TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Changsong
A1  - Motter, Adilson E.
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
T1  - Universality in the synchronization of weighted random networks
N2  - Realistic networks display not only a complex topological structure, but also a heterogeneous distribution of weights in the connection strengths. Here we study synchronization in weighted complex networks and show that the synchronizability of random networks with a large minimum degree is determined by two leading parameters: the mean degree and the heterogeneity of the distribution of node's intensity, where the intensity of a node, defined as the total strength of input connections, is a natural combination of topology and weights. Our results provide a possibility for the control of synchronization in complex networks by the manipulation of a few parameters
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://prl.aps.org/pdf/PRL/v96/i3/e034101
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/Physrevlett.96.034101
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Changsong
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
T1  - Dynamical weights and enhanced synchronization in adaptive complex networks
N2  - Dynamical organization of connection weights is studied in scale-free networks of chaotic oscillators, where the coupling strength of a node from its neighbors develops adaptively according to the local synchronization property between the node and its neighbors. We find that when complete synchronization is achieved, the coupling strength becomes weighted and correlated with the topology due to a hierarchical transition to synchronization in heterogeneous networks. Importantly, such an adaptive process enhances significantly the synchronizability of the networks, which could have meaningful implications in the manipulation of dynamical networks
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.164102
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/Physrevlett.96.164102
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zen, Achmad
A1  - Saphiannikova, Marina
A1  - Neher, Dieter
A1  - Grenzer, Jörg
A1  - Grigorian, Souren A.
A1  - Pietsch, Ullrich
A1  - Asawapirom, Udom
A1  - Janietz, Silvia
A1  - Scherf, Ullrich
A1  - Lieberwirth, Ingo
A1  - Wegner, Gerhard
T1  - Effect of molecular weight on the structure and crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene)
N2  - Recently, two different groups have reported independently that the mobility of field-effect transistors made from regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) increases strongly with molecular weight. Two different models were presented: one proposing carrier trapping at grain boundaries and the second putting emphasis on the conformation and packing of the polymer chains in the thin layers for different molecular weights. Here, we present the results of detailed investigations of powders and thin films of deuterated P3HT fractions with different molecular weight. For powder samples, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the structure and crystallization behavior of the polymers. The GPC investigations show that all weight fractions possess a rather broad molecular weight distribution. DSC measurements reveal a strong decrease of the crystallization temperature and, most important, a significant decrease of the degree of crystallinity with decreasing molecular weight. To study the structure of thin layers in lateral and vertical directions, both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray grazing incidence diffraction (GID) were utilized. These methods show that thin layers of the low molecular weight fraction consist of well-defined crystalline domains embedded in a disordered matrix. We propose that the transport properties of layers prepared from fractions of poly(3-hexylthiophene) with different molecular weight are largely determined by the crystallinity of the samples and not by the perfection of the packing of the chains in the individual crystallites
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ma0521349
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/Ma0521349
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thiel, Marco
A1  - Romano, Maria Carmen
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Rolfs, Martin
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Twin surrogates to test for complex synchronisation
N2  - We present an approach to generate (multivariate) twin surrogates (TS) based on recurrence properties. This technique generates surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i.e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system starting at different initial conditions. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronisation and exemplify this for the paradigmatic system of Rossler oscillators. The proposed test enables to assess the statistical relevance of a synchronisation analysis from passive experiments which are typical in natural systems
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.mendeley.com/research/twin-surrogates-to-test-for-complex-synchronisation/#page-1
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2006-10147-0
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Strehmel, Veronika
A1  - Laschewsky, André
A1  - Stoesser, Reinhard
A1  - Zehl, Andrea
A1  - Herrmann, Werner
T1  - Mobility of spin probes in ionic liquids
N2  - The spin probes TEMPO, TEMPOL, and CAT-1 were used to investigate microviscosity and micropolarity of imidazolium based ionic liquids bearing either tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate as anions and a variation of the substitution at the imidazolium ion. The average rotational correlation times (r) obtained by complete simulation of the X-band ESR spectra of TEMPO, TEMPOL, and CAT-1 increase with increasing viscosity of the ionic liquid although no Stokes Einstein behavior is observed. This is caused by microviscosity effects of the ionic liquids shown by application of the Gierer-Wirtz theory. Interestingly, the jump of the probe molecule into the free volume of the ionic liquids is a nonactivated process. The hyperfine coupling constants (A(iso) (N-14)) of TEMPO and TEMPOL dissolved in the ionic liquids do not depend on the structure of the ionic liquids. The A(iso) (N-14) values show a micropolarity of the ionic liquids that is comparable with methylenchloride in case of TEMPO and with dimethylsulfoxide in case of TEMPOL. Micropolarity monitored by CAT-1 strongly depends on structural variation of the ionic liquid. CAT-1 dissolved in imidazolium salts substituted with shorter alkyl chains at the nitrogen atom exhibits a micropolarity comparable with dimethylsulfoxide. A significant lower micropolarity is found for imidazolium. salts bearing a longer alkyl substituent at the nitrogen atom or a methyl substituent at C-2. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poc.1072/pdf
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.1072
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stepan, H
A1  - Faber, R
A1  - Wessel, Niels
A1  - Wallukat, Gerd
A1  - Schultheiss, H. P.
A1  - Walther, T
T1  - Relation between circulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia
N2  - Context: Placental and circulatory soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) has proven to be elevated in pregnant women with preeclampsia, a disease characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and endothelial dysfunction. Recent studies also demonstrated an autoantibody against the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor (AT1-AA) in that disease. Objective: Both factors are discussed as key players in the etiology of preeclampsia. However, it has not yet been clarified whether these two circulating factors correlate and whether synergy determines the severity of pathology. Design: AT1-AA was retrospectively determined by a bioassay and sFlt1 by an ELISA. Patients: Serum from second-trimester pregnancies with normal or abnormal uterine perfusion and in women at term with or without pregnancy pathology was analyzed. Results: Most of the preeclamptic patients were characterized by high sFlt1 levels and the presence of AT1-AA, although the agonistic effects of the antibody did not correlate with the sFlt1 concentrations (P = 0.85). Although AT1- AA was also detected in second-trimester pregnancies evidencing abnormal uterine perfusion without later pathology, sFlt1 was not significantly elevated in these pregnancies, compared with those with normal uterine perfusion. However, whereas women with abnormal perfusion and later pregnancy pathology did not differ in AT1-AA, compared with those with normal outcome, sFlt1 was significantly increased. Again, the two factors did not correlate (P = 0.15). Conclusions: We conclude that AT1-AA bioactivity and sFlt1 concentrations do not correlate, are not mutually dependent, and are thus probably involved in distinct pathogenetic mechanisms. Both factors in combination may not be causative for the early impaired trophoblast invasion and pathological uterine perfusion
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/91/6/2424.full
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1210/Jc.2005-2698
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sommer, Michael
A1  - Kaczorek, Danuta
A1  - Kuzyakov, Yakov
A1  - Breuer, Jörn
T1  - Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes : a review
N2  - Silicon (Si) is the second-most abundant element in the earth's crust. In the pedosphere, however, huge spans of Si contents occur mainly caused by Si redistribution in soil profiles and landscapes. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the different pools and fluxes of Si in soils and terrestrial biogeosystems. Weathering and subsequent release of soluble Si may lead to (1) secondarily bound Si in newly formed Al silicates, (2) amorphous silica precipitation on surfaces of other minerals, (3) plant uptake, formation of phytogenic Si, and subsequent retranslocation to soils, (4) translocation within soil profiles and formation of new horizons, or (5) translocation out of soils (desilication). The research carried out hitherto focused on the participation of Si in weathering processes, especially in clay neoformation, buffering mechanisms for acids in soils or chemical denudation of landscapes. There are, however, only few investigations on the characteristics and controls of the low-crystalline, almost pure silica compounds formed during pedogenesis. Further, there is strong demand to improve the knowledge of (micro)biological and rhizosphere processes contributing to Si mobilization, plant uptake, and formation of phytogenic Si in plants, and release due to microbial decomposition. The contribution of the biogenic Si sources to Si redistribution within soil profiles and desilication remains unknown concerning the pools, rates, processes, and driving forces. Comprehensive studies considering soil hydrological, chemical, and biological processes as well as their interactions at the scale of pedons and landscapes are necessary to make up and model the Si balance and to couple terrestrial processes with Si cycle of limnic, fluvial, or marine biogeosystems
Y1  - 2006
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Chen, Jie
A1  - Heermance, Richard V.
T1  - Late Oligocene-Early Miocene initiation of shortening in the Southwestern Chinese Tian Shan : implications for Neogene shortening rate variations
N2  - The Cenozoic Tian Shan is one of the preeminent examples of an intracontinental orogen. However, there remains a significant controversy over when deformation related to the India-Asia collision commenced and therefore how shortening within the mountains has been partitioned over time. One approach has been to look at the modem shortening rate as measured by geodetic studies, combined with estimates of the total shortening across the range and extrapolate backwards. This approach suggests that the onset of range construction was ca. 10 Ma [K.Y. Abdrakhmatov, S.A. Aldazhanov, B.H. Hager, M.W Hamburger, T.A. Herring, K.B. Kalabaev, K.B. Kalabayev, V.I. Makarov, P. Molnar, S.V Panasyuk, M.T. Prilepin, R.E. Reilinger, I.S. Sadybakasov, B.J. Souter, Y.A. Trapeznikov, V.Y. Tsurkov, A.V. Zubovich, Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates, Nature 384 (6608) (1996) 450-453]. An alternate method is to determine the age of the onset of exhumation using thermochronology. We present 19 new apatite fission-track (AFT) results from the southwestern Chinese portion of the belt; this region represents the first area exhumed during the late Tertiary along a transect at ca. 76 degrees E. Exhumation commenced at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (similar to 24 Ma) along the Maidan and Muziduke thrusts, which bound the southern side of the Kokshaal range. Subsequently, deformation propagated ca. 20 km south to the Kashi basin- bounding thrust (KBT), which was exhumed by no earlier than 18.9 +/- 3.3 Ma. Three detrital AFT samples from Plio- Pleistocene strata deposited ca. 20 km farther south contain fission track grain age peaks that young monotonically upwards from 20.9 + 7.0/- 5.3 Ma to 15.9 + 5.4/- 4.0 Ma with a fairly constant lag time of 16 to 18 Ma. These ages, combined with structural data, suggest that both the hanging wall and the footwall of the KBT experienced a renewed episode of exhumation during the latest Cenozoic. The discrepancy between the Late Oligocene-Miocene initiation of significant exhumation shown herein and the 10 Ma initiation estimate from geodesy suggests that the Tian Shan has undergone a complex Late Cenozoic shortening history. Assuming that the present shortening rate could account for the total amount of Cenozoic shortening in 10 Ma and realizing that shortening initiated at least 15 Myr earlier, we conclude that the shortening rate must have varied over time, possibly in pulsed-southward migrating events, and that the present rate may not reflect the average rate since initiation of range uplift. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X06002834
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.048
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Skirycz, Aleksandra
A1  - Reichelt, Michael
A1  - Burow, Meike
A1  - Birkemeyer, Claudia Sabine
A1  - Rolcik, Jacub
A1  - Kopka, Joachim
A1  - Zanor, Maria Ines
A1  - Gershenzon, Jonathan
A1  - Strnad, Miroslav
A1  - Szopa, Jan
A1  - Müller-Röber, Bernd
A1  - Witt, Isabell
T1  - DOF transcription factor AtDof1.1 (OBP2) is part of a regulatory network controlling glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
N2  - Glucosinolates are a group of secondary metabolites that function as defense substances against herbivores and micro-organisms in the plant order Capparales. Indole glucosinolates (IGS), derivatives of tryptophan, may also influence plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) produced from tryptophan by the activity of two cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP79B2 and CYP79B3, serves as a precursor for IGS biosynthesis but is also an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Another cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP83B1, funnels IAOx into IGS. Although there is increasing information about the genes involved in this biochemical pathway, their regulation is not fully understood. OBP2 has recently been identified as a member of the DNA-binding-with-one- finger (DOF) transcription factors, but its function has not been studied in detail so far. Here we report that OBP2 is expressed in the vasculature of all Arabidopsis organs, including leaves, roots, flower stalks and petals. OBP2 expression is induced in response to a generalist herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis, and by treatment with the plant signalling molecule methyl jasmonate, both of which also trigger IGS accumulation. Constitutive and inducible over- expression of OBP2 activates expression of CYP83B1. In addition, auxin concentration is increased in leaves and seedlings of OBP2 over-expression lines relative to wild-type, and plant size is diminished due to a reduction in cell size. RNA interference-mediated OBP2 blockade leads to reduced expression of CYP83B1. Collectively, these data provide evidence that OBP2 is part of a regulatory network that regulates glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02767.x/full
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Bernd
A1  - Nave, Stefan
T1  - Control of ring size selectivity by substrate directable RCM
N2  - Hydroxy groups may exert strong catalyst-directing effects in olefin metathesis reactions, which are exploited for a ring size-selective RCM reaction
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2006/cc/b604359c
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/B604359c
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Bernd
T1  - Olefin metathesis and isomerization : from undesired side reactions to useful synthetic methodology
N2  - Conversion of ruthenium carbene complexes to ruthenium hydride complexes by organometallic transformations in situ opens up interesting synthetic perspectives. In this account the use of Grubbs' catalyst to synthesize pent-4- enals selectively from diallyl- and allyl homoallyl ethers and scope and limitations of a Tandem RCM-isomerization sequence for the synthesis of cyclic enol ethers are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TGM-4JT9C6D- 2&_user=1584062&_coverDate=07%2F19%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_sea rchStr
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.026
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmid, Karl J.
A1  - Torjek, Otto
A1  - Meyer, Rhonda C.
A1  - Schmuths, Heike
A1  - Hoffmann, Matthias H.
A1  - Altmann, Thomas
T1  - Evidence for a large-scale population structure of Arabidopsis thaliana from genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers
N2  - Population-based methods for the genetic mapping of adaptive traits and the analysis of natural selection require that the population structure and demographic history of a species are taken into account. We characterized geographic patterns of genetic variation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by genotyping 115 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in 351 accessions from the whole species range using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight assay, and by sequencing of nine unlinked short genomic regions in a subset of 64 accessions. The observed frequency distribution of SNPs is not consistent with a constant-size neutral model of sequence polymorphism due to an excess of rare polymorphisms. There is evidence for a significant population structure as indicated by differences in genetic diversity between geographic regions. Accessions from Central Asia have a low level of polymorphism and an increased level of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) relative to accessions from the Iberian Peninsula and Central Europe. Cluster analysis with the structure program grouped Eurasian accessions into K=6 clusters. Accessions from the Iberian Peninsula and from Central Asia constitute distinct populations, whereas Central and Eastern European accessions represent admixed populations in which genomes were reshuffled by historical recombination events. These patterns likely result from a rapid postglacial recolonization of Eurasia from glacial refugial populations. Our analyses suggest that mapping populations for association or LD mapping should be chosen from regional rather than a species-wide sample or identified genetically as sets of individuals with similar average genetic distances
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/d1683r7455648841/fulltext.html
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0212-7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schelter, Björn
A1  - Winterhalder, Matthias
A1  - Dahlhaus, Rainer
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Timmer, Jens
T1  - Partial phase synchronization for multivariate synchronizing systems
N2  - Graphical models applying partial coherence to multivariate time series are a powerful tool to distinguish direct and indirect interdependencies in multivariate linear systems. We carry over the concept of graphical models and partialization analysis to phase signals of nonlinear synchronizing systems. This procedure leads to the partial phase synchronization index which generalizes a bivariate phase synchronization index to the multivariate case and reveals the coupling structure in multivariate synchronizing systems by differentiating direct and indirect interactions. This ensures that no false positive conclusions are drawn concerning the interaction structure in multivariate synchronizing systems. By application to the paradigmatic model of a coupled chaotic Roessler system, the power of the partial phase synchronization index is demonstrated
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v96/i20/e208103
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/Physrevlett.96.208103
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sanner, Helge
T1  - Imperfect goods and labor markets, and the union wage gap
N2  - Existing theoretical literature fails to explain satisfactorily the differences between the pay of workers who are covered by collective agreements and others who are not. This study aims at providing a model framework that is amenable to an analysis of this issue. Our general-equilibrium approach integrates a dual labor market and a two-sector product market. The results suggest that the so-called "union wage gap" is largely determined by the degree of centralization of the bargains and, to a somewhat lesser extent, by the expenditure share of the unionized sector's goods
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/3w24p22662858503/fulltext.html
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0010-6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Saarimäki, Eetta
A1  - Paajanen, Mika
A1  - Savijärvi, Ann-Mari
A1  - Minkkinen, Hannu
A1  - Wegener, Michael
A1  - Voronina, Olena
A1  - Schulze, Robert
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Novel heat durable electromechanical film : processing for electromechanical and electret applications
N2  - New ferroelectrets were developed on the basis of foams from cyclo-olefin polymers and copolymers. The results obtained on the cyclo-olefin polymer foam demonstrate a significant improvement of the service temperature for ferroelectret transducer materials. Suitable compounding and preparation led to cyclo-olefin ferroelectrets with an electromechanical activity of around 15 pC/N, which is thermally stable at least up to 110 degrees C. The properties in sensor and actuator applications are strongly dependent on the processing parameters related to film-making, sensor and actuator preparation, gas content and electric charging. The processing window for the film stretching was very narrow compared to the earlier developed polypropylene ferroelectrets. The film porosity, softness and thus the electromechanical activity are adjusted by gas-diffusion expansion. The activity of the electromechanically operating sensors and actuators was increased by stacking several layers of cellular cyclo-olefin film. For applications such as flat loudspeakers, the foamed films are tuned by tensioning them on a support frame. Correct tensioning was essential also for reducing the distortion levels.
Y1  - 2006
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rullens, F
A1  - Vuillaume, Pascal Y.
A1  - Moussa, Alain
A1  - Habib-Jiwan, Jean-Louis
A1  - Laschewsky, André
T1  - Ordered polyelectrolyte "Multilayers". 7. Hybrid films self-assembled from fluorescent and smectogenic poly(diallylammonium) salts and delaminated clay
N2  - Homopolymers were prepared from diallylammonium monomers bearing 4-methylcoumarin and 4-cyanobiphenyl as fluorescent and mesogenic side groups, as well as their copolymers with diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC). Organic-inorganic hybrid films were electrostatically self-assembled via the layer-by-layer technique on silicon wafers and quartz plates from the chromophore-bearing polymers and an exfoliated synthetic hectorite. Photophysical studies performed in solution as well as in the self-assembled films demonstrated only a weak tendency for aggregation of the chromophores in the macromolecules. Moreover, assemblies made from the polymers carrying the cyanobiphenyl mesogen were found to exhibit a pronounced internal order
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cm060209x
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/Cm060209x
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rullens, F
A1  - Laschewsky, André
A1  - Devillers, M
T1  - Bulk and thin films of bismuth vanadates prepared from hybrid materials made from an organic polymer and inorganic salts
N2  - A new precursor route for the preparation of bulk oxides and thin films of bismuth vanadates is proposed. The method involves the thermal treatment under air and mild conditions of hybrid organic-inorganic precursors, made from a zwitterionic salt-free polymer matrix and selected inorganic species. Monoclinic BiVO4 was obtained in the form of bulk oxide by calcination of the powdered homogeneous hybrid materials at 600 degrees C, from precursors containing Bi and V in stoichiometric amounts. In the same way, thermodiffractometry studies performed on a hybrid material exhibiting a Bi/ V molar ratio of 2 revealed that the ionic conductor gamma-Bi4V2O11 phase can be stabilized under very soft thermal conditions (300 degrees C). Additionally, thin films of yellow monoclinic BiVO4 were for the first time fabricated, by thermal treatment of the same hybrid polymeric precursors deposited on quartz substrates by spin coating, using a layer- by-layer technique. The presence of the target phase at the surface of the plates was confirmed by X-ray diffraction as well as UV-vis measurements
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cm051516q
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/Cm051516q
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rufer, CE
A1  - Kulling, Sabine E.
T1  - Antioxidant activity of isoflavones and their major metabolites using different in vitro assays
N2  - Isoflavone phytoestrogens found mainly in soybeans and clover are widely studied phytochemicals. Genistein and daidzein, the major isoflavones found in soy, have received the most attention. However, they undergo extensive metabolism in the intestine and the liver, which might affect their biological properties, e.g. their antioxidant capacities. Furthermore, the biological activities of other naturally occurring isoflavones, for instance, glycitein from soy or biochanin A from red clover, have not yet been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of six naturally occurring isoflavones and their corresponding oxidative and bacterial metabolites. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay as well as the in vitro oxidation of low density lipoproteins with the conjugated diene and the thiobarbituric acid reacting substances formation as end points were used. The oxidative metabolites of genistein and daidzein as well as equol exhibited the highest antioxidant activities in all three assays. With few exceptions, they were more effective than the positive controls quercetin and ascorbic acid. Formononetin, the 4'-O-methyl ether of daidzein, showed the lowest antioxidant property. Because the antioxidant efficacy of isoflavones as effective antioxidants is evident at concentrations well within the range found in the plasma of subjects consuming soy products, this biological activity could be of physiological relevance
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf053112o
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rolfs, Martin
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Shortening and prolongation of saccade latencies following microsaccades
N2  - When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception could, thus, decrease saccade latencies. Second, microsaccades are likely to indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies would be expected after microsaccades. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, mean saccadic reaction time in visual and memory trials was increased by about 40 ms (or 16%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in the preparation of saccade motor programs
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/y67j226367352u28/fulltext.html
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0148-1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Maurer, Katrin
A1  - Weyand, Anne
A1  - Fischer, Markus
A1  - Stöcklin, Jürg
T1  - Old cultural traditions, in addition to land use and topography, are shaping plant diversity of grasslands in the Alps
N2  - Socio-economically motivated land use changes are a major threat for species diversity of grasslands throughout the world. Here, we comprehensively explore how plant species diversity of grasslands in the species-rich cultural landscape of the Swiss Alps depends on recent land use changes, and, neglected in previous studies, on old cultural traditions. We studied diversity in 216 grassland parcels at three altitudinal levels in 12 villages of three cultural traditions (Romanic, Germanic, and Walser). In valleys of Romanic villages more different parcel types tended to occur than in those of Germanic and Walser villages, suggesting that socio-economic differences among cultural traditions still play a role in shaping landscape diversity. Moreover, at the village level, higher man-made landscape diversity was associated with higher plant species richness. All observed changes in land use reduced the farmers' workload. Plant species richness was lower in fertilized than in unfertilized parcels and in abandoned compared with used parcels. Grazing slightly reduced species richness compared with mowing among unfertilized parcels, while in fertilized parcels it had a positive influence. The highest species diversity was found in mown unfertilized subalpine grasslands. Nevertheless, moderate grazing of former meadows can be a valuable alternative to abandonment. We conclude that the ongoing changes in land use reduce plant species richness within parcels and at the landscape level. To preserve plant species diversity at the landscape level a high diversity of land use types has to be maintained.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00063207
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.005
SN  - 0006-3207
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Leimu, Roosa
A1  - Mutikainen, Pia
A1  - Koricheva, Julia
A1  - Fischer, Markus
T1  - How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation?
N2  - 1 Relationships between plant population size, fitness and within-population genetic diversity are fundamental for plant ecology, evolution and conservation. We conducted meta-analyses of studies published between 1987 and 2005 to test whether these relationships are generally positive, whether they are sensitive to methodological differences among studies, whether they differ between species of different life span, mating system or rarity and whether they depend on the size ranges of the studied populations. 2 Mean correlations between population size, fitness and genetic variation were all significantly positive. The positive correlation between population size and female fitness tended to be stronger in field studies than in common garden studies, and the positive correlation between genetic variation and fitness was significantly stronger in DNA than in isoenzyme studies. 3 The strength and direction of correlations between population size, fitness and genetic variation were independent of plant life span and the size range of the studied populations. The mean correlations tended to be stronger for the rare species than for common species. 4 Expected heterozygosity, the number of alleles and the number or proportion of polymorphic loci significantly increased with population size, but the level of inbreeding F-IS was independent of population size. The positive relationship between population size and the number of alleles and the number or proportion of polymorphic loci was stronger in self- incompatible than in self-compatible species. Furthermore, fitness and genetic variation were positively correlated in self-incompatible species, but independent of each other in self-compatible species. 5 The close relationships between population size, genetic variation and fitness suggest that population size should always be taken into account in multipopulation studies of plant fitness or genetic variation. 6 The observed generality of the positive relationships between population size, plant fitness and genetic diversity implies that the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on plant fitness and genetic variation are common. Moreover, the stronger positive associations observed in self- incompatible species and to some degree in rare species, suggest that these species are most prone to the negative effects of habitat fragmentation
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0022-0477
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01150.x
SN  - 0022-0477
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
T1  - SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497634
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013
SN  - 0149-7634
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Landa, Polina S.
A1  - Ushakov, Vladimir
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
T1  - Rigorous theory of stochastic resonance in overdamped bistable oscillators for weak signals
JF  - Chaos, solitons & fractals : applications in science and engineering
N2  - The results of the theoretical consideration of stochastic resonance in overdamped bistable oscillators are given. These results are founded not on the model of two states as in [McNamara B, Wiesenfeld K. Theory of stochastic resonance. Phys Rev A 1989;39:4854-69], but on splitting of motion into regular and random and the rigorous solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for the random component. We show that this resonance is caused by a change, under the influence of noise, of the system's effective stiffness and damping factor contained in the equation for the regular component. For a certain value of the noise intensity the effective stiffness is minimal, and this fact causes non-monotonic change of the output signal amplitude as the noise intensity changes. It is important that the location of the minimum and its value depend essentially on the signal frequency.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09600779
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.116
SN  - 0960-0779
VL  - 30
IS  - 3
SP  - 574
EP  - 578
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Küster, Yvonne
A1  - Hetzel, Ralf
A1  - Krbetschek, Matthias
A1  - Tao, Mingxin
T1  - Holocene loess sedimentation along the Qilian Shan (China) : significance for understanding the processes and timing of loess deposition
N2  - We present optical ages for well preserved loess deposits along the Qilian Shan, a 500-km-long mountain belt forming the tectonically active northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Loess on tectonically controlled fill terraces along the Shiyou and Baiyong rivers was dated by applying the single-aliquot regeneration (SAR) technique to coarse-grained (90-160 mu m) quartz samples. Additional measurements on polymineralic fine-grained (5-10 mu m) samples were carried out to allow a comparison between various optical dating techniques currently in use. The results demonstrate that (i) loess accumulation started between 13 and 11 ka B.P., continuing to the present, (ii) mean loess accumulation rates range between similar to 9 and similar to 16 cm ka(-1), and (iii) Holocene loess is not restricted to certain sites only, but is a prevalent phenomenon along the Qilian Shan mountain front. The absence of loess deposits of Late Pleistocene age is a result of a combination of cold and dry climate conditions, strong winds, and the absence of a vegetation cover during the last glacial period. Only with the change to a warmer and moister climate at the onset of the Holocene did a plant cover develop, which acted as a dust trap, thus initiating the formation of loess.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02773791
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.003
SN  - 0277-3791
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kuhlmann, Sabine
T1  - Local government reform between 'exogenous' and 'endogenous' driving forces : Institution building in the city of Paris
N2  - The article attempts to analyse institutional reforms in the multi-level system of the French capital city. The key questions are the developments in central-local relations and what factors influenced these changes over the last century. The author seeks to identify 'critical junctures' in institutional development and explore their impact on the relationships between state and municipality on the one hand and between upper and lower tiers of city- government on the other. Looking at institution building in Paris as the dependent variable the article takes a primarily institutionalist approach in identifying the relevant factors which explain local government reform in the capital city ('what shapes institutions?')
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.metapress.com/link.asp?id=104725
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030500518790
SN  - 1471-9037
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kröner, Alfred
A1  - Wilde, Simon A.
A1  - Zhao, Guochun
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick J.
A1  - Sun, Min
A1  - Liu, Dun Yi
A1  - Wan, Yusheng
A1  - Liu, S. W.
A1  - Guo, Jianbin H.
T1  - Zircon geochronology and metamorphic evolution of mafic dykes in the Hengshan Complex of northern China: Evidence for late Palaeoproterozoic extension and subsequent high-pressure metamorphism in the North China Craton
N2  - Magmatic and metamorphic zircons have been dated from ductilely deformed gabbroic dykes defining a dyke swarm and signifying crustal extension in the northern part of the Hengshan Complex of the North China Craton, These dykes now occur as boudins and deformed sheets within migmatitic tonalitic, trondhjemitic, granodioritic and granitic gneisses and are conspicuous due to relics of high-pressure granulite or even former eclogite facies garnet + pyroxene-bearing assemblages. SHRIMP ages for magmatic zircons from two dykes reflect the time of dyke emplacement at similar to 1915 Ma, whereas metamorphic zircons dated by both SHRIMP and evaporation techniques are consistently in the range 1848-1888 Ma. The Youngest granitoid gneiss yet dated in the Hengshan has an emplacement age of 18 2 17 Ma. These results complement recent geochronological studies from the neighbouring Wutai and Fuping Complexes, to the SE of the Hengshan, showing that a crustal extension event Occurred in the late Palaeoproterozoic. This preceded a major high-pressure collision- type metamorphic event in the central part of the North China Craton that occurred in the Palaeoproterozoic and not in the late Archaean as previously thought. Our data support recent suggestions that the North China Craton experienced a major, craton-wide orogenic event in the late Palaeoproterozoic after which it became cratonized and acted as a stable block.
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.008
SN  - 0301-9268
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kreft, Oliver
A1  - Georgieva, Radostina
A1  - Bäumler, Hans
A1  - Steup, Martin
A1  - Müller-Röber, Bernd
A1  - Sukhorukov, Gleb B.
A1  - Möhwald, Helmuth
T1  - Red blood cell templated polyelectrolyte capsules : a novel vehicle for the stable encapsulation of DNA and proteins
N2  - A novel method for the encapsulation of biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, into polyelectrolyte microcapsules is described. Fluorescence-labelled double-stranded DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) are used as model substances for encapsulation in hollow microcapsules templated on human erythrocytes. The encapsulation procedure involves an intermediate drying C, step. The accumulation of DNA and HSA in the capsules is observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, UV spectroscopy, and flourimetry. The mechanism of encapsulation is discussed
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/10003270
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500777
SN  - 1022-1336
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kozlevcar, Bojan
A1  - Odlazek, Darja
A1  - Golobic, Amalija
A1  - Pevec, Andrej
A1  - Strauch, Peter
A1  - Segedin, Primoz
T1  - Complexes with lignin model compound vanillic acid : two different carboxylate ligands in the same dinuclear tetracarboxylate complex [Cu-2(C8H7O4)(2)(O2CCH3)(2)(CH3OH)(2)]
N2  - Two copper(II) coordination compounds with vanillic acid C8H8O4 (1), namely [Cu- 2(C8H7O4)(2)(O2CCH3)(2)(CH3OH)(2)] (2) and [Cu-2(C8H7O4)(4)(H2O2)(2)] (3), were synthesized and characterized. Single crystals of 1-3 were obtained and their crystal structures determined. The structure of 2 shows dinuclear cage structure of copper acetate hydrate type, however with two different carboxylates, acetates and vanillic acid anions,. respectively. Both bridging anions are in pairs in trans orientation. Methanol molecules are apically coordinated (Cu-O7 2.160(2) angstrom), fulfilling square-pyramidal coordination sphere around both copper ions. The compound 2 decomposes outside mother-liquid (yielding [Cu-2(C8H7O4)(2)(O2CCH3)(2)(H2O)(2)] (2a)) with the removal of methanol, but without significant change of the dicopper tetracarboxylate cage structure, as noticed by mu(eff) 1.48 BM for 2a. Similar was found also in the X-band EPR spectra with three signals H-z1, H-perpendicular to 2 and H-z2 in the region from 0 to 600 mT. The structure of free vanillic acid 1 is composed of dimeric units of two molecules, connected by two parallel hydrogen bonds between carboxylate group of each other (O1-H(...)O2 2.642(3) angstrom), while the structure of 3 is of [Cu-2(O2CCH3)(4)(H2O)(2)] type. Interestingly, an additional signal in the EPR spectra of 3 is found at 80 mT (H- perpendicular to 1) at 298 and at 116 K, next to three signals H-z1, H-perpendicular to 2 and H-z2.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02775387
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2005.08.031
SN  - 0277-5387
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kofod, Guggi
A1  - Paajanen, Mika
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
T1  - Self-organized minimum-energy structures for dielectric elastomer actuators
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100501
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-006-3680-3
SN  - 0947-8396
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Koetz, Joachim
A1  - Jagielski, Nicole
A1  - Kosmella, Sabine
A1  - Friedrich, Alwin
A1  - Kleinpeter, Erich
T1  - CdS nanocubes formed in phosphatidylcholin-based template phases
N2  - The paper is focused on the characterization and use of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-based inverse microemulsions as a template phase for the CdS nanoparticle formation. The optically clear, isotropic phase in the oil corner was identified as a "classicalö water-in-oil microemulsion by means of NMR-diffusion measurements. Because of the very small dimensions of the water droplets, the isotropic phase shows a Newtonian-like flow behavior, and adequate amounts of bulk water cannot be detected by DSC. It is demonstrated that this w/o microemulsion can be used successfully as a nanoreactor for the formation of CdS nanoparticles with diameters of 4-5 nm. During the following process of solvent evaporation the individual small CdS nanoparticles aggregate to significant larger cubic nanoparticles, with an edge length of 2-40 nm, arranged in well-defined mosaic-like superstructures. In presence of SDS the nanocubes were stable up to 800 °C. It has to be stated here that polyelectrolytes prevent the formation of such well-ordered superstructures.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09277757
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.01.013
SN  - 0927-7757
VL  - 288
SP  - 43
EP  - 1-3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kleinpeter, Erich
A1  - Holzberger, Anja
T1  - Structure, intramolecular flexibility, and complexation of aza crown ethers to anions H2PO4- and HSO4- in nonprotic solvents
JF  - Tetrahedron
N2  - Both the structure and intramolecular flexibility of a series of aza crown ethers were studied by experimental NMR and theoretical molecular modeling. The stoichiometries of complexation to the anions H2PO4- and resulting complex stabilities were determined by experimental NMR (1H, 31P) titration and, in addition, the structure and mobility changes of the aza crown ethers upon complexation were also examined.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040402006012130
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.074
SN  - 0040-4020
VL  - 62
IS  - 43
SP  - 10237
EP  - 10247
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ketmaier, Valerio
A1  - Giusti, Folco
A1  - Caccone, Adalgisa
T1  - Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the land snail genus Solatopupa (Pulmonata) in the peri- Tyrrhenian area
N2  - The land snail genus Solatopupa consists of six species and has a peri-Tyrrhenian distribution; most of the species have a very narrow range and all of them except one (Solatopupa cianensis, which inhabits porphyritic rocks) are strictly bound to calcareous substrates. One species (Solatopupa gidoni) is limited to Sardinia, Corsica, and Elba Island. Because the potential for dispersal of these snails is low, the insular range of this species has been traditionally related to the Oligocenic detachment of the Sardinia-Corsica microplate from the Iberian plate and its subsequent rotation towards the Italian peninsula. In this Study, we used sequences of three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus. Our phylogenetic results are consistent with the genetic relationships found using allozymes, but contrast with the phylogenetic hypotheses based on karyology and morphology. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the main cladogenetic events in the genus occurred between the middle Miocene and the middle-late Pliocene. Patterns of phylogenetic relationships and geological considerations suggest that the cladogenesis of the genus can be explained by vicariant (tectonic) processes. Our datings do not support a causal relation between the split of S. guidoni from its continental sister taxon and the initial phases of the detachment of the Corsica-Sardinia microplate from the mainland. On the contrary, time estimates coincide with the very last phase of detachment of the microplate (from 5 to 3 Myrs ago). Overall, our molecular clock estimates are in good agreement with the latest geological views on the tectonic evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian area.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10557903
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.008
SN  - 1055-7903
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kappe, Philip
A1  - Menzel, Ralf
A1  - Ostermeyer, Martin
T1  - Analysis of the temporal and spectral output properties of a mode-locked and Q-switched laser oscillator with a nonlinear mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering
N2  - The emission dynamics of a mode-locked laser oscillator with a nonlinear mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been investigated with regard to its spectrum and to its intensity distribution. The investigation was carried out experimentally as well as by numerical simulations. The laser yields trains of pulses with measured durations of 410 ps and energies of the single pulse of up to 2 mJ. Two theoretical models describing the complex emission dynamics of a mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator are introduced. The first model consists of spectrally resolved laser rate equations and thus describes the mode locking in the frequency domain by the superposition of the longitudinal resonator modes. The SBS-Q-switch is incorporated by a phenomenological description of the time dependent SBS reflectivity. Numerical simulations based on this model yield the evolution of a few 100 longitudinal laser modes and the corresponding intensity distribution during the course of a Q-switch pulse with 10-ps resolution. The influences of the different components on the spectrum and thus on the pulse duration will be discussed. The second model describes all occurring dynamics in the time domain providing easy access to the study of misalignment on the output dynamics. Results of numerical simulations of both models and measurement results are compared
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pra.aps.org/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/Physreva.74.013809
SN  - 1050-2947
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jürgensen, Helmut
A1  - Konstantinidis, Stavros
T1  - (Near-)inverses of sequences
N2  - We introduce the notion of a near-inverse of a non-decreasing sequence of positive integers; near-inverses are intended to assume the role of inverses in cases when the latter cannot exist. We prove that the near-inverse of such a sequence is unique; moreover, the relation of being near-inverses of each other is symmetric, i.e. if sequence g is the near-inverse of sequence f, then f is the near-inverse of g. There is a connection, by approximations, between near- inverses of sequences and inverses of continuous strictly increasing real-valued functions which can be exploited to derive simple expressions for near-inverses
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=journal&issn=0020-7160
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/00207160500537801
SN  - 0020-7160
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jessel, Beate
T1  - Elements, characteristics and character : information functions of landscapes in terms of indicators
N2  - When monitoring landscape changes, the visual landscape should also be considered. This pertains to the information function of ecosystems and landscapes that refers to environmental structure and its function for satisfying needs. These needs of human perception include a certain equipment of landscape with stimuli, spatial orientation, as well as aesthetical-emotional needs. However, previous approaches of environment monitoring and registration of landscape changes exclusively focus on the ecosystem; aesthetic and structural characteristics are evalu-ated, if at all, only via easily quantifiable variables in a data oriented manner that illustrates the diversity of individual landscape elements without theoretically grounding them based on general hypotheses and a theoretical concept. Based on results from perception research and information theory, therefore, a method for registering the visual landscape on different complexity levels was developed. This includes: Elements (i.e. "element level"), that is the description of the different types of land use and structure elements within a landscape unit. Furthermore, under these elements a variety of manifestations are also subsumed such as small spatial dimensional relations, as well as individual synesthetic perceptions (noise, smells);
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1470160X
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.08.009
SN  - 1470-160X
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reichard, Christoph
T1  - Local government reforms in Europe : a mini symposium
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.metapress.com/link.asp?id=104725
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030500518618
SN  - 1471-9037
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hossner, Ernst-Joachim
A1  - Hegele, Matthias C.
A1  - Erlacher, Daniel
A1  - Ehrlenspiel, Felix
T1  - Dimensions of distality : Spatial, temporal, and perceptual features of attentional control
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://journals.humankinetics.com/jsep-contents
SN  - 0895-2779
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hörnig, Robin
A1  - Weskott, Thomas
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Fanselow, Gisbert
T1  - Word order variation in spatial descriptions with adverbs
N2  - Previous research has shown that in a three-term spatial reasoning task, the second premise of a German premise pair is especially easy to comprehend if (1) the prepositional object rather than the grammatical subject denotes the given entity, and if (2) the term denoting the given entity precedes the term denoting the new entity. Accordingly, the second premise is easiest to comprehend with noncanonical word order-that is, with the prepositional object in preverbal position denoting the given entity (e.g., To the right of the given object is the new subject). This finding is explained in terms of contextual licensing of noncanonical word order. Here, we discuss and tested two alternative accounts of contextual licensing, given-new and partially ordered set relations (Poset). The given-new account claims that noncanonical word order is licensed by the term denoting the given entity preceding the term denoting the new entity. On the Poset account, noncanonical word order is licensed if the preverbal constituent introduces a new entity that stands in a transitive, irreflexive, and asymmetric relation to a given entity. Comprehension times for second premises with spatial adverbs in four different word orders support both accounts of contextual licensing; Poset licensing was stronger than given-new licensing.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/0090-502x/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193264
SN  - 0090-502X
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
T1  - Palaeo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50,000 years
N2  - The late-Quaternary climate history of monsoonal Central Asia was inferred from 75 palaeoclimatic records which provide information about moisture conditions in the last 50 ka (or part of this period). Wet conditions occurred during middle and late Marine Isotope Stage 3, while the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was characterized by dry climate conditions in the region. A stepwise climate amelioration is suggested by the climate records following the LGM. Several climate signals of this period, which were reported from high-latitude ice core records, are preserved in archives from monsoonal Central Asia as well. During the early Holocene, high effective moisture was inferred from most records from the area dominated by the Indian Monsoon (e.g. the Tibetan Plateau) suggesting that Holocene optimal climate conditions occurred there during this period. In contrast, areas which are dominated by the South-East Asian monsoon (SE Monsoon) and the Westerlies (in north-western and north-central China, Mongolia) do not uniformly show an early Holocene climate optimum. For this area optimal conditions prevailed during the mid-Holocene. These apparent contradictions can possibly be explained by the regional uplift and descent of air masses in the Holocene. During the early Holocene, strengthened insolation possibly caused an enhanced low-level convergence over the Tibetan Plateau which led to the intensification of the summer monsoon. The strong air uplift caused intensified precipitation and air divergence in the upper troposphere over the Tibetan Plateau. The areas adjacent to the north therefore experienced an intensified descent of air masses and consequently increased aridity. The majority of the palaeoclimatic records suggest reduced effective moisture since the late Holocene in the region.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02773791
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.006
SN  - 0277-3791
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Henneberg, Oliver
A1  - Pietsch, Ullrich
A1  - Panzner, Tobias
A1  - Geue, Thomas
A1  - Finkelstein, Kenneth D.
T1  - Simultaneous X-ray and visible light diffraction for the investigation of surface relief and density grating formation in azobenzene containing polymer films
N2  - The development of surface relief and density patterns in azobenzene polymer films was studied by diffraction at two different wavelengths. We used x-ray diffraction of synchrotron radiation at 0.124 nm in combination with visible light diffraction at a wavelength of 633 nm. In contrast to visible light scattering x-ray diffraction allows the separation of a surface relief and a density grating contribution due to the different functional dependence of the scattering power. Additionally, the x-ray probe is most sensitive for the onset of the surface grating formation
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713644168~db=all
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/15421400500383345
SN  - 1542-1406
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Petru, Martina
A1  - Tielbörger, Katja
A1  - Belkin, Ruthie
A1  - Sternberg, Marcelo
A1  - Jeltsch, Florian
T1  - Life history variation in an annual plant under two opposing environmental constraints along an aridity gradient
N2  - Environmental gradients represent an ideal framework for studying adaptive variation in the life history of plant species. However, on very steep gradients, largely contrasting conditions at the two gradient ends often limit the distribution of the same species across the whole range of environmental conditions. Here, we study phenotypic variation in a winter annual crucifer Biscutella didyma persisting along a steep gradient of increasing rainfall in Israel. In particular, we explored whether the life history at the arid end of the gradient indicates adaptations to drought and unpredictable conditions, while adaptations to the highly competitive environment prevail at the mesic Mediterranean end. We examined several morphological and reproductive traits in four natural populations and in populations cultivated in standard common environment. Plants from arid environments were faster in phenological development, more branched in architecture and tended to maximize reproduction, while the Mediterranean plants invested mainly in vertical vegetative growth. Differences between cultivation and field in diaspore production were very large for arid populations as opposed to Mediterranean ones, indicating a larger potential to increase reproduction under favorable conditions. Our overall findings indicate two strongly opposing selective forces at the two extremes of the aridity gradient, which result in contrasting strategies within the studied annual plant species
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117966123/home
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04310.x
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Halfar, Jochen
A1  - Godinez-Orta, Lucio
A1  - Mutti, Maria
A1  - Valdez-Holguin, Jose Eduardo
A1  - Borges, Jose M.
T1  - Carbonates calibrated against oceanographic parameters along a latitudinal transect in the Gulf of California, Mexico
N2  - Trophic resources are an important control governing carbonate production. Though this importance has long been recognized, no calibration exists to quantitatively compare biogenic assemblages within trophic resource fields. This study presents a field calibration of carbonate producers in a range of settings against high-resolution in situ measurements of nutrients, temperature and salinity. With its latitudinal extent from 30 degrees to 23 degrees N, the Gulf of California, Mexico, spans the warm-temperate realm and encompasses nutrient regimes from oligo-mesotrophic in the south to eutrophic in the north. Accordingly, from south to north carbonates are characterized by: (i) coral- dominated shallow carbonate factories (5-20 m water depth) with average sea-surface temperatures of 25 degrees C (min. 18 degrees C, max. 31 degrees C), average salinities of 35.06 parts per thousand and average chlorophyll a levels, which are a proxy for nutrients, of 0.25 mg Chl a m(-3) (max. 0.48, min. 0.1). (ii) Red algal-dominated subtidal to inner- shelf carbonate formation (10-25 m) in the central Gulf of California exhibiting average temperatures of 23 degrees C (min. 18 degrees C, max. 30 degrees C), average salinities of 35.25 parts per thousand, and average Chl a levels of 0.71 Chl a m(-3) (max. 5.62, min. 0). (iii) Molluskan bryozoan-rich inner to outer shelf factories in the northern Gulf of California (20-50 m) with average sea surface temperatures of only 20 degrees C (min. 13 degrees C, max 29 degrees C), average salinities of 35.01 parts per thousand, and average contents of 2.2 mg Chl a m(-3) (max. 8.38, min. 0). By calibrating sedimentological data with in situ measured oceanographic information in different environments, the response of carbonate producers to environmental parameters was established and extrapolated to carbonates on a global scale. The results demonstrate the importance of recognizing and quantifying trophic resources as a dominant control determining the biogenic composition and facies character of both modern and fossil carbonates
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0037-0746
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2005.00766.x
SN  - 0037-0746
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gozolchiani, Avi
A1  - Moshel, Shay
A1  - Hausdorff, Jeffrey M.
A1  - Simon, Ely
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Havlin, Shlomo
T1  - Decaying of phase synchronization in parkinsonian tremor
N2  - We describe effects of the asymmetry of cycles and non-stationarity in time series on the phase synchronization method which may lead to artifacts. We develop a modified method that overcomes these effects and apply it to study parkinsonian tremor. Our results indicate that there is synchronization between two different hands and provide information about the time delay separating their dynamics. These findings suggest that this method may be useful for detecting and quantifying weak synchronization between two non-stationary signals.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03784371
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.10.033
SN  - 0378-4371
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gaedke, Ursula
A1  - Kamjunke, Norbert
T1  - Structural and functional properties of low- and high-diversity planktonic food webs
N2  - To test the consequences of decreased diversity and exclusion of keystone species, we compared the planktonic food webs in two acidic (pH <= 3), species-poor mining lakes with those in two species-rich, neutral lakes. The ratio of heterotrophic to autotrophic biomass (HIA) was similar in acidic and neutral lakes with comparable productivity. However, food webs in both acidic lakes were largely restricted to two trophic levels in contrast to the four levels found in neutral lakes. This restriction in food chain length was attributed to the absence of efficient secondary consumers, rather than to productivity or lake size which resulted in unusually low predator-prey weight ratios, with small top predators hardly exceeding their pry in size. In contrast to the neutral lakes, plankton biomass size spectra of acidic lakes were discontinuous due to a lack of major functional groups. The unique size-dependence of feeding modes in pelagic food webs, with bacteria in the smallest size classes followed by autotrophs, herbivores and carnivores, was maintained for bacteria but the other feeding modes strongly overlapped in size. Thus, their characteristic succession along the size gradient was roughly preserved under extreme conditions but the flow of energy along the size gradient was truncated in the acidic lakes. For most but not all attributes studied, differences were larger between acidic and neutral lakes than between neutral lakes of different trophic state
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fb1003
SN  - 0142-7873
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fleschhut, Jens
A1  - Kratzer, Frank
A1  - Rechkemmer, Gerhard
A1  - Kulling, Sabine E.
T1  - Stability and biotransformation of various dietary anthocyanins in vitro
N2  - Background Anthocyanins, which are found in high concentrations in fruit and vegetable, may play a beneficial role in retarding or reversing the course of chronic degenerative diseases. However, little is known about the biotransformation and the metabolism of anthocyanins so far. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to investigate possible transformation pathways of anthocyanins by human faecal microflora and by rat liver microsomes as a source of cytochrome P450 enzymes as well as of glucuronyltransferases. Methods Pure anthocyanins, an aqueous extract of red radish as well as the assumed degradation products were incubated with human faecal suspension. The incubation mixtures were purified by solid-phase extraction and analysed by HPLC/DAD/MS and GC/MS. Quantification was done by the external standard method. Furthermore the biotransformation of anthocyanins by incubation with rat liver microsomes in the presence of the cofactor NADPH (as a model for the phase I oxidation) and in the presence of activated glucuronic acid (as a model for the phase II glucuronidation) was investigated. Results Glycosylated and acylated anthocyanins were rapidly degraded by the intestinal microflora after anaerobic incubation with a human faecal suspension. The major stable products of anthocyanin degradation are the corresponding phenolic acids derived from the B-ring of the anthocyanin skeleton. Anthocyanins were not metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, neither hydroxylated nor demethylated. However they were glucuronidated by rat liver microsomes to several products. Conclusions The gut microflora seem to play an important role in the biotransformation of anthocyanins. A rapid degradation could be one major reason for the poor bioavailability of anthocyanins in pharmacokinetic studies described so far in the literature. The formation of phenolic acids as the major stable degradation products gives an important hint to the fate of anthocyanins in vivo
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/103683
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-005-0557-8
SN  - 1436-6207
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Engelhard, Sonja
A1  - Kumke, Michael Uwe
A1  - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd
T1  - Examples of the application of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) to beer brewing and polyurethane foaming processes
N2  - Optical methods play an important role in process analytical technologies (PAT). Four examples of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) are presented, which are based on three important experimental techniques: near- infrared absorption, luminescence quenching, and a novel method, photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy. These are used to evaluate four process and quality parameters related to beer brewing and polyurethane (PU) foaming processes: the ethanol content and the oxygen (O-2) content in beer, the biomass in a bioreactor, and the cellular structures of PU foam produced in a pilot production plant
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100417
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-3364-4
SN  - 1618-2642
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Domahs, Frank
A1  - Bartha, Lisa
A1  - Lochy, Aliette
A1  - Benke, Thomas
A1  - Delazer, Margarette
T1  - Number words are special : evidence from a case of primary progressive aphasia
N2  - We present a patient with primary progressive aphasia who showed no problems dealing with a variety of semantic tasks for simple nouns and numerical material. However, massive impairments became apparent in all lexical input and output tasks for non-number words, whereas peripheral processing was demonstrated to be intact. Interestingly, no parallel impairment was observed for numerals. This is the first case study reporting an isolated sparing of number words at the level of lexical processing in all four modalities.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09116044
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2005.07.001
SN  - 0911-6044
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dambacher, Michael
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Hofmann, Markus
A1  - Jacobs, Arthur M.
T1  - Frequency and predictability effects on event-related potentials during reading
N2  - Effects of frequency, predictability, and position of words on event-related potentials were assessed during word-by-word sentence reading in 48 subjects in an early and in a late time window corresponding to P200 and N400. Repeated measures multiple regression analyses revealed a P200 effect in the high-frequency range also the P200 was larger on words at the beginning and end of sentences than on words in the middle of sentences (i.e., a quadratic effect of word position). Predictability strongly affected the N400 component; the effect was stronger for low than for high- frequency words. The P200 frequency effect indicates that high-frequency words are lexically accessed very fast, independent of context information. Effects on the N400 suggest that predictability strongly moderates the late access especially of low-frequency words. Thus, contextual facilitation on the N400 appears to reflect both lexical and post- lexical stages of word recognition, questioning a strict classification into lexical and post-lexical processes.
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00068993
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.010
SN  - 0006-8993
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Orgzall, Ingo
A1  - Franco, Olga
A1  - Schulz, Burkhard
T1  - High pressure structural investigations of 2,5-di(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole - importance of strain studies for the description of intermolecular interactions
N2  - Results of a high pressure x-ray study of 2,5-di(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole up to 2.5 GPa are presented and discussed. Parameters for the Murnaghan equation of state are derived. The bulk modulus amounts to K-0 = 4.6 +/- 0.3 GPa and its pressure derivative to K-0' = 7.4 +/- 0.6. These values are comparable to values of other diphenyl-1,3,4- oxadiazoles. The anisotropy of the compression is analysed using the strain tensor and discussed based on the anisotropy of the intermolecular interactions
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-8984
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/18/23/001
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Coutand, Isabelle
A1  - Carrapa, Barbara
A1  - Deeken, Anke
A1  - Schmitt, Axel K.
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Propagation of orographic barriers along an active range front : insights from sandstone petrography and detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology in the intramontane Angastaco basin, NW Argentina
N2  - The arid Puna plateau of the southern Central Andes is characterized by Cenozoic distributed shortening forming intramontane basins that are disconnected from the humid foreland because of the defeat of orogen-traversing channels. Thick Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary fills in Puna basins have reduced topographic contrasts between the compressional basins and ranges, leading to a typical low-relief plateau morphology. Structurally identical basins that are still externally drained straddle the eastern border of the Puna and document the eastward propagation of orographic barriers and ensuing aridification. One of them, the Angastaco basin, is transitional between the highly compartmentalized Puna highlands and the undeformed Andean foreland. Sandstone petrography, structural and stratigraphic analysis, combined with detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology from a similar to 6200-m-thick Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphic section in the Angastaco basin, document the late Eocene to late Pliocene exhumation history of source regions along the eastern border of the Puna (Eastern Cordillera (EC)) as well as the construction of orographic barriers along the southeastern flank of the Central Andes. Onset of exhumation of a source in the EC in late Eocene time as well as a rapid exhumation of the Sierra de Luracatao (in the EC) at about 20 Ma are recorded in the detrital sediments of the Angastaco basin. Sediment accumulation in the basin began similar to 15 Ma, a time at which the EC had already built sufficient topography to prevent Puna sourced detritus from reaching the basin. After similar to 13 Ma, shortening shifted eastward, exhuming ranges that preserve an apatite fission-track partial annealing zone recording cooling during the late Cretaceous rifting event. Facies changes and fossil content suggest that after 9 Ma, the EC constituted an effective orographic barrier that prevented moisture penetration into the plateau. Between 3.4 and 2.4 Ma, another orographic barrier was uplifted to the east, leading to further aridification and pronounced precipitation gradients along the mountain front. This study emphasizes the important role of tectonics in the evolution of climate in this part of the Andes
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0950-091X
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00283.x
SN  - 0950-091X
ER  -