TY - JOUR A1 - Teshebaeva, Kanayim A1 - Roessner, Sigrid A1 - Echtler, Helmut Peter A1 - Motagh, Mahdi A1 - Wetzel, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Molodbekov, Bolot T1 - ALOS/PALSAR InSAR Time-Series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan JF - Remote sensing N2 - This study focuses on evaluating the potential of ALOS/PALSAR time-series data to analyze the activation of deep-seated landslides in the foothill zone of the high mountain Alai range in the southern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan). Most previous field-based landslide investigations have revealed that many landslides have indicators for ongoing slow movements in the form of migrating and newly developing cracks. L-band ALOS/PALSAR data for the period between 2007 and 2010 are available for the 484 km(2) area in this study. We analyzed these data using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) time-series technique to assess the surface deformation related to the activation of landslides. We observed up to +/- 17 mm/year of LOS velocity deformation rates, which were projected along the local steepest slope and resulted in velocity rates of up to -63 mm/year. The obtained rates indicate very slow movement of the deep-seated landslides during the observation time. We also compared these movements with precipitation and earthquake records. The results suggest that the deformation peaks correlate with rainfall in the 3 preceding months and with an earthquake event. Overall, the results of this study indicated the great potential of L-band InSAR time series analysis for efficient spatiotemporal identification and monitoring of slope activations in this region of high landslide activity in Southern Kyrgyzstan. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708973 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 7 IS - 7 SP - 8973 EP - 8994 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Terhalle, Maximilian T1 - The transition of global order BT - legitimacy and contestation Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-137-38689-2 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tedder, Andrew A1 - Carleial, Samuel A1 - Gołębiewska, Martyna A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Shimizu, Kentaro K. A1 - Stift, Marc T1 - Evolution of the selfing syndrome in Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae) T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Introduction The transition from cross-fertilisation (outcrossing) to self-fertilisation (selfing) frequently coincides with changes towards a floral morphology that optimises self-pollination, the selfing syndrome. Population genetic studies have reported the existence of both outcrossing and selfing populations in Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), which is an emerging model species for studying the molecular basis of perenniality and local adaptation. It is unknown whether its selfing populations have evolved a selfing syndrome. Methods Using macro-photography, microscopy and automated cell counting, we compared floral syndromes (size, herkogamy, pollen and ovule numbers) between three outcrossing populations from the Apuan Alps and three selfing populations from the Western and Central Alps (Maritime Alps and Dolomites). In addition, we genotyped the plants for 12 microsatellite loci to confirm previous measures of diversity and inbreeding coefficients based on allozymes, and performed Bayesian clustering. Results and Discussion Plants from the three selfing populations had markedly smaller flowers, less herkogamy and lower pollen production than plants from the three outcrossing populations, whereas pistil length and ovule number have remained constant. Compared to allozymes, microsatellite variation was higher, but revealed similar patterns of low diversity and high Fis in selfing populations. Bayesian clustering revealed two clusters. The first cluster contained the three outcrossing populations from the Apuan Alps, the second contained the three selfing populations from the Maritime Alps and Dolomites. Conclusion We conclude that in comparison to three outcrossing populations, three populations with high selfing rates are characterised by a flower morphology that is closer to the selfing syndrome. The presence of outcrossing and selfing floral syndromes within a single species will facilitate unravelling the genetic basis of the selfing syndrome, and addressing which selective forces drive its evolution. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 502 KW - quantitative trait loci KW - daffodil Narcissus longispathus KW - mating-system variation KW - pollen-ovule ratios KW - floral traits KW - flower size KW - Leavenworthia alabamica KW - inbreeding depression KW - incompatibility locus KW - population-structure Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-408401 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 502 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tedder, Andrew A1 - Carleial, Samuel A1 - Golebiewska, Martyna A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Shimizu, Kentaro K. A1 - Stift, Marc T1 - Evolution of the Selfing Syndrome in Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae) JF - PLoS one N2 - Introduction The transition from cross-fertilisation (outcrossing) to self-fertilisation (selfing) frequently coincides with changes towards a floral morphology that optimises self-pollination, the selfing syndrome. Population genetic studies have reported the existence of both outcrossing and selfing populations in Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), which is an emerging model species for studying the molecular basis of perenniality and local adaptation. It is unknown whether its selfing populations have evolved a selfing syndrome. Methods Using macro-photography, microscopy and automated cell counting, we compared floral syndromes (size, herkogamy, pollen and ovule numbers) between three outcrossing populations from the Apuan Alps and three selfing populations from the Western and Central Alps (Maritime Alps and Dolomites). In addition, we genotyped the plants for 12 microsatellite loci to confirm previous measures of diversity and inbreeding coefficients based on allozymes, and performed Bayesian clustering. Results and Discussion Plants from the three selfing populations had markedly smaller flowers, less herkogamy and lower pollen production than plants from the three outcrossing populations, whereas pistil length and ovule number have remained constant. Compared to allozymes, microsatellite variation was higher, but revealed similar patterns of low diversity and high Fis in selfing populations. Bayesian clustering revealed two clusters. The first cluster contained the three outcrossing populations from the Apuan Alps, the second contained the three selfing populations from the Maritime Alps and Dolomites. Conclusion We conclude that in comparison to three outcrossing populations, three populations with high selfing rates are characterised by a flower morphology that is closer to the selfing syndrome. The presence of outcrossing and selfing floral syndromes within a single species will facilitate unravelling the genetic basis of the selfing syndrome, and addressing which selective forces drive its evolution. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126618 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 10 IS - 6 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teasdale, Matthew David A1 - van Doorn, N. L. A1 - Fiddyment, S. A1 - Webb, C. C. A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Collins, Matthew J. A1 - Bradley, Daniel G. T1 - Paging through history: parchment as a reservoir of ancient DNA for next generation sequencing JF - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences N2 - Parchment represents an invaluable cultural reservoir. Retrieving an additional layer of information from these abundant, dated livestock-skins via the use of ancient DNA (aDNA) sequencing has been mooted by a number of researchers. However, prior PCR-based work has indicated that this may be challenged by cross-individual and cross-species contamination, perhaps from the bulk parchment preparation process. Here we apply next generation sequencing to two parchments of seventeenth and eighteenth century northern English provenance. Following alignment to the published sheep, goat, cow and human genomes, it is clear that the only genome displaying substantial unique homology is sheep and this species identification is confirmed by collagen peptide mass spectrometry. Only 4% of sequence reads align preferentially to a different species indicating low contamination across species. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA sequences suggest an upper bound of contamination at 5%. Over 45% of reads aligned to the sheep genome, and even this limited sequencing exercise yield 9 and 7% of each sampled sheep genome post filtering, allowing the mapping of genetic affinity to modern British sheep breeds. We conclude that parchment represents an excellent substrate for genomic analyses of historical livestock. KW - parchment KW - next generation sequencing KW - ancient DNA KW - ZooMS KW - sheep Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0379 SN - 0962-8436 SN - 1471-2970 VL - 370 IS - 1660 PB - Royal Society CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Taßler, Stephanie T1 - Physical-Chemical Investigation of newly-synthesised Lysine-Based Amino-Functionalised Lipids for gene transfection in 2D and 3D model systems Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Electrospinning of Ionogels: Current Status and Future Perspectives JF - European journal of inorganic chemistry : a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe N2 - Ionogels (IGs), also termed ion gels, are functional hybrid materials based on an ionic liquid (IL) and a polymeric, hybrid, or inorganic matrix. IGs combine the properties of the matrix such as mechanical strength with IL properties like high ionic conductivity, high thermal stability, or catalytic activity. IGs are thus attractive for many applications, but the vast majority of IGs made and published so far are bulk materials or dense films. Applications like sensing or catalysis, however, would benefit from IGs with high surface areas or defined surface morphologies or architectures. In spite of this, only relatively few examples of high-surface-area IGs have been made so far; this has mostly been achieved by electrospinning, which has proven to be a promising strategy towards advanced IGs. The current review discusses first developments and outlines the future potential of electrospun ionogels, predominantly from a materials and inorganic chemistry perspective. KW - Ionic liquids KW - Ionogels KW - Hybrid materials KW - Electrospinning KW - Heterogeneous catalysis KW - Sensors KW - Energy KW - Health Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201402490 SN - 1434-1948 SN - 1099-0682 IS - 7 SP - 1148 EP - 1159 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tasior, Mariusz A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Deperasińska, Irena A1 - Cywiński, Piotr J. A1 - Gryko, Daniel T. T1 - An internal charge transfer-dependent solvent effect in V-shaped azacyanines N2 - New V-shaped non-centrosymmetric dyes, possessing a strongly electron-deficient azacyanine core, have been synthesized based on a straightforward two-step approach. The key step in this synthesis involves palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of dibromo-N,N′-methylene-2,2′-azapyridinocyanines with arylacetylenes. The resulting strongly polarized π-expanded heterocycles exhibit green to orange fluorescence and they strongly respond to changes in solvent polarity. We demonstrate that differently electron-donating peripheral groups have a significant influence on the internal charge transfer, hence on the solvent effect and fluorescence quantum yield. TD-DFT calculations confirm that, in contrast to the previously studied bis(styryl)azacyanines, the proximity of S1 and T2 states calculated for compounds bearing two 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylethynyl moieties establishes good conditions for efficient intersystem crossing and is responsible for its low fluorescence quantum yield. Non-linear properties have also been determined for new azacyanines and the results show that depending on peripheral groups, the synthesized dyes exhibit small to large two-photon absorption cross sections reaching 4000 GM. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 306 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-102704 SP - 11714 EP - 11720 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tasior, Mariusz A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Deperasinska, Irena A1 - Cywinski, Piotr J. A1 - Gryko, Daniel T. T1 - An internal charge transfer-dependent solvent effect in V-shaped azacyanines JF - Organic & biomolecular chemistry : an international journal of synthetic, physical and biomolecular organic chemistry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ob01633a SN - 1477-0520 SN - 1477-0539 VL - 13 IS - 48 SP - 11714 EP - 11720 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - INPR A1 - Tarkhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich T1 - A spectral theorem for deformation quantisation N2 - We present a construction of the eigenstate at a noncritical level of the Hamiltonian function. Moreover, we evaluate the contributions of Morse critical points to the spectral decomposition. T3 - Preprints des Instituts für Mathematik der Universität Potsdam - 4 (2015) 4 KW - star product KW - WKB method KW - spectral theorem Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72425 SN - 2193-6943 VL - 4 IS - 4 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tanne, Johannes A1 - Jeoung, Jae-Hun A1 - Peng, Lei A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Dietzel, Birgit A1 - Schulz, Burkhard A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Dobbek, Holger A1 - Wollenberger, Ursula A1 - Bier, Frank Fabian A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - Direct Electron Transfer and Bioelectrocatalysis by a Hexameric, Heme Protein at Nanostructured Electrodes JF - Electroanalysis : an international journal devoted to fundamental and practical aspects of electroanalysis N2 - A nanohybrid consisting of poly(3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-co-aniline) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [MWCNT-P(ABS-A)]) on a gold electrode was used to immobilize the hexameric tyrosine-coordinated heme protein (HTHP). The enzyme showed direct electron transfer between the heme group of the protein and the nanostructured surface. Desorption of the noncovalently bound heme from the protein could be excluded by control measurements with adsorbed hemin on aminohexanthiol-modified electrodes. The nanostructuring and the optimised charge characteristics resulted in a higher protein coverage as compared with MUA/MU modified electrodes. The adsorbed enzyme shows catalytic activity for the cathodic H2O2 reduction and oxidation of NADH. KW - HTHP KW - Nanohybrid KW - Poylaniline KW - Multiwalled carbon nanotube Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201500231 SN - 1040-0397 SN - 1521-4109 VL - 27 IS - 10 SP - 2262 EP - 2267 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Szécsi, D. A1 - Langer, N. A1 - Sanyal, D. A1 - Evans, C. J. A1 - Bestenlehner, J. M. A1 - Raucq, F. T1 - Do rapidly-rotating massive stars at low metallicity form Wolf–Rayet stars? JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - The evolution of massive stars is strongly influenced by their initial chemical composition. We have computed rapidly-rotating massive star models with low metallicity (∼1/50 Z⊙) that evolve chemically homogeneously and have optically-thin winds during the main sequence evolution. These luminous and hot stars are predicted to emit intense mid- and far-UV radiation, but without the broad emission lines that characterize WR stars with optically-thick winds. We show that such Transparent Wind UV-Intense (TWUIN) stars may be responsible for the high number of He ii ionizing photons observed in metal-poor dwarf galaxies, such as IZw 18. We find that these TWUIN stars are possible long-duration gamma-ray burst progenitors. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87997 SP - 189 EP - 192 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sysło, Maciej M. A1 - Kwiatkowska, Anna Beata T1 - Think logarithmically! JF - KEYCIT 2014 - Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT N2 - We discuss here a number of algorithmic topics which we use in our teaching and in learning of mathematics and informatics to illustrate and document the power of logarithm in designing very efficient algorithms and computations – logarithmic thinking is one of the most important key competencies for solving real world practical problems. We demonstrate also how to introduce logarithm independently of mathematical formalism using a conceptual model for reducing a problem size by at least half. It is quite surprising that the idea, which leads to logarithm, is present in Euclid’s algorithm described almost 2000 years before John Napier invented logarithm. KW - Logarithm KW - binary search KW - binary representation KW - exponentiation KW - Euclid’s algorithm KW - Fibonacci numbers KW - divide and conquer KW - complexity Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82923 SN - 1868-0844 SN - 2191-1940 IS - 7 SP - 371 EP - 380 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Synodinos, Alexios D. A1 - Tietjen, Britta A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Facilitation in drylands: Modeling a neglected driver of savanna dynamics JF - Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog N2 - Our current understanding regarding the functioning of the savanna ecosystem describes savannas as either competition- or disturbance-dependent. Within this generalized view, the role and importance of facilitation have been mostly neglected. This study presents a mathematical model of savannas with coupled soil moisture-vegetation dynamics, which includes interspecific competition and environmental disturbance. We find that there exist environmental and climatic conditions where grass facilitation toward trees plays an important role in supporting tree cover and by extension preserving the savanna biome. We, therefore, argue that our theoretical results in combination with the first empirical studies on the subject should stimulate further research into the role of facilitation in the savanna ecosystem, particularly when analyzing the impact of past and projected climatic changes on it. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Ecohydrological modeling KW - ODE model KW - Coexistence KW - Biome shifts KW - Fire KW - Grazing Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.02.015 SN - 0304-3800 SN - 1872-7026 VL - 304 SP - 11 EP - 21 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Swiadek, Magdalena Agnieszka T1 - Hybrid necrosis in local populations of Arabidopsis thaliana Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sunyer, M. A. A1 - Hundecha, Y. A1 - Lawrence, D. A1 - Madsen, H. A1 - Willems, Patrick A1 - Martinkova, M. A1 - Vormoor, Klaus Josef A1 - Bürger, Gerd A1 - Hanel, Martin A1 - Kriaučiūnienė, J. A1 - Loukas, A. A1 - Osuch, M. A1 - Yücel, I. T1 - Inter-comparison of statistical downscaling methods for projection of extreme precipitation in Europe T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Information on extreme precipitation for future climate is needed to assess the changes in the frequency and intensity of flooding. The primary source of information in climate change impact studies is climate model projections. However, due to the coarse resolution and biases of these models, they cannot be directly used in hydrological models. Hence, statistical downscaling is necessary to address climate change impacts at the catchment scale. This study compares eight statistical downscaling methods (SDMs) often used in climate change impact studies. Four methods are based on change factors (CFs), three are bias correction (BC) methods, and one is a perfect prognosis method. The eight methods are used to downscale precipitation output from 15 regional climate models (RCMs) from the ENSEMBLES project for 11 catchments in Europe. The overall results point to an increase in extreme precipitation in most catchments in both winter and summer. For individual catchments, the downscaled time series tend to agree on the direction of the change but differ in the magnitude. Differences between the SDMs vary between the catchments and depend on the season analysed. Similarly, general conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the differences between CFs and BC methods. The performance of the BC methods during the control period also depends on the catchment, but in most cases they represent an improvement compared to RCM outputs. Analysis of the variance in the ensemble of RCMs and SDMs indicates that at least 30% and up to approximately half of the total variance is derived from the SDMs. This study illustrates the large variability in the expected changes in extreme precipitation and highlights the need for considering an ensemble of both SDMs and climate models. Recommendations are provided for the selection of the most suitable SDMs to include in the analysis. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 512 KW - climate-change impacts KW - model output KW - assessing uncertainties KW - multimodel ensemble KW - bias correction KW - simulations KW - scenarios KW - variability KW - basin KW - UK Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-408920 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 512 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sunyer, M. A. A1 - Hundecha, Y. A1 - Lawrence, D. A1 - Madsen, H. A1 - Willems, Patrick A1 - Martinkova, M. A1 - Vormoor, Klaus Josef A1 - Bürger, Gerd A1 - Hanel, M. A1 - Kriauciuniene, J. A1 - Loukas, A. A1 - Osuch, M. A1 - Yucel, I. T1 - Inter-comparison of statistical downscaling methods for projection of extreme precipitation in Europe JF - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS N2 - Information on extreme precipitation for future climate is needed to assess the changes in the frequency and intensity of flooding. The primary source of information in climate change impact studies is climate model projections. However, due to the coarse resolution and biases of these models, they cannot be directly used in hydrological models. Hence, statistical downscaling is necessary to address climate change impacts at the catchment scale. This study compares eight statistical downscaling methods (SDMs) often used in climate change impact studies. Four methods are based on change factors (CFs), three are bias correction (BC) methods, and one is a perfect prognosis method. The eight methods are used to downscale precipitation output from 15 regional climate models (RCMs) from the ENSEMBLES project for 11 catchments in Europe. The overall results point to an increase in extreme precipitation in most catchments in both winter and summer. For individual catchments, the downscaled time series tend to agree on the direction of the change but differ in the magnitude. Differences between the SDMs vary between the catchments and depend on the season analysed. Similarly, general conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the differences between CFs and BC methods. The performance of the BC methods during the control period also depends on the catchment, but in most cases they represent an improvement compared to RCM outputs. Analysis of the variance in the ensemble of RCMs and SDMs indicates that at least 30% and up to approximately half of the total variance is derived from the SDMs. This study illustrates the large variability in the expected changes in extreme precipitation and highlights the need for considering an ensemble of both SDMs and climate models. Recommendations are provided for the selection of the most suitable SDMs to include in the analysis. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1827-2015 SN - 1027-5606 SN - 1607-7938 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 1827 EP - 1847 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sundelof, Andreas A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Ulmestrand, Mats A1 - Fiksen, Oyvind T1 - Modelling harvesting strategies for the lobster fishery in northern Europe: the importance of protecting egg-bearing females JF - Population ecology KW - European lobster KW - Female moratorium KW - Individual-based model KW - Management KW - Minimum landing size KW - Yield per recruit (YPR) Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-014-0460-3 SN - 1438-3896 SN - 1438-390X VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - 237 EP - 251 PB - Springer CY - Tokyo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sun, Xun A1 - Lall, Upmanu A1 - Merz, Bruno A1 - Nguyen Viet Dung, T1 - Hierarchical Bayesian clustering for nonstationary flood frequency analysis: Application to trends of annual maximum flow in Germany JF - Water resources research N2 - Especially for extreme precipitation or floods, there is considerable spatial and temporal variability in long term trends or in the response of station time series to large-scale climate indices. Consequently, identifying trends or sensitivity of these extremes to climate parameters can be marked by high uncertainty. When one develops a nonstationary frequency analysis model, a key step is the identification of potential trends or effects of climate indices on the station series. An automatic clustering procedure that effectively pools stations where there are similar responses is desirable to reduce the estimation variance, thus improving the identification of trends or responses, and accounting for spatial dependence. This paper presents a new hierarchical Bayesian approach for exploring homogeneity of response in large area data sets, through a multicomponent mixture model. The approach allows the reduction of uncertainties through both full pooling and partial pooling of stations across automatically chosen subsets of the data. We apply the model to study the trends in annual maximum daily stream flow at 68 gauges over Germany. The effects of changing the number of clusters and the parameters used for clustering are demonstrated. The results show that there are large, mainly upward trends in the gauges of the River Rhine Basin in Western Germany and along the main stream of the Danube River in the south, while there are also some small upward trends at gauges in Central and Northern Germany. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017117 SN - 0043-1397 SN - 1944-7973 VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 6586 EP - 6601 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sulyanova, Elena A. A1 - Shabalin, Anatoly A1 - Zozulya, Alexey V. A1 - Meijer, Janne-Mieke A1 - Dzhigaev, Dmitry A1 - Gorobtsov, Oleg A1 - Kurta, Ruslan P. A1 - Lazarev, Sergey A1 - Lorenz, Ulf A1 - Singer, Andrej A1 - Yefanov, Oleksandr A1 - Zaluzhnyy, Ivan A1 - Besedin, Ilya A1 - Sprung, Michael A1 - Petukhov, Andrei V. A1 - Vartanyants, Ivan A. T1 - Structural Evolution of Colloidal Crystal Films in the Process of Melting Revealed by Bragg Peak Analysis JF - Langmuir N2 - In situ X-ray diffraction studies of structural evolution of colloidal crystal films formed by polystyrene spherical particles upon incremental heating are reported. The Bragg peak parameters, such as peak position, integrated intensity, and radial and azimuthal widths were analyzed as a function of temperature. A quantitative study of colloidal crystal lattice distortions and mosaic spread as a function of temperature was carried out using Williamson-Hall plots based on mosaic block model. The temperature dependence of the diameter of polystyrene particles was obtained from the analysis of Bragg peaks, and the form factor contribution extracted from the diffraction patterns. Four stages of structural evolution in a colloidal crystal upon heating were identified. Based on this analysis, a model of the heating and melting process in the colloidal crystal film is suggested. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/la504652z SN - 0743-7463 VL - 31 IS - 19 SP - 5274 EP - 5283 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sugawara, Y. A1 - Tsuboi, Y. A1 - Maeda, Y. A1 - Pollock, A. M. T. A1 - Williams, P. M. T1 - The Swift monitoring of the colliding wind binary WR 21a JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - The X-ray observations of the colliding wind binary WR 21a is reported. The first monitoring performed by Swift/XRT in order to reveal the phase-locked variation. Our observations cover 201 different epochs from 2013 October 1 to 2015 January 30 for a total exposure of about 306 ks. It is found for the first time that the luminosity varies roughly in inverse proportion to the separation of the two stars before the X-ray maximum but later drops rapidly toward periastron. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-88517 SP - 366 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Struck, Martin A1 - Andermann, Christoff A1 - Hovius, Niels A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Turowski, Jens M. A1 - Bista, Raj A1 - Pandit, Hari P. A1 - Dahal, Ranjan K. T1 - Monsoonal hillslope processes determine grain size-specific suspended sediment fluxes in a trans-Himalayan river JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - Sediments in rivers record the dynamics of erosion processes. While bulk sediment fluxes are easily and routinely obtained, sediment caliber remains underexplored when inferring erosion mechanisms. Yet sediment grain size distributions may be the key to discriminating their origin. We have studied grain size-specific suspended sediment fluxes in the Kali Gandaki, a major trans-Himalayan river. Two strategically located gauging stations enable tracing of sediment caliber on either side of the Himalayan orographic barrier. The data show that fine sediment input into the northern headwaters is persistent, while coarse sediment comes from the High Himalayas during the summer monsoon. A temporally matching landslide inventory similarly indicates the prominence of monsoon-driven hillslope mass wasting. Thus, mechanisms of sediment supply can leave strong traces in the fluvial caliber, which could project well beyond the mountain front and add to the variability of the sedimentary record of orogen erosion. KW - Himalayas KW - erosion KW - grain size KW - suspended sediments KW - landslide KW - river transport Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063360 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - 2302 EP - 2308 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stroehle, Andreas A1 - Schmidt, Dietlinde K. A1 - Schultz, Florian A1 - Fricke, Nina A1 - Staden, Theresa A1 - Hellweg, Rainer A1 - Priller, Josef A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Rieckmann, Nina T1 - Drug and Exercise Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Effects on Cognition in Randomized Controlled Trials JF - The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry N2 - Objective: Demographic changes are increasing the pressure to improve therapeutic strategies against cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Besides drug treatment, physical activity seems to be a promising intervention target as epidemiological and clinical studies suggest beneficial effects of exercise training on cognition. Using comparable inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed the efficacy of drug therapy (cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and Ginkgo biloba) and exercise interventions for improving cognition in AD and MCI populations. Methods: We searched The Cochrane Library, EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, and U.S Food and Drug Administration data from inception through October 30, 2013. Randomized controlled trials in which at least one treatment arm consisted of an exercise or a pharmacological intervention for AD or MCI patients, and which had either a non-exposed control condition or a control condition that received another intervention. Treatment discontinuation rates and Standardized Mean Change score using Raw score standardization (SMCR) of cognitive performance were calculated. Results: Discontinuation rates varied substantially and ranged between 0% and 49% with a median of 18%. Significantly increased discontinuation rates were found for galantamine and rivastigmine as compared to placebo in AD studies. Drug treatments resulted in a small pooled effect on cognition (SMCR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.25) in AD studies (N = 45, 18,434 patients) and no effect in any of the MCI studies (N = 5, 3,693 patients; SMCR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.005). Exercise interventions had a moderate to strong pooled effect size (SMCR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.07) in AD studies (N = 4, 119 patients), and a small effect size (SMCR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.28) in MCI (N = 6, 443 patients). Conclusions: Drug treatments have a small but significant impact on cognitive functioning in AD and exercise has the potential to improve cognition in AD and MCI. Head-to-head trials with sufficient statistical power are necessary to directly compare efficacy, safety, and acceptability. Combining these two approaches might further increase the efficacy of each individual intervention. Identifier: PROSPERO (2013:CRD42013003910). KW - Alzheimer dementia KW - mild cognitive impairment KW - drug KW - exercise Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.07.007 SN - 1064-7481 SN - 1545-7214 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 1234 EP - 1249 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Streich, David T1 - Understanding massive disk galaxy formation through resolved stellar populations T1 - Über die Entstehung massiver Scheibengalaxien anhand Aufgelöster Stellare Populationen N2 - In this thesis we utilize resolved stellar populations to improve our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution. In the first part we improve a method for metallicity determination of faint old stellar systems, in the second and third part we analyze the individual history of six nearby disk galaxies outside the Local Group. A New Calibration of the Color Metallicity Relation of Red Giants for HST data: It is well known, that the color distribution of stars on the the Red Giant Branch (RGB) can be used to determine metallicities of old stellar populations that have only shallow photometry. Based on the largest sample of globular clusters ever used for such studies, we quantify the relation between metallicity and color in the widely used HST ACS filters F606W and F814W. We use a sample of globular clusters from the ACS Globular Cluster Survey and measure their RGB color at given absolute magnitudes to derive the color-metallicity relation. We find a clear relation between metallicity and RGB color; we investigate the scatter and the uncertainties in this relation and show its limitations. A comparison with isochrones shows reasonably good agreement with BaSTI models, a small offset to Dartmouth models, and a larger offset to Padua models. Even for the best globular cluster data available, the metallicity of a simple stellar population can be determined from the RGB alone only with an accuracy of 0.3 dex for [M/H]<-1, and 0.15 dex for [M/H]>-1. For mixed populations, as they are observed in external galaxies, the uncertainties will be even larger due to uncertainties in extinction, age, etc. Therefore caution is necessary when interpreting photometric metallicities. The Structural History of Nearby Low Mass Disk Galaxies: We study the individual evolution histories of three nearby, low-mass, edge-on galaxies (IC5052, NGC4244, NGC5023). Using the color magnitude diagrams of resolved stellar populations, we construct star count density maps for populations of different ages and analyze the change of structural parameters with stellar age within each galaxy. The three galaxies show low vertical heating rates, which are much lower than the heating rate of the Milky Way. This indicates that heating agents, as giant molecular clouds and spiral structure are weak in low mass galaxies. We do not detect a separate thick disk in any of the three galaxies, even though our observations cover a larger range in equivalent surface brightness than any integrated light study. While scaleheights increase with age, each population can be well described by a single disk. Only two of the galaxies contain a very weak additional component, which we identify as the faint halo. The mass of these faint halos is less than 1% of the mass of the disk. All populations in the three galaxies exhibit no or only little flaring. While this finding is consistent with previous integrated light studies, it poses strong constraints on galaxy formation models, because most theoretical simulations often find strong flaring due to interactions or radial migration. Furthermore, we find breaks in the radial profiles of all three galaxies. The radii of these breaks are independent of age, and the break strength is decreasing with age in two of the galaxies (NGC4244 and NGC5023). This is consistent with break formation models, that combine a star formation cutoff with radial migration. The differing behavior of IC5052 can be explained by a recent interaction or minor merger. The Structural History of Massive Disk Galaxies: We extend the structural analysis of stellar populations with distinct ages to three massive galaxies, NGC891, NGC4565 and NGC7814. While confusion effects due to the high stellar number densities in their central region, and the prominent dust lanes inhibit an detailed analysis of the radial profiles, we can study their vertical structure. These massive galaxies also have a slower heating than the Milky Way, comparable to the low mass galaxies. This can be traced back to their already thick young populations and thick layers of their interstellar medium. We do not find a clear separate thick disk in any of these three galaxies; all populations can be described by a single disk plus a S\'ersic bulge/halo component. In contrast to the low mass galaxies, we cannot rule out the presence of thick disks in the massive galaxies, because of the strong influence of the halo, that might hide the possible contribution of the thick disk to the vertical star count profiles. However, the faintness of the possible thick disks still points to problems in the earlier ubiquitous findings of thick disks in external galaxies. N2 - Es ist noch nicht einmal einhundert Jahre her, dass sich in der ``Großen Debatte'' die beiden Astronomen Harlow Shapley und Heber Curtis über die Frage stritten, wie groß unsere Milchstraße sei und ob die Spiralnebel innerhalb dieser lägen oder eigene, von dieser getrennte Objekte seien. Seitdem diese Fragen in den darauffolgenden Jahren, insbesondere durch die Arbeiten Hubbles, gelöst werden konnten, hat das Forschungsfeld der Galaxienentstehung und -entwicklung bis heute enorme Fortschritte gemacht, und lässt doch noch so viele Frage offen. Das Schwierige, aber eben auch das Interessante an der Physik der Galaxien besteht darin, dass sich hier so viele Teilbereiche der (Astro-)physik treffen: von der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und der Kosmologie, die die Anfangs- und Randbedingungen geben, über die Dynamik kollisionsfreier Systeme für die Bewegung von Sternen und die Hydrodynamik zum Verständnis der Sternentstehung, bis zur Kernphysik zur Entstehung der Elemente in Sternen und Supernovae. All diese verschiedenen Prozesse (und viele mehr) beeinflussen das Bild der Galaxien, das wir heute sehen. In dieser Arbeit benutzen wir aufgelöste Sternenpopulationen, d.h. photometrische Messungen einer großen Zahl einzelner Sterne, um die Entstehungseschichte von Galaxien zu erforschen. Das Hauptwerkzeug dabei ist das Farben-Helligkeits-Diagramm der Sterne. Seit den frühen Arbeiten Ejnar Hertzsprungs und Henry Russels zu Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts ist bekannt, dass Sterne in einem Diagramm, in dem die absolute Helligkeit (oder analog die Leuchtkraft) über der Spektralklasse (oder analog der Effektivtemperatur oder der Farbe) der Sterne aufgetragen ist, nur bestimmte Bereiche belegen. Die genaue Verteilung der Sterne in einem solchen Diagramm wird vor allem durch das Alter und die chemische Zusammensetzung, d.h. die Metallizität, bestimmt. Dies bedeutet, dass man aus der verteilung der Sterne im Farben-Helligkeits-Diagramm Rückschlüsse auf deren Alter und Metallizität, und daraus Rückschüsse auf die Entwicklund einer Galaxie ziehen kann. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit widmen wir uns der Farb-Metallizitäts-Beziehung von Roten Riesensternen, die genutzt weden kann, um die Metallizität alter Sternenpopulation aus rein photometrischen Messungen zu bestimmen. Wir verbessern diese Beziehung, die im Grundsatz schon lange bekannt ist, für die Filtersysteme des Hubble-Weltraumteleskopes. Ausgehend von einer Probe von 71 Kugelsternhaufen, für die sowohl spektroskopische Metallizitätsbestimmungen als auch Photometrie mit den Hubble Filtern F606W und F814W verfügbar sind, haben wir die Farben-Helligkeitsbeziehung neu bestimmt und die Streuung um diese Beziehung sowie die Unsicherheiten untersucht. Im Vergleich mit theoretischen Sternentwicklungsmodellen zeigt sich, dass die beobachtete Beziehung gut mit den BaSTI-Modellen übereinstimmt, während die Dartmouth-Modelle eine kleine, und die Padua-Modelle eine größere Abweichung aufzeigen. Desweiteren zeigen wir, dass selbst für die derzeit besten Daten von einfachen, eindeutig alten Populationen, wie die Kugelsternhaufen sie darstellen, eine Metallizitätsbestimmung anhand des Roten-Riesenastes nur mit einer Genauigkeit von 0.3 dex für niedrige Metallizitäten ([M/H]<-1), und mit einer Genauigkeit von 0.15 dex für höhere Metallizitäten durchgeführt werden kann. In komplizierteren Fällen mit gemischten Populationen, wie sie in externen Galaxies häufig zu finden sind, sind die Unsicherheiten noch größer. Im weiteren Teil der Arbeit erforschen wir die Entstehungsgeschichte von sechs nahen edge-on Scheibengalaxien, von denen drei eine Rotationsgeschwindigkeit ähnlich der Milchstraße haben, während drei weitere deutlich kleiner sind. Mit Hilfe der Farben-Helligkeits-Diagramme unterteilen wir deren Sterne in Populationen unterschiedlichen Alters und erstellen Karten der Anzahldichte einer jeden Population. Damit untersuchen wir dann die Abhängigheit der strukturellen Parameter, wie z.B. Skalenhöhe und -länge, vom Alter der Sterne. In allen Galaxien finden wir einen Anstieg der Skalenhöhe mit dem Alter, dessen Stärke jedoch deutlich unterhalb dem der Milchstraße liegt. In den drei massearmen Galaxien kann dies durch eine geringere Häufigkeit und Stärke der die Heizung verursachenden Streuzentren (z.B. Riesenmolekülwolken oder Spiralarme) erklärt werden. In den drei massereichen Galaxien hängt dies wahrschinlch mit der bereits intrinsisch dickeren Verteilung des interstellaren Mediums und der jungen Sterne zusammen. Weiterhin untersuchen wir die Veränderung der Skalenhöhe mit zunehmenden Radius in den Galaxien und finden nur eine geringen Anstieg der Skalenhöhe zu den Außenbereichen der Galaxien hin. Dies ist in Übereinstimmung mit vorherigen Beobachten, stellt jedoch eine bedeutsamen Einschränkung für Galaxiensimulationen dar, in denen oftmals eine starke Aufweitung der Scheiben zu ihrem Rand hin stattfindet. In keiner der Galaxien entdecken wir eine separate dicke Scheibe. In den massearmen Galaxien kann jede der Population gut durch eine einfache Scheibe beschrieben werden. Darüberhinaus finden wir in zwei Galaxien lediglich eine sehr schwache Halo-Komponente, die mit einer maximalen Masse von nur 1% der Masse der Scheibe aber deutlich schwächer ist als es für eine dicke Scheibe erwartet würde. In den massereicheren Galaxien können die Populationen jeweils mit einer Kombination aus einer Scheibe und einer gemeinsamen S\'ersic-Komponente für Halo und Bulge beschrieben werden. Hier können wir die Existenz einer dicken Scheiben nicht mit Sicherheit ausschließen, da die Präsenz einer massiven Halo/Bulge-Komponente eine mögliche Messung der dicken Scheibe verhindern könnte. Allerdings deutet das Fehlen der dicken Scheiben in unseren Beobachtungen darauf hin, dass eventuelle dicke Scheiben deutlich schwächer sein müssen als sie andere Studien bisher gefunden haben. KW - astrophysics KW - extragalactic physics KW - galaxy formation KW - galaxy evolution KW - galaxy structure KW - stellar populations KW - globular clusters KW - Astronomie KW - Astrophysik KW - Galaxienphysik KW - stellare Populationen KW - Scheibengalaxien KW - Spiralgalaxien KW - Galaxienentstehung Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-81027 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strauss, Jens A1 - Schirrmeister, Lutz A1 - Mangelsdorf, Kai A1 - Eichhorn, L. A1 - Wetterich, Sebastian A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Organic-matter quality of deep permafrost carbon - a study from Arctic Siberia JF - Biogeosciences N2 - The organic-carbon (OC) pool accumulated in Arctic permafrost (perennially frozen ground) equals the carbon stored in the modern atmosphere. To give an idea of how Yedoma region permafrost could respond under future climatic warming, we conducted a study to quantify the organic-matter quality (here defined as the intrinsic potential to be further transformed, decomposed, and mineralized) of late Pleistocene (Yedoma) and Holocene (thermokarst) deposits on the Buor-Khaya Peninsula, northeast Siberia. The objective of this study was to develop a stratigraphic classified organic-matter quality characterization. For this purpose the degree of organic-matter decomposition was estimated by using a multiproxy approach. We applied sedimentological (grain-size analyses, bulk density, ice content) and geochemical parameters (total OC, stable carbon isotopes (delta C-13),total organic carbon : nitrogen (C / N) ratios) as well as lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, n-fatty acids, hopanes, triterpenoids, and biomarker indices, i.e., average chain length, carbon preference index (CPI), and higher-plant fatty-acid index (HPFA)). Our results show that the Yedoma and thermokarst organic-matter qualities for further decomposition exhibit no obvious degradation-depth trend. Relatively, the C / N and delta C-13 values and the HPFA index show a significantly better preservation of the organic matter stored in thermokarst deposits compared to Yedoma deposits. The CPI data suggest less degradation of the organic matter from both deposits, with a higher value for Yedoma organic matter. As the interquartile ranges of the proxies mostly over-lap, we interpret this as indicating comparable quality for further decomposition for both kinds of deposits with likely better thermokarst organic-matter quality. Supported by principal component analyses, the sediment parameters and quality proxies of Yedoma and thermokarst deposits could not be unambiguously separated from each other. This revealed that the organic-matter vulnerability is heterogeneous and depends on different decomposition trajectories and the previous decomposition and preservation history. Elucidating this was one of the major new contributions of our multiproxy study. With the addition of biomarker data, it was possible to show that permafrost organic-matter degradation likely occurs via a combination of (uncompleted) degradation cycles or a cascade of degradation steps rather than as a linear function of age or sediment facies. We conclude that the amount of organic matter in the studied sediments is high for mineral soils and of good quality and therefore susceptible to future decomposition. The lack of depth trends shows that permafrost acts like a giant freezer, preserving the constant quality of ancient organic matter. When undecomposed Yedoma organic matter is mobilized via thermokarst processes, the fate of this carbon depends largely on the environmental conditions; the carbon could be preserved in an undecomposed state till refreezing occurs. If modern input has occurred, thermokarst organic matter could be of a better quality for future microbial decomposition than that found in Yedoma deposits. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2227-2015 SN - 1726-4170 SN - 1726-4189 VL - 12 IS - 7 SP - 2227 EP - 2245 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Strauss, Jens A1 - Schirrmeister, Lutz A1 - Mangelsdorf, Kai A1 - Eichhorn, L. A1 - Wetterich, Sebastian A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Organic-matter quality of deep permafrost carbon BT - a study from Arctic Siberia T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The organic-carbon (OC) pool accumulated in Arctic permafrost (perennially frozen ground) equals the carbon stored in the modern atmosphere. To give an idea of how Yedoma region permafrost could respond under future climatic warming, we conducted a study to quantify the organic-matter quality (here defined as the intrinsic potential to be further transformed, decomposed, and mineralized) of late Pleistocene (Yedoma) and Holocene (thermokarst) deposits on the Buor-Khaya Peninsula, northeast Siberia. The objective of this study was to develop a stratigraphic classified organic-matter quality characterization. For this purpose the degree of organic-matter decomposition was estimated by using a multiproxy approach. We applied sedimentological (grain-size analyses, bulk density, ice content) and geochemical parameters (total OC, stable carbon isotopes (delta C-13),total organic carbon : nitrogen (C / N) ratios) as well as lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, n-fatty acids, hopanes, triterpenoids, and biomarker indices, i.e., average chain length, carbon preference index (CPI), and higher-plant fatty-acid index (HPFA)). Our results show that the Yedoma and thermokarst organic-matter qualities for further decomposition exhibit no obvious degradation-depth trend. Relatively, the C / N and delta C-13 values and the HPFA index show a significantly better preservation of the organic matter stored in thermokarst deposits compared to Yedoma deposits. The CPI data suggest less degradation of the organic matter from both deposits, with a higher value for Yedoma organic matter. As the interquartile ranges of the proxies mostly over-lap, we interpret this as indicating comparable quality for further decomposition for both kinds of deposits with likely better thermokarst organic-matter quality. Supported by principal component analyses, the sediment parameters and quality proxies of Yedoma and thermokarst deposits could not be unambiguously separated from each other. This revealed that the organic-matter vulnerability is heterogeneous and depends on different decomposition trajectories and the previous decomposition and preservation history. Elucidating this was one of the major new contributions of our multiproxy study. With the addition of biomarker data, it was possible to show that permafrost organic-matter degradation likely occurs via a combination of (uncompleted) degradation cycles or a cascade of degradation steps rather than as a linear function of age or sediment facies. We conclude that the amount of organic matter in the studied sediments is high for mineral soils and of good quality and therefore susceptible to future decomposition. The lack of depth trends shows that permafrost acts like a giant freezer, preserving the constant quality of ancient organic matter. When undecomposed Yedoma organic matter is mobilized via thermokarst processes, the fate of this carbon depends largely on the environmental conditions; the carbon could be preserved in an undecomposed state till refreezing occurs. If modern input has occurred, thermokarst organic matter could be of a better quality for future microbial decomposition than that found in Yedoma deposits. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 514 KW - Holocene peat sequence KW - climate-change KW - thermokarst lakes KW - gas-production KW - Laptev Sea KW - tundra KW - thaw KW - radiocarbon KW - Alaska KW - soils Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409534 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 514 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strauss, Benjamin H. A1 - Kulp, Scott A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Carbon choices determine US cities committed to futures below sea level JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America N2 - Anthropogenic carbon emissions lock in long-term sea-level rise that greatly exceeds projections for this century, posing profound challenges for coastal development and cultural legacies. Analysis based on previously published relationships linking emissions to warming and warming to rise indicates that unabated carbon emissions up to the year 2100 would commit an eventual global sea-level rise of 4.3-9.9 m. Based on detailed topographic and population data, local high tide lines, and regional long-term sea-level commitment for different carbon emissions and ice sheet stability scenarios, we compute the current population living on endangered land at municipal, state, and national levels within the United States. For unabated climate change, we find that land that is home to more than 20 million people is implicated and is widely distributed among different states and coasts. The total area includes 1,185-1,825 municipalities where land that is home to more than half of the current population would be affected, among them at least 21 cities exceeding 100,000 residents. Under aggressive carbon cuts, more than half of these municipalities would avoid this commitment if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains stable. Similarly, more than half of the US population-weighted area under threat could be spared. We provide lists of implicated cities and state populations for different emissions scenarios and with and without a certain collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Although past anthropogenic emissions already have caused sea-level commitment that will force coastal cities to adapt, future emissions will determine which areas we can continue to occupy or may have to abandon. KW - climate change KW - climate impacts KW - sea-level rise Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511186112 SN - 0027-8424 VL - 112 IS - 44 SP - 13508 EP - 13513 PB - National Acad. of Sciences CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strauch, Peter A1 - Neumann, Mike A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe T1 - Bis(1,2-dithiosquarato)nickelates(II): Synthesis, Structure, EPR and Thermal Behavior JF - Acta chimica Slovenica N2 - 1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelates are available by direct synthesis from metal salts with dipotassium-1,2-dithiosquarate and the appropriate counter cations. The synthesis and characterization, including mass spectrometry, of a series 1,2-dithiosquaratonickelates(II), [Ni(dtsq)(2)](2-), with several "onium" cations is reported and the X-ray structures of two diamagnetic complexes, (HexPh(3)P)(2)[Ni(dtsq)(2)] and (BuPh3P)(2)[Ni(dtsq)(2)] with sterically demanding counter ions are presented. The diamagnetic nickel complexes have been doped as host lattices with traces of Cu(II) to measure EPR for additional structural information. The thermal behavior of this series is studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The thermolysis in air as well as under nitrogen atmosphere of these complexes results in nickel oxide nano-particles in all cases, which are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction. KW - 1,2-Dithiosquarate,1,2-Dithiosquaratonickelate KW - X-ray structure KW - TG/DTA KW - Nickel oxide KW - EPR spectroscopy Y1 - 2015 SN - 1318-0207 SN - 1580-3155 VL - 62 IS - 2 SP - 288 EP - 296 PB - Drustvo CY - Ljubljana ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen Rosemarie A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna A1 - Klemm, Juliane A1 - Epp, Laura Saskia A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - Genetic data from algae sedimentary DNA reflect the influence of environment over geography JF - Scientific reports N2 - Genetic investigations on eukaryotic plankton confirmed the existence of modern biogeographic patterns, but analyses of palaeoecological data exploring the temporal variability of these patterns have rarely been presented. Ancient sedimentary DNA proved suitable for investigations of past assemblage turnover in the course of environmental change, but genetic relatedness of the identified lineages has not yet been undertaken. Here, we investigate the relatedness of diatom lineages in Siberian lakes along environmental gradients (i.e. across treeline transects), over geographic distance and through time (i.e. the last 7000 years) using modern and ancient sedimentary DNA. Our results indicate that closely-related Staurosira lineages occur in similar environments and less-related lineages in dissimilar environments, in our case different vegetation and co-varying climatic and limnic variables across treeline transects. Thus our study reveals that environmental conditions rather than geographic distance is reflected by diatom-relatedness patterns in space and time. We tentatively speculate that the detected relatedness pattern in Staurosira across the treeline could be a result of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions across the arctic boreal treeline, however, a geographically-driven divergence and subsequent repopulation of ecologically different habitats might also be a potential explanation for the observed pattern. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12924 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 5 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolle, Amelie A1 - Langer, Maria A1 - Blöthe, Jan Henrik A1 - Korup, Oliver T1 - On predicting debris flows in arid mountain belts JF - Global and planetary change N2 - The use of topographic metrics for estimating the susceptibility to, and reconstructing the characteristics of, debris flows has a long research tradition, although largely devoted to humid mountainous terrain. The exceptional 2010 monsoonal rainstorms in the high-altitude mountain desert of Ladakh and Zanskar, NW India, were a painful reminder of how susceptible arid regions are to rainfall-triggered flash floods, landslides, and debris flows. The rainstorms of August 4-6 triggered numerous debris flows, killing 182 people, devastating 607 houses, and more than 10 bridges around Ladakh's capital of Leh. The lessons from this disaster motivated us to revisit methods of predicting (a) flow parameters such as peak discharge and maximum velocity from field and remote sensing data, and (b) the susceptibility to debris flows from catchment morphometry. We focus on quantifying uncertainties tied to these approaches. Comparison of high-resolution satellite images pre- and post-dating the 2010 rainstorm reveals the extent of damage and catastrophic channel widening. Computations based on these geomorphic markers indicate maximum flow velocities of 1.6-6.7 m s(-1) with runout of up to similar to 10 km on several alluvial fans that sustain most of the region's settlements. We estimate median peak discharges of 310-610 m(3) s(-1), which are largely consistent with previous estimates. Monte Carlo-based error propagation for a single given flow-reconstruction method returns a variance in discharge similar to one derived from juxtaposing several different flow reconstruction methods. We further compare discriminant analysis, classification tree modelling, and Bayesian logistic regression to predict debris-flow susceptibility from morphometric variables of 171 catchments in the Ladakh Range. These methods distinguish between fluvial and debris flow-prone catchments at similar success rates, but Bayesian logistic regression allows quantifying uncertainties and relationships between potential predictors. We conclude that, in order to be robust and reliable, morphometric reconstruction of debris-flow properties and susceptibility requires careful assessment and reporting of errors and uncertainties. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - debris flow KW - peak discharge KW - channel geometry KW - geomorphometry KW - Bayesian logistic regression KW - Transhimalaya Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.12.005 SN - 0921-8181 SN - 1872-6364 VL - 126 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stillman, Richard A. A1 - Railsback, Steven Floyd A1 - Giske, Jarl A1 - Berger, Uta A1 - Grimm, Volker T1 - Making Predictions in a Changing World: The Benefits of Individual-Based Ecology JF - Bioscience N2 - Ecologists urgently need a better ability to predict how environmental change affects biodiversity. We examine individual-based ecology (IBE), a research paradigm that promises better a predictive ability by using individual-based models (IBMs) to represent ecological dynamics as arising from how individuals interact with their environment and with each other. A key advantage of IBMs is that the basis for predictions-fitness maximization by individual organisms-is more general and reliable than the empirical relationships that other models depend on. Case studies illustrate the usefulness and predictive success of long-term IBE programs. The pioneering programs had three phases: conceptualization, implementation, and diversification. Continued validation of models runs throughout these phases. The breakthroughs that make IBE more productive include standards for describing and validating IBMs, improved and standardized theory for individual traits and behavior, software tools, and generalized instead of system-specific IBMs. We provide guidelines for pursuing IBE and a vision for future IBE research. KW - ecology KW - fitness-maximization KW - individual-based KW - modeling KW - prediction Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu192 SN - 0006-3568 SN - 1525-3244 VL - 65 IS - 2 SP - 140 EP - 150 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinke, M. A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer A1 - Sander, A. T1 - The Wolf-Rayet stars WR102c and 102ka and their isolation JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - While the majority of very massive stars is clearly found in clusters, there are also very massive objects not associated with any cluster, suggesting they may have been born in isolation. In order to gain more insights, we studied the regions around two WR stars in the Galactic Center region. To understand the nature of the potential cluster around massive stars, photometry alone is not sufficient. We therefore used the ESO VLT/SINFONI integral field spectrograph to obtain photometry and spectra for the whole region around our two candidate stars. In total, more than 60 stars have been found and assigned a spectral type. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-88503 SP - 365 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinert, Bastian A1 - Thamsen, Lauritz A1 - Felgentreff, Tim A1 - Hirschfeld, Robert T1 - Object Versioning to Support Recovery Needs Using Proxies to Preserve Previous Development States in Lively JF - ACM SIGPLAN notices N2 - We present object versioning as a generic approach to preserve access to previous development and application states. Version-aware references can manage the modifications made to the target object and record versions as desired. Such references can be provided without modifications to the virtual machine. We used proxies to implement the proposed concepts and demonstrate the Lively Kernel running on top of this object versioning layer. This enables Lively users to undo the effects of direct manipulation and other programming actions. KW - Programming Environments KW - Object Versioning KW - CoExist KW - JavaScript KW - Lively Kernel Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/2661088.2661093 SN - 0362-1340 SN - 1558-1160 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 113 EP - 124 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stefanakis, Nikolaos A1 - Abel, Markus A1 - Bergner, Andre T1 - Sound Synthesis Based on Ordinary Differential Equations JF - Computer music journal N2 - Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) have been studied for centuries as a means to model complex dynamical processes from the real world. Nevertheless, their application to sound synthesis has not yet been fully exploited. In this article we present a systematic approach to sound synthesis based on first-order complex and real ODEs. Using simple time-dependent and nonlinear terms, we illustrate the mapping between ODE coefficients and physically meaningful control parameters such as pitch, pitch bend, decay rate, and attack time. We reveal the connection between nonlinear coupling terms and frequency modulation, and we discuss the implications of this scheme in connection with nonlinear synthesis. The ability to excite a first-order complex ODE with an external input signal is also examined; stochastic or impulsive signals that are physically or synthetically produced can be presented as input to the system, offering additional synthesis possibilities, such as those found in excitation/filter synthesis and filter-based modal synthesis. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/COMJ_a_00314 SN - 0148-9267 SN - 1531-5169 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 46 EP - 58 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steenholdt, Casper A1 - Edlund, Helena A1 - Ainsworth, Mark A. A1 - Brynskov, Jorn A1 - Thomsen, Ole Ostergaard A1 - Huisinga, Wilhelm A1 - Kloft, Charlotte T1 - Relationship between measures of infliximab exposure and clinical outcome of infliximab intensification at therapeutic failure in Crohn's disease T2 - JOURNAL OF CROHNS & COLITIS Y1 - 2015 SN - 1873-9946 SN - 1876-4479 VL - 9 SP - S330 EP - S330 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stasch, Johannes-Peter A1 - Schlossmann, Jens A1 - Hocher, Berthold T1 - Renal effects of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators: A review of the preclinical evidence JF - Current opinion in pharmacology N2 - Direct stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is emerging as a potential new approach for the treatment of renal disorders. sGC catalyzes the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), deficiency of which is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, new classes of drugs sGC stimulators and activators are being investigated in preclinical models under conditions where nitric oxide is deficient. In preclinical models with different etiologies of CKD, the sGC stimulators BAY 41-2272, BAY 41-8543, BAY 60-4552, riociguat and vericiguat and the sGC activators cinaciguat, ataciguat, BI 703704 and GSK2181236A have shown consistently renoprotective effects. Clinical trials are required to confirm these findings in humans, and to ascertain whether these agents could provide a future alternative to guideline-recommended treatments. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.014 SN - 1471-4892 SN - 1471-4973 VL - 21 SP - 95 EP - 104 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stapel, Janny C. A1 - Hunnius, Sabine A1 - Bekkering, Harold A1 - Lindemann, Oliver T1 - The development of numerosity estimation: Evidence for a linear number representation early in life JF - Journal of cognitive psychology N2 - Several studies investigating the development of approximate number representations used the number-to-position task and reported evidence for a shift from a logarithmic to a linear representation of numerical magnitude with increasing age. However, this interpretation as well as the number-to-position method itself has been questioned recently. The current study tested 5- and 8-year-old children on a newly established numerosity production task to examine developmental changes in number representations and to test the idea of a representational shift. Modelling of the children's numerical estimations revealed that responses of the 8-year-old children approximate a simple positive linear relation between estimated and actual numbers. Interestingly, however, the estimations of the 5-year-old children were best described by a bilinear model reflecting a relatively accurate linear representation of small numbers and no apparent magnitude knowledge for large numbers. Taken together, our findings provide no support for a shift of mental representations from a logarithmic to a linear metric but rather suggest that the range of number words which are appropriately conceptualised and represented by linear analogue magnitude codes expands during development. KW - Numerical estimation KW - Number cognition KW - Development KW - Bilinear models KW - Number representation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.995668 SN - 2044-5911 SN - 2044-592X VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 400 EP - 412 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stanislas, Thomas A1 - Huser, Anke A1 - Barbosa, Ines C. R. A1 - Kiefer, Christian S. A1 - Brackmann, Klaus A1 - Pietra, Stefano A1 - Gustavsson, Anna A1 - Zourelidou, Melina A1 - Schwechheimer, Claus A1 - Grebe, Markus T1 - Arabidopsis D6PK is a lipid domain-dependent mediator of root epidermal planar polarity JF - Nature plants N2 - Development of diverse multicellular organisms relies on coordination of single-cell polarities within the plane of the tissue layer (planar polarity). Cell polarity often involves plasma membrane heterogeneity generated by accumulation of specific lipids and proteins into membrane subdomains. Coordinated hair positioning along Arabidopsis root epidermal cells provides a planar polarity model in plants, but knowledge about the functions of proteo-lipid domains in planar polarity signalling remains limited. Here we show that Rho-of-plant (ROP) 2 and 6, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 3 (PIP5K3), DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN (DRP) 1A and DRP2B accumulate in a sterol-enriched, polar membrane domain during root hair initiation. DRP1A, DRP2B, PIP5K3 and sterols are required for planar polarity and the AGCVIII kinase D6 PROTEIN KINASE (D6PK) is a modulator of this process. D6PK undergoes phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate- and sterol-dependent basal-to-planar polarity switching into the polar, lipid-enriched domain just before hair formation, unravelling lipid-dependent D6PK localization during late planar polarity signalling. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/NPLANTS.2015.162 SN - 2055-026X SN - 2055-0278 VL - 1 IS - 11 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - St-Louis, N. T1 - Studying Large and Small Scale Wind Asymmetries with Spectroscopy and Polarimetry JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - In this paper, I review observational evidence from spectroscopy and polarimetry for the presence of small and large scale structure in the winds of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. Clumping is known to be ubiquitous in the winds of these stars and many of its characteristics can be deduced from spectroscopic time-series and polarisation lightcurves. Conversely, a much smaller fraction of WR stars have been shown to harbour larger scale structures in their wind (∼ 1/5) while they are thought to be present is the winds of most of their O-star ancestors. The reason for this difference is still unknown. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87726 SP - 79 EP - 84 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Srivastava, S. A1 - Kehrig, C. A1 - Kantharia, N. G. A1 - Pérez-Montero, E. A1 - Vílchez, J. M. A1 - Iglesias-Páramo, J. A1 - Janardhan, P. T1 - A 2D view of Wolf-Rayet Galaxies JF - Wolf-Rayet Stars : Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, 1.–5. June 2015 N2 - The main objective of this work is to investigate the evolution of massive stars, and the interplay between them and the ionized gas for a sample of local metal-poor Wolf-Rayet galaxies. Optical integral field spectrocopy was used in combination with multi-wavelength radio data. Combining optical and radio data, we locate Wolf-Rayet stars and supernova remnants across the Wolf-Rayet galaxies to study the spatial correlation between them. This study will shed light on the massive star formation and its feedback, and will help us to better understand distant star-forming galaxies. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-87650 SP - 59 EP - 62 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sree, K. Sowjanya A1 - Keresztes, Aron A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd A1 - Brandt, Ronny A1 - Eberius, Matthias A1 - Fischer, Wolfgang A1 - Appenroth, Klaus-J. T1 - Phytotoxicity of cobalt ions on the duckweed Lemna minor - Morphology, ion uptake, and starch accumulation JF - Chemosphere : chemistry, biology and toxicology as related to environmental problems N2 - Cobalt (Co2+) inhibits vegetative growth of Lemna minor gradually from 1 mu M to 100 mu M. Fronds accumulated up to 21 mg Co2+ g(-1) dry weight at 10 mu M external Co2+ indicating hyperaccumulation. Interestingly, accumulation of Co2+ did not decrease the iron (Fe) content in fronds, highlighting L. minor as a suitable system for studying effects of Co2+ undisturbed by Fe deficiency symptoms unlike most other plants. Digital image analysis revealed the size distribution of fronds after Co2+ treatment and also a reduction in pigmentation of newly formed daughter fronds unlike the mother fronds during the 7-day treatment. Neither chlorophyll nor photosystem II fluorescence changed significantly during the initial 4 d, indicating effective photosynthesis. During the later phase of the 7-day treatment, however, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency decreased in the Co2+-treated daughter fronds, indicating that Co2+ inhibits the biosynthesis of chlorophyll rather than leading to the destruction of pre-existing pigment molecules. In addition, during the first 4 d of Co2+ treatment starch accumulated in the fronds and led to the transition of chloroplasts to chloro-amyloplasts and amylo-chloroplasts, while starch levels strongly decreased thereafter. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Chloroplast KW - Cobalt KW - Lemnaceae KW - Lemna minor KW - Phytotoxicity KW - Starch accumulation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.008 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 131 SP - 149 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Springer, Mark S. A1 - Signore, Anthony V. A1 - Paijmans, Johanna L. A. A1 - Velez-Juarbe, Jorge A1 - Domning, Daryl P. A1 - Bauer, Cameron E. A1 - He, Kai A1 - Crerar, Lorelei A1 - Campos, Paula F. A1 - Murphy, William J. A1 - Meredith, Robert W. A1 - Gatesy, John A1 - Willerslev, Eske A1 - MacPhee, Ross D. E. A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Campbell, Kevin L. T1 - Interordinal gene capture, the phylogenetic position of Steller's sea cow based on molecular and morphological data, and the macroevolutionary history of Sirenia JF - Molecular phylogenetics and evolution N2 - The recently extinct (ca. 1768) Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was a large, edentulous North Pacific sirenian. The phylogenetic affinities of this taxon to other members of this clade, living and extinct, are uncertain based on previous morphological and molecular studies. We employed hybridization capture methods and second generation sequencing technology to obtain >30 kb of exon sequences from 26 nuclear genes for both H. gigas and Dugong dugon. We also obtained complete coding sequences for the tooth-related enamelin (ENAM) gene. Hybridization probes designed using dugong and manatee sequences were both highly effective in retrieving sequences from H. gigas (mean = 98.8% coverage), as were more divergent probes for regions of ENAM (99.0% coverage) that were designed exclusively from a proboscidean (African elephant) and a hyracoid (Cape hyrax). New sequences were combined with available sequences for representatives of all other afrotherian orders. We also expanded a previously published morphological matrix for living and fossil Sirenia by adding both new taxa and nine new postcranial characters. Maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the molecular data provide robust support for an association of H. gigas and D. dugon to the exclusion of living trichechids (manatees). Parsimony analyses of the morphological data also support the inclusion of H. gigas in Dugongidae with D. dugon and fossil dugongids. Timetree analyses based on calibration density approaches with hard- and soft-bounded constraints suggest that H. gigas and D. dugon diverged in the Oligocene and that crown sirenians last shared a common ancestor in the Eocene. The coding sequence for the ENAM gene in H. gigas does not contain frameshift mutations or stop codons, but there is a transversion mutation (AG to CG) in the acceptor splice site of intron 2. This disruption in the edentulous Steller's sea cow is consistent with previous studies that have documented inactivating mutations in tooth-specific loci of a variety of edentulous and enamelless vertebrates including birds, turtles, aardvarks, pangolins, xenarthrans, and baleen whales. Further, branch-site dN/dS analyses provide evidence for positive selection in ENAM on the stem dugongid branch where extensive tooth reduction occurred, followed by neutral evolution on the Hydrodamalis branch. Finally, we present a synthetic evolutionary tree for living and fossil sirenians showing several key innovations in the history of this clade including character state changes that parallel those that occurred in the evolutionary history of cetaceans. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.022 SN - 1055-7903 SN - 1095-9513 VL - 91 SP - 178 EP - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spricigo, Roberto A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Gorton, Lo A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. A1 - Wollenberger, Ursula T1 - The Electrically Wired Molybdenum Domain of Human Sulfite Oxidase is Bioelectrocatalytically Active JF - European journal of inorganic chemistry : a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe N2 - We report electron transfer between the catalytic molybdenum cofactor (Moco) domain of human sulfite oxidase (hSO) and electrodes through a poly(vinylpyridine)-bound [osmium(N,N'-methyl-2,2'-biimidazole)(3)](2+/3+) complex as the electron-transfer mediator. The biocatalyst was immobilized in this low-potential redox polymer on a carbon electrode. Upon the addition of sulfite to the immobilized separate Moco domain, the generation of a significant catalytic current demonstrated that the catalytic center is effectively wired and active. The bioelectrocatalytic current of the wired separate catalytic domain reached 25% of the signal of the wired full molybdoheme enzyme hSO, in which the heme b(5) is involved in the electron-transfer pathway. This is the first report on a catalytically active wired molybdenum cofactor domain. The formal potential of this electrochemical mediator is between the potentials of the two cofactors of hSO, and as hSO can occupy several conformations in the polymer matrix, it is imaginable that electron transfer from the catalytic site to the electrode through the osmium center occurs for the hSO molecules in which the Moco domain is sufficiently accessible. The observation of catalytic oxidation currents at low potentials is favorable for applications in bioelectronic devices. KW - Metalloenzymes KW - Enzyme catalysis KW - Immobilization KW - Osmium Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201500034 SN - 1434-1948 SN - 1099-0682 IS - 21 SP - 3526 EP - 3531 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sprenger, Heike A1 - Rudack, Katharina A1 - Schudoma, Christian A1 - Neumann, Arne A1 - Seddig, Sylvia A1 - Peters, Rolf A1 - Zuther, Ellen A1 - Kopka, Joachim A1 - Hincha, Dirk K. A1 - Walther, Dirk A1 - Koehl, Karin T1 - Assessment of drought tolerance and its potential yield penalty in potato JF - Functional plant biology : an international journal of plant function N2 - Climate models predict an increased likelihood of seasonal droughts for many areas of the world. Breeding for drought tolerance could be accelerated by marker-assisted selection. As a basis for marker identification, we studied the genetic variance, predictability of field performance and potential costs of tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Potato produces high calories per unit of water invested, but is drought-sensitive. In 14 independent pot or field trials, 34 potato cultivars were grown under optimal and reduced water supply to determine starch yield. In an artificial dataset, we tested several stress indices for their power to distinguish tolerant and sensitive genotypes independent of their yield potential. We identified the deviation of relative starch yield from the experimental median (DRYM) as the most efficient index. DRYM corresponded qualitatively to the partial least square model-based metric of drought stress tolerance in a stress effect model. The DRYM identified significant tolerance variation in the European potato cultivar population to allow tolerance breeding and marker identification. Tolerance results from pot trials correlated with those from field trials but predicted field performance worse than field growth parameters. Drought tolerance correlated negatively with yield under optimal conditions in the field. The distribution of yield data versus DRYM indicated that tolerance can be combined with average yield potentials, thus circumventing potential yield penalties in tolerance breeding. KW - performance prediction KW - Solanum tuberosum KW - tolerance index KW - target environment Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1071/FP15013 SN - 1445-4408 SN - 1445-4416 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - 655 EP - 667 PB - CSIRO CY - Clayton ER - TY - THES A1 - Spille, Lea T1 - Deciding who to blame for rape and robbery in Turkey T1 - Verantwortungszuschreibungen in Raub- und Vergewaltigungsfällen in der Türkei BT - perpetrators’ coercive strategy, victim-perpetrator relationship, participant gender and rape myth acceptance BT - Täterstrategie, Opfer-Täter-Beziehung sowie Geschlecht und Vergewaltigungsmythenakzeptanz der Beurteilenden N2 - The present study investigated the attribution of responsibility to victims and perpetrators in rape compared to robbery cases in Turkey. Each participant read three short case scenarios (vignettes) and completed items pertaining to the female victim and male perpetrator. The vignettes were systematically varied with regard to the type of crime that was committed (rape or robbery), the perpetrator’s coercive strategy (physical force or exploiting the victim’s alcohol-induced defenselessness), and the victim-perpetrator relationship prior to the incident (stranger, acquaintance, or ex-partner). Furthermore, participant gender and acceptance of rape myths (beliefs that justify or trivialize sexual violence) were taken into account. One half of the participants completed the rape myth acceptance (RMA) scales first and then received the vignettes, while the other half were given the vignettes first and then completed the RMA scales. As expected, more blame was attributed to victims of rape than to victims of robbery. Conversely, perpetrators of rape were blamed less than perpetrators of robbery. The more participants endorsed rape myths, the more blame was attributed to the victim and the less blame was attributed to the perpetrators. Increasing levels of RMA were associated with an increase in victim blame (VB) in both rape and robbery cases, but the increase in rape VB was significantly more pronounced than in robbery VB. Increasing RMA was associated with an attenuation of perpetrator blame (PB) that was more pronounced for rape than for robbery cases, but the difference was not significant. As expected, victims of rape were blamed more when the perpetrator exploited their defenselessness due to alcohol intoxication than when they were overpowered by physical force. Contrary to the hypothesis, this was also true for robbery victims. Rape victims who knew their attacker (ex-partner or acquaintance) were blamed more than victims who were assaulted by strangers. Contrary to the hypothesis, robbery victims who were assaulted by an ex-partner were blamed more than acquaintance or stranger robbery victims. As predicted, the closer the relationship between victim and perpetrator, the less blame was attributed to perpetrators of rape while this factor had no effect on PB in robbery cases. Men compared to women attributed more blame to the victims and less blame to the perpetrators. As expected, these gender differences in blame attributions were partially mediated by gender differences in RMA: After RMA was taken into account, the gender differences disappeared nearly completely for VB and were significantly reduced in PB. The order of presentation of the vignettes and the RMA measures was systematically varied to test the causal influence of RMA on rape blame attributions. The hypothesis that RMA causes VB and PB in rape cases (as opposed to the other way around or both are caused by a third variable) was not supported. Possible reasons for this failed manipulation and its implications for the mediation model are discussed. With regard to blame attribution in rape cases, the present results match what was expected from previous studies which were mainly conducted in “Western” countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, or Germany. The present results support the notion that the victim-perpetrator relationship and the victim’s alcohol consumption are cross-culturally stable factors for blame attribution in rape cases. It was expected that blame attribution in robbery cases would be unaffected by the perpetrator’s coercive strategy and the victim-perpetrator relationship, but the results were inconsistent. One unexpected effect is particularly noteworthy: When the perpetrator used physical force, more blame was attributed to rape than to robbery victims, but intoxicated victims were blamed more and almost equally so for both types of crime. Perpetrators who exploited drunk victims were blamed less in both rape and robbery cases. These results contradict German results collected with the German version of the same instruments (Bieneck & Krahé, 2011). Turkey is a Muslim country and alcohol is surrounded by a certain taboo. Possibly, the results reflect a cultural difference in that intoxicated victims are generally blamed more for their victimization and this factor is not limited to rape cases. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Verantwortungszuschreibung zu Opfern und Tätern von Vergewaltigung im Vergleich zu Raub in der Türkei. Die Versuchspersonen lasen jeweils drei Vignetten, d.h. kurze Beschreibungen von hypothetischen Raub- und Vergewaltigungsfällen, und wurden im Anschluss an jede Vignette gebeten, die Verantwortung des weiblichen Opfers und des männlichen Täters für den Vorfall zu beurteilen. Die Vignetten variierten systematisch auf den Variablen Art des Verbrechens (Vergewaltigung oder Raub), Täterstrategie (physische Gewalt oder Ausnutzen der Wehrlosigkeit des betrunkenen Opfers) und der Opfer-Täter-Beziehung vor der Tat (Fremder, Bekannter oder Ex-Partner). Zusätzlich wurde die Vergewaltigungsmythenakzeptanz (VMA) der Versuchspersonen erhoben sowie deren Geschlecht als Faktor berücksichtigt. Vergewaltigungsmythen beschreiben Einstellungen, die sexualisierte Gewalt bagatellisieren, indem z.B. Opfern Schuld an der Tat zugeschrieben wird (Victim Blaming) oder die Täter entschuldigt werden. Die Hälfte der Versuchspersonen erhielt zunächst die Skalen zur VMA und bearbeitete im Anschluss daran die Vignetten. Die andere Hälfte der Versuchspersonen bearbeitete die Materialien in umgekehrter Reihenfolge, also zunächst die Vignetten und danach die VMA-Skalen. Wie erwartet wurde den Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Verantwortung für die Tat zugeschrieben als Opfern von Raub. Umgekehrt wurde den Tätern von Vergewaltigung weniger Verantwortung zugeschrieben als Tätern von Raub. Je höher die VMA, desto mehr wurde das Opfer und desto weniger wurde der Täter für die Tat verantwortlich gemacht. Mit steigender VMA stieg die Verantwortungszuschreibung an Opfer beider Verbrechen an, aber der Zuwachs in der Schuldzuschreibung war signifikant stärker ausgeprägter in Vergewaltigungsfällen als in Raubfällen. Mit steigender VMA sank die Schuldzuschreibung an den Täter in Vergewaltigungsfällen stärker als in Raubfällen, der Unterschied war aber nicht signifikant. Wie erwartet wurde Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Schuld zugeschrieben, wenn sie betrunken waren als wenn sie vom Täter überwältigt wurden. Entgegen der Hypothese traf dies auch für Raubfälle zu. Vergewaltigungsopfern, die ihren Täter kannten, wurde mehr Schuld zugeschrieben als denen, die von einem Fremden vergewaltigt wurden. Entgegen der Hypothese wurde Raubopfern, die von einem Ex-Partner überfallen wurden, ebenfalls mehr Schuld an der Tat gegeben im Vergleich zu Raubfällen, die von Fremden oder Bekannten begangen wurden. Wie vorhergesagt wurde Vergewaltigern weniger Schuld zugeschrieben je enger die Opfer-Täter-Beziehung, während die Schuldzuschreibung an Raubtätern nicht von ihrer Beziehung zum Opfer beeinflusst wurde. Männer im Vergleich zu Frauen wiesen den Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Schuld zu und den Tätern weniger. Wie erwartet wurden die Geschlechtsunterschiede in Bezug auf Schuldzuschreibungen an das Opfer und den Täter teilweise durch Geschlechtsunterschiede in VMA vermittelt: Nach Berücksichtigung von VMA zeigten sich in Bezug auf Opfer-Schuld keine Geschlechtsunterschiede mehr und in Bezug auf Täter-Schuld nur noch geringe. Die systematische Variation der Reihenfolge von Vignetten und VMA hatte zum Ziel, die kausale Wirkung von VMA auf Schuldzuschreibungen an Opfer und Täter von Vergewaltigung zu testen. Die Hypothese, dass VMA Schuldzuschreibungen an Opfer und Täter auslöst (im Vergleich zum umgekehrten Fall oder dass beide Variablen von einer dritten Variable ausgelöst werden) konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Mögliche Gründe für dieses Ergebnis sowie Implikationen für die Mediationsanalyse werden diskutiert. In Bezug auf die Vergewaltigungsfälle entsprechen die Ergebnisse dem, was aufgrund früherer Studien erwartet wurde. Der Großteil früherer Studien wurde in „westlichen“ Ländern wie den Vereinigten Staaten, dem Vereinigten Königreich oder Deutschland durchgeführt. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse aus der Türkei stützen daher die Annahme, dass Opfer-Täter-Beziehung und Alkoholkonsum des Opfers interkulturell stabile Faktoren für die Verantwortungszuschreibung in Vergewaltigungsfällen sind. Die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die erwartete Unterscheidung zwischen Raub- und Vergewaltigungsfällen blieben allerdings inkonsistent. Ein Effekt ist besonders hervorzuheben: Wenn der Täter Gewalt anwendete, wurde den Opfern von Vergewaltigung mehr Schuld an der Tat gegeben als Opfern von Raub. Wenn das Opfer betrunken war, haben Beurteiler nicht zwischen Opfern von Raub und Vergewaltigung unterschieden. Tätern, die alkoholisierte Opfer ausnutzten, wurde sowohl in Raub- als auch Vergewaltigungsfällen weniger Schuld zugeschrieben. Diese Ergebnisse stehen im Widerspruch zu Ergebnissen aus Deutschland, die mit den gleichen Instrumenten (in deutscher Fassung) erhoben wurden (Bieneck & Krahé, 2011). Die Türkei ist muslimisch geprägt und Alkohol unterliegt einem gewissen Tabu. Möglicherweise zeigt sich hier ein kultureller Unterschied, dass alkoholisierten Opfern im Allgemeinen mehr Schuld zugeschrieben wird und dieser Faktor nicht nur speziell Vergewaltigungsfälle betrifft. KW - rape myths KW - Vergewaltigungsmythen KW - victim blaming KW - rape KW - Vergewaltigung KW - robbery KW - Raub KW - Turkey KW - Türkei KW - Verantwortungszuschreibung Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423279 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Spijkerman, Elly A1 - de Castro, Francisco A1 - Gaedke, Ursula T1 - Independent colimitation for Co2 and inorganic phosphorus T2 - European journal of phycology Y1 - 2015 SN - 0967-0262 SN - 1469-4433 VL - 50 SP - 98 EP - 99 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperlich, Anja A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - When preview information starts to matter BT - Development of the perceptual span in German beginning readers JF - Journal of cognitive psychology N2 - How is reading development reflected in eye-movement measures? How does the perceptual span change during the initial years of reading instruction? Does parafoveal processing require competence in basic word-decoding processes? We report data from the first cross-sectional measurement of the perceptual span of German beginning readers (n = 139), collected in the context of the large longitudinal PIER (Potsdamer Intrapersonale Entwicklungsrisiken/Potsdam study of intra-personal developmental risk factors) study of intrapersonal developmental risk factors. Using the moving-window paradigm, eye movements of three groups of students (Grades 1-3) were measured with gaze-contingent presentation of a variable amount of text around fixation. Reading rate increased from Grades 1-3, with smaller increases for higher grades. Perceptual-span results showed the expected main effects of grade and window size: fixation durations and refixation probability decreased with grade and window size, whereas reading rate and saccade length increased. Critically, for reading rate, first-fixation duration, saccade length and refixation probability, there were significant interactions of grade and window size that were mainly based on the contrast between Grades 3 and 2 rather than Grades 2 and 1. Taken together, development of the perceptual span only really takes off between Grades 2 and 3, suggesting that efficient parafoveal processing presupposes that basic processes of reading have been mastered. KW - Eye movements KW - German KW - Moving window KW - Perceptual span KW - Reading development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.993990 SN - 2044-5911 SN - 2044-592X VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 511 EP - 530 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperfeld, Erik A1 - Wacker, Alexander T1 - Maternal diet of Daphnia magna affects offspring growth responses to supplementation with particular polyunsaturated fatty acids JF - Hydrobiologia : acta hydrobiologica, hydrographica, limnologica et protistologica N2 - Previous studies examining the effects of food quality on zooplankton often controlled for maternal effects of resource provisioning using standardized maternal diets. However, varying nutritional history of mothers may change resource provisioning to their progeny, especially regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which may change the interpretation of previously observed fitness responses of offspring. To assess PUFA-mediated maternal provisioning effects on offspring, we raised females of the cladoceran Daphnia magna on diets differing considerably in PUFA composition and raised their offspring on a PUFA-lacking diet supplemented with the omega 3 PUFAs alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The mass-specific growth responses of offspring to their own diets were affected by the maternal diet regime, probably due to varying maternal PUFA provisioning. A low maternal provisioning of EPA or ALA was sufficient to prevent growth limitation of offspring by these PUFAs until reaching maturity. A comparison with results of published ALA and EPA supplementation experiments suggests that the previously observed limitation effects depended on the usage of a single algae genus as maternal diet. Therefore, we suggest that maternal diets should be deliberately varied in future studies assessing ecological relevant food quality effects on zooplankton, especially regarding PUFAs. KW - Food quality KW - Maternal effects KW - Nutritional ecology KW - Resource provisioning KW - Zooplankton Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2244-y SN - 0018-8158 SN - 1573-5117 VL - 755 IS - 1 SP - 267 EP - 282 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spahn, Hannah T1 - Poetics of character: transatlantic encounters, 1700-1900 JF - EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE Y1 - 2015 SN - 0012-8163 SN - 1534-147X VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 616 EP - 621 PB - Univ. of North Carolina Press CY - Chapel Hill ER - TY - GEN A1 - Spahn, Frank A1 - Seiss, Martin T1 - Charges dropped T2 - Nature physics Y1 - 2015 SN - 1745-2473 SN - 1745-2481 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - 709 EP - 710 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER -