T1 - Treatment with orthophosphoric acid enhances the thermal stability of the piezoelectricity in low-density polyethylene ferroelectrets JF - Journal of applied physics N2 - Ferroelectrets have been fabricated from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films by means of a template-based lamination. The temperature dependence of the piezoelectric d(33) coefficient has been investigated. It was found that low-density polyethylene ferroelectrets have rather low thermal stability with the piezoelectric coefficient decaying almost to zero already at 100 degrees C. This behavior is attributed to the poor electret properties of the polyethylene films used for the fabrication of the ferroelectrets. In order to improve the charge trapping and the thermal stability of electret charge and piezoelectricity, LDPE ferroelectrets were treated with orthophosphoric acid. The treatment resulted in considerable improvements of the charge stability in LDPE films and in ferroelectret systems made from them. For example, the charge and piezoelectric-coefficient decay curves shifted to higher temperatures by 60 K and 40 K, respectively. It is shown that the decay of the piezoelectric coefficient in LDPE ferroelectrets is governed by the relaxation of less stable positive charges. The treatment also leads to noticeable changes in the chemical composition of the LDPE surface. Infrared spectroscopy reveals absorption bands attributed to phosphorus-containing structures, while scanning electron microscopy shows new island-like structures, 50-200 nm in diameter, on the modified surface. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729866 SN - 0021-8979 VL - 111 IS - 12 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caravelli, Francesco A1 - Hamma, Alioscia A1 - Markopoulou, Fotini A1 - Riera, Arnau T1 - Trapped surfaces and emergent curved space in the Bose-Hubbard model JF - Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology N2 - A Bose-Hubbard model on a dynamical lattice was introduced in previous work as a spin system analogue of emergent geometry and gravity. Graphs with regions of high connectivity in the lattice were identified as candidate analogues of spacetime geometries that contain trapped surfaces. We carry out a detailed study of these systems and show explicitly that the highly connected subgraphs trap matter. We do this by solving the model in the limit of no back-reaction of the matter on the lattice, and for states with certain symmetries that are natural for our problem. We find that in this case the problem reduces to a one-dimensional Hubbard model on a lattice with variable vertex degree and multiple edges between the same two vertices. In addition, we obtain a (discrete) differential equation for the evolution of the probability density of particles which is closed in the classical regime. This is a wave equation in which the vertex degree is related to the local speed of propagation of probability. This allows an interpretation of the probability density of particles similar to that in analogue gravity systems: matter inside this analogue system sees a curved spacetime. We verify our analytic results by numerical simulations. Finally, we analyze the dependence of localization on a gradual, rather than abrupt, falloff of the vertex degree on the boundary of the highly connected region and find that matter is localized in and around that region. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.044046 SN - 1550-7998 VL - 85 IS - 4 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ette, Ottmar T1 - TransTropics: Alexander von Humboldt and Hemispheric Constructions Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-938944-63-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henze, Andrea A1 - Espe, Katharina M. A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Krane, Vera A1 - Raila, Jens A1 - Hocher, Berthold A1 - Schweigert, Florian J. A1 - Drechsler, Christiane T1 - Transthyretin predicts cardiovascular outcome in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes JF - Diabetes care N2 - OBJECTIVE-BMI and albumin are commonly accepted parameters to recognize wasting in dialysis patients and are powerful predictors of morbidity and mortality. However, both parameters reveal limitations and may not cover the entire range of patients with wasting. The visceral protein transthyretin (TTR) may be helpful in overcoming the diagnostic and prognostic gap. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association of TTR with morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-The TTR concentration was determined in plasma samples of 1,177 hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Cox regression analyses were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of cardiovascular end points (CVEs) and mortality according to quartiles of TTR concentration for the total study cohort and the subgroups BMI >= 23 kg/m(2), albumin concentration >= 3.8 g/dL, and a combination of both. RESULTS-A low TTR concentration was associated with an increased risk for CVE for the total study cohort (HR 1.65 [95% CI 1.27-2.14]), patients with BMI >= 23 kg/m(2) (1.70 [1.22-2.37]), albumin >= 3.8 g/dL (1.68 [1.17-2.42]), and the combination of both (1.69 [1.13-2.53]). Additionally, a low TTR concentration predicted mortality for the total study cohort (1.79 [1.43-2.24]) and patients with BMI >= 23 kg/m(2) (1.46 [1.09-1.95]). CONCLUSIONS-The current study demonstrated that TTR is a useful predictor for cardiovascular outcome and mortality in diabetic hemodialysis patients. TTR was particularly useful in patients who were not identified to be at risk by BMI or albumin status. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0455 SN - 0149-5992 VL - 35 IS - 11 SP - 2365 EP - 2372 PB - American Diabetes Association CY - Alexandria ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ribeiro, Dimas M. A1 - Araujo, Wagner L. A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. A1 - Schippers, Jos H. M. A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd T1 - Translatome and metabolome effects triggered by gibberellins during rosette growth in Arabidopsis JF - Journal of experimental botany N2 - Although gibberellins (GAs) are well known for their growth control function, little is known about their effects on primary metabolism. Here the modulation of gene expression and metabolic adjustment in response to changes in plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) growth imposed on varying the gibberellin regime were evaluated. Polysomal mRNA populations were profiled following treatment of plants with paclobutrazol (PAC), an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) to monitor translational regulation of mRNAs globally. Gibberellin levels did not affect levels of carbohydrates in plants treated with PAC and/or GA(3). However, the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates malate and fumarate, two alternative carbon storage molecules, accumulated upon PAC treatment. Moreover, an increase in nitrate and in the levels of the amino acids was observed in plants grown under a low GA regime. Only minor changes in amino acid levels were detected in plants treated with GA(3) alone, or PAC plus GA(3). Comparison of the molecular changes at the transcript and metabolite levels demonstrated that a low GA level mainly affects growth by uncoupling growth from carbon availability. These observations, together with the translatome changes, reveal an interaction between energy metabolism and GA-mediated control of growth to coordinate cell wall extension, secondary metabolism, and lipid metabolism. KW - Gibberellin KW - growth KW - paclobutrazol KW - primary metabolism KW - translatome Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err463 SN - 0022-0957 VL - 63 IS - 7 SP - 2769 EP - 2786 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fan, Xuanmei A1 - van Westen, Cees J. A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Gorum, Tolga A1 - Xu, Qiang A1 - Dai, Fuchu A1 - Huang, Runqiu A1 - Wang, Gonghui T1 - Transient water and sediment storage of the decaying landslide dams induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China JF - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology N2 - Earthquake-triggered landslide dams are potentially dangerous disrupters of water and sediment flux in mountain rivers, and capable of releasing catastrophic outburst flows to downstream areas. We analyze an inventory of 828 landslide dams in the Longmen Shan mountains, China, triggered by the M-w 7.9 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. This database is unique in that it is the largest of its kind attributable to a single regional-scale triggering event: 501 of the spatially clustered landslides fully blocked rivers, while the remainder only partially obstructed or diverted channels in steep watersheds of the hanging wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault Zone. The size distributions of the earthquake-triggered landslides, landslide dams, and associated lakes (a) can be modeled by an inverse gamma distribution; (b) show that moderate-size slope failures caused the majority of blockages; and (c) allow a detailed assessment of seismically induced river-blockage effects on regional water and sediment storage. Monte Carlo simulations based on volumetric scaling relationships for soil and bedrock failures respectively indicate that 14% (18%) of the estimated total coseismic landslide volume of 6.4 (14.6) x 10(9) m(3) was contained in landslide dams, representing only 1.4% of the >60,000 slope failures attributed to the earthquake. These dams have created storage capacity of similar to 0.6x 10(9) m(3) for incoming water and sediment. About 25% of the dams containing 2% of the total river-blocking debris volume failed one week after the earthquake; these figures had risen to 60% (similar to 20%), and >90% (>90%) within one month, and one:year, respectively, thus also emptying similar to 92% of the total potential water and sediment storage behind these, dams within one year following the earthquake. Currently only similar to 0.08 x 10(9) m(3) remain available as natural reservoirs for storing water and sediment, while similar to 0.19 x 10(9) m(3), i.e. about a third of the total river-blocking debris volume, has been eroded by rivers. Dam volume and upstream catchment area control to first order the longevity of the barriers, and bivariate domain plots are consistent with the observation that most earthquake-triggered landslide dams were ephemeral. We conclude that the river-blocking portion of coseismic slope failures disproportionately modulates the post-seismic sediment flux in the Longmen Shan on annual to decadal timescales. KW - Landslide dam KW - Earthquake KW - Magnitude and frequency KW - Sediment budget Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.05.003 SN - 0169-555X VL - 171 SP - 58 EP - 68 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Romy A1 - Schippers, Jos H. M. A1 - Welker, Annelie A1 - Mieulet, Delphine A1 - Guiderdoni, Emmanuel A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd T1 - Transcription factor OsHsfC1b regulates salt tolerance and development in Oryza sativa ssp japonica JF - AoB PLANTS N2 - Background and aims Salt stress leads to attenuated growth and productivity in rice. Transcription factors like heat shock factors (HSFs) represent central regulators of stress adaptation. Heat shock factors of the classes A and B are well established as regulators of thermal and non-thermal stress responses in plants; however, the role of class C HSFs is unknown. Here we characterized the function of the OsHsfC1b (Os01g53220) transcription factor from rice. Methodology We analysed the expression of OsHsfC1b in the rice japonica cultivars Dongjin and Nipponbare exposed to salt stress as well as after mannitol, abscisic acid (ABA) and H2O2 treatment. For functional characterization of OsHsfC1b, we analysed the physiological response of a T-DNA insertion line (hsfc1b) and two artificial micro-RNA (amiRNA) knock-down lines to salt, mannitol and ABA treatment. In addition, we quantified the expression of small Heat Shock Protein (sHSP) genes and those related to signalling and ion homeostasis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in roots exposed to salt. The subcellular localization of OsHsfC1b protein fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) was determined in Arabidopsis mesophyll cell protoplasts. Principal results Expression of OsHsfC1b was induced by salt, mannitol and ABA, but not by H2O2. Impaired function of OsHsfC1b in the hsfc1b mutant and the amiRNA lines led to decreased salt and osmotic stress tolerance, increased sensitivity to ABA, and temporal misregulation of salt-responsive genes involved in signalling and ion homeostasis. Furthermore, sHSP genes showed enhanced expression in knock-down plants under salt stress. We observed retarded growth of hsfc1b and knock-down lines in comparison with control plants under non-stress conditions. Transient expression of OsHsfC1b fused to GFP in protoplasts revealed nuclear localization of the transcription factor. Conclusions OsHsfC1b plays a role in ABA-mediated salt stress tolerance in rice. Furthermore, OsHsfC1b is involved in the response to osmotic stress and is required for plant growth under non-stress conditions. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/pls011 SN - 2041-2851 IS - 3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Trans-saccadic parafoveal preview benefits in fluent reading: A study with fixation-related brain potentials JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - During natural reading, a parafoveal preview of the upcoming word facilitates its subsequent recognition (e.g., shorter fixation durations compared to masked preview) but nothing is known about the neural correlates of this so-called preview benefit. Furthermore, while the evidence is strong that readers preprocess orthographic features of upcoming words, it is controversial whether word meaning can also be accessed parafoveally. We investigated the timing, scope, and electrophysiological correlates of parafoveal information use in reading by simultaneously recording eye movements and fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs) while participants read word lists fluently from left to right. For one word the target (e.g., "blade") parafoveal information was manipulated by showing an identical ("blade"), semantically related ("knife"), or unrelated ("sugar") word as preview. In boundary trials, the preview was shown parafoveally but changed to the correct target word during the incoming saccade. Replicating classic findings, target words were fixated shorter after identical previews. In the EEG, this benefit was reflected in an occipitotemporal preview positivity between 200 and 280 ms. In contrast, there was no facilitation from related previews. In parafoveal-on-foveal trials, preview and target were embedded at neighboring list positions without a display change. Consecutive fixation of two related words produced N400 priming effects, but only shortly (160 ms) after the second word was directly fixated. Results demonstrate that neural responses to words are substantially altered by parafoveal preprocessing under normal reading conditions. We found no evidence that word meaning contributes to these effects. Saccade-contingent display manipulations can be combined with EEG recordings to study extrafoveal perception in vision. KW - EEG KW - Eye tracking KW - Active vision KW - Eye-fixation-related potentials (EFRP) KW - Parafoveal vision KW - Boundary technique Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.006 SN - 1053-8119 SN - 1095-9572 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 381 EP - 393 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wells, Konstans A1 - O'Hara, R. B. A1 - Boehm, S. M. A1 - Gockel, Sonja A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Renner, S. C. A1 - Pfeiffer, S. A1 - Boehning-Gaese, Katrin A1 - Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. T1 - Trait-dependent occupancy dynamics of birds in temperate forest landscapes fine-scale observations in a hierarchical multi-species framework JF - Animal conservation N2 - Silvicultural practices lead to changes in forest composition and structure and may impact species diversity from the overall regional species pool to stand-level species occurrence. We explored to what extent fine-scale occupancy patterns in differently managed forest stands are driven by environment and ecological traits in three regions in Germany using a multi-species hierarchical model. We tested for the possible impact of environmental variables and ecological traits on occupancy dynamics in a joint modelling exercise while taking possible variation in coefficient estimates over years and plots into account. Bird species richness differed across regions and years, and trends in species richness across years were different in the three regions. On the species level, forest management affected occupancy of species in all regions, but only 35% of the total assemblage-level variation in occurrence probability was explained by either forest type and successional stage and 50% upper crustal shortening, suggesting substantial crustal thickening and surface elevation gain. Thermal modeling of combined thermochronometers requires exhumation of most samples to depths of <3 km between 85 and 45 Ma, followed by a decrease in erosional exhumation rate to low values of <0.05 mm/yr. The thermochronological results, when interpreted in the context of the deformation and paleoaltimetric history, are best explained by a scenario of plateau growth that began locally in central Tibet during the Late Cretaceous and expanded to encompass most of central Tibet by 45 Ma. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1130/G32530.1 SN - 0091-7613 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 187 EP - 190 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Boulder ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riera, Arnau A1 - Gogolin, Christian A1 - Eisert, Jens T1 - Thermalization in nature and on a quantum computer JF - Physical review letters N2 - In this work, we show how Gibbs or thermal states appear dynamically in closed quantum many-body systems, building on the program of dynamical typicality. We introduce a novel perturbation theorem for physically relevant weak system-bath couplings that is applicable even in the thermodynamic limit. We identify conditions under which thermalization happens and discuss the underlying physics. Based on these results, we also present a fully general quantum algorithm for preparing Gibbs states on a quantum computer with a certified runtime and error bound. This complements quantum Metropolis algorithms, which are expected to be efficient but have no known runtime estimates and only work for local Hamiltonians. Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.080402 SN - 0031-9007 VL - 108 IS - 8 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - THES A1 - Deneke, Carlus T1 - Theory of mRNA degradation T1 - Theoretische Beschreibung des Abbaus von mRNA N2 - One of the central themes of biology is to understand how individual cells achieve a high fidelity in gene expression. Each cell needs to ensure accurate protein levels for its proper functioning and its capability to proliferate. Therefore, complex regulatory mechanisms have evolved in order to render the expression of each gene dependent on the expression level of (all) other genes. Regulation can occur at different stages within the framework of the central dogma of molecular biology. One very effective and relatively direct mechanism concerns the regulation of the stability of mRNAs. All organisms have evolved diverse and powerful mechanisms to achieve this. In order to better comprehend the regulation in living cells, biochemists have studied specific degradation mechanisms in detail. In addition to that, modern high-throughput techniques allow to obtain quantitative data on a global scale by parallel analysis of the decay patterns of many different mRNAs from different genes. In previous studies, the interpretation of these mRNA decay experiments relied on a simple theoretical description based on an exponential decay. However, this does not account for the complexity of the responsible mechanisms and, as a consequence, the exponential decay is often not in agreement with the experimental decay patterns. We have developed an improved and more general theory of mRNA degradation which provides a general framework of mRNA expression and allows describing specific degradation mechanisms. We have made an attempt to provide detailed models for the regulation in different organisms. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, different degradation pathways are known to compete and furthermore most of them rely on the biochemical modification of mRNA molecules. In bacteria such as E. coli, degradation proceeds primarily endonucleolytically, i.e. it is governed by the initial cleavage within the coding region. In addition, it is often coupled to the level of maturity and the size of the polysome of an mRNA. Both for S. cerevisiae and E. coli, our descriptions lead to a considerable improvement of the interpretation of experimental data. The general outcome is that the degradation of mRNA must be described by an age-dependent degradation rate, which can be interpreted as a consequence of molecular aging of mRNAs. Within our theory, we find adequate ways to address this much debated topic from a theoretical perspective. The improvements of the understanding of mRNA degradation can be readily applied to further comprehend the mRNA expression under different internal or environmental conditions such as after the induction of transcription or stress application. Also, the role of mRNA decay can be assessed in the context of translation and protein synthesis. The ultimate goal in understanding gene regulation mediated by mRNA stability will be to identify the relevance and biological function of different mechanisms. Once more quantitative data will become available, our description allows to elaborate the role of each mechanism by devising a suitable model. N2 - Ein zentrales Ziel der modernen Biologie ist es, ein umfassendes Verständnis der Genexpression zu erlangen. Die fundamentalen Prozesse sind im zentralen Dogma der Genexpression zusammengefasst: Die genetische Information wird von DNA in Boten-RNAs (mRNA) transkribiert und im Prozess der Translation von mRNA in Proteine übersetzt. Zum Erhalt ihrer Funktionalität und der Möglichkeit von Wachstum und Fortpflanzung muss in jeder Zelle und für jedes Gen die optimale Proteinkonzentration akkurat eingestellt werden. Hierzu hat jeder Organismus detaillierte Regulationsmechanismen entwickelt. Regulation kann auf allen Stufen der Genexpression erfolgen, insbesondere liefert der Abbau der mRNA-Moleküle einen effizienten und direkten Kontrollmechanismus. Daher sind in allen Lebewesen spezifische Mechanismen - die Degradationsmechanismen - entstanden, welche aktiv den Abbau befördern. Um ein besseres Verständnis von den zugrunde liegenden Prozessen zu erlangen, untersuchen Biochemiker die Degradationsmechanismen im Detail. Gleichzeitig erlauben moderne molekularbiologische Verfahren die simultane Bestimmung der Zerfallskurven von mRNA für alle untersuchten Gene einer Zelle. Aus theoretischer Perspektive wird der Zerfall der mRNA-Menge als exponentieller Zerfall mit konstanter Rate betrachtet. Diese Betrachtung dient der Interpretation der zugrunde liegenden Experimente, berücksichtigt aber nicht die fundierten Kenntnisse über die molekularen Mechanismen der Degradation. Zudem zeigen viele experimentelle Studien ein deutliches Abweichen von einem exponentiellen Zerfall. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wird daher eine erweiterte theoretische Beschreibung für die Expression von mRNA-Molekülen eingeführt. Insbesondere lag der Schwerpunkt auf einer verbesserten Beschreibung des Prozesses der Degradation. Die Genexpression kann als ein stochastischer Prozess aufgefasst werden, in dem alle Einzelprozesse auf zufällig ablaufenden chemischen Reaktionen basieren. Die Beschreibung erfolgt daher im Rahmen von Methoden der stochastischen Modellierung. Die fundamentale Annahme besteht darin, dass jedes mRNA-Molekül eine zufällige Lebenszeit hat und diese Lebenszeit für jedes Gen durch eine statistische Lebenszeitverteilung gegeben ist. Ziel ist es nun, spezifische Lebenszeitverteilungen basierend auf den molekularen Degradationsmechanismen zu finden. In dieser Arbeit wurden theoretische Modelle für die Degradation in zwei verschiedenen Organismen entwickelt. Zum einen ist bekannt, dass in eukaryotischen Zellen wie dem Hefepilz S. cerevisiae mehrere Mechanismen zum Abbau der mRNA-Moleküle in Konkurrenz zueinander stehen. Zudem ist der Abbau durch mehrere geschwindigkeitsbestimmende biochemische Schritte charakterisiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden diese Feststellungen durch ein theoretisches Modell beschrieben. Eine Markow-Kette stellte sich als sehr erfolgreich heraus, um diese Komplexität in eine mathematisch-fassbare Form abzubilden. Zum anderen wird in Kolibakterien die Degradation überwiegend durch einen initialen Schnitt in der kodierenden Sequenz der mRNA eingeleitet. Des Weiteren gibt es komplexe Wechselwirkungen mit dem Prozess der Translation. Die dafür verantwortlichen Enzyme - die Ribosomen - schützen Teile der mRNA und vermindern dadurch deren Zerfall. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden diese Zusammenhänge im Rahmen eines weiteren spezifischen, theoretischen Modells untersucht. Beide Mechanismen konnten an experimentellen Daten verifiziert werden. Unter anderem konnten dadurch die Interpretation der Zerfallsexperimente deutlich verbessert und fundamentale Eigenschaften der mRNA-Moleküle bestimmt werden. Ein Vorteil der statistischen Herangehensweise in dieser Arbeit liegt darin, dass theoretische Konzepte für das molekulare Altern der mRNAs entwickelt werden konnten. Mit Hilfe dieser neuentwickelten Methode konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Komplexität der Abbaumechanismen in einem Alterungsprozess manifestiert. Dieser kann mit der Lebenserwartung von einzelnen mRNA-Molekülen beschrieben werden. In dieser Doktorarbeit wurde eine verallgemeinerte theoretische Beschreibung des Abbaus von mRNAMolek ülen entwickelt. Die zentrale Idee basiert auf der Verknüpfung von experimentellen Zerfallsmessungen mit den biochemischen Mechanismen der Degradation. In zukünftigen experimentellen Untersuchungen können die entwickelten Verfahren angewandt werden, um eine genauere Interpretation der Befunde zu ermöglichen. Insbesondere zeigt die Arbeit auf, wie verschiedene Hypothesen über den Degradationsmechanismus anhand eines geeigneten mathematischen Modells durch quantitative Experimente verifiziert oder falsifiziert werden können. KW - Abbau von Boten-RNS KW - Stochastische Genexpression KW - Posttranskriptionale Genregulation KW - Nichtexponentieller Zerfall von mRNA KW - Molekulares Altern KW - Degradation of messenger RNA KW - Stochastic gene expression KW - Post-transcriptional gene regulation KW - Non-exponential mRNA decay KW - Molecular Aging Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - The zoom lens of attention simulating shuffled versus normal text reading using the SWIFT model JF - Visual cognition N2 - Assumptions on the allocation of attention during reading are crucial for theoretical models of eye guidance. The zoom lens model of attention postulates that attentional deployment can vary from a sharp focus to a broad window. The model is closely related to the foveal load hypothesis, i.e., the assumption that the perceptual span is modulated by the difficulty of the fixated word. However, these important theoretical concepts for cognitive research have not been tested quantitatively in eye movement models. Here we show that the zoom lens model, implemented in the SWIFT model of saccade generation, captures many important patterns of eye movements. We compared the model's performance to experimental data from normal and shuffled text reading. Our results demonstrate that the zoom lens of attention might be an important concept for eye movement control in reading. KW - Computational modelling KW - Eye movements KW - Foveal load hypothesis KW - Perceptual span KW - Reading KW - Zoom lens model of attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2012.670143 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 20 IS - 4-5 SP - 391 EP - 421 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jackson, Gregory A1 - Sorge, Arndt T1 - The trajectory of institutional change in Germany, 1979-2009 JF - Journal of European public policy N2 - Over the last three decades, the German political economy can be characterized by both institutional continuity and change. Understanding the dynamics of institutional change therefore requires an examination of the interplay of changes in formal institutional rules and how organizations respond to these changes by strategic attempts to promote or hinder further change in institutions. The macro-level political story of institutional change shows a number of paradoxes resulting in unexpected and often incomplete forms of market liberalization shaped by continued support for some core features of Germany's social market economy. The resulting erosion of Germany's co-ordinated model of economic organization through networks and business associations has gone hand-in-hand with the attempts to preserve these institutions for core workers and sectors of the economy in the face of changing environments. The result is a more varied institutional landscape characterized by international diffusion of liberal policies and the politics of their variable re-embedding within a long-term path of institutional continuity. KW - Germany KW - institutional change KW - varieties of capitalism Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.709009 SN - 1350-1763 SN - 1466-4429 VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - 1146 EP - 1167 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - GEN A1 - Felser, Claudia A1 - Cunnings, Ian A1 - Batterham, Claire A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - The timing of island effects in nonnative sentence processing T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Using the eye-movement monitoring technique in two reading comprehension experiments, this study investigated the timing of constraints on wh-dependencies (so-called island constraints) in first- and second-language (L1 and L2) sentence processing. The results show that both L1 and L2 speakers of English are sensitive to extraction islands during processing, suggesting that memory storage limitations affect L1 and L2 comprehenders in essentially the same way. Furthermore, these results show that the timing of island effects in L1 compared to L2 sentence comprehension is affected differently by the type of cue (semantic fit versus filled gaps) signaling whether dependency formation is possible at a potential gap site. Even though L1 English speakers showed immediate sensitivity to filled gaps but not to lack of semantic fit, proficient German-speaking learners of English as a L2 showed the opposite sensitivity pattern. This indicates that initial wh-dependency formation in L2 processing is based on semantic feature matching rather than being structurally mediated as in L1 comprehension. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 526 KW - trace positions KW - empty categories KW - garden-paths KW - 2nd-language KW - grammar KW - dependencies KW - plausibility KW - constraints KW - english KW - comprehension Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415179 SN - 1866-8364 EP - 526 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Felser, Claudia A1 - Cunnings, Ian A1 - Batterham, Claire A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - The timing of Island effects in nonnative sentence processing JF - Studies in second language acquisition N2 - Using the eye-movement monitoring technique in two reading comprehension experiments, this study investigated the timing of constraints on wh-dependencies (so-called island constraints) in first- and second-language (L1 and L2) sentence processing. The results show that both L1 and L2 speakers of English are sensitive to extraction islands during processing, suggesting that memory storage limitations affect L1 and L2 comprehenders in essentially the same way. Furthermore, these results show that the timing of island effects in L1 compared to L2 sentence comprehension is affected differently by the type of cue (semantic fit versus filled gaps) signaling whether dependency formation is possible at a potential gap site. Even though L1 English speakers showed immediate sensitivity to filled gaps but not to lack of semantic fit, proficient German-speaking learners of English as a L2 showed the opposite sensitivity pattern. This indicates that initial wh-dependency formation in L2 processing is based on semantic feature matching rather than being structurally mediated as in L1 comprehension. KW - trace positions KW - empty categories KW - garden-paths KW - 2nd-language KW - grammar KW - dependencies KW - plausibility KW - constraints KW - english KW - comprehension Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263111000507 SN - 0272-2631 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 67 EP - 98 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Krivochen, Diego Gabriel T1 - The Syntax and Semantics of the Nominal Construction BT - A Radically Minimalist Perspective T3 - Potsdam Linguistic Investigations Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-631-62448-7 VL - 8 PB - Peter Lang CY - Frankfurt am Main ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Oellers-Frahm, Karin A1 - Tomuschat, Christian A1 - Tams, Christian J. T1 - The statute of the international court of justice : a commentary Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-0-19-969299-6 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ET - 2. ed. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Griffiths, Toni T1 - The state of jewish memory in York and Winchester JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e.V. N2 - Am Beispiel der englischen Städte York und Winchester wird in diesem Artikel das Konzept der Erinnerung von Pierre Nora untersucht, um die Individualität lokaler Ansätze der Erinnerung an mittelalterliche englische Judenheiten zu veranschaulichen. Allgemein wird in diesem Beitrag aufgezeigt, wie Erinnerung einerseits aus einem Zeitalter anhaltenden Schweigens befreien und andererseits wieder in ein größeres historisches Narrativ integriert werden kann. Vice versa wird ebenfalls untersucht, wie das die jüdische Erinnerung umschließende Schweigen dennoch seine Fortsetzung im scharfen Gegensatz zu diesem neuen Verständnis von Erinnerung findet. Abschließend wird im Artikel die Frage gestellt, warum dieses Schweigen anhält und ob Noras Theorie, dass sich Erinnerung kontinuierlich entwickelt, auf die Erfahrungen jüdischer Erinnerung in York und Winchester angewendet werden kann. N2 - This article examines Pierre Nora’s concept of memory using the examples of York and Winchester to demonstrate the individuality of local approaches to the memory of medieval Anglo-Jewries. Overall, this paper will highlight how memory can be rescued from a period of prolonged silence and reintegrated back into a wider historical narrative. Conversely it will also examine how in stark contrast to this new attitude of remembering the silence surrounding Jewish memory continues to exist elsewhere. Finally this paper will ask why this silence remains, and question whether Nora’s theory that memory is constantly evolving is applicable to the experiences of Jewish memory in York and Winchester. Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-61523 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 18 SP - 67 EP - 78 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -