TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Xiangdong D. A1 - Reger, Guido T1 - The role of technology in the investment of German firms in China N2 - China, as being the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) host country in the world and the leading developing country in terms of volume of FDI inflows, has been increasingly attracting international attention from companies and policy makers. As more and more German manufacturing companies move into China, the investment is becoming larger in size and of higher quality. In the meantime, issues of the motives and nature of German FDI in China and related technological activities are developed to a more important topic for both Chinese and overseas researchers. This paper aims at the analysis and explanation of FDI movement driven by German companies in China and the role of technology hereby. Our research includes a literature review, a database analysis and a mail survey on German firms investing in China. Different indicators suggest that the motives for German FDI are long-term based and are deeply market-oriented, which can be characterised through seeking new markets and enlarging market shares. Technology transfer is therefore mainly dedicated to production and managerial facilities. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01664972 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.009 SN - 0166-4972 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huber, Veronika A1 - Gaedke, Ursula T1 - The role of predation for seasonal variability patterns among phytoplankton and ciliates N2 - Investigating the mechanisms which underlie the biomass fluctuations of populations and communities is important to better understand the processes which buffer community biomass in a variable environment. Based on long- term data of plankton biomass in Lake Constance (Bodensee), this study aims at explaining the different degree of synchrony among populations observed within two freshwater plankton groups, phytoplankton and ciliates. Established measures of temporal variability such as the variance ratio and cross-correlation coefficients were combined with first- order autoregressive models that allow estimating species interactions from time-series data. We found that predation was an important driver of the observed seasonal variability patterns in phytoplankton and ciliates, and that competitive interactions only played a subordinate role. In Lake Constance copepods and cladocerans, two major invertebrate predator groups, focus their grazing pressure at different times of the season. Model results suggested that compensatory dynamics detected in phytoplankton originate from the differential vulnerability of species to either one of these two predator groups. For ciliates model results advocated that synchrony among species occurs because ciliates tend to be vulnerable to both predator groups. Our findings underline the necessity of extending studies of community variability to multiple trophic levels because accounting for predator-prey interactions may often be more important than accounting for competitive interactions at one trophic level Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=0030-1299 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14753.x SN - 0030-1299 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dominis, Dijana T1 - The role of binary stars in searches for extrasolar planets by microlensing and astrometry T1 - Die Rolle der Doppelsterne bei der Suche nach extrasolaren Planeten durch Mikrogravitationslinseneffekte und Astrometrie N2 - When Galactic microlensing events of stars are observed, one usually measures a symmetric light curve corresponding to a single lens, or an asymmetric light curve, often with caustic crossings, in the case of a binary lens system. In principle, the fraction of binary stars at a certain separation range can be estimated based on the number of measured microlensing events. However, a binary system may produce a light curve which can be fitted well as a single lens light curve, in particullary if the data sampling is poor and the errorbars are large. We investigate what fraction of microlensing events produced by binary stars for different separations may be well fitted by and hence misinterpreted as single lens events for various observational conditions. We find that this fraction strongly depends on the separation of the binary components, reaching its minimum at between 0.6 and 1.0 Einstein radius, where it is still of the order of 5% The Einstein radius is corresponding to few A.U. for typical Galactic microlensing scenarios. The rate for misinterpretation is higher for short microlensing events lasting up to few months and events with smaller maximum amplification. For fixed separation it increases for binaries with more extreme mass ratios. Problem of degeneracy in photometric light curve solution between binary lens and binary source microlensing events was studied on simulated data, and data observed by the PLANET collaboration. The fitting code BISCO using the PIKAIA genetic algorithm optimizing routine was written for optimizing binary-source microlensing light curves observed at different sites, in I, R and V photometric bands. Tests on simulated microlensing light curves show that BISCO is successful in finding the solution to a binary-source event in a very wide parameter space. Flux ratio method is suggested in this work for breaking degeneracy between binary-lens and binary-source photometric light curves. Models show that only a few additional data points in photometric V band, together with a full light curve in I band, will enable breaking the degeneracy. Very good data quality and dense data sampling, combined with accurate binary lens and binary source modeling, yielded the discovery of the lowest-mass planet discovered outside of the Solar System so far, OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, having only 5.5 Earth masses. This was the first observed microlensing event in which the degeneracy between a planetary binary-lens and an extreme flux ratio binary-source model has been successfully broken. For events OGLE-2003-BLG-222 and OGLE-2004-BLG-347, the degeneracy was encountered despite of very dense data sampling. From light curve modeling and stellar evolution theory, there was a slight preference to explain OGLE-2003-BLG-222 as a binary source event, and OGLE-2004-BLG-347 as a binary lens event. However, without spectra, this degeneracy cannot be fully broken. No planet was found so far around a white dwarf, though it is believed that Jovian planets should survive the late stages of stellar evolution, and that white dwarfs will retain planetary systems in wide orbits. We want to perform high precision astrometric observations of nearby white dwarfs in wide binary systems with red dwarfs in order to find planets around white dwarfs. We selected a sample of observing targets (WD-RD binary systems, not published yet), which can possibly have planets around the WD component, and modeled synthetic astrometric orbits which can be observed for these targets using existing and future astrometric facilities. Modeling was performed for the astrometric accuracy of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mas, separation between WD and planet of 3 and 5 A.U., binary system separation of 30 A.U., planet masses of 10 Earth masses, 1 and 10 Jupiter masses, WD mass of 0.5M and 1.0 Solar masses, and distances to the system of 10, 20 and 30 pc. It was found that the PRIMA facility at the VLTI will be able to detect planets around white dwarfs once it is operating, by measuring the astrometric wobble of the WD due to a planet companion, down to 1 Jupiter mass. We show for the simulated observations that it is possible to model the orbits and find the parameters describing the potential planetary systems. N2 - Bei von Sternen verursachten Mikrolinsen-Ereignissen beobachtet man meist symmetrische Lichtkurven einer einzelnen Linse oder asymmetrische Lichtkurven (oftmals mit Kaustik-Crossing), die durch Doppel-Linsen hervorgerufen werden. Im Prinzip kann aus der Zahl der gemessenen unsymmetrischen Ereignisse der Anteil der Doppelstern-Systeme in Abhängigkeit vom Winkelabstand abgeschätzt werden. Allerdings kann auch ein Doppelsystem Lichtkurven erzeugen, die gut mit einer Einzellinsen-Lichtkurve gefittet werden können. Die gilt insbesondere bei lückenhafter Messung oder grossen Messfehlern. In dieser Arbeit wird für verschiedene Beobachtungsbedingungen untersucht, wie häufig Lichtkurven, die von Doppellinsen mit unterschiedlichen Abständen erzeugt werden, gut mit Einzellinsen-Lichtkurven gefittet werden können und damit fehlinterpretiert werden. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass der Anteil fehlinterpretierter Lichtkurven stark von der Separation der Komponenten abhängig ist: das Minimum liegt zwischen 2 A.E. and 5 A.E. , wobei der Anteil immer noch 5% beträgt. Die Rate der Fehlinterpretationen ist höher für kurze Mikrolinsen-Ereignisse (bis zu wenigen Monaten) und für Ereignisse mit geringer Maximalverstärkung. Bei gleicher Separation steigt die Rate mit extremeren Massenverhältnissen an. Das Problem der Degenerierung zwischen den Lichtkurven für doppelte Linsensysteme und doppelte Hintergrund-Quellen wurde anhand simulierter Daten und mit Beobachtungsdaten des PLANET Projekts untersucht. Der Fit-Code BISCO, der den genetischen Algorithmus PIKAIA nutzt, wurde geschrieben, um Doppel-Linsen Lichtkurven, die von verschiedenen Observatorien in den photometrischen Bändern I, B, und V gemessen wurden, zu modellieren. Tests mit simulierten Daten haben gezeigt, dass BISCO in der Lage ist, in einem sehr weiten Parameterbereich die korrekte Lösung für die Lichtkurve einer Doppel-Linsen zu finden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Flussverhältnis-Methode empfohlen, um die Degenerierung zwischen Doppel-Linse und Doppel-Quelle aufzulösen. Modellierungen zeigen, dass nur wenige zusätzliche Datenpunkte im V-Band genügen, um zusammen mit einer vollständigen Lichtkurve im I-Band die Degenerierung aufzubrechen. Mit sehr guter Datenqualität und zeitlich dichten Messungen, kombiniert mit genauer Modellierung von Doppel-Linsen und Doppel-Quellen, gelang die Entdeckung des bisher masseärmsten Planeten ausserhalb des Sonnensystems: OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, mit nur 5.5 Erdmassen. Dies war das erste Mikrolinsen-Ereignis, bei dem die Degenerierung zwischen plantarer Doppel-Linse und einer Doppel-Quelle mit extremem Flussverhältnis erfolgreich aufgelöst wurde. Für die Ereignisse OGLE-2003-BLG-222 und OGLE-2004-BLG-347 besteht die Degenerierung trotz sehr dichter Messungen. Aufgrund der Lichtkurvenmodellierung und Argumenten aus der Theorie der Sternentwicklung ist die Erklärung von OGLE-2003-BLG-222 als Doppel-Quelle und OGLE-2004-BLG-347 als Doppel-Linsen Ereignis vorzuziehen. Allerdings kann die Degenerierung ohne spektrale Daten nicht vollständig aufgelöst werden. Bisher wurde kein Planet als Begleiter eines Weissen Zwerges gefunden, obwohl es möglich sein sollte, dass jupiterähnliche Planeten die Spätstadien der Sternentwicklung überleben und dass sich Weisse Zwerge Planetensysteme mit weiten Umlaufbahnen erhalten können. Wir planen hochgenaue astrometrische Beobachtungen von nahen Weissen Zwergen in weiten Doppelsystemen, um Planeten um Weisse Zwerge zu finden. Wir haben eine Stichprobe von Systemen zusammengestellt, in denen möglicherweise Planeten gefunden werden könnten. Wir haben synthetische astrometrische Orbits modelliert, die für diese Systeme mit existierenden und zukünftigen astrometrischen Instrumenten beobachtbar sind. Die Modellierungen wurden für astrometrische Genauigkeiten von 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 Mikrobogensekunden gerechnet. Als Abstände zwischen weissem Zwerg und Planet wurden 3, 5 und 10 Astronomische Einheiten angenommen, für den Abstand zwischen den Doppelsternkomponenten 30 A.E. Als Planetenmassen wurden 10 Erdmassen, bzw. 1 und 10 Jupitermassen gewählt, als Masse für den weissen Zwerg 0.5 und 1.0 Sonnenmassen. Die Distanzen zum System betragen 10 und 20 parsec. Als Resultat dieser Untersuchung wurde herausgefunden, dass das PRIMA Instrument am VLTI in der Lage sein wird, die astrometrischen Oszillationen, die ein Planet ab einer Jupitermasse verursacht, zu detektieren. Wir zeigen, dass es möglich sein wird, die Umlaufbahnen solcher Planeten zu modellieren und damit die Parameter dieser Planetensysteme zu bestimmen. KW - Mikrogravitationslinseneffekt KW - Astrometrie KW - Extrasolare Planeten KW - Microlensing KW - astrometry KW - extrasolar planets Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10814 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Harlov, Daniel E. A1 - Johansson, L. A1 - Van Den Kerkhof, A. A1 - Förster, Hans-Jürgen T1 - The role of advective fluid flow and diffusion during localized, solid-state dehydration : Sondrum Stenhuggeriet, Halmstad, SW Sweden N2 - A localized dehydration zone, Sondrum stone quarry, Halmstad, SW Sweden, consists of a central, 1 m wide granitic pegmatoid dyke, on either side of which extends a 2.5-3 m wide dehydration zone (650-700 degrees C; 800 MPa; orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-biotite-amphibole-garnet) overprinting a local migmatized granitic gneiss (amphibole-biotite- garnet). Whole-rock chemistry indicates that dehydration of the granitic gneiss was predominantly isochemical. Exceptions include [Y + heavy rare earth elements (HREE)], Ba, Sr, and F, which are markedly depleted throughout the dehydration zone. Systematic trends in the silicate and fluorapatite mineral chemistry across the dehydration zone include depletion in Fe, (Y + HREE), Na, K, F, and Cl, and enrichment in Mg, Mn, Ca, and Ti. Fluid inclusion chemistry is similar in all three zones and indicates the presence of a fluid containing CO2, NaCl, and H2O components. Water activities in the dehydration zone average 0.36, or XH2O = 0.25. All lines of evidence suggest that the formation of the dehydration zone was due to advective transport of a CO2-rich fluid with a minor NaCl brine component originating from a tectonic fracture. Fluid infiltration resulted in the localized partial breakdown of biotite and amphiboles to pyroxenes releasing Ti and Ca, which were partitioned into the remaining biotite and amphibole, as well as uniform depletion in (Y + HREE), Ba, Sr, Cl, and F. At some later stage, H2O-rich fluids (H2O activity > 0.8) gave rise to localized partial melting and the probable injection of a granitic melt into the tectonic fracture, which resulted in the biotite and amphibole recording a diffusion profile for F across the dehydration zone into the granitic gneiss as well as a diffusion profile in Fe, Mn, and Mg for all Fe-Mg silicate minerals within 100 cm of the pegmatoid dyke Y1 - 2006 SN - 0022-3530 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Dana T1 - The representation of numbers in space : a journey along the mental number line T1 - Die Repräsentation von Zahlen im Raum : eine Reise entlang des mentalen Zahlenstrahls N2 - The present thesis deals with the mental representation of numbers in space. Generally it is assumed that numbers are mentally represented on a mental number line along which they ordered in a continuous and analogical manner. Dehaene, Bossini and Giraux (1993) found that the mental number line is spatially oriented from left-to-right. Using a parity-judgment task they observed faster left-hand responses for smaller numbers and faster right-hand responses for larger numbers. This effect has been labelled as Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect. The first study of the present thesis deals with the question whether the spatial orientation of the mental number line derives from the writing system participants are adapted to. According to a strong ontogenetic interpretation the SNARC effect should only obtain for effectors closely related to the comprehension and production of written language (hands and eyes). We asked participants to indicate the parity status of digits by pressing a pedal with their left or right foot. In contrast to the strong ontogenetic view we observed a pedal SNARC effect which did not differ from the manual SNARC effect. In the second study we evaluated whether the SNARC effect reflects an association of numbers and extracorporal space or an association of numbers and hands. To do so we varied the spatial arrangement of the response buttons (vertical vs. horizontal) and the instruction (handrelated vs. button-related). For vertically arranged buttons and a buttonrelated instruction we found a button-related SNARC effect. In contrast, for a hand-related instruction we obtained a hand-related SNARC effect. For horizontally arranged buttons and a handrelated instruction, however, we found a buttonrelated SNARC effect. The results of the first to studies were interpreted in terms of weak ontogenetic view. In the third study we aimed to examine the functional locus of the SNARC effect. We used the psychological refractory period paradigm. In the first experiment participants first indicated the pitch of a tone and then the parity status of a digit (locus-of-slack paradigma). In a second experiment the order of stimulus presentation and thus tasks changed (effect-propagation paradigm). The results led us conclude that the SNARC effect arises while the response is centrally selected. In our fourth study we test for an association of numbers and time. We asked participants to compare two serially presented digits. Participants were faster to compare ascending digit pairs (e.g., 2-3) than descending pairs (e.g., 3-2). The pattern of our results was interpreted in terms of forwardassociations (“1-2-3”) as formed by our ubiquitous cognitive routines to count of objects or events. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der räumlichen Repräsentation von Zahlen. Generell wird angenommen, dass Zahlen in einer kontinuierlichen und analogen Art und Weise auf einem mentalen Zahlenstrahl repräsentiert werden. Dehaene, Bossini und Giraux (1993) zeigten, dass der mentale Zahlenstrahl eine räumliche Orientierung von links-nach-rechts aufweist. In einer Paritätsaufgabe fanden sie schnellere Links-hand Antworten auf kleine Zahlen und schnellere Rechts-hand Antworten auf große Zahlen. Dieser Effekt wurde Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) Effekt genannt. In der ersten Studie der vorliegenden Arbeit ging es um den Einfluss der Schriftrichtung auf den SNARC Effekt. Eine strenge ontogenetische Sichtweise sagt vorher, dass der SNARC Effekt nur mit Effektoren, die unmittelbar in die Produktion und das Verstehen von Schriftsprache involviert sind, auftreten sollte (Hände und Augen). Um dies zu überprüfen, forderten wir Versuchspersonen auf, die Parität dargestellter Ziffern durch Tastendruck mit ihrem rechten oder linken Fuß anzuzeigen. Entgegen der strengen ontogenetischen Hypothese fanden wir den SNARC Effekt auch für Fußantworten, welcher sich in seiner Charakteristik nicht von dem manuellen SNARC Effekt unterschied. In der zweiten Studie gingen wir der Frage nach, ob dem SNARC Effekt eine Assoziation des nicht-körperbezogenen Raumes und Zahlen oder der Hände und Zahlen zugrunde liegt. Um dies zu untersuchen, variierten wir die räumliche Orientierung der Tasten zueinander (vertikal vs. horizontal) als auch die Instruktionen (hand-bezogen vs. knopf-bezogen). Bei einer vertikalen Knopfanordnung und einer knopf-bezogenen Instruktion fanden wir einen knopfbezogenen SNARC Effekt. Bei einer hand-bezogenen Instruktion fanden wir einen hand-bezogenen SNARC Effekt. Mit horizontal angeordneten Knöpfen gab es unabhängig von der Instruktion einen knopf-bezogenen SNARC Effekt. Die Ergebnisse dieser beiden ersten Studien wurden im Sinne einer schwachen ontogenetischen Sichtweise interpretiert. In der dritten Studie befassten wir uns mit dem funktionalen Ursprung des SNARC Effekts. Hierfür nutzten wir das Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) Paradigma. In einem ersten Experiment hörten Versuchspersonen zuerst einen Ton nach welchem eine Ziffer visuell präsentiert wurde (locus-of-slack Paradigma). In einem zweiten Experiment wurde die Reihenfolge der Stimuluspräsentation/Aufgaben umgedreht (effect-propagation Paradigma). Unsere Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass der SNARC Effekt während der zentralen Antwortselektion generiert wird. In unserer vierten Studie überprüften wir, ob Zahlen auch mit Zeit assoziiert werden. Wir forderten Versuchspersonen auf zwei seriell dargebotene Zahlen miteinander zu vergleichen. Versuchspersonen waren schneller zeitlich aufsteigende Zahlen (z.B. erst 2 dann 3) als zeitlich abfolgenden Zahlen (z.B. erst 3 dann 2) miteinander zu vergleichen. Unsere Ergebnisse wurden im Sinne unseres vorwärtsgerichteten Mechanismus des Zählens („1-2-3“) interpretiert. KW - numerische Kognition KW - mentaler Zahlenstrahl KW - SNARC Effekt KW - Numerical cognition KW - mental number line KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12949 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Harutjunjan, Gohar A1 - Schulze, Bert-Wolfgang T1 - The relative index for corner singularities N2 - We study pseudo-differential operators on a cylinder R x B where B has conical singularities. Configurations of that kind are the local model of corner singularities with cross section B. Operators in our calculus are assumed to have symbols a which are meromorphic in the complex covariable with values in the algebra of all cone operators on B. We show an explicit formula for solutions of the homogeneous equation if a is independent of the axial variable t is an element of R. Each non-bijectivity point of the symbol in the complex plane corresponds to a finite-dimensional space of solutions. Moreover, we give a relative index formula Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/300422 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00020-005-1367-3 SN - 0378-620X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitz, Michaela A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - The recognition of the prosodic focus position in German-Learning Infants from 4 to 14 Months Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitz, Michaela A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - The recognition of the prosodic focus position in German-learning infants from 4 to 14 months N2 - The aim of the present study was to elucidate in a study with 4-, 6-, 8-, and 14-month-old German-learning children, when and how they may acquire the regularities which underlie Focus-to-Stress Alignment (FSA) in the target language, that is, how prosody is associated with specific communicative functions. Our findings suggest, that 14-month-olds have already found out that German allows for variable focus positions, after having gone through a development which goes from a predominantly prosodically driven processing of the input to a processing where prosody interacts more and more with the growing lexical and syntactic knowledge of the child. KW - prosodic focus KW - HTP KW - infants Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19566 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Schmitz, Michaela A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - The recognition of discontinuous verbal dependencies by German 19-month-olds : evidence for lexical and structural influences on children’s early processing capacities N2 - Recent work has shown that English-learning 18-month-olds can detect the relationship between discontinuous morphemes such as is and -ing in Grandma is always running (Gomez, 2002; Santelmann & Jusczyk, 1998) but only at a maximum of 3 intervening syllables. In this article we examine the tracking of discontinuous dependencies in children acquiring German. Due to freer word order, German allows for greater distances between dependent elements and a greater syntactic variety of the intervening elements than English does. The aim of this study was to investigate whether factors other than distance may influence the child’s capacity to recognize discontinuous elements. Our findings provide evidence that children’s recognition capacities are affected not only by distance but also by their ability to linguistically analyze the material intervening between the dependent elements. We speculate that this result supports the existence of processing mechanisms that reduce a discontinuous relation to a local one based on subcategorization relations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 024 Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16297 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Schmitz, M. A1 - Santelmann, L. M. A1 - Weissenborn, Jürgen T1 - The recognition of discontinuous verbal dependencies by German 19-month-olds : evidence for lexical and structural influences on childrens early processing capacities Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Xianhua A1 - Xu, Mingyao T1 - The primitive permutation groups of degree 2(a)center dot 3(b) N2 - In this paper, we give a complete classification of all finite simple groups with maximal subgroups of index n, where n = 2(a)center dot 3b for a, b >= 1. As a consequence, for such n, all primitive permutation groups of degree n are given. The motivation of this work comes also from a study of Cayley graphs of certain valency on a finite simple group Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/101192 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00013-005-1494-8 SN - 0003-889X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konrad-Schmolke, Matthias A1 - Babist, Jochen A1 - Handy, Mark R. A1 - O'brien, Patrick J. T1 - The physico-chemical properties of a subducted slab from garnet zonation patterns (Sesia Zone, Western Alps) JF - Journal of petrology N2 - Garnets in continentally derived high-pressure (HP) rocks of the Sesia Zone (Western Alps) exhibit three different chemical zonation patterns, depending on sample locality. Comparison of observed garnet zonation patterns with thermodynamically modelled patterns shows that the different patterns are caused by differences in the water content of the subducted protoliths during prograde metamorphism. Zonation patterns of garnets in water-saturated host rocks show typical prograde chemical zonations with steadily increasing pyrope content and increasing XMg, together with bell-shaped spessartine patterns. In contrast, garnets in water-undersaturated rocks have more complex zonation patterns with a characteristic decrease in pyrope and XMg between core and inner rim. In some cases, garnets show an abrupt compositional change in core-to-rim profiles, possibly due to water-undersaturation prior to HP metamorphism. Garnets from both water-saturated and water-undersaturated rocks show signs of intervening growth interruptions and core resorption. This growth interruption results from bulk-rock depletion caused by fractional garnet crystallization. The water content during burial influences significantly the physical properties of the subducted rocks. Due to enhanced garnet crystallization, water-undersaturated rocks, i.e. those lacking a free fluid phase, become denser than their water-saturated equivalents, facilitating the subduction of continental material. Although water-bearing phases such as phengite and epidote are stable up to eclogite-facies conditions in these rocks, dehydration reactions during subduction are lacking in water-undersaturated rocks up to the transition to the eclogite facies, due to the thermodynamic stability of such hydrous phases at high P-T conditions. Our calculations show that garnet zonation patterns strongly depend on the mineral parageneses stable during garnet growth and that certain co-genetic mineral assemblages cause distinct garnet zonation patterns. This observation enables interpretation of complex garnet growth zonation patterns in terms of garnet-forming reactions and water content during HP metamorphism, as well determination of detailed P-T paths. KW - dehydration KW - high-pressure metamorphism KW - Sesia Zone KW - subduction KW - thermodynamic modelling Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl039 SN - 0022-3530 VL - 47 IS - 11 SP - 2123 EP - 2148 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Changphas, Thawhat T1 - The order of hypersubstitutions of type tau = (3) N2 - Hypersubstitutions were introduced in [3] as a way of making precise the concepts of hyperidentity and M- hyperidentity. The monoid of hypersubstitutions has been widely studied by many authors. Knowledge of the monoid of hypersubstitutions can be applied to the concept of M-hyperidentities. In this paper, we show that the order of hypersubstitutions of type tau = (3) is 1, 2, 3 or infinite Y1 - 2006 UR - http://ejournals.wspc.com.sg/ac/13/1302/S1005386706000277.html SN - 1005-3867 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kopka, Claudia T1 - The nucleoside diphosphate kinases - a small gene family involved in the energyphosphotransfer of arabidopsis thaliana Y1 - 2006 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hacken, Pius ten T1 - The nature, use and origin of explanatory adequacy JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - If we want to compare the explanatory and descriptive adequacy of the MP and OT, the original definitions by Chomsky (1964) are or little direct use. However, a relativized version of both notions can be defined, which can be used to express a number of parallels between the study of individual I-languages and the language faculty. In any version of explanatory and descriptive adequacy, the two notions derive from the research programme and can only be achieved together. They can therefore not be used to characterize the difference in orientation between OT and the MP. Even if ‘OT’ is restricted to a particular theory in Chomskyan linguistics (to the exclusion of, for instance, its use in LFG), it cannot be said to be stronger in descriptive adequacy than in explanatory adequacy in the technical sense of these terms. KW - Levels of adequacy KW - Chomskyan linguistics KW - research programme KW - Minimalist Program KW - Optimality Theory Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32297 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 25 SP - 9 EP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albers, Nicole A1 - Spahn, Frank T1 - The influence of particle adhesion on the stability of agglomerates in Saturn's rings N2 - In planetary rings, binary collisions and mutual gravity are the predominant particle interactions. Based on a viscoelastic contact model we implement the concept of static adhesion. We discuss the collision dynamics and obtain a threshold velocity for restitution or agglomeration to occur. The latter takes place within a range of a few cm s(-1) for icy grains at low temperatures. The stability of such two-body agglomerates bound by adhesion and gravity in a tidal environment is discussed and applied to the saturnian system. A maximal agglomerate size for a given orbit location is obtained. In this way we are able to resolve the borderline of the zone where agglomerates can exist as a function of the agglomerate size and thus gain an alternative to the classical Roche limit. An increasing ring grain size with distance to Saturn as observed by the VIMS-experiment on board the Cassini spacecraft can be found by our estimates and implications for the saturnian system will be addressed. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00191035 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.011 SN - 0019-1035 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut A1 - de Moraes, Jorge M. T1 - The influence of land-use changes on soil hydraulic properties : implications for runoff generation Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.070 SN - 0378-1127 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Green, Antony Dubach T1 - The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations JF - Lingua : international review of general linguistics N2 - One of the most important insights of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993) is that phonological processes can be reduced to the interaction between faithfulness and universal markedness principles. In the most constrained version of the theory, all phonological processes should be thus reducible. This hypothesis is tested by alternations that appear to be phonological but in which universal markedness principles appear to play no role. If we are to pursue the claim that all phonological processes depend on the interaction of faithfulness and markedness, then processes that are not dependent on markedness must lie outside phonology. In this paper I will examine a group of such processes, the initial consonant mutations of the Celtic languages, and argue that they belong entirely to the morphology of the languages, not the phonology. KW - Celtic mutations KW - word-based morphology KW - optimality theory Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2004.09.002 SN - 0024-3841 VL - 116 IS - 11 SP - 1946 EP - 1985 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beauval, Celine A1 - Hainzl, Sebastian A1 - Scherbaum, Frank T1 - The impact of the spatial uniform distribution of seismicity on probabilistic seismic-hazard estimation JF - Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America N2 - The first step in the estimation of probabilistic seismic hazard in a region commonly consists of the definition and characterization of the relevant seismic sources. Because in low-seismicity regions seismicity is often rather diffuse and faults are difficult to identify, large areal source zones are mostly used. The corresponding hypothesis is that seismicity is uniformly distributed inside each areal seismic source zone. In this study, the impact of this hypothesis on the probabilistic hazard estimation is quantified through the generation of synthetic spatial seismicity distributions. Fractal seismicity distributions are generated inside a given source zone and probabilistic hazard is computed for a set of sites located inside this zone. In our study, the impact of the spatial seismicity distribution is defined as the deviation from the hazard value obtained for a spatially uniform seismicity distribution. From the generation of a large number of synthetic distributions, the correlation between the fractal dimension D and the impact is derived. The results show that the assumption of spatially uniform seismicity tends to bias the hazard to higher values. The correlation can be used to determine the systematic biases and uncertainties for hazard estimations in real cases, where the fractal dimension has been determined. We apply the technique in Germany (Cologne area) and in France (Alps). Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060073 SN - 0037-1106 VL - 96 IS - 6 SP - 2465 EP - 2471 PB - GeoScienceWorld CY - Alexandria, Va. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pelzer, Lydia A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - The impact of morphological markers on infants' and adults' speech processing Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lou, Ying A1 - Ma, Hui A1 - Lin, Wen-Hui A1 - Chu, Zhao-Quing A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd A1 - Xu, Zhi-Hong A1 - Xue, Hong-Wei T1 - The highly charged region of plant beta-type phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is involved in membrane targeting and phospholipid binding N2 - In Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, two types of PI 4-kinase (PI4Ks) have been isolated and functionally characterized. The alpha-type PI4Ks (similar to 220 kDa) contain a PH domain, which is lacking in beta-type PI4Ks (similar to 120 kDa). beta-Type PI4Ks, exemplified by Arabidopsis AtPI4K beta and rice OsPI4K2, contain a highly charged repetitive segment designated PPC (Plant PI4K Charged) region, which is an unique domain only found in plant beta-type PI4Ks at present. The PPC region has a length of similar to 300 amino acids and harboring 11 (AtPI4K beta) and 14 (OsPI4K2) repeats, respectively, of a 20-aa motif. Studies employing a modified yeast-based "Sequence of Membrane- Targeting Detection'' system demonstrate that the PPC(OsPI4K2) region, as well as the former 8 and latter 6 repetitive motifs within the PPC region, are able to target fusion proteins to the plasma membrane. Further detection on the transiently expressed GFP fusion proteins in onion epidermal cells showed that the PPC(OsPI4K2) region alone, as well as the region containing repetitive motifs 1-8, was able to direct GFP to the plasma membrane, while the regions containing less repetitive motifs, i.e. 6, 4, 2 or single motif(s) led to predominantly intracellular localization. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of PPC-GFP fusion protein further confirms the membrane-targeting capacities of PPC region. In addition, the predominant plasma membrane localization of AtPI4Kb was mediated by the PPC region. Recombinant PPC peptide, expressed in E. coli, strongly binds phosphatidic acid, PI and PI4P, but not phosphatidylcholine, PI5P, or PI(4,5) P-2 in vitro, providing insights into potential mechanisms for regulating sub- cellular localization and lipid binding for the plant beta-type PI4Ks Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/100330 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-5548-x SN - 0167-4412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lattemann, Christoph A1 - Soeren, Kupke A1 - Stieglitz, Stefan T1 - The Governance of virtual corporations N2 - The concept of the virtual corporation (VC), which describes a modern form of collaboration among organizations, was introduced in the scientific discussion in the mid 1990th. The practice shows that VCs need new forms of governance because the traditional mechanisms of control, management, and steering are hardly applicable. Until now there is only a few research related to the question how to govern VC. The main problems to govern a VC are to coordinate the communication among dispersed partners and to motivate employees to actively involve themselves into the network. Open source projects are confronted with similar problems. As several governance mechanisms are already analyzed in this context, the authors analyze and adopt governance concepts from open source projects to extract a governance framework for virtual corporations. This new approach leads to innovative insights in governing virtual corporations by using community techniques as an appropriate way for communication and collaboration purposes. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Reichard, Christoph ED - Mussari, Riccardo ED - Kupke, Sören T1 - The Governance of services of general interest between state, market and society Y1 - 2006 SN - 3-86573-208-9 PB - WVB Wiss.-Verl. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stalz, Holger A1 - Roth, Udo A1 - Schleuder, Detlev A1 - Macht, Marcus A1 - Haebel, Sophie A1 - Strupat, Kerstin A1 - Peter-Katalinic, Jasna A1 - Hanisch, Franz-Georg T1 - The Geodia cydonium galectin exhibits prototype and chimera-type characteristics and a unique sequence polymorphism within its carbohydrate recognition domain N2 - The ancestral galectin from the sponge Geodia cydonium (GCG) is classified on a structural basis to the prototype subfamily, whereas its carbohydrate-binding specificity is related to that of the mammalian chimera-type galectin-3. This dual coordination reveals GCG as a potential precursor of the later evolved galectin subfamilies, which is reflected in the primary structure of the protein. This study provides evidence that GCG is the LECT1 gene product, while neither a previously described LECT2 gene nor a functional LECT2 gene product was found in the specimen under investigation. The electrophoretically separated protein isomers with apparent molecular masses of 13, 15, and 16 kDa correspond to variants of the LECT1 protein-exhibiting peptide sequence polymorphisms that concern critical positions of the carbohydrate recognition domain (13 kDa: Leu51, Asn55, His130, Gly137; 15 kDa: Ser51, Asn55, Asn130, Gly137; 16 kDa: Ser51, Tyr55, Asn130, Glu137). Four residues, highly conserved in the galectin family, are substituted. None of the residues claimed to be involved in interactions with GalNAc alpha 1-3 moieties at an extended binding subsite of galectin-3 was identified in the corresponding positions of GCG. Apparently, the substitutions do not confer distinct binding characteristics to the GCG variants as evidenced by binding studies with a recombinantly expressed 15-kDa isoform. The natural isoforms as well as the recombinant 15-kDa isoform oligomerize by the formation of non-covalent heteromeric or homomeric complexes. A phosphorylation of the galectin was confirmed neither by mass spectrometry nor by alkaline phosphatase treatment combined with isoelectric focusing Y1 - 2006 UR - http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/5/402.full U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwj086 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer A1 - Graefener, G. A1 - Liermann, A. T1 - The galactic WN stars - Spectral analyses with line-blanketed model atmospheres versus stellar evolution models with and without rotation JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Context. Very massive stars pass through the Wolf-Rayet (WR) stage before they finally explode. Details of their evolution have not yet been safely established, and their physics are not well understood. Their spectral analysis requires adequate model atmospheres, which have been developed step by step during the past decades and account in their recent version for line blanketing by the millions of lines from iron and iron-group elements. However, only very few WN stars have been re-analyzed by means of line-blanketed models yet. Aims. The quantitative spectral analysis of a large sample of Galactic WN stars with the most advanced generation of model atmospheres should provide an empirical basis for various studies about the origin, evolution, and physics of the Wolf-Rayet stars and their powerful winds. Methods. We analyze a large sample of Galactic WN stars by means of the Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmospheres, which account for iron line blanketing and clumping. The results are compared with a synthetic population, generated from the Geneva tracks for massive star evolution. Results. We obtain a homogeneous set of stellar and atmospheric parameters for the GalacticWN stars, partly revising earlier results. Conclusions. Comparing the results of our spectral analyses of the Galactic WN stars with the predictions of the Geneva evolutionary calculations, we conclude that there is rough qualitative agreement. However, the quantitative discrepancies are still severe, and there is no preference for the tracks that account for the effects of rotation. It seems that the evolution of massive stars is still not satisfactorily understood. KW - stars : mass-loss KW - stars : winds, outflows KW - stars : Wolf-Rayet KW - stars : atmospheres KW - stars : early-type KW - stars : evolution Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065052 SN - 0004-6361 VL - 457 IS - 3 SP - 1015 EP - 1031 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Hans-Joachim T1 - The Foundations of Pragmatistic Sociology : George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holdt, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Müller, Holger A1 - Potter, Matthias A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Starke, Ines A1 - Heydenreich, Matthias A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich T1 - The first sandwich complex with an octa(thioether) coordination sphere : Bis(maleonitrile-tetrathia-12-crown- 4)silver(I) N2 - The new tetrathiacrown ethers maleonitrile-tetrathia-12-crown-4 (mn12S(4)) and maleonitrile-tetrathia-13-crown- 4 (mn13S(4)) have been prepared and characterised by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These crown ethers form 2:1, 3:2 and 1: 1 complexes with AgY (Y = BF4, PF6). The crystal structures of [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)]BF4 (3a), [Ag(mn13S(4))(2)]BF4 (4a) and [Ag-2(mn13S(4))(3)](PF6)(2) (6b) have been determined. Compound 3a contains the centrosymmetric sandwich complex cation [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) where each mn12S(4) ligand is coordinated to the Ag centre in an endo manner through all four S atoms. The 2:1 complex [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) is the first sandwich complex with a tetrathiacrown ether and the first complex with an octa(thioether) coordination sphere. The crystal structure of compound 4a also reveals a 2:1 complex. This complex, [Ag(mnl3S(4))(2)](+), exhibits a half-sandwich structure. One mn13S(4) ligand coordinates to Ag+ by all four S donor atoms and the other 13S(4) crown by only one S atom. Compound 6b contains a dinuclear Ag complex. The Ag complexes 3a,b-8a,b were also studied by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) was used to compare the relative stability of 2:1 complexes [AgL2]+ and 1:1 complexes [AgL](+) (L = mn12S(4), mn13S(4)). The C-13 NMR chemical shifts of 2:1 and 1:1 Ag complexes and their corresponding free ligands were also estimated and compared. The free energy of the barrier of ring inversion (Delta G(double dagger)) for [Ag(mn12S(4))(2)](+) was determined to be 64 kJmol(-1). Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/27721/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200501109 SN - 1434-1948 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meinel, Christoph A1 - Klotz, Volker T1 - The first 10 years of the ECCC digital library Y1 - 2006 UR - http://portal.acm.org/cacm U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/1107458.1107484 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherbaum, Frank A1 - Cotton, Fabrice A1 - Staedtke, Helmut T1 - The estimation of minimum-misfit stochastic models from empirical ground-motion prediction equations N2 - In areas of moderate to low seismic activity there is commonly a lack of recorded strong ground motion. As a consequence, the prediction of ground motion expected for hypothetical future earthquakes is often performed by employing empirical models from other regions. In this context, Campbell's hybrid empirical approach (Campbell, 2003, 2004) provides a methodological framework to adapt ground-motion prediction equations to arbitrary target regions by using response spectral host-to-target-region-conversion filters. For this purpose, the empirical ground-motion prediction equation has to be quantified in terms of a stochastic model. The problem we address here is how to do this in a systematic way and how to assess the corresponding uncertainties. For the determination of the model parameters we use a genetic algorithm search. The stochastic model spectra were calculated by using a speed-optimized version of SMSIM (Boore, 2000). For most of the empirical ground-motion models, we obtain sets of stochastic models that match the empirical models within the full magnitude and distance ranges of their generating data sets fairly well. The overall quality of fit and the resulting model parameter sets strongly depend on the particular choice of the distance metric used for the stochastic model. We suggest the use of the hypocentral distance metric for the stochastic Simulation of strong ground motion because it provides the lowest-misfit stochastic models for most empirical equations. This is in agreement with the results of two recent studies of hypocenter locations in finite-source models which indicate that hypocenters are often located close to regions of large slip (Mai et al., 2005; Manighetti et al., 2005). Because essentially all empirical ground-motion prediction equations contain data from different geographical regions, the model parameters corresponding to the lowest-misfit stochastic models cannot necessarily be expected to represent single, physically realizable host regions but to model the generating data sets in an average way. In addition, the differences between the lowest-misfit stochastic models and the empirical ground-motion prediction equation are strongly distance, magnitude, and frequency dependent, which, according to the laws of uncertainty propagation, will increase the variance of the corresponding hybrid empirical model predictions (Scherbaum et al., 2005). As a consequence, the selection of empirical ground-motion models for host-to-target-region conversions requires considerable judgment of the ground-motion analyst Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunow, Rüdiger T1 - The Enigma of Arrival Y1 - 2006 SN - 978-3-32311-955-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wyrwa, Ulrich T1 - The empire in 1871 - 1914 Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Budweg, Martin A1 - Bock, Günter A1 - Weber, Michael H. T1 - The Eifel Plume : imaged with converted seismic waves N2 - Receiver functions (RF) are used to investigate the upper mantle structure beneath the Eifel, the youngest volcanic area of Central Europe. Data from 96 teleseismic events recorded by 242 seismological stations from permanent and a temporary network has been analysed. The temporary network operated from 1997 November to 1998 June and covered an area of approximately 400 x 250 km(2) centred on the Eifel volcanic fields. The average Moho depth in the Eifel is approximately 30 km, thinning to ca. 28 km under the Eifel volcanic fields. RF images suggest the existence of a low velocity zone at about 60-90 km depth under the West Eifel. This observation is supported by P- and S-wave tomographic results and absorption (but the array aperture limits the resolution of the tomographic methods to the upper 400 km). There are also indications for a zone of elevated velocities at around 200 km depth, again in agreement with S-wave and absorption tomographic results. This anomaly is not visible in P-wave tomography and could be due to S-wave anisotropy. The RF anomalies at the Moho, at 60-90 km, and near 200 km depth have a lateral extent of about 100 km. The 410 km discontinuity under the Eifel is depressed by 15-25 km, which could be explained by a maximum temperature increase of +200 degrees C to +300 degrees C. In the 3-D RF image of the Eifel Plume we also notice two additional currently unexplained conversions between 410 and 550 km depth. They could represent remnants of previous subduction or anomalies due to delayed phase changes. The lateral extent of these conversions and the depression of the 410 km discontinuity is about 200 km. The 660 km discontinuity does not show any depth deviation from its expected value. Our observations are consistent with interpretation in terms of an upper mantle plume but they do not rule out connections to processes at larger depth Y1 - 2006 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-246X U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02778.x SN - 0956-540X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ott, Susan A1 - van de Vijver, Ruben A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - The effect of phonotactic constraints in German-speaking children with delayed phonological acquisition : Evidence from production of word-initial consonant clusters Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ott, Susan A1 - van de Vijver, Ruben A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - The effect of phonotactic constraints in German-speaking children with delayed phonological acquisition : evidence from production of word-initial consonant clusters N2 - In this study the effect of phonotactic constraints concerning word-initial consonant clusters in children with delayed phonological acquisition was explored. Twelve German-speaking children took part (mean age 5;1). The spontaneous speech of all children was characterized by the regular appearance of the error patterns fronting, e.g., Kuh (cow) → /tu:/, or stopping, e.g., Schaf (sheep) → /ta:f/, which were inappropriate for their chronological age. The children were asked to produce words (picture naming task, word repetition task) with initial consonant clusters, in which the application of the error patterns would violate phonotactic sequence constraints. For instance, if fronting would apply in /kl-/, e.g., Kleid (dress), it would be realized as the phontactically illegal consonant cluster /tl-/. The results indicate that phonotactic constraints affect word production in children with delayed phonological developments. Surprisingly, we found that children with fronting produced the critical consonants correctly significantly more often in word-initial consonant clusters than in words in which they appeared as singleton onsets. In addition, the results provide evidence for a similar developmental trajectory of acquisition in children with typical development and in children with delayed phonological acquisition. Keywords: Children with delayed phonological acquisition, phonotactic constraints, word-initial consonant clusters, fronting, stopping. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 027 Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16316 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Ning A1 - Hayer, Anna A1 - Al-Suti, Mohammed K. A1 - Al-Belushi, Rayya A. A1 - Khan, Muhammad S. A1 - Köhler, Anna T1 - The effect of delocalization on the exchange energy in meta- and para-linked Pt-containing carbazole polymers and monomers N2 - A series of novel platinum-containing carbazole monomers and polymers was synthesized and fully characterized by UV-VIS absorption, luminescence, and photoinduced absorption studies. In these compounds, a carbazole unit is incorporated into the main chain via either a para- or a meta-linkage. We discuss the effects of linkage and polymerization on the energy levels of S-1, T-1, and T-n. The S-1-T-1 splitting observed for the meta-linked monomer (0.4 eV) is only half of that in the para-linked monomer (0.8 eV). Upon polymerization, the exchange energy in the para- linked compound reduces, yet still remains larger than in the meta-linked polymer. We attribute the difference in exchange energy to the difference in wave function overlap between electron and hole in these compounds. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics Y1 - 2006 UR - http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/ GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCPSA6000124000024244701000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1063/1.2200351&prog=normal U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2200351 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Nimwegen, Olaf T1 - The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions (1588-1688) JF - Militär und Gesellschaft in der frühen Neuzeit Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20881 SN - 1861-910X SN - 1617-9722 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 73 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Eckstein, Lars A1 - Reinfandt, Christoph T1 - The cultural validity of music in contemporary fiction T2 - Special Issues of Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik (ZAA) Y1 - 2006 SN - 3-8260-3365-5 VL - 54.2006,1 PB - Königshausen u. Neumann CY - Würzburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Erk, Çakil A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich T1 - The crystal and molecular structures of sodium and barium complexes of dibenzo-24-crown-8 ether N2 - The sodium and barium isothiocyanate complexes of 6,7,9,10,12,13,20,21,23,24,26,27-dodecahydrodibenzo[b,n]- 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22-octaoxacyclotetracosin (dibenzo-24-crown-8 ether = DB24C8) were synthesized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The sodium complex, [Na(DB24C8)(NCS)(H2O)] 1, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fdd2 with 16 molecules in the unit cell. The coordination number of Na is 6 and the central ion is located in a distorted octahedric environment. Only four of the crown ether oxygen atoms are involved. The coordination polyhedron is completed by the isothiocanate anion and by a water molecule, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The barium complex, [Ba(DB24C8)(NCS)(2)] 2, crystallizes in the trigonale space group P3(1)21 with 3 molecules in the unit cell. Crystallographic C-2 symmetry is observed for the complex. The coordination number of Ba is 10. Barium is coordinated with the eight oxygen atoms of the macrocyclic ligand and with two isothiocyanate anions. The absolute structure was estimated using the FLACK parameter Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.2006.221.3.231 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bleidorn, Christoph A1 - Podsiadlowski, Lars A1 - Bartolomaeus, Thomas T1 - The complete mitochondrial genome of the orbiniid polychaete Orbinia latreillii (Annelida, Orbiniidae) : a novel gene order for Annelida and implications for annelid phylogeny N2 - Relationships of annelid subtaxa are controversially discussed and additional markers are necessarily needed to get further insights into their evolution. Due to their high content of information, mitochondrial genomes have been proven very useful in phylogenetic analyses. Whereas many complete mitochondrial genomes of arthropods are available, lophotrochozoan taxa are only scarcely represented and this is especially true for annelids. Here we present the complete mitochondrial genome of the orbiniid polychaete Orbinia latreillii. The circular genome is 15,558 bp in size and contains the same 37 genes as found in most other metazoans. As in the case for all studied annelids all genes are transcribed from the same strand. Compared with the known data from other annelids at least five gene translocations must be hypothesized for O. latreillii. A comparison of the available data shows that gene translocations within Annelida seem to be less frequent than in molluscs, but more frequent as previously assumed. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequence data and amino acid data support an inclusion Of Sipuncula within Annelida and a closer relationship to orbiniids is recovered for this taxon. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03781119 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.018 SN - 0378-1119 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wronski, Torsten A1 - Apio, Ann A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - The communicatory significance of localised defecation sites in bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) N2 - Like several other mammals, bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) deposit faeces in specific localised defecation sites (LDS). A previous study has ruled out a function of LDS in the context of parasite avoidance. In this study, we investigated the communicatory significance of LDS. In a free ranging population, we tested whether LDS serve to demarcate home ranges, and/or if LDS are used for communication in a non-territorial context. In both sexes, LDS increased significantly in number towards the periphery of individual home ranges. However, the distribution pattern of LDS, as revealed by a nearest-neighbour mapping technique (nearest distances between LDS), did not support the idea that LDS serve home range/territory-demarcation because LDS did not follow a pattern of minimal nearest-neighbour distances along the margins of home ranges. We found females to urinate more often in LDS than males. Notably, information transfer was most frequent between sending (urinating or defecating) females and receiving/responding males (urination or defecation at places where a female had previously signalled). Our results suggest that LDS mainly serve for inter- sexual communication in bushbuck Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/517tm6115561t421/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0174-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Hans-Joachim T1 - The Chicago School of Sociology : Theorie, Empirie und Methode Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Tristram, Hildegard L. C. T1 - The Celtic Englishes IV : the interface between english and the celtic languages ; proceedings of the fourth International Colloquium on the "Celtic Englishes" held at the University of Potsdam in Golm (Germany) from 22 - 26 September 2004 N2 - What is "Celtic"and what is universal in the "Celtic Englishes"? This was the central concern of the fourth and final Colloquium of studies on language contact between English and the Celtic languages at the University of Potsdam in September 2004. The contributions to this volume discuss the "Celtic" peculiarities of Standard English in England and in Ireland (North and South). They also examine the perceived "Celticity" of personal names in the "Celtic" countries (Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany). Moreover, they put emphasis on specific grammatical features such as the expression of perfectivity, relativity, intensification and the typological shift of verbal word formation from syntheticity to analycity as well as the emergence of universal contact trends shared by Celtic, African and Indian Englishes. Thus, the choice of contributors and the scope of their articles makes Celtic Englishes IV an invaluable handbook for scholarly work in the field of the English - Celtic relations. Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40904 SN - 978-3-939469-06-3 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Makhmudov, O. I. A1 - Niyozov, I. E. A1 - Tarkhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich T1 - The cauchy problem of couple-stress elasticity T3 - Preprint / Universität Potsdam, Institut für Mathematik, Arbeitsgruppe Partiell Y1 - 2006 SN - 1437-739X PB - Univ. CY - Potsdam ER - TY - INPR A1 - Makhmudov, O. A1 - Niyozov, I. A1 - Tarkhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich T1 - The cauchy problem of couple-stress elasticity N2 - We study the Cauchy problem for the oscillation equation of the couple-stress theory of elasticity in a bounded domain in R3. Both the displacement and stress are given on a part S of the boundary of the domain. This problem is densely solvable while data of compact support in the interior of S fail to belong to the range of the problem. Hence the problem is ill-posed which makes the standard calculi of Fourier integral operators inapplicable. If S is real analytic the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem applies to guarantee the existence of a local solution. We invoke the special structure of the oscillation equation to derive explicit conditions of global solvability and an approximation solution. T3 - Preprint - (2006) 03 Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-30078 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Kytmanov, Alexander M. A1 - Myslivets, Simona A1 - Tarkhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich T1 - The bochner-martinelli integral on surfaces with singular points T3 - Preprint / Universität Potsdam, Institut für Mathematik, Arbeitsgruppe Partiell Y1 - 2006 SN - 1437-739X PB - Univ. CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankertz, Benjamin A1 - Dornhege, Guido A1 - Krauledat, Matthias A1 - Müller, Klaus-Robert A1 - Kunzmann, Volker A1 - Losch, Florian A1 - Curio, Gabriel T1 - The Berlin brain-computer interface : EEG-based communication without subject training N2 - The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface (BBCI) project develops a noninvasive BCI system whose key features are 1) the use of well-established motor competences as control paradigms, 2) high-dimensional features from 128-channel electroencephalogram (EEG), and 3) advanced machine learning techniques. As reported earlier, our experiments demonstrate that very high information transfer rates can be achieved using the readiness potential (RP) when predicting the laterality of upcoming left-versus right-hand movements in healthy subjects. A more recent study showed that the RP similarily accompanies phantom movements in arm amputees, but the signal strength decreases with longer loss of the limb. In a complementary approach, oscillatory features are used to discriminate imagined movements (left hand versus right hand versus foot). In a recent feedback study with six healthy subjects with no or very little experience with BCI control, three subjects achieved an information transfer rate above 35 bits per minute (bpm), and further two subjects above 24 and 15 bpm, while one subject could not achieve any BCI control. These results are encouraging for an EEG-based BCI system in untrained subjects that is independent of peripheral nervous system activity and does not rely on evoked potentials even when compared to results with very well-trained subjects operating other BCI systems Y1 - 2006 UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7333 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/Tnsre.2006.875557 SN - 1534-4320 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Förster, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Rhede, Dieter T1 - The Be-Ta-rich granite of Seiffen (eastern Erzgebirge, Germany) BT - accessory-mineral chemistry, composition, and age of a late-Variscan Li-F granite of A-type affinity JF - Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie : Abhandlungen N2 - The mildly peraluminous granite of Seiffen, in the eastern Erzgebirge of Germany, is exposed by drillcores and associated with an abandoned Sri mine. The granite is of Stefanian age, with overlapping Th-U-total Pb monazite (302 +/- 4 Ma) and K-Ar siderophyllite ages (301 +/- 5 Ma). It is among the youngest granites in the Erzgebirge, emplaced in an extensional setting. The medium-grained, equigranular granite classifies as high-F, low-P Li-mica granite of A-type affinity. It is spatially associated with a high-Si rhyolitic microgranite, documenting the shallow intrusion level of this igneous association. Zircon, monazite-(Ce), and xenotime-(Y) constitute important radioactive accessory minerals in the granite, hosting the major proportions (> 80-90%) of the bulk-rock budgets of the REE, Y, and Th. A significant percentage of U (40-50%) may reside within unidentified phases or precipitated along grain boundaries. The most uncommon accessory phase is late-magmatic ytterbian xenotime-(Y) containing up to 11.2 wt% Yb2O3, in addition to 7.3 wt% Er2O3 and 7.9 wt% Dy2O3. The Seiffen granite (epsilon(Nd(300)) = -4.6) is geochemically evolved and rich in Sri (23-63 ppm) and W (11-14 ppm). It contains elevated to high concentrations of incompatible lithophile elements such as F, Li, Ga, Rb, Y, Nb, Cs, REE, Th, and U, thus having much in common chemically with subvolcanic ongonites. The most prominent compositional feature is the strong enrichment (in ppm) in Be (51-55) and Ta (23-28). The granite exhibits flat chondrite-normalized REE patterns (La-N/Lu-N = 1.35-1.48) and a moderate negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.12-0.13). Indications for alteration-induced, postmagmatic disturbances of initial elemental abundances are weak and mainly relate to the ore-forming elements Sri and U. KW - Li-F granite KW - Th-U-Pb monazite age KW - beryllium KW - tantalum KW - ytterbian xenotime-(Y) KW - ongonite KW - post-collisional setting Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2006/0055 SN - 0077-7757 VL - 182 IS - 3 SP - 307 EP - 321 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blankertz, Benjamin A1 - Müller, Klaus-Robert A1 - Krusienski, Dean A1 - Schalk, Gerwin A1 - Wolpaw, Jonathan R. A1 - Schlögl, Alois A1 - Pfurtscheller, Gert A1 - Millan, José del R. A1 - Schröder, Michael A1 - Birbaumer, Niels T1 - The BCI competition III : validating alternative approaches to actual BCI problems N2 - A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that allows its users to control external devices with brain activity. Although the proof-of-concept was given decades ago, the reliable translation of user intent into device control commands is still a major challenge. Success requires the effective interaction of two adaptive controllers: the user's brain, which produces brain activity that encodes intent, and the BCI system, which translates that activity into device control commands. In order to facilitate this interaction, many laboratories are exploring a variety of signal analysis techniques to improve the adaptation of the BCI system to the user. In the literature, many machine learning and pattern classification algorithms have been reported to give impressive results when applied to BCI data in offline analyses. However, it is more difficult to evaluate their relative value for actual online use. BCI data competitions have been organized to provide objective formal evaluations of alternative methods. Prompted by the great interest in the first two BCI Competitions, we organized the third BCI Competition to address several of the most difficult and important analysis problems in BCI research. The paper describes the data sets that were provided to the competitors and gives an overview of the results. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7333 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/Tnsre.2006.875642 SN - 1534-4320 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lisso, Janina A1 - Altmann, Thomas A1 - Müssig, Carsten T1 - The AtNFXL1 gene encodes a NF-X1 type zinc finger protein required for growth under salt stress JF - FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences N2 - The human NF-X1 protein and homologous proteins in eukaryotes represent a class of transcription factors which are characterised. by NF-X1 type zinc finger motifs. The Arabidopsis genome encodes two NF-X1 homologs, which we termed AtNFXL1 and AtNFXL2. Growth and survival was impaired in atnfxl1 knock-out mutants and AtNFXL1-antisense plants under salt stress in comparison to wild-type plants. In contrast, 35S: :AtNFXL1 plants showed higher survival rates. The AtNFXL2 protein potentially plays an antagonistic role. The Arabidopsis NF-X1 type zinc finger proteins likely are part of regulatory mechanisms, which protect major processes such as photosynthesis. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - NF-X1 KW - salt stress Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.079 SN - 0014-5793 VL - 580 IS - 22 SP - 4851 EP - 4856 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Sorrel, Philippe T1 - The Aral Sea : a palaeoclimate archive T1 - Der Aralsee : ein Paläoklimaarchiv N2 - The intracontinental endorheic Aral Sea, remote from oceanic influences, represents an excellent sedimentary archive in Central Asia that can be used for high-resolution palaeoclimate studies. We performed palynological, microfacies and geochemical analyses on sediment cores retrieved from Chernyshov Bay, in the NW part of the modern Large Aral Sea. The most complete sedimentary sequence, whose total length is 11 m, covers approximately the past 2000 years of the late Holocene. High-resolution palynological analyses, conducted on both dinoflagellate cysts assemblages and pollen grains, evidenced prominent environmental change in the Aral Sea and in the catchment area. The diversity and the distribution of dinoflagellate cysts within the assemblages characterized the sequence of salinity and lake-level changes during the past 2000 years. Due to the strong dependence of the Aral Sea hydrology to inputs from its tributaries, the lake levels are ultimately linked to fluctuations in meltwater discharges during spring. As the amplitude of glacial meltwater inputs is largely controlled by temperature variations in the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains during the melting season, salinity and lake-level changes of the Aral Sea reflect temperature fluctuations in the high catchment area during the past 2000 years. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages document lake lowstands and hypersaline conditions during ca. 0–425 AD, 920–1230 AD, 1500 AD, 1600–1650 AD, 1800 AD and since the 1960s, whereas oligosaline conditions and higher lake levels prevailed during the intervening periods. Besides, reworked dinoflagellate cysts from Palaeogene and Neogene deposits happened to be a valuable proxy for extreme sheet-wash events, when precipitation is enhanced over the Aral Sea Basin as during 1230–1450 AD. We propose that the recorded environmental changes are related primarily to climate, but may have been possibly amplified during extreme conditions by human-controlled irrigation activities or military conflicts. Additionally, salinity levels and variations in solar activity show striking similarities over the past millennium, as during 1000–1300 AD, 1450–1550 and 1600–1700 AD when low lake levels match well with an increase in solar activity thus suggesting that an increase in the net radiative forcing reinforced past Aral Sea’s regressions. On the other hand, we used pollen analyses to quantify changes in moisture conditions in the Aral Sea Basin. High-resolution reconstruction of precipitation (mean annual) and temperature (mean annual, coldest versus warmest month) parameters are performed using the “probability mutual climatic spheres” method, providing the sequence of climate change for the past 2000 years in western Central Asia. Cold and arid conditions prevailed during ca. 0–400 AD, 900–1150 AD and 1500–1650 AD with the extension of xeric vegetation dominated by steppe elements. Conversely, warmer and less arid conditions occurred during ca. 400–900 AD and 1150–1450 AD, where steppe vegetation was enriched in plants requiring moister conditions. Change in the precipitation pattern over the Aral Sea Basin is shown to be predominantly controlled by the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) cyclonic system, which provides humidity to the Middle East and western Central Asia during winter and early spring. As the EM is significantly regulated by pressure modulations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) when the system is in a negative phase, a relationship between humidity over western Central Asia and the NAO is proposed. Besides, laminated sediments record shifts in sedimentary processes during the late Holocene that reflect pronounced changes in taphonomic dynamics. In Central Asia, the frequency of dust storms occurring during spring when the continent is heating up is mostly controlled by the intensity and the position of the Siberian High (SH) Pressure System. Using titanium (Ti) content in laminated sediments as a proxy for aeolian detrital inputs, changes in wind dynamics over Central Asia is documented for the past 1500 years, offering the longest reconstruction of SH variability to date. Based on high Ti content, stronger wind dynamics are reported from 450–700 AD, 1210–1265 AD, 1350–1750 AD and 1800–1975 AD, reporting a stronger SH during spring. In contrast, lower Ti content from 1750–1800 AD and 1980–1985 AD reflect a diminished influence of the SH and a reduced atmospheric circulation. During 1180–1210 AD and 1265–1310 AD, considerably weakened atmospheric circulation is evidenced. As a whole, though climate dynamics controlled environmental changes and ultimately modulated changes in the western Central Asia’s climate system, it is likely that changes in solar activity also had an impact by influencing to some extent the Aral Sea’s hydrology balance and also regional temperature patterns in the past.