TY - RPRT A1 - Wagner, Wolfgang T1 - A simulation of segregation in cities and its application for the analysis of rent control N2 - Social segregation in cities takes place where different household groups exist and when, according to Schelling, their location choice either minimizes the number of differing households in their neighborhood or maximizes their own group. In this contribution an evolutionary simulation based on a monocentric city model with externalities among households is used to discuss the spatial segregation patterns of four groups. The resulting complex spatial patterns can be shown as graphic animations. They can be applied as initial situation for the analysis of the effects a rent control has on segregation. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 71 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14177 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Wagner, Wolfgang T1 - Optimal spatial patterns of two, three and four segregated household groups in a monocentric city N2 - Usually, in monocentric city models the spatial patterns of segregated household groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, while early in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that wedge-shaped areas empirically predominate. This contribution presents a monocentric city model with different household groups generating positive externalities within the groups. At first, border length is founded as a criterion of optimality. Secondly, it is shown that mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas represent multiple equilibria if more than two groups of households are being considered. The welfare optimal segregated pattern depends on the relative purchasing power of different household groups. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 70 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14165 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Wagner, Wolfgang T1 - Spatial patterns of segregation BT - a simulation of the impact of externalities between households N2 - Usually, in monocentric city models, the spatial patterns of segregated ethnic groups are assumed to be ring-shaped, whereas in the 1930ies Hoyt showed that empirically wedge-shaped areas predominate. In contrast to Rose-Ackerman.s discussion of the in.uence within a ring-shaped pattern which the aversion which different households in the context of racism have, Yinger showed that, depending on the population mix, a wedge-shaped pattern may arise if it is border length which causes the spatial pattern. In this contribution, a simulation based on a monocentric city model with two or more different household groups is used to derive spatial patterns. Wedge-shaped segregation is shown to be the result of positive externalities among similar households. Differences between households only lead to ring-shaped patterns if the e¤ect of a city center on spatial structure dominates neighborhood e¤ects. If more than two groups of households are being considered, mixed patterns of concentric and wedge-shaped areas arise. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 69 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14153 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Economy vs. history BT - What does actually determine the distribution of firms' locations in cities? N2 - The aim of this study is to examine in which cases economic forces or historical singularities prevail in the determination of the long-run distribution of firms. We develop a relatively general model of heterogenous firms' location choice in discrete space. The main force towards an agglomerated structure is the reduction of transaction costs for consumers if firms are located closely, whilst competition and transport costs work towards a more disperse structure. We then assess the importance of the initial conditions by simulating and comparing the resulting distribution of firms for identical economic parameters but varying initial settings. If the equilibrium distributions of firms are similar we conclude that economic forces have prevailed, while differences in the resulting distributions indicate that 'history' is more important. The (dis)similarity of distributions of firms is calculated by means of a measure, which exhibits a number of desirable features. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 67 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14134 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Do, Truong Giang T1 - Tariffs and export subsidies in a spatial economic model N2 - In the recent years there are many researchs discussing the effects of trade policy (tariffs, subsidies etc.) in international trade. The results are manifold. Some authors show that trade policy has negative effects on welfare, some spatial economists demonstrate that trade policy can have positive effects on welfare. This paper considers the effects of the trade policy made by both countries participating in international trade in a spatial economic model. It can be showed that trade policy of both trade partners (tariffs of one country and export subsidies of the other country) can improve the world welfare in comparison with free trade. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 65 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14071 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Holzer, Verena Leïla T1 - Ecological objectives and the energy sector BT - the German renewable energies act and the European emissions trading system N2 - Table of contents 1 Introduction 2 Ecological regulation and cost effectiveness 2.1 Climate policy 2.2 Promotion of renewable energies 3 Ecological regulation and security of supply 3.1 Climate policy 3.2 Promotion of renewable energies 4 The German Renewable Energies Act (EEG) 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Design and mechanisms 5 The European emissions trading system (EETS) 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Framework 6 The EEG and the EETS: trade off between ecological objectivesand cost effectiveness, innovation and security of supply? 6.1 EEG 6.2 EETS 6.3 Comparison between the approaches of the EEG and the EETS 7 Conclusions and outlook T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 63 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14054 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Imperfect goods and labor markets, regulation, and spillover effects N2 - (De)regulatory interventions frequently have unintended cross- market effects, which may or may not be desirable. We assess the effects of three policies on aggregate variables, in particular real income, from a theoretical perspective. Our results suggest that instruments acting upon wages have only a weak impact on real income, whereas the distribution of income is affected strongly. In contrast, a policy that enhances product market competition is fostering real income, but also impacts strongly on union wages and the distribution of income. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 56 Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13951 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Imperfect goods and labor markets, and the union wage gap N2 - Existing theoretical literature fails to explain the differences between the pay of workers that are covered by union agreements and others who are not. This study aims at closing this gap by a single general- equilibrium approach that integrates a dual labor market and a two- sector product market. Our results suggest that the so­ called 'union wage gap' is largely determined by the degree of centralization of the bargains, and, to a somewhat lesser extent, by the expenditure share of the unionized sector's goods. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 55 Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13949 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Endogenous unemployment insurance and regionalisation N2 - Our analysis is concerned with the impact of a regionalisation of unemployment insurance (UI) on workers’ preferences, on firms’ profits, and on effciency. The existence and the extent of UI are endogenously derived by maximising an objective function of the state. Three different types of regionalisation are considered which differ with respect to the area the UI objective function is related to, and with respect to the policy variable used to maximise it. It comes to light that workers are always in favour of central UI, while it depends on the type of regionalisation whether or not firms are better off with regional or with central UI. The same somewhat surprising result applies for efficiency. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 45 Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13761 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Regional unemployment insurance N2 - We examine the effects of regionalising the budget of unemployment insurance (UI) on wages, employment, and on UI parameters, which, for their part, determine the agents’ preferences concerning such a reform. A numerical example shows that, under reasonable assumptions, the intuition that the reform would enhance efficiency and improve the economic situation of agents from the low- unemployment region to the disadvantage of agents from the high- unemployment region is not valid in general. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 41 Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13705 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Sanner, Helge T1 - Bargaining structure and regional unemployment insurance N2 - This study examines how the size of trade unions relative to the la- bor force impacts on the desirability of different organizational forms of self-financing unemployment insurance (UI) for workers, firms, and with reference to an efficiency criterion. For this purpose, we respectively nu- merically compare the outcome of a model with a uniform payroll tax to a model where workers pay taxes according to their systematic risk of unemployment. Our results highlight the importance of the bargaining structure for the assessment of a particular UI scheme. Most importantly, it depends on the size of the unions whether efficiency favors a uniform or a differentiated UI scheme. T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 44 Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13747 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schöler, Klaus T1 - Regional market areas at the EU border N2 - Contens - Introduction - Modell with Trade Policy - Some Numerical Results - Conclusions T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 34 Y1 - 2000 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13647 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schöler, Klaus T1 - Wohlfahrt und internationaler Handel in einem Modell der räumlichen Preistheorie N2 - Contents - Introduction - Free Trade - Optimal Tariff - Import Quota - Comparison of results T2 - International trade and welfare in a model of spatial pricing T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 31 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13590 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schöler, Klaus T1 - Internationaler Handel und räumliche Märkte BT - Handelspolitik aus Sicht der räumlichen Preistheorie BT - trade policy from a theory of spatial pricing perspective N2 - Contents - Introduction - Free trade in a spatial market - Tariff policy in a spatial market - Non-tariff barriers to trade in a spatial market - Conclusion T2 - International trade and spatial markets T3 - Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 28 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13567 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Eberhardt, Björn T1 - Public pensions in the U.S. BT - fitting social security for the future N2 - Contents: The Public Old Age Insurance of the U.S. -Historical overview -Technical details -Individual equity and social adequacy The Economic Problem of Old Age -Risks and economic security -Old age, retirement, and idividual precaution -Insurance markets, market failures, and social insurance -Options for public pension systems The Problems of Social Security -The financial balance of OASDI -Causes of the long-run problems -Rates of return -Conclusion - The case for Social Security reform Proposed Remedies -Full, partial, or no privatization? -The President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security -Kotlikoff's Personal Security System -The Diamond-Orszag Three-Part plan T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 49 Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9058 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Drechsler, Denis T1 - Unemployment in Germany and the Eurosclerosis debate BT - Can the Hartz reforms induce higher employment? N2 - Many European countries have experienced a significant increase of unemployment in recent years. This paper reviews several theoretical models that try to explain this phenomenon. Predominantly, these models claim a link between the poor performance of European labor markets and the high level of market regulation. Commonly referred to as the Eurosclerosis debate, prominent approaches consider insider-outsider relationships, search-models, and the influence of hiring and firing costs on equilibrium employment. The paper presents empirical evidence of each model and studies the relevance of the identified rigidities as a determinant of high unemployment in Europe. Furthermore, a case study analyzes the unemployment problem in Germany and critically discusses new reform efforts. In particular this section analyzes whether the recently enacted Hartz reforms can induce higher employment. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 48 Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9036 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Becker, Ralf E. T1 - Revisiting public investment BT - consumption equivalent public capital and the social discount rate N2 - The consumption equivalence method is the theoretical basis of public cost-benefit analysis. Consumption equivalence public capital prices are explicitly introduces in order to sufficiently care for the opportunity cost of public expenditure. This can solve the dispute about the social rate of discount within public cost-benefit analysis witch was generated on a criterion looking similar to the capital value formula, known as Lind’s approach. The social rate of discount is liberated from opportunity costs considerations and the discounting away of the effects for future welfare vanishes. The corresponding question whether one should accept a positive value of the pure rate of social time preference is an old issue. Its current state between the prescriptive and descriptive view can also be interpreted as a consequence of the oversimplification of standard cost– benefit analysis. But apart from an economic self-process the pure rate of social time preference is also defined as a business-as-usual value of social distance discounting. Hence, a political choice has to be made about this rate which is free in principal. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 47 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9025 SN - 0948-7549 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Becker, Ralf E. T1 - General classification of social choice situations T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - An exhaustive and disjoint decomposition of social choice situations is derived in a general set theoretical framework using the new tools of the Lifted Pareto relation on the power set of social states representing a pre-choice comparison of choice option sets. The main result is the classification of social choice situations which include three types of social choice problems. First, we usually observe the common incompleteness of the Pareto relation. Second, a kind of non-compactness problem of a choice set of social states can be generated. Finally, both can be combined. The first problem root can be regarded as natural everyday dilemma of social choice theory whereas the second may probably be much more due to modeling technique implications. The distinction is enabled at a very general set theoretical level. Hence, the derived classification of social choice situations is applicable on almost every relevant economic model. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 46 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9012 SN - 0948-7549 SN - 1864-1431 IS - 46 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Systematic change instead of curing symptoms BT - coordinating social and private health insurance in Germany and beyond T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - Contents: Actors, Markets and Interest Groups in Health Services Private and Social Health Insurance in a Simple Model Misallocation and Malpractice in Social Health Care and Insurances -The UK Health Care System -The German Social Health Insurance System -Current Discussions: Intertemporal Perspective and Fundamental Change Interplay of Public and Private Health Insurance: Lessons for Countries in Transition Summary: The Necessary Steps to a Fundamental Reform T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 45 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9004 SN - 0948-7549 SN - 1864-1431 IS - 45 ER -