TY - JOUR A1 - Antonietti, Markus A1 - Lopez-Salas, Nieves A1 - Primo, Ana T1 - Adjusting the Structure and Electronic Properties of Carbons for Metal-Free Carbocatalysis of Organic Transformations JF - Advanced materials N2 - Carbon nanomaterials doped with some other lightweight elements were recently described as powerful, heterogeneous, metal-free organocatalysts, adding to their high performance in electrocatalysis. Here, recent observations in traditional catalysis are reviewed, and the underlying reaction mechanisms of the catalyzed organic transformations are explored. In some cases, these are due to specific active functional sites, but more generally the catalytic activity relates to collective properties of the conjugated nanocarbon frameworks and the electron transfer from and to the catalytic centers and substrates. It is shown that the !earnings are tightly related to those of electrocatalysis; i.e., the search for better electrocatalysts also improves chemocatalysis, and vice versa. Carbon-carbon heterojunction effects and some perspectives on future possibilities are discussed at the end. KW - active sites KW - carbocatalysis KW - carbon electrical collective properties KW - metal-free KW - nanocarbon materials Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805719 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 31 IS - 13 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arias-Andres, Maria A1 - Rojas-Jimenez, Keilor A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter T1 - Collateral effects of microplastic pollution on aquatic microorganisms BT - An ecological perspective JF - Trends in Analytical Chemistry N2 - Microplastics (MP) provide a unique and extensive surface for microbial colonization in aquatic ecosystems. The formation of microorganism-microplastic complexes, such as biofilms, maximizes the degradation of organic matter and horizontal gene transfer. In this context, MP affect the structure and function of microbial communities, which in turn render the physical and chemical fate of MP. This new paradigm generates challenges for microbiology, ecology, and ecotoxicology. Dispersal of MP is concomitant with that of their associated microorganisms and their mobile genetic elements, including antibiotic resistance genes, islands of pathogenicity, and diverse metabolic pathways. Functional changes in aquatic microbiomes can alter carbon metabolism and food webs, with unknown consequences on higher organisms or human microbiomes and hence health. Here, we examine a variety of effects of MP pollution from the microbial ecology perspective, whose repercussions on aquatic ecosystems begin to be unraveled. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Microplastics (MP) KW - Biofilms KW - HGT KW - Microbial ecology KW - Carbon cycling KW - Aquatic ecosystems KW - Health risk assessment Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.041 SN - 0165-9936 SN - 1879-3142 VL - 112 SP - 234 EP - 240 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ariel, Yaakov S. T1 - Ismar Schorsch: Leopold Zunz. Creativity in Adversity / [rezensiert von] Yaakov Ariel JF - PaRDES : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e. V. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417918 SP - 239 EP - 241 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ayllon, Daniel A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Attinger, Sabine A1 - Hauhs, Michael A1 - Simmer, Clemens A1 - Vereecken, Harry A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar T1 - Cross-disciplinary links in environmental systems science BT - Current state and claimed needs identified in a meta-review of process models JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - Terrestrial environmental systems are characterised by numerous feedback links between their different compartments. However, scientific research is organized into disciplines that focus on processes within the respective compartments rather than on interdisciplinary links. Major feedback mechanisms between compartments might therefore have been systematically overlooked so far. Without identifying these gaps, initiatives on future comprehensive environmental monitoring schemes and experimental platforms might fail. We performed a comprehensive overview of feedbacks between compartments currently represented in environmental sciences and explores to what degree missing links have already been acknowledged in the literature. We focused on process models as they can be regarded as repositories of scientific knowledge that compile findings of numerous single studies. In total, 118 simulation models from 23 model types were analysed. Missing processes linking different environmental compartments were identified based on a meta-review of 346 published reviews, model inter-comparison studies, and model descriptions. Eight disciplines of environmental sciences were considered and 396 linking processes were identified and ascribed to the physical, chemical or biological domain. There were significant differences between model types and scientific disciplines regarding implemented interdisciplinary links. The most wide-spread interdisciplinary links were between physical processes in meteorology, hydrology and soil science that drive or set the boundary conditions for other processes (e.g., ecological processes). In contrast, most chemical and biological processes were restricted to links within the same compartment. Integration of multiple environmental compartments and interdisciplinary knowledge was scarce in most model types. There was a strong bias of suggested future research foci and model extensions towards reinforcing existing interdisciplinary knowledge rather than to open up new interdisciplinary pathways. No clear pattern across disciplines exists with respect to suggested future research efforts. There is no evidence that environmental research would clearly converge towards more integrated approaches or towards an overarching environmental systems theory. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Review KW - Interdisciplinary links KW - Integrated environmental modelling KW - Research needs Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.007 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 622 SP - 954 EP - 973 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Basler, Georg A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. A1 - Nikoloski, Zoran T1 - Advances in metabolic flux analysis toward genome-scale profiling of higher organisms JF - Bioscience reports : communications and reviews in molecular and cellular biology N2 - Methodological and technological advances have recently paved the way for metabolic flux profiling in higher organisms, like plants. However, in comparison with omics technologies, flux profiling has yet to provide comprehensive differential flux maps at a genome-scale and in different cell types, tissues, and organs. Here we highlight the recent advances in technologies to gather metabolic labeling patterns and flux profiling approaches. We provide an opinion of how recent local flux profiling approaches can be used in conjunction with the constraint-based modeling framework to arrive at genome-scale flux maps. In addition, we point at approaches which use metabolomics data without introduction of label to predict either non-steady state fluxes in a time-series experiment or flux changes in different experimental scenarios. The combination of these developments allows an experimentally feasible approach for flux-based large-scale systems biology studies. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20170224 SN - 0144-8463 SN - 1573-4935 VL - 38 PB - Portland Press (London) CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Katrin Anne A1 - Riethmueller, Joachim A1 - Seitz, Aaron P. A1 - Gardner, Aaron A1 - Boudreau, Ryan A1 - Kamler, Markus A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard A1 - Schuchman, Edward A1 - Caldwell, Charles C. A1 - Edwards, Michael J. A1 - Grassme, Heike A1 - Brodlie, Malcolm A1 - Gulbins, Erich T1 - Sphingolipids as targets for inhalation treatment of cystic fibrosis JF - Advanced drug delivery reviews N2 - Studies over the past several years have demonstrated the important role of sphingolipids in cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute lung injury. Ceramide is increased in airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages of CF mice and humans, while sphingosine is dramatically decreased. This increase in ceramide results in chronic inflammation, increased death of epithelial cells, release of DNA into the bronchial lumen and thereby an impairment of mucociliary clearance; while the lack of sphingosine in airway epithelial cells causes high infection susceptibility in CF mice and possibly patients. The increase in ceramide mediates an ectopic expression of beta 1-integrins in the luminal membrane of CF epithelial cells, which results, via an unknown mechanism, in a down-regulation of acid ceramidase. It is predominantly this down-regulation of acid ceramidase that results in the imbalance of ceramide and sphingosine in CF cells. Correction of ceramide and sphingosine levels can be achieved by inhalation of functional acid sphingomyelinase inhibitors, recombinant acid ceramidase or by normalization of beta 1-integrin expression and subsequent re-expression of endogenous acid ceramidase. These treatments correct pulmonary inflammation and prevent or treat, respectively, acute and chronic pulmonary infections in CF mice with Staphylococcus aureus and mucoid or non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inhalation of sphingosine corrects sphingosine levels only and seems to mainly act against the infection. Many antidepressants are functional inhibitors of the acid sphingomyelinase and were designed for systemic treatment of major depression. These drugs could be repurposed to treat CF by inhalation. KW - Ceramide KW - Acid sphingomyelinase KW - Cystic fibrosis KW - COPD KW - Inhalation Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.015 SN - 0169-409X SN - 1872-8294 VL - 133 SP - 66 EP - 75 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bornhorst, Julia A1 - Kipp, Anna P. A1 - Haase, Hajo A1 - Meyer, Soeren A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja T1 - The crux of inept biomarkers for risks and benefits of trace elements JF - Trends in Analytical Chemistry N2 - Nowadays, the role of trace elements (TE) is of growing interest because dyshomeostasis of selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) is supposed to be a risk factor for several diseases. Thereby, research focuses on identifying new biomarkers for the TE status to allow for a more reliable description of the individual TE and health status. This review mirrors a lack of well-defined, sensitive, and selective biomarkers and summarizes technical limitations to measure them. Thus, the capacity to assess the relationship between dietary TE intake, homeostasis, and health is restricted, which would otherwise provide the basis to define adequate intake levels of single TE in both healthy and diseased humans. Besides that, our knowledge is even more limited with respect to the real life situation of combined TE intake and putative interactions between single TE. KW - Trace elements KW - Copper KW - Zinc KW - Manganese KW - Selenium KW - Biomarker KW - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry KW - Hyphenated techniques KW - Isotope ratios Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.007 SN - 0165-9936 SN - 1879-3142 VL - 104 SP - 183 EP - 190 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bridwell, David A. A1 - Cavanagh, James F. A1 - Collins, Anne G. E. A1 - Nunez, Michael D. A1 - Srinivasan, Ramesh A1 - Stober, Sebastian A1 - Calhoun, Vince D. T1 - Moving Beyond ERP Components BT - a selective review of approaches to integrate EEG and behavior JF - Frontiers in human neuroscienc N2 - Relationships between neuroimaging measures and behavior provide important clues about brain function and cognition in healthy and clinical populations. While electroencephalography (EEG) provides a portable, low cost measure of brain dynamics, it has been somewhat underrepresented in the emerging field of model-based inference. We seek to address this gap in this article by highlighting the utility of linking EEG and behavior, with an emphasis on approaches for EEG analysis that move beyond focusing on peaks or "components" derived from averaging EEG responses across trials and subjects (generating the event-related potential, ERP). First, we review methods for deriving features from EEG in order to enhance the signal within single-trials. These methods include filtering based on user-defined features (i.e., frequency decomposition, time-frequency decomposition), filtering based on data-driven properties (i.e., blind source separation, BSS), and generating more abstract representations of data (e.g., using deep learning). We then review cognitive models which extract latent variables from experimental tasks, including the drift diffusion model (DDM) and reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. Next, we discuss ways to access associations among these measures, including statistical models, data-driven joint models and cognitive joint modeling using hierarchical Bayesian models (HBMs). We think that these methodological tools are likely to contribute to theoretical advancements, and will help inform our understandings of brain dynamics that contribute to moment-to-moment cognitive function. KW - EEG KW - ERP KW - blind source separation KW - partial least squares KW - canonical correlations analysis KW - representational similarity analysis KW - deep learning KW - hierarchical Bayesian model Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00106 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bálint, Miklós A1 - Pfenninger, Markus A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Taberlet, Pierre A1 - Vellend, Mark A1 - Leibold, Mathew A. A1 - Englund, Goran A1 - Bowler, Diana T1 - Environmental DNA time series in ecology JF - Trends in ecology & evolution N2 - Ecological communities change in time and space, but long-term dynamics at the century-to-millennia scale are poorly documented due to lack of relevant data sets. Nevertheless, understanding long-term dynamics is important for explaining present-day biodiversity patterns and placing conservation goals in a historical context. Here, we use recent examples and new perspectives to highlight how environmental DNA (eDNA) is starting to provide a powerful new source of temporal data for research questions that have so far been overlooked, by helping to resolve the ecological dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems over hundreds to thousands of years. We give examples of hypotheses that may be addressed by temporal eDNA biodiversity data, discuss possible research directions, and outline related challenges. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.003 SN - 0169-5347 SN - 1872-8383 VL - 33 IS - 12 SP - 945 EP - 957 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cisek, Richard A1 - Tokarz, Danielle A1 - Kontenis, Lukas A1 - Barzda, Virginijus A1 - Steup, Martin T1 - Polarimetric second harmonic generation microscopy BT - an analytical tool for starch bioengineering JF - Starch-Starke N2 - Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that inherently generates signal in non-centrosymmetric materials, such as starch granules, and therefore can be used for label-free imaging. Both intensity and polarization of SHG are determined by material properties that are characterized by the nonlinear susceptibility tensor, ((2)). Examination of the tensor is performed for each focal volume of the image by measuring the outgoing polarization state of the SHG signal for a set of incoming laser beam polarizations. Mapping of nonlinear properties expressed as the susceptibility ratio reveals structural features including the organization of crystalline material within a single starch granule, and the distribution of structural properties in a population of granules. Isolated granules, as well as in situ starch, can be analyzed using polarimetric SHG microscopy. Due to the fast sample preparation and short imaging times, polarimetric SHG microscopy allows for a quick assessment of starch structure and permits rapid feedback for bioengineering applications. This article presents the basics of SHG theory and microscopy applications for starch-containing materials. Quantification of ultrastructural features within individual starch granules is described. New results obtained by polarization resolved SHG microscopy of starch granules are presented for various maize genotypes revealing heterogeneity within a single starch particle and between various granules. KW - Determination of crystallinity KW - Determination of hydration KW - Label-free imaging KW - Nonlinear optical microscopy KW - Structural determination Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201700031 SN - 0038-9056 SN - 1521-379X VL - 70 IS - 1-2 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Civitillo, Sauro A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Schachner, Maja Katharina T1 - Challenging beliefs about cultural diversity in education BT - a synthesis and critical review of trainings with pre-service teachers JF - Educational Research Review N2 - Teaching culturally diverse classrooms starts from embracing beliefs that recognise the strengths of cultural diversity. Research is needed to understand how teacher training contributes to shaping pre-service teachers’ beliefs about cultural diversity. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to 1) provide a description of main components and contextual characteristics of teacher trainings targeting cultural diversity beliefs, 2) report the training effects, and 3) detail the methodological strengths and weaknesses of these studies. A total of 36 studies published between 2005 and 2015 that used a longitudinal assessment of cultural diversity beliefs were reviewed. The collective results of these studies indicate a large variance amongst trainings, with experiential learning shifting cultural diversity beliefs positively. However, existing studies have significant limitations in the study design and training evaluation that hinder their conclusions regarding internal and external validity and point towards new directions for future research. KW - Cultural diversity KW - Beliefs KW - Teacher education KW - Pre-service teacher Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.01.003 SN - 1747-938X SN - 1878-0385 VL - 24 SP - 67 EP - 83 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Schrijver, Lotte A1 - Vander Beken, Tom A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Keygnaert, Ines T1 - Prevalence of sexual violence in migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees in Europe BT - a critical interpretive synthesis of the evidence JF - International Journal of environmental research and public health N2 - (1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a major public health problem, with negative socio-economic, physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health consequences. Migrants, applicants for international protection, and refugees (MARs) are vulnerable to SV. Since many European countries are seeing high migratory pressure, the development of prevention strategies and care paths focusing on victimised MARs is highly needed. To this end, this study reviews evidence on the prevalence of SV among MAR groups in Europe and the challenges encountered in research on this topic. (2) Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis of 25 peer-reviewed academic studies and 22 relevant grey literature documents was conducted based on a socio-ecological model. (3) Results: Evidence shows that SV is highly frequent in MARs in Europe, yet comparison with other groups is still difficult. Methodologically and ethically sound representative studies comparing between populations are still lacking. Challenges in researching SV in MARs are located at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, societal, and policy levels. (4) Conclusions: Future research should start with a clear definition of the concerned population and acts of SV to generate comparable data. Participatory qualitative research approaches could be applied to better grasp the complexity of interplaying determinants of SV in MARs. KW - sexual violence KW - migrants KW - refugees KW - asylum seekers KW - applicants for international protection KW - Europe KW - prevalence Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091979 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 15 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Demske, Ulrike T1 - Rezension zu: Roehrs, Dorian ; Sapp, Christopher: Quantifying expressions in the history of German: Syntactic reanalysis and morphological change. - Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2016. - 299 S. - . ISBN 978-9-02725-713-0 JF - Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2018.0009 SN - 0097-8507 SN - 1535-0665 VL - 94 IS - 1 SP - 228 EP - 231 PB - Linguistic Society of America CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Number concepts: abstract and embodied JF - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences N2 - Numerical knowledge, including number concepts and arithmetic procedures, seems to be a clear-cut case for abstract symbol manipulation. Yet, evidence from perceptual and motor behaviour reveals that natural number knowledge and simple arithmetic also remain closely associated with modal experiences. Following a review of behavioural, animal and neuroscience studies of number processing, we propose a revised understanding of psychological number concepts as grounded in physical constraints, embodied in experience and situated through task-specific intentions. The idea that number concepts occupy a range of positions on the continuum between abstract and modal conceptual knowledge also accounts for systematic heuristics and biases in mental arithmetic, thus inviting psycho-logical approaches to the study of the mathematical mind. KW - embodied cognition KW - mental arithmetic KW - mental number line KW - numerical cognition KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0125 SN - 0962-8436 SN - 1471-2970 VL - 373 IS - 1752 PB - Royal Society CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Stefanie T1 - Rezension zu: Langenthaler, Ernst: Battlefields: Everyday Business in the National Socialist Agrarian Society, 1938-1945. - Vienna : Böhlau Verlag, 2016. - 940 S. - (Sozial- und wirtschaftshistorische Studien, 38) JF - The American historical review T2 - Rezension zu: Langthaler, Ernst: Schlachtfelder: Alltägliches Wirtschaften in der nationalsozialistischen Agrargesellschaft, 1938–1945. - Vienna : Böhlau Verlag, 2016. - 940 S. - (Sozial- und wirtschaftshistorische Studien, 38) Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/123.3.1038 SN - 0002-8762 SN - 1937-5239 VL - 123 IS - 3 SP - 1038 EP - 1039 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Thomas A1 - Faivre, Lea A1 - Bäurle-Lenhard, Isabel A1 - Schubert, Daniel T1 - Chromatin-based mechanisms of temperature memory in plants JF - Plant, cell & environment : cell physiology, whole-plant physiology, community physiology N2 - For successful growth and development, plants constantly have to gauge their environment. Plants are capable to monitor their current environmental conditions, and they are also able to integrate environmental conditions over time and store the information induced by the cues. In a developmental context, such an environmental memory is used to align developmental transitions with favourable environmental conditions. One temperature-related example of this is the transition to flowering after experiencing winter conditions, that is, vernalization. In the context of adaptation to stress, such an environmental memory is used to improve stress adaptation even when the stress cues are intermittent. A somatic stress memory has now been described for various stresses, including extreme temperatures, drought, and pathogen infection. At the molecular level, such a memory of the environment is often mediated by epigenetic and chromatin modifications. Histone modifications in particular play an important role. In this review, we will discuss and compare different types of temperature memory and the histone modifications, as well as the reader, writer, and eraser proteins involved. KW - chromatin KW - cold KW - epigenetics KW - heat KW - memory KW - nucleosome remodelling KW - polycomb KW - priming KW - trithorax Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13373 SN - 0140-7791 SN - 1365-3040 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - 762 EP - 770 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritz, Michael Andre A1 - Rosa, Stefanie A1 - Sicard, Adrien T1 - Mechanisms Underlying the Environmentally Induced Plasticity of Leaf Morphology JF - Frontiers in genetics N2 - The primary function of leaves is to provide an interface between plants and their environment for gas exchange, light exposure and thermoregulation. Leaves have, therefore a central contribution to plant fitness by allowing an efficient absorption of sunlight energy through photosynthesis to ensure an optimal growth. Their final geometry will result from a balance between the need to maximize energy uptake while minimizing the damage caused by environmental stresses. This intimate relationship between leaf and its surroundings has led to an enormous diversification in leaf forms. Leaf shape varies between species, populations, individuals or even within identical genotypes when those are subjected to different environmental conditions. For instance, the extent of leaf margin dissection has, for long, been found to inversely correlate with the mean annual temperature, such that Paleobotanists have used models based on leaf shape to predict the paleoclimate from fossil flora. Leaf growth is not only dependent on temperature but is also regulated by many other environmental factors such as light quality and intensity or ambient humidity. This raises the question of how the different signals can be integrated at the molecular level and converted into clear developmental decisions. Several recent studies have started to shed the light on the molecular mechanisms that connect the environmental sensing with organ-growth and patterning. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the influence of different environmental signals on leaf size and shape, their integration as well as their importance for plant adaptation. KW - plants KW - leaf morphology KW - environment KW - developmental plasticity KW - gene regulatory networks KW - sensory system KW - gene responsiveness Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00478 SN - 1664-8021 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fudickar, Werner A1 - Linker, Torsten T1 - Release of Singlet Oxygen from Organic Peroxides under Mild Conditions JF - ChemPhotoChem N2 - Singlet oxygen can be released in the dark in nearly quantitative yield from endoperoxides of naphthalenes, anthracenes and pyridones as an alternative to its generation by photosensitization. Recently, new donor systems have been designed which operate at very low temperatures but which are prepared from their parent forms at acceptable rates. Enhancement of the reactivity of donors is conveniently achieved by the design of the substitution pattern or through the use of plasmonic heating of nanoparticle-bound donors. The most important aim of these donor molecules is to transfer singlet oxygen in a controlled and directed manner to a target. Low temperatures and the linking between donors and acceptors reduce the random walk of oxygen and may force an attack at the desired position. By using chiral donor systems, new stereocenters might be introduced into prochiral acceptors. KW - donor-acceptor systems KW - oxygenation KW - peroxides KW - polycycles KW - retro reactions Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.201700235 SN - 2367-0932 VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - 548 EP - 558 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaebler, Martijn A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Hortobagyi, Tibor A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - The effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on physical fitness and athletic performance in Youth BT - a systematic review and Meta-Analysis JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Combining training of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness within a training cycle could increase athletic performance more than single-mode training. However, the physiological effects produced by each training modality could also interfere with each other, improving athletic performance less than single-mode training. Because anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical differences between young and adult athletes can affect the responses to exercise training, young athletes might respond differently to concurrent training (CT) compared with adults. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on selected physical fitness components and athletic performance in youth. A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 886 records. The studies included in the analyses examined children (girls age 6-11 years, boys age 6-13 years) or adolescents (girls age 12-18 years, boys age 14-18 years), compared CT with single-mode endurance (ET) or strength training (ST), and reported at least one strength/power-(e.g., jump height), endurance-(e.g., peak. VO2, exercise economy), or performance-related (e.g., time trial) outcome. We calculated weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs). CT compared to ET produced small effects in favor of CT on athletic performance (n = 11 studies, SMD = 0.41, p = 0.04) and trivial effects on cardiorespiratory endurance (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.04, p = 0.86) and exercise economy (n = 5 studies, SMD = 0.16, p = 0.49) in young athletes. A sub-analysis of chronological age revealed a trend toward larger effects of CT vs. ET on athletic performance in adolescents (SMD = 0.52) compared with children (SMD = 0.17). CT compared with ST had small effects in favor of CT on muscle power (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.23, p = 0.04). In conclusion, CT is more effective than single-mode ET or ST in improving selected measures of physical fitness and athletic performance in youth. Specifically, CT compared with ET improved athletic performance in children and particularly adolescents. Finally, CT was more effective than ST in improving muscle power in youth. KW - child KW - adolescent KW - muscle strength KW - cardiorespiratory fitness KW - physical conditioning human KW - resistance training KW - youth sports Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01057 SN - 1664-042X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Galbete, Cecilia A1 - Schwingshackl, Lukas A1 - Schwedhelm, Carolina A1 - Boeing, Heiner A1 - Schulze, Matthias Bernd T1 - Evaluating Mediterranean diet and risk of chronic disease in cohort studies BT - an umbrella review of meta-analyses JF - European journal of epidemiology N2 - Several meta-analyses have been published summarizing the associations of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) with chronic diseases. We evaluated the quality and credibility of evidence from these meta-analyses as well as characterized the different indices used to define MedDiet and re-calculated the associations with the different indices identified. We conducted an umbrella review of meta-analyses on cohort studies evaluating the association of the MedDiet with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and cognitive-related diseases. We used the AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews) checklist to evaluate the methodological quality of the meta-analyses, and the NutriGrade scoring system to evaluate the credibility of evidence. We also identified different indices used to define MedDiet; tests for subgroup differences were performed to compare the associations with the different indices when at least 2 studies were available for different definitions. Fourteen publications were identified and within them 27 meta-analyses which were based on 70 primary studies. Almost all meta-analyses reported inverse associations between MedDiet and risk of chronic disease, but the credibility of evidence was rated low to moderate. Moreover, substantial heterogeneity was observed on the use of the indices assessing adherence to the MedDiet, but two indices were the most used ones [Trichopoulou MedDiet (tMedDiet) and alternative MedDiet (aMedDiet)]. Overall, we observed little difference in risk associations comparing different MedDiet indices in the subgroup meta-analyses. Future prospective cohort studies are advised to use more homogenous definitions of the MedDiet to improve the comparability across meta-analyses. KW - Mediterranean diet KW - Chronic diseases KW - Umbrella review KW - Meta-analyses KW - Cohort studies KW - Heterogeneity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0427-3 SN - 0393-2990 SN - 1573-7284 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 909 EP - 931 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gao, Yongbo A1 - Merz, Christoph A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar A1 - Schneider, Michael T1 - A review on missing hydrological data processing JF - Environmental earth sciences N2 - Like almost all fields of science, hydrology has benefited to a large extent from the tremendous improvements in scientific instruments that are able to collect long-time data series and an increase in available computational power and storage capabilities over the last decades. Many model applications and statistical analyses (e.g., extreme value analysis) are based on these time series. Consequently, the quality and the completeness of these time series are essential. Preprocessing of raw data sets by filling data gaps is thus a necessary procedure. Several interpolation techniques with different complexity are available ranging from rather simple to extremely challenging approaches. In this paper, various imputation methods available to the hydrological researchers are reviewed with regard to their suitability for filling gaps in the context of solving hydrological questions. The methodological approaches include arithmetic mean imputation, principal component analysis, regression-based methods and multiple imputation methods. In particular, autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) models which originate from finance and econometrics will be discussed regarding their applicability to data series characterized by non-constant volatility and heteroscedasticity in hydrological contexts. The review shows that methodological advances driven by other fields of research bear relevance for a more intensive use of these methods in hydrology. Up to now, the hydrological community has paid little attention to the imputation ability of time series models in general and ARCH models in particular. KW - Missing data KW - Imputation KW - Hydrological time series analysis KW - ARCH KW - ARIMA KW - Heteroscedasticity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7228-6 SN - 1866-6280 SN - 1866-6299 VL - 77 IS - 2 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gebel, Arnd A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects and dose-response relationship of balance training on balance performance in Youth BT - a systematic review and meta-analysis JF - Sports medicine N2 - Background Effects and dose-response relationships of balance training on measures of balance are well-documented for healthy young and old adults. However, this has not been systematically studied in youth. Objectives The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to quantify effects of balance training (BT) on measures of static and dynamic balance in healthy children and adolescents. Additionally, dose-response relations for BT modalities (e.g. training period, frequency, volume) were quantified through the analysis of controlled trials. Data Sources A computerized systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science from January 1986 until June 2017 to identify articles related to BT in healthy trained and untrained children and adolescents. Study Eligibility Criteria A systematic approach was used to evaluate articles that examined the effects of BT on balance outcomes in youth. Controlled trials with pre- and post-measures were included if they examined healthy youth with a mean age of 6-19 years and assessed at least one measure of balance (i.e. static/dynamic steady-state balance, reactive balance, proactive balance) with behavioural (e.g. time during single-leg stance) or biomechanical (e.g. centre of pressure displacements during single-leg stance) test methods. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods The included studies were coded for the following criteria: training modalities (i.e. training period, frequency, volume), balance outcomes (i.e. static and dynamic balance) as well as chronological age, sex (male vs. female), training status (trained vs. untrained), setting (school vs. club), and testing method (biomechanical vs. physical fitness test). Weighted mean standardized mean differences (SMDwm) were calculated using a random-effects model to compute overall intervention effects relative to active and passive control groups. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using I 2 and chi(2) statistics. A multivariate random effects meta-regression was computed to explain the influence of key training modalities (i.e. training period, training frequency, total number of training sessions, duration of training sessions, and total duration of training per week) on the effectiveness of BT on measures of balance performance. Further, subgroup univariate analyses were computed for each training modality. Additionally, dose-response relationships were characterized independently by interpreting the modality specific magnitude of effect sizes. Methodological quality of the included studies was rated with the help of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Results Overall, our literature search revealed 198 hits of which 17 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Irrespective of age, sex, training status, sport discipline and training method, moderate to large BT-related effects were found for measures of static (SMDwm = 0.71) and dynamic (SMDwm = 1.03) balance in youth. However, our subgroup analyses did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the moderator variables age, sex, training status, setting and testing method on overall balance (i.e. aggregation of static and dynamic balance). BT-related effects in adolescents were moderate to large for measures of static (SMDwm = 0.61) and dynamic (SMDwm = 0.86) balance. With regard to the dose-response relationships, findings from the multivariate random effects meta-regression revealed that none of the examined training modalities predicted the effects of BT on balance performance in adolescents (R-2 = 0.00). In addition, results from univariate analysis have to be interpreted with caution because training modalities were computed as single factors irrespective of potential between-modality interactions. For training period, 12 weeks of training achieved the largest effect (SMDwm = 1.40). For training frequency, the largest effect was found for two sessions per week (SMDwm = 1.29). For total number of training sessions, the largest effect was observed for 24-36 sessions (SMDwm = 1.58). For the modality duration of a single training session, 4-15 min reached the largest effect (SMDwm = 1.03). Finally, for the modality training per week, a total duration of 31-60 min per week (SMDwm = 1.33) provided the largest effects on overall balance in adolescents. Methodological quality of the studies was rated as moderate with a median PEDro score of 6.0. Limitations Dose-response relationships were calculated independently for training modalities (i.e. modality specific) and not interdependently. Training intensity was not considered for the calculation of dose-response relationships because the included studies did not report this training modality. Further, the number of included studies allowed the characterization of dose-response relationships in adolescents for overall balance only. In addition, our analyses revealed a considerable between-study heterogeneity (I-2 = 66-83%). The results of this meta-analysis have to be interpreted with caution due to their preliminary status. Conclusions BT is a highly effective means to improve balance performance with moderate to large effects on static and dynamic balance in healthy youth irrespective of age, sex, training status, setting and testing method. The examined training modalities did not have a moderating effect on balance performance in healthy adolescents. Thus, we conclude that an additional but so far unidentified training modality may have a major effect on balance performance that was not assessed in our analysis. Training intensity could be a promising candidate. However, future studies are needed to find appropriate methods to assess BT intensity. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0926-0 SN - 0112-1642 SN - 1179-2035 VL - 48 IS - 9 SP - 2067 EP - 2089 PB - Springer CY - Northcote ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gropalis, Maria A1 - Bailer, Josef A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael T1 - Optimierung von Expositionstherapie bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten T1 - Optimization of exposure therapy for pathological health anxiety BT - Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Implikationen BT - Theoretical principles and practical implications JF - Psychotherapeut N2 - Pathologische Krankheitsängste wurden bislang nach ICD und DSM primär als somatoforme Störung bzw. als somatische Belastungsstörung klassifiziert. Theoretische Erwägungen und empirische Befunde legen jedoch nahe, dass es sich bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten eigentlich um eine Angststörung handelt. Innerhalb des vorliegenden Beitrags wird dafür argumentiert, dass Defizite in der aktuellen Behandlungspraxis und in der Wahrnehmung von Patienten mit Hypochondrie als „schwierige Patienten“ teilweise auf Unklarheit in der Nosologie sowie bezüglich der entscheidenden Mechanismen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung zurückzuführen sind. Ausgehend von innovativen theoretischen Ansätzen zur Erklärung pathologischer Krankheitsängste werden Vorschläge für eine verbesserte therapeutische Praxis skizziert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf einem verstärken Einsatz expositionsbasierter Behandlungselemente, die sich am „Inhibitory-learning“-Ansatz orientieren und sich bei anderen Angststörungen bereits bewährt haben. N2 - Up to now pathological health anxiety has been classified primarily as a somatoform disorder or a somatic symptom disorder in ICD and DSM. Theoretical and empirical evidence, however, suggest that pathological health anxiety basically represents an anxiety disorder. In this paper, it is argued that deficits in the treatment and perception of patients with pathological health anxiety as "difficult patients" are partly attributable to a lack of clarity in terms of nosology and with respect to central mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis. Based on novel theoretical approaches for the explanation of pathological health anxiety, suggestions for an improved therapeutic practice are outlined. This approach focuses on a more intensive use of exposure-based treatment elements that are oriented to the inhibitory learning approach, which has already proven its effectiveness for other anxiety disorders. KW - Hypochondriasis KW - Anxiety disorders KW - Inhibition KW - Learning KW - Cognitive behavior therapy KW - Hypochondrie KW - Angststörungen KW - Inhibition KW - Lernen KW - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-018-0285-1 SN - 0935-6185 SN - 1432-2080 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 188 EP - 193 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hansen, Dominique A1 - Niebauer, Josef A1 - Cornelissen, Veronique A1 - Barna, Olga A1 - Neunhaeuserer, Daniel A1 - Stettler, Christoph A1 - Tonoli, Cajsa A1 - Greco, Eugenio A1 - Fagard, Robert A1 - Coninx, Karin A1 - Vanhees, Luc A1 - Piepoli, Massimo F. A1 - Pedretti, Roberto A1 - Ruiz, Gustavo Rovelo A1 - Corra, Ugo A1 - Schmid, Jean-Paul A1 - Davos, Constantinos H. A1 - Edelmann, Frank A1 - Abreu, Ana A1 - Rauch, Bernhard A1 - Ambrosetti, Marco A1 - Braga, Simona Sarzi A1 - Beckers, Paul A1 - Bussotti, Maurizio A1 - Faggiano, Pompilio A1 - Garcia-Porrero, Esteban A1 - Kouidi, Evangelia A1 - Lamotte, Michel A1 - Reibis, Rona Katharina A1 - Spruit, Martijn A. A1 - Takken, Tim A1 - Vigorito, Carlo A1 - Völler, Heinz A1 - Doherty, Patrick A1 - Dendale, Paul T1 - Exercise prescription in patients with different combinations of cardiovascular disease risk factors BT - a consensus statement from the EXPERT working group JF - Sports medicine N2 - Whereas exercise training is key in the management of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (obesity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension), clinicians experience difficulties in how to optimally prescribe exercise in patients with different CVD risk factors. Therefore, a consensus statement for state-of-the-art exercise prescription in patients with combinations of CVD risk factors as integrated into a digital training and decision support system (the EXercise Prescription in Everyday practice & Rehabilitative Training (EXPERT) tool) needed to be established. EXPERT working group members systematically reviewed the literature for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and/or clinical studies addressing exercise prescriptions in specific CVD risk factors and formulated exercise recommendations (exercise training intensity, frequency, volume and type, session and programme duration) and exercise safety precautions, for obesity, arterial hypertension, type 1 and 2 diabetes, and dyslipidaemia. The impact of physical fitness, CVD risk altering medications and adverse events during exercise testing was further taken into account to fine-tune this exercise prescription. An algorithm, supported by the interactive EXPERT tool, was developed by Hasselt University based on these data. Specific exercise recommendations were formulated with the aim to decrease adipose tissue mass, improve glycaemic control and blood lipid profile, and lower blood pressure. The impact of medications to improve CVD risk, adverse events during exercise testing and physical fitness was also taken into account. Simulations were made of how the EXPERT tool provides exercise prescriptions according to the variables provided. In this paper, state-of-the-art exercise prescription to patients with combinations of CVD risk factors is formulated, and it is shown how the EXPERT tool may assist clinicians. This contributes to an appropriately tailored exercise regimen for every CVD risk patient. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0930-4 SN - 0112-1642 SN - 1179-2035 VL - 48 IS - 8 SP - 1781 EP - 1797 PB - Springer CY - Northcote ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hasenbring, Monika Ilona A1 - Levenig, Claudia A1 - Hallner, D. A1 - Puschmann, Anne-Katrin A1 - Weiffen, A. A1 - Kleinert, Jens A1 - Belz, J. A1 - Schiltenwolf, Marcus A1 - Pfeifer, A. -C. A1 - Heidari, Jahan A1 - Kellmann, M. A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria T1 - Psychosocial risk factors for chronic back pain in the general population and in competitive sports BT - from theory to clinical screening- a review fromthe MiSpEx network BT - Von der Modellbildung zum klinischen Screening – ein Review aus dem MiSpEx-Netzwerk JF - Der Schmerz : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft zum Studium des Schmerzes, der Österreichischen Schmerzgesellschaft und der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie N2 - Lumbar back pain and the high risk of chronic complaints is not only an important health concern in the general population but also in high performance athletes. In contrast to non-athletes, there is a lack of research into psychosocial risk factors in athletes. Moreover, the development of psychosocial screening questionnaires that would be qualified to detect athletes with a high risk of chronicity is in the early stages. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of research into psychosocial risk factors in both populations and to evaluate the performance of screening instruments in non-athletes. The databases MEDLINE, PubMed, and PsycINFO were searched from March to June 2016 using the keywords "psychosocial screening", "low back pain", "sciatica" and "prognosis", "athletes". We included prospective studies conducted in patients with low back pain with and without radiation to the legs, aged ae18 years and a follow-up of at least 3 months. We identified 16 eligible studies, all of them conducted in samples of non-athletes. Among the most frequently published screening questionnaires, the A-rebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (A-MPSQ) demonstrated a sufficient early prediction of return to work and the STarT Back Screening Tool (SBT) revealed acceptable performance predicting pain-related impairment. The prediction of future pain was sufficient with the Risk Analysis of Back Pain Chronification (RISC-BP) and the Heidelberg Short Questionnaire (HKF). Psychosocial risk factors of chronic back pain, such as chronic stress, depressive mood, and maladaptive pain processing are becoming increasingly more recognized in competitive sports. Screening instruments that have been shown to be predictive in the general population are currently being tested for suitability in the German MiSpEx research consortium. T2 - Psychosoziale Risikofaktoren für chronischen Rückenschmerz in der Allgemeingesellschaft und im Leistungssport KW - Chronic back pain KW - Psychosocial risk factors KW - Screening KW - Prognosis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-018-0307-5 SN - 0932-433X SN - 1432-2129 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 259 EP - 273 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heck, Christian A1 - Michaeli, Yael A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Ebenstein, Yuval T1 - Analytical epigenetics BT - single-molecule optical detection of DNA and histone modifications JF - Current Opinion in Biotechnology N2 - The field of epigenetics describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype, by regulating gene expression without changing the canonical base sequence of DNA. It deals with molecular genomic information that is encoded by a rich repertoire of chemical modifications and molecular interactions. This regulation involves DNA, RNA and proteins that are enzymatically tagged with small molecular groups that alter their physical and chemical properties. It is now clear that epigenetic alterations are involved in development and disease, and thus, are the focus of intensive research. The ability to record epigenetic changes and quantify them in rare medical samples is critical for next generation diagnostics. Optical detection offers the ultimate single-molecule sensitivity and the potential for spectral multiplexing. Here we review recent progress in ultrasensitive optical detection of DNA and histone modifications. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.006 SN - 0958-1669 SN - 1879-0429 VL - 55 SP - 151 EP - 158 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heidbach, Oliver A1 - Rajabi, Mojtaba A1 - Cui, Xiaofeng A1 - Fuchs, Karl A1 - Mueller, Birgit A1 - Reinecker, John A1 - Reiter, Karsten A1 - Tingay, Mark A1 - Wenzel, Friedemann A1 - Xie, Furen A1 - Ziegler, Moritz O. A1 - Zoback, Mary-Lou A1 - Zoback, Mark T1 - The World Stress Map database release 2016 BT - Crustal stress pattern across scales JF - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth N2 - Knowledge of the present-day crustal in-situ stress field is a key for the understanding of geodynamic processes such as global plate tectonics and earthquakes. It is also essential for the management of geo-reservoirs and underground storage sites for energy and waste. Since 1986, the World Stress Map (WSM) project has systematically compiled the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (S-Hmax). For the 30th anniversary of the project, the WSM database has been updated significantly with 42,870 data records which is double the amount of data in comparison to the database release in 2008. The update focuses on areas with previously sparse data coverage to resolve the stress pattern on different spatial scales. In this paper, we present details of the new WSM database release 2016 and an analysis of global and regional stress pattern. With the higher data density, we can now resolve stress pattern heterogeneities from plate-wide to local scales. In particular, we show two examples of 40 degrees-60 degrees S-Hmax rotations within 70 km. These rotations can be used as proxies to better understand the relative importance of plate boundary forces that control the long wave-length pattern in comparison to regional and local controls of the crustal stress state. In the new WSM project phase IV that started in 2017, we will continue to further refine the information on the S-Hmax orientation and the stress regime. However, we will also focus on the compilation of stress magnitude data as this information is essential for the calibration of geomechanical-numerical models. This enables us to derive a 3-D continuous description of the stress tensor from point-wise and incomplete stress tensor information provided with the WSM database. Such forward models are required for safety aspects of anthropogenic activities in the underground and for a better understanding of tectonic processes such as the earthquake cycle. KW - Tectonic stress KW - Database KW - Stress tensor KW - Geomechanical modelling Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.007 SN - 0040-1951 SN - 1879-3266 VL - 744 SP - 484 EP - 498 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hermanussen, Michael A1 - Bogin, Barry A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Stunting, starvation and refeeding BT - a review of forgotten 19th and early 20th century literature JF - Acta paediatrica : nurturing the child N2 - Aim: To scrutinize to what extent modern ideas about nutrition effects on growth are supported by historic observations in European populations. Method: We reviewed 19th and early 20th century paediatric journals in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, the third largest European library with an almost complete collection of the German medical literature. During a three-day visit, we inspected 15 bookshelf meters of literature not available in electronic format. Results: Late 19th and early 20th century breastfed European infants and children, independent of social strata, grew far below World Health Organisation (WHO) standards and 15-30% of adequately-fed children would be classified as stunted by the WHO standards. Historic sources indicate that growth in height is largely independent of the extent and nature of the diet. Height catch-up after starvation was greater than catch-up reported in modern nutrition intervention studies, and allowed for unimpaired adult height. Conclusion: Historical studies are indispensable to understand why stunting does not equate with undernutrition and why modern diet interventions frequently fail to prevent stunting. Appropriateness and effect size of modern nutrition interventions on growth need revision. KW - Child growth KW - Historic literature KW - Refeeding KW - Stunting KW - Undernutrition Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14311 SN - 0803-5253 SN - 1651-2227 VL - 107 IS - 7 SP - 1166 EP - 1176 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hetenyi, Gyorgy A1 - Molinari, Irene A1 - Clinton, John A1 - Bokelmann, Gotz A1 - Bondar, Istvan A1 - Crawford, Wayne C. A1 - Dessa, Jean-Xavier A1 - Doubre, Cecile A1 - Friederich, Wolfgang A1 - Fuchs, Florian A1 - Giardini, Domenico A1 - Graczer, Zoltan A1 - Handy, Mark R. A1 - Herak, Marijan A1 - Jia, Yan A1 - Kissling, Edi A1 - Kopp, Heidrun A1 - Korn, Michael A1 - Margheriti, Lucia A1 - Meier, Thomas A1 - Mucciarelli, Marco A1 - Paul, Anne A1 - Pesaresi, Damiano A1 - Piromallo, Claudia A1 - Plenefisch, Thomas A1 - Plomerova, Jaroslava A1 - Ritter, Joachim A1 - Rumpker, Georg A1 - Sipka, Vesna A1 - Spallarossa, Daniele A1 - Thomas, Christine A1 - Tilmann, Frederik A1 - Wassermann, Joachim A1 - Weber, Michael A1 - Weber, Zoltan A1 - Wesztergom, Viktor A1 - Zivcic, Mladen A1 - Abreu, Rafael A1 - Allegretti, Ivo A1 - Apoloner, Maria-Theresia A1 - Aubert, Coralie A1 - Besancon, Simon A1 - de Berc, Maxime Bes A1 - Brunel, Didier A1 - Capello, Marco A1 - Carman, Martina A1 - Cavaliere, Adriano A1 - Cheze, Jerome A1 - Chiarabba, Claudio A1 - Cougoulat, Glenn A1 - Cristiano, Luigia A1 - Czifra, Tibor A1 - Danesi, Stefania A1 - Daniel, Romuald A1 - Dannowski, Anke A1 - Dasovic, Iva A1 - Deschamps, Anne A1 - Egdorf, Sven A1 - Fiket, Tomislav A1 - Fischer, Kasper A1 - Funke, Sigward A1 - Govoni, Aladino A1 - Groschl, Gidera A1 - Heimers, Stefan A1 - Heit, Ben A1 - Herak, Davorka A1 - Huber, Johann A1 - Jaric, Dejan A1 - Jedlicka, Petr A1 - Jund, Helene A1 - Klingen, Stefan A1 - Klotz, Bernhard A1 - Kolinsky, Petr A1 - Kotek, Josef A1 - Kuhne, Lothar A1 - Kuk, Kreso A1 - Lange, Dietrich A1 - Loos, Jurgen A1 - Lovati, Sara A1 - Malengros, Deny A1 - Maron, Christophe A1 - Martin, Xavier A1 - Massa, Marco A1 - Mazzarini, Francesco A1 - Metral, Laurent A1 - Moretti, Milena A1 - Munzarova, Helena A1 - Nardi, Anna A1 - Pahor, Jurij A1 - Pequegnat, Catherine A1 - Petersen, Florian A1 - Piccinini, Davide A1 - Pondrelli, Silvia A1 - Prevolnik, Snjezan A1 - Racine, Roman A1 - Regnier, Marc A1 - Reiss, Miriam A1 - Salimbeni, Simone A1 - Santulin, Marco A1 - Scherer, Werner A1 - Schippkus, Sven A1 - Schulte-Kortnack, Detlef A1 - Solarino, Stefano A1 - Spieker, Kathrin A1 - Stipcevic, Josip A1 - Strollo, Angelo A1 - Sule, Balint A1 - Szanyi, Gyongyver A1 - Szucs, Eszter A1 - Thorwart, Martin A1 - Ueding, Stefan A1 - Vallocchia, Massimiliano A1 - Vecsey, Ludek A1 - Voigt, Rene A1 - Weidle, Christian A1 - Weyland, Gauthier A1 - Wiemer, Stefan A1 - Wolf, Felix A1 - Wolyniec, David A1 - Zieke, Thomas T1 - The AlpArray seismic network BT - a large-scale european experiment to image the alpine orogen JF - Surveys in Geophysics N2 - The AlpArray programme is a multinational, European consortium to advance our understanding of orogenesis and its relationship to mantle dynamics, plate reorganizations, surface processes and seismic hazard in the Alps-Apennines-Carpathians-Dinarides orogenic system. The AlpArray Seismic Network has been deployed with contributions from 36 institutions from 11 countries to map physical properties of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in 3D and thus to obtain new, high-resolution geophysical images of structures from the surface down to the base of the mantle transition zone. With over 600 broadband stations operated for 2 years, this seismic experiment is one of the largest simultaneously operated seismological networks in the academic domain, employing hexagonal coverage with station spacing at less than 52 km. This dense and regularly spaced experiment is made possible by the coordinated coeval deployment of temporary stations from numerous national pools, including ocean-bottom seismometers, which were funded by different national agencies. They combine with permanent networks, which also required the cooperation of many different operators. Together these stations ultimately fill coverage gaps. Following a short overview of previous large-scale seismological experiments in the Alpine region, we here present the goals, construction, deployment, characteristics and data management of the AlpArray Seismic Network, which will provide data that is expected to be unprecedented in quality to image the complex Alpine mountains at depth. KW - Seismology KW - Alps KW - Seismic network KW - Geodynamics KW - Seismic imaging KW - Mountain building Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9472-4 SN - 0169-3298 SN - 1573-0956 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1009 EP - 1033 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hipp, Lena T1 - Rezension zu: A. L. Kalleberg & S. P. Vallas (Eds.): Precarious Work. - United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing, 2018 (Research in the Sociology of Work; 31). - 463 pp. - ISBN 978-1-78743-288-8 JF - Work and occupations : an international sociological journal N2 - Work has become more precarious in recent years. Although this claim is more or less uncontested among social scientists, there are a still many questions that have not yet been conclusively answered. What exactly constitutes precariousness? How should it be operationalized and measured? How does the character of precarious employment vary across organizations, occupations, demographic groups, and countries? The edited volume by Arne Kalleberg and Steven Vallas seeks to provide answers to these and related questions. Sociologists from around the world employed different methodologies in a broad range of economic sectors and countries to identify the origins, manifestations, and consequences of precarious work. The different contributions not only illustrate the great heterogeneity that exists within precarious employment but also point to some central features of precarious work independent of the geographical context in which it occurs. Moreover, they highlight some challenges for the study of precarious work. First, drawing on their earlier work, Kalleberg and Vallas conceptualize precarious employment as work that is characterized by uncertainty and insecurity with regard to pay and the stability of the work arrangement; workers in precarious jobs only have limited access to social benefits and statutory protections and bear the entrepreneurial risk of the employment relationship. This broad definition not only captures various forms of nonstandard employment, such as temporary employment, part-time work, or one-person businesses, but also covers informal workers or workers who are at risk of losing their jobs. Nonetheless, this definition does not seem to be broad enough or specific enough to fit the needs of all types of research and to appropriately capture the multifaceted nature of precarious work. Kiersztyn, for example, shows the necessity to distinguish between objective and subjective insecurities when measuring precarious work. Likewise, Rogan et al. point out that the concept of “precarious employment” has little resonance in the developing world, where most of the workforce is at or near poverty and informal work is the default employment type. Second, the book repeatedly illustrates that the increase in precarious work can be attributed to the rise of neoliberal doctrines and practices, the deinstitutionalization of organized workers, and the dismantling of the welfare state. This applies not only to the United States, where market logics have often been equated with economic freedom, but also to countries like Germany with its corporatist tradition and a strong welfare state (Brady and Biegert) as well as to emerging economies like India (Sapkal and Sundar). In the opening chapter, Pulignano, moreover, convincingly argues that the institutional determinants of precariousness should not only be sought at the national level but that the supranational context plays a major role when it comes to explain precarity. Third, by focusing on different aspects of precariousness and employment, the book shows the need for differentiation when studying precarious work. This is nicely illustrated by the following three chapters, which draw different conclusions on the gendered nature of precarious employment. Wallace and Kwak study the rise of “bad jobs” in U.S. metropolitan areas and show that men’s work became more precarious during the Great Financial Crisis. By contrast, Banch and Hanley, who have investigated the prevalence of different forms of nonstandard work since the 1980s in the United States, show that the risk of working in precarious jobs has declined over time for men. Likewise, Witteveen shows that the employment trajectories of young men are less precarious than those of young women in the United States. These seemingly contradictory claims stem from the fact that the authors focused on different aspects of precariousness, used different methodologies and datasets, and took on slightly different populations and time frames. The work on precarious work is hence not yet done. Fourth, precarious work is certainly no longer a characteristic of those with low levels of education but has increasingly become common among professional and technical workers as well. It might come in disguise and is oftentimes perceived as an opportunity, a means for career advancement, and a personal choice. These disguises and perceptions are evident in chapters by Zukin and Papadantonakis on the unpaid work performed by programmers in hackathons, the chapter by Rao on young professionals in international organizations, and to some degree also the chapter by Williams on professional female workers in the oil and gas industry. These insights (and more that are not mentioned here) make the book relevant and interesting to read. A summary chapter to synthesize the diverse findings and potentially also outline some of the methodological challenges in the study of precarious work would have had been a nice close of the book. Furthermore, such a summation would have been the place to speculate about the consequences of recent changes in the world of work, such as the rise of the gig economy and cloud or crowd work, which add new forms of precarity to the ones that we have known thus far. Although it has primarily been written for an academic audience, the book is a highly commendable and enjoyable read for both social scientists and practitioners such as labor activists, human resources managers, and policy makers. Moreover, the book is certainly a valuable teaching resource suitable for graduate and master’s seminars in sociology due to its broad coverage of various aspects of precariousness, geographical regions, and methodological approaches. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888418810071 SN - 0730-8884 SN - 1552-8464 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - 103 EP - 105 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Homolka, Walter T1 - Jewish theology and Jewish studies in Germany BT - Reflections in relation to the development of the research field in Norway JF - Nordisk judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies N2 - This article presents some insights into the German developments of studying Judaism and the Jewish tradition and relates them to the ongoing development of the subject at universities in the Nordic countries in general and Norway in particular. It also aims to present some conclusions concerning why it might be interesting for Norwegian society to intensify the study of Judaism at its universities. KW - Jewish studies KW - Jews in Norway KW - Jewish Studies in Germany Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.30752/nj.70966 SN - 0348-1646 SN - 2343-4929 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 26 EP - 35 PB - Donner Institute CY - Åbo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Markus A1 - Rosenberger, Elke T1 - The tunneling effect for a class of difference operators JF - Reviews in Mathematical Physics N2 - We analyze a general class of self-adjoint difference operators H-epsilon = T-epsilon + V-epsilon on l(2)((epsilon Z)(d)), where V-epsilon is a multi-well potential and v(epsilon) is a small parameter. We give a coherent review of our results on tunneling up to new sharp results on the level of complete asymptotic expansions (see [30-35]). Our emphasis is on general ideas and strategy, possibly of interest for a broader range of readers, and less on detailed mathematical proofs. The wells are decoupled by introducing certain Dirichlet operators on regions containing only one potential well. Then the eigenvalue problem for the Hamiltonian H-epsilon is treated as a small perturbation of these comparison problems. After constructing a Finslerian distance d induced by H-epsilon, we show that Dirichlet eigenfunctions decay exponentially with a rate controlled by this distance to the well. It follows with microlocal techniques that the first n eigenvalues of H-epsilon converge to the first n eigenvalues of the direct sum of harmonic oscillators on R-d located at several wells. In a neighborhood of one well, we construct formal asymptotic expansions of WKB-type for eigenfunctions associated with the low-lying eigenvalues of H-epsilon. These are obtained from eigenfunctions or quasimodes for the operator H-epsilon acting on L-2(R-d), via restriction to the lattice (epsilon Z)(d). Tunneling is then described by a certain interaction matrix, similar to the analysis for the Schrodinger operator (see [22]), the remainder is exponentially small and roughly quadratic compared with the interaction matrix. We give weighted l(2)-estimates for the difference of eigenfunctions of Dirichlet-operators in neighborhoods of the different wells and the associated WKB-expansions at the wells. In the last step, we derive full asymptotic expansions for interactions between two "wells" (minima) of the potential energy, in particular for the discrete tunneling effect. Here we essentially use analysis on phase space, complexified in the momentum variable. These results are as sharp as the classical results for the Schrodinger operator in [22]. KW - Semiclassical difference operator KW - tunneling KW - interaction matrix KW - asymptotic expansion KW - multi-well potential KW - Finsler distance KW - Agmon estimates Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129055X18300029 SN - 0129-055X SN - 1793-6659 VL - 30 IS - 4 PB - World Scientific CY - Singapore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard T1 - Divergent role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in liver health and disease JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Two decades ago, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) was discovered as a novel bioactive molecule that regulates a variety of cellular functions. The plethora of S1P-mediated effects is due to the fact that the sphingolipid not only modulates intracellular functions but also acts as a ligand of G protein-coupled receptors after secretion into the extracellular environment. In the plasma, S1P is found in high concentrations, modulating immune cell trafficking and vascular endothelial integrity. The liver is engaged in modulating the plasma S1P content, as it produces apolipoprotein M, which is a chaperone for the S1P transport. Moreover, the liver plays a substantial role in glucose and lipid homeostasis. A dysfunction of glucose and lipid metabolism is connected with the development of liver diseases such as hepatic insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or liver fibrosis. Recent studies indicate that S1P is involved in liver pathophysiology and contributes to the development of liver diseases. In this review, the current state of knowledge about S1P and its signaling in the liver is summarized with a specific focus on the dysregulation of S1P signaling in obesity-mediated liver diseases. Thus, the modulation of S1P signaling can be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatic diseases. KW - sphingolipids KW - sphingosine kinase KW - fibrosis KW - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease KW - insulin resistance KW - liver fibrosis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030722 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 19 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kluge, Annette A1 - Gronau, Norbert T1 - Intentional forgetting in organizations BT - the Importance of Eliminating Retrieval Cues for Implementing New Routines JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - To cope with the already large, and ever increasing, amount of information stored in organizational memory, "forgetting," as an important human memory process, might be transferred to the organizational context. Especially in intentionally planned change processes (e.g., change management), forgetting is an important precondition to impede the recall of obsolete routines and adapt to new strategic objectives accompanied by new organizational routines. We first comprehensively review the literature on the need for organizational forgetting and particularly on accidental vs. intentional forgetting. We discuss the current state of the art of theory and empirical evidence on forgetting from cognitive psychology in order to infer mechanisms applicable to the organizational context. In this respect, we emphasize retrieval theories and the relevance of retrieval cues important for forgetting. Subsequently, we transfer the empirical evidence that the elimination of retrieval cues leads to faster forgetting to the forgetting of organizational routines, as routines are part of organizational memory. We then propose a classification of cues (context, sensory, business process-related cues) that are relevant in the forgetting of routines, and discuss a meta-cue called the "situational strength" cue, which is relevant if cues of an old and a new routine are present simultaneously. Based on the classification as business process-related cues (information, team, task, object cues), we propose mechanisms to accelerate forgetting by eliminating specific cues based on the empirical and theoretical state of the art. We conclude that in intentional organizational change processes, the elimination of cues to accelerate forgetting should be used in change management practices. KW - change management KW - multi-actor routines KW - business processes KW - knowledge management KW - organizational memory KW - situational strength Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00051 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kosta, Peter T1 - Rezension zu: Bednaříková, Božena: Slovo a jeho konverze. - Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci. Filozofická fakulta, 2009. - S. 253. - ISBN 978-80-244-2220-6 JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik N2 - The book by Božena Bednaříková, Slovo a jeho konverze (‘BSJK’), was originally published in 2009. However, in our view, there has not yet been given a due consideration and certainly not recognition as a genuine new territory of word formation. This is the reason to write a short review in order to give this book the consideration it has by large and far deserved. For in this book, two theoretically interesting working hypotheses are represented and covered by numerous examples of the Czech contemporary language: (i) conversion is the central process (not derivation), and (ii) conversion belongs to morphology and not (just) to word formation. The book is divided into 9 sections. The section 1 (p. 13–14) gives the road map of the book, in section 2 (p. 15–42), the central concern about the position of word as a central unit of morphology (form formation) is established. In this chapter, the traditional views of Czech descriptive and Academic grammars but also manuals and handbooks or teacher’s books for high schools are reviewed. In most of them, word formation is considered being a part of lexicology, and not an integral part of morphology or better form formation. The review serves not only the improvement towards a unifying grammatical terminology in academic circles (university and academy of science) but it should also improve the quality of teaching at elementary and high schools (cf. 2.6., p. 31–42: Školský exkurz). Bednaříková is famous for her leading role as missing link between the Academia and the consumers of grammars. In chapter 3, entitled Návrat slova ‘The return of the word’ (into the Morphology, p. 43–54), arguments in favor of a morphological approach are raised. In this important methodological chapter, the main reasons are given why the word must be a central part of the form formation (morphology/grammar) and not of the lexicology. In addition, key terms such as stem, root and affix are subject to revision. The chapter is very brief, but very precise in its reasoning and arguments, in which the formal teaching is assigned a central supporting role in the context of conversion and transposition. In chapter 4 Slovo jako slovní druh (‘The word as a pars orationis’, p. 55–70), the syntactic function of transposition of one pars orationis to another with the means of conversion is considered. In Chapter 5, the central role of morphology for word formation is analyzed taking as starting point Mel’čuks theory which is understood as the analysis of morphological processes (cf. Mel’čuk, I. 2000. Morphological processes. In G. Booji, Ch. Lehmann, J. Mugdan, & S. Skopeteas (eds.), Morphologie/Morphology. Vol. 1, 523–535. Berlin & New York). The innovative part of the book are without any doubt the chapters 6–9, in which the internal structure of the word is introduced (chapter 6, 79–122), furthermore the part of speech transfer (or PS Transfer) including the conversion (Chapter 7, 123–149), once more the transposition understood as the shift from one part of speech to the other and concentrating on nouns, verbs and adjectives (Chapter 8, 150–201), and, finally, transflexion, “transflexe” (chapter 9, 203–219), which belongs rather to the domain of derivation than to a new type of word formation, and which does not include the transposition from one part of speech to another but rather the transition from one declension class to another. However, it is to be criticized that in some chapters, certain systematics are missing (this is expressed for example in the repetition of the same phenomenon in several places), and the illustrations in the form of derivation trees or the abbreviations are not always transparent and explicitly defined. It took a very long time until I received information about the abbreviation “S”. I would now like to give a short statement concerning the innovative potential and the contribution of the book itself as compared to the western standard on the same topic. At the beginning of the monograph, the author raises the central concerns of her two hypotheses. In her study, she is concerned with the bases of morphemic analysis of word formation and with the function of the syntagma. In view of methodology, two central acts of actualization are, following Mathesius’ terminology, under review: first, the category called “pojmenovávací”, and second, the category called “usouvztažňovací” (cf. also Mathesius, V. 1982. Jazyk, kultura a slovesnost; Daneš, F. 1991.Mathesiova koncepce funkční gramatiky v kontextu dnešní jazykovědy. In SaS 52. 161–174 and Panevová, J. 2010. Kategorie pojmenovávací a usouvztažňovací [Jak František Daneš rozvíjí Viléma Mathesia]. In S. Čmejrková & J. Hoffmannová ad. [eds.], Užívání a prožívání jazyka, 21–26.). Her major concern is thus to establish a missing link between an analysis of word formation and form formation (morphology). Her morphemic analysis of word formation processes wants to “combat traditional school views of word formation as a (mechanical) connection of the root, prefix, and suffix”. Doing so, she analyzes in the book the relationship between transfer, transposition (as change of partes orationis) and conversion (as the operation process serving transposition). In the last chapter 8, BSJK re-introduces and refines the term transflection (BSJK 2009,13). This book is important for its consistent satisfactory treatment of the term conversion as a morphological process in the Czech tradition; still we cannot confirm that in European context, this topic would be “seriously under-researched” (cited from the introduction, Chapter 1, p. 13). The contrary is true, in context of English word formation besides the most influential work by Marchand (Marchand, H. 1996. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic diachronic approach. 2nd ed. München), conversion as the most productive process of word formation has become perhaps the most researched object recently: to mention just a few influential monographs: Martsa, S. 2013. Conversion in English: A Cognitive Semantic Approach. Cambridge; Vogel, P. M. 1996. Wortarten und Wortartenwechsel. Berlin & New York. The word formation called conversion originally comes from analytic languages such as English and French. Especially English is a language in which the derivation of a noun from a verb and vice versa causes a considerable large amount of homonymous forms in the dictionary and of course, this is not just a problem of morphology but especially a problem of any theoretical approach to language acquisition, cognitive semantics or even generative morphosyntax. Thus, in his seminal book, Language Instinct (1995), Steven Pinker argues persuasively that prescriptive grammar rules disallowing, among other things, the sentence-final use of prepositions, the splitting of infinitives and the conversion of nouns to verbs are both useless and nonsensical (371–379). As regards the conversion of nouns to verbs, he says: “[i]n fact the easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries; it is one of the processes that make English English” (ibidem: 379). To illustrate the easiness characterizing this type of conversion, he lists verbs converted from nouns designating human body parts, some of which are reproduced in (1): (1) head a committee, scalp a missionary, eye a babe, nose around the office, mouth the lyrics, tongue each note on the flute, neck in the back seat, back the candidate, arm the militia, shoulder the burden, elbow your way in, finger the culprit, knuckle under, thumb a ride, belly up to the bar, stomach someone’s complaints, knee the goalie, leg it across the town, foot the bill, toe the line (cf. Pinker, S. 1995. The Language Instinct. New York, 379–380 and Pinker, S. 1996. Language learnability and language development. Cambridge MA) Pinker estimates that approximately a fifth of English verbs originate from nouns, which, as documented extensively in Clark & Clark (Clark, E. V. & H. H. Clark. 1979. When nouns surface as verbs. In Language 55. 767–811), may also have to do with the fact that new or innovative verbs in English arise predominantly from conversion of nouns to verbs. Without questioning the dominance of noun to verb conversion, I shall claim in this review that it is not only the easy conversion of verbs from nouns, but, more broadly, conversion as a word-formation process that makes English English. Consider, for instance, (2) below demonstrating that the easiness of forming conversion verbs equally characterizes, though in a lesser degree, the conversion of nouns from verbs. The expressions given in (2) are modelled on Pinker’s above examples by the seminal work of Sándor Martsa (2013. Conversion in English: A Cognitive Semantic Approach. Cambridge), and they contain nouns converted from verbs designating actions functionally related to different parts of the human body. (2) have your say, give a shout, let out a shriek / a cry, give a talk, take a look at the notes, keep a close watch, down the whisky with a swallow, have a chew on it, have a smell of this cheese, with a smile, the touch of her fingers, Hey! Nice catch! go for a run, it’s worth a go, go for a walk Thus, the major difference between the term konverze as introduced and defended in BSJK (2009, 149) on one hand, and the English type of conversion mostly called “Zero-Derivation” by a zero morpheme (as Marchand 1969 op. cit., has called it) is to be found inside of the two quite different systems of word formation. Czech very rarely allows for pure zero derivation such as demonstrated in the English examples (1)-(2). Despite this major difference, even Czech language being still a highly inflectional language with rich case, number and declension system and agreement, nevertheless more and more allows for similar word formations typical for English with a true zero affixation, e. g. tunnel > to tunnel : Cz tunel > tunelovat and this process is an integral part of the grammar because it includes even the category of verbal aspect deriving also the perfective forms and negated verbs such as nevytunelovalo peníze, ve snaze “politicky korektně” uctít Havlovu památku jednotliví ministři české vlády přislíbili, že přestanou tento stát vykrádat a tunelovat, tedy alespoň do začátku příštího roku; Nové vedení Obce spisovatelů a jeho sekretariát nevytunelovalo peníze Obce spisovatelů, vždyť nebylo ani co tunelovat, naopak zachránilo tuto organizaci před téměř nezvratným koncem (ČNK. Last accessed July 10, 2018). Thus conversion is becoming more and more an important process of word and form formation in the system of Czech word formation and morphology. One critical observation remains to be mentioned: The book is solid but in a certain sense restricted to just functional approaches not considering or even including the important contribution of alternative approaches in formal linguistics. Thus, mainstream generative syntax, based on the theory of government and binding or minimalism (introduced by Noam Chomsky in 1981 and 1995), are not reviewed in this book even though there are many allusions including the important role of syntax for word formation (this is an important demand on any theory of word formation, cf. also Dokulil, M. 1962. K vzájemnému poměru slovotvorby a skladby. In Acta Universitatis Carolinae: SLAVICA PRAGENSIA IV, 369–375. UK, Praha). Most of the recent work devoted to a theoretical approach of minimalism considers conversion as a “syntactic decomposition” based on root semantics (cf. e. g. Borer, H. 2005. In name only: Structuring sense Vol. I. & The normal course of events: Structuring sense Vol. II. Oxford; Harley, H. & R. Noyer. 1999. State-of-the article: Distributed Morphology. In GLOT 4. 3–9; Halle, M. & A. Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In Keyser, S. J. & K. Hale (eds.), The view from Building 20, 111–176. Cambridge.). A recent development in minimalism is the concept of roots and categorial features (cf. Panagiotidis, Ph. 2014. Categorial Features. A Generative Theory of Word Class Categories. Cambridge.). This theory differentiates between so-called true “denominal verbs tape-type verbs” as opposed to those verbs which are “directly derived from a root hammer-type”. The structural differences between them are argued by Panagiotidis (2014: 63) “to account for the idiosyncratic meaning of the latter, as opposed to the predictable and systematic meaning of the former”. The two types are demonstrated under (3) vs. (4) (3) nP vP / \ / \ N HAMMER v xP / \ HAMMER x (Panagiotidis op. cit., 2014: 63) In (3) to the left, the nominalizer head n takes a root complement, nominalizing it syntactically. In the tree to the right, the root h a m m e r is a manner adjunct to an xP (schematically rendered) inside the vP. On the other hand, verbs like tape behave differently. They seem to be truly denominal, formed by converting a noun into a verb, by recategorizing the noun and not by categorizing a root. By hypothesis, the verbalizing head takes as its complement a structure that already contains a noun – that is, an nP in which the root tape has already been nominalized: (4) nP vP / \ / \ N TAPE v xP / \ np. X / \ n TAPE (Panagiotidis 2014:63) As opposed to this approach, the present monograph uses the term “transpozice” (‘transposition’) as the change of parts of speech of different classes by the means of konverze (‘conversion’) (chapter 8, 151–201). We will just mention one typical class or type of such conversions as given under (5) and (6): (5) kapř / \ Kapř í (BSJK,156) (6) výlov [vylovit] / \ vý [vy] lov [lovit] (BSJK, 180) In summary, I would see the great merit of the publication especially in a new view on ancient phenomena. Additionally, the work also excels in a thorough multi-level analysis of conversion, transposition and transflexion, including consideration of morphonological alternations and differences of semantic interpretation by adding or removing a specific onomasiological feature (according to the onomasiological word formation theory of Dokulil, M. 1962. Tvoření slov v češtině. Teorie odvozování slov. Praha.). Above all, I value the book because of its consistent insistence on the role of shaping for conversion as a part of morphology (form formation). I also think that conversion will play an increasingly important role in the further development of the Czech language, both for system external reasons, as a language contact phenomenon for English, but also for system inherent reasons, triggered and flanked by the tendency towards analytism and simplification, and finally the gradual reduction of the complex inflectional system of nouns and verbs. For the theoretical linguist, this book may not be a substitute for word-formation theories such as Marchand, op. cit. (1969) or Dokulil, op. cit. (1962, 1968); but it is a very stimulating and original study in which a more thorough reading could lead to a differentiated view than that given here, showing the differences between a true zero-derivative language such as English based on a more elaborated morpho-syntactic generative theory of root semantics by Panagiotidis (2014) in which the term conversion is very different from that presented in Bednaříkovás book (see Examples 1 and 2), and a derivational language such as Czech with additional affixes and other word-forming means more clearly. The author is to be recommended for bridging the gap with traditional (and, in my view, not negligible) theories and newer views. The work must necessarily have place in every slavist’s and bohemist’s book shelf. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2018-0049 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 63 IS - 4 SP - 675 EP - 681 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kosta, Peter T1 - Rezension zu: Murray, Sarah, E.: The Semantics of Evidentials, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2017. - (Oxford Studies in Semantics and Pragmatics ; 9). - ISBN 978-0-19-968157-0, ISBN 978-0-19-968158-7 JF - Journal of pragmatics : an interdisciplinary journal of language studies Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.12.006 SN - 0378-2166 SN - 1879-1387 VL - 140 SP - 156 EP - 159 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krstic, Jelena A1 - Galhuber, Markus A1 - Schulz, Tim Julius A1 - Schupp, Michael A1 - Prokesch, Andreas T1 - p53 as a dichotomous regulator of liver disease BT - the dose makes the medicine JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Lifestyle-related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, have become a primary risk factor for the development of liver pathologies that can progress from hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, to the most severe condition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the prevalence of liver pathologies is steadily increasing in modern societies, there are currently no approved drugs other than chemotherapeutic intervention in late stage HCC. Hence, there is a pressing need to identify and investigate causative molecular pathways that can yield new therapeutic avenues. The transcription factor p53 is well established as a tumor suppressor and has recently been described as a central metabolic player both in physiological and pathological settings. Given that liver is a dynamic tissue with direct exposition to ingested nutrients, hepatic p53, by integrating cellular stress response, metabolism and cell cycle regulation, has emerged as an important regulator of liver homeostasis and dysfunction. The underlying evidence is reviewed herein, with a focus on clinical data and animal studies that highlight a direct influence of p53 activity on different stages of liver diseases. Based on current literature showing that activation of p53 signaling can either attenuate or fuel liver disease, we herein discuss the hypothesis that, while hyper-activation or loss of function can cause disease, moderate induction of hepatic p53 within physiological margins could be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of liver pathologies. Hence, stimuli that lead to a moderate and temporary p53 activation could present new therapeutic approaches through several entry points in the cascade from hepatic steatosis to HCC. KW - p53 KW - liver disease KW - insulin resistance KW - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease KW - non-alcoholic steatohepatitis KW - hepatocellular carcinoma KW - liver regeneration KW - mouse models Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030921 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 19 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krstic, Jelena A1 - Reinisch, Isabel A1 - Schupp, Michael A1 - Schulz, Tim Julius A1 - Prokesch, Andreas T1 - p53 functions in adipose tissue metabolism and homeostasis JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - As a tumor suppressor and the most frequently mutated gene in cancer, p53 is among the best-described molecules in medical research. As cancer is in most cases an age-related disease, it seems paradoxical that p53 is so strongly conserved from early multicellular organisms to humans. A function not directly related to tumor suppression, such as the regulation of metabolism in nontransformed cells, could explain this selective pressure. While this role of p53 in cellular metabolism is gradually emerging, it is imperative to dissect the tissue-and cell-specific actions of p53 and its downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on studies reporting p53's impact on adipocyte development, function, and maintenance, as well as the causes and consequences of altered p53 levels in white and brown adipose tissue (AT) with respect to systemic energy homeostasis. While whole body p53 knockout mice gain less weight and fat mass under a high-fat diet owing to increased energy expenditure, modifying p53 expression specifically in adipocytes yields more refined insights: (1) p53 is a negative regulator of in vitro adipogenesis; (2) p53 levels in white AT are increased in diet-induced and genetic obesity mouse models and in obese humans; (3) functionally, elevated p53 in white AT increases senescence and chronic inflammation, aggravating systemic insulin resistance; (4) p53 is not required for normal development of brown AT; and (5) when p53 is activated in brown AT in mice fed a high-fat diet, it increases brown AT temperature and brown AT marker gene expression, thereby contributing to reduced fat mass accumulation. In addition, p53 is increasingly being recognized as crucial player in nutrient sensing pathways. Hence, despite existence of contradictory findings and a varying density of evidence, several functions of p53 in adipocytes and ATs have been emerging, positioning p53 as an essential regulatory hub in ATs. Future studies need to make use of more sophisticated in vivo model systems and should identify an AT-specific set of p53 target genes and downstream pathways upon different (nutrient) challenges to identify novel therapeutic targets to curb metabolic diseases KW - p53 KW - adipose tissue KW - metabolic syndrome KW - obesity KW - adipogenesis KW - insulin resistance Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092622 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 19 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krupkova, Olga A1 - Smolders, Lucas A1 - Würtz-Kozak, Karin A1 - Cook, James A1 - Pozzi, Antonio T1 - The pathobiology of the meniscus BT - a comparison between the human and dog JF - Frontiers in veterinary science N2 - Serious knee pain and related disability have an annual prevalence of approximately 25% on those over the age of 55 years. As curative treatments for the common knee problems are not available to date, knee pathologies typically progress and often lead to osteoarthritis (OA). While the roles that the meniscus plays in knee biomechanics are well characterized, biological mechanisms underlying meniscus pathophysiology and roles in knee pain and OA progression are not fully clear. Experimental treatments for knee disorders that are successful in animal models often produce unsatisfactory results in humans due to species differences or the inability to fully replicate disease progression in experimental animals. The use of animals with spontaneous knee pathologies, such as dogs, can significantly help addressing this issue. As microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of the canine and human menisci are similar, spontaneous meniscal pathologies in canine patients are thought to be highly relevant for translational medicine. However, it is not clear whether the biomolecular mechanisms of pain, degradation of extracellular matrix, and inflammatory responses are species dependent. The aims of this review are (1) to provide an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human and canine meniscus, (2) to compare the known signaling pathways involved in spontaneous meniscus pathology between both species, and (3) to assess the relevance of dogs with spontaneous meniscal pathology as a translational model. Understanding these mechanisms in human and canine meniscus can help to advance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for painful knee disorders and improve clinical decision making. KW - meniscus KW - inflammation KW - oxidative stress KW - pain KW - dog Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00073 SN - 2297-1769 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühne, Franziska A1 - Ay, Destina Sevde A1 - Otterbeck, Mara Jasmin A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - Standardized Patients in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy BT - a Scoping Review of Barriers and Facilitators for Implementation JF - Academic psychiatry N2 - ObjectivesThe use of simulated and standardized patients (SP) is widely accepted in the medical field and, from there, is beginning to disseminate into clinical psychology and psychotherapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to systematically review barriers and facilitators that should be considered in the implementation of SP interventions specific to clinical psychology and psychotherapy.MethodsFollowing current guidelines, a scoping review was conducted. The literature search focused on the MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases, including Dissertation Abstracts International. After screening for titles and abstracts, full texts were screened independently and in duplicate according to our inclusion criteria. For data extraction, a pre-defined form was piloted and used. Units of meaning with respect to barriers and facilitators were extracted and categorized inductively using content-analysis techniques. From the results, a matrix of interconnections and a network graph were compiled.ResultsThe 41 included publications were mainly in the fields of psychiatry and mental health nursing, as well as in training and education. The detailed category system contrasts four supercategories, i.e., which organizational and economic aspects to consider, which persons to include as eligible SPs, how to develop adequate scenarios, and how to authentically and consistently portray mental health patients.ConclusionsPublications focused especially on the interrelation between authenticity and consistency of portrayals, on how to evoke empathy in learners, and on economic and training aspects. A variety of recommendations for implementing SP programs, from planning to training, monitoring, and debriefing, is provided, for example, ethical screening of and ongoing support for SPs. KW - Standardized patients KW - Simulated patients KW - Systematic review KW - Psychotherapy research Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-018-0886-6 SN - 1042-9670 SN - 1545-7230 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 773 EP - 781 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ladwig, Simon A1 - Zhou, Zien A1 - Xu, Ying A1 - Wang, Xia A1 - Chow, Clara K. A1 - Werheid, Katja A1 - Hackett, Maree L. T1 - Comparison of treatment rates of depression after stroke versus myocardial infarction BT - a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational data JF - Psychosomatic medicine N2 - Objective Depression after stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) is common but often assumed to be undertreated without reliable evidence being available. Thus, we aimed to determine treatment rates and investigate the application of guidelines in these conditions. Methods Databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus were systematically searched without language restriction from inception to June 30, 2017. Prospective observational studies with consecutive recruitment reporting any antidepressant treatment in adults with depression after stroke or MI were included. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled estimates of treatment rates. Results Fifty-five studies reported 32 stroke cohorts (n = 8938; pooled frequency of depression = 34%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 29%-38%) and 17 MI cohorts (n = 10,767; pooled frequency of depression = 24%, 95% CI = 20%-28%). In 29 stroke cohorts, 24% (95% CI = 20%-27%) of 2280 depressed people used antidepressant medication. In 15 MI cohorts, 14% (95% CI = 8%-19%) of 2381 depressed people used antidepressant medication indicating a lower treatment rate than in stroke. Two studies reported use of psychosocial interventions, indicating that less than 10% of participants were treated. Conclusions Despite the high frequency of depression after stroke and MI and the existence of efficacious treatment strategies, people often remain untreated. Innovative strategies are needed to increase the use of effective antidepressive interventions in patients with cardiovascular disease. KW - depression KW - myocardial infarction KW - pharmacoepidemiology KW - stroke KW - treatment Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000632 SN - 0033-3174 SN - 1534-7796 VL - 80 IS - 8 SP - 754 EP - 763 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laitinen, Roosa A. E. A1 - Nikoloski, Zoran T1 - Genetic basis of plasticity in plants JF - Journal of experimental botany N2 - The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to different environments, termed plasticity, is a particularly important characteristic to enable sessile plants to adapt to rapid changes in their surroundings. Plasticity is a quantitative trait that can provide a fitness advantage and mitigate negative effects due to environmental perturbations. Yet, its genetic basis is not fully understood. Alongside technological limitations, the main challenge in studying plasticity has been the selection of suitable approaches for quantification of phenotypic plasticity. Here, we propose a categorization of the existing quantitative measures of phenotypic plasticity into nominal and relative approaches. Moreover, we highlight the recent advances in the understanding of the genetic architecture underlying phenotypic plasticity in plants. We identify four pillars for future research to uncover the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity, with emphasis on development of computational approaches and theories. These developments will allow us to perform specific experiments to validate the causal genes for plasticity and to discover their role in plant fitness and evolution. KW - Genetic architecture KW - GWA KW - GxE interaction KW - hub genes KW - plant adaptation KW - plasticity KW - variance Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery404 SN - 0022-0957 SN - 1460-2431 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 739 EP - 745 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laux, Eva-Maria A1 - Bier, Frank Fabian A1 - Hölzel, Ralph T1 - Electrode-based AC electrokinetics of proteins BT - a mini-review JF - Bioelectrochemistry : official journal of the Bioelectrochemical Society ; an international journal devoted to electrochemical aspects of biology and biological aspects of electrochemistry N2 - Employing electric phenomena for the spatial manipulation of bioparticles from whole cells down to dissolved molecules has become a useful tool in biotechnology and analytics. AC electrokinetic effects like dielectrophoresis and AC electroosmosis are increasingly used to concentrate, separate and immobilize DNA and proteins. With the advance of photolithographical micro- and nanofabrication methods, novel or improved bioanalytical applications benefit from concentrating analytes, signal enhancement and locally controlled immobilization by AC electrokinetic effects. In this review of AC electrokinetics of proteins, the respective studies are classified according to their different electrode geometries: individual electrode pairs, interdigitated electrodes, quadrupole electrodes, and 3D configurations of electrode arrays. Known advantages and disadvantages of each layout are discussed. KW - AC electrokinetics KW - Dielectrophoresis KW - Electrodes KW - Electroosmosis KW - Proteins Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.11.010 SN - 1567-5394 SN - 1878-562X VL - 120 SP - 76 EP - 82 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lawrence, Mark A1 - Schäfer, Stefan A1 - Muri, Helene A1 - Scott, Vivian A1 - Oschlies, Andreas A1 - Vaughan, Naomi E. A1 - Boucher, Olivier A1 - Schmidt, Hauke A1 - Haywood, Jim A1 - Scheffran, Jürgen T1 - Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals JF - Nature Communications N2 - Current mitigation efforts and existing future commitments are inadequate to accomplish the Paris Agreement temperature goals. In light of this, research and debate are intensifying on the possibilities of additionally employing proposed climate geoengineering technologies, either through atmospheric carbon dioxide removal or farther-reaching interventions altering the Earth’s radiative energy budget. Although research indicates that several techniques may eventually have the physical potential to contribute to limiting climate change, all are in early stages of development, involve substantial uncertainties and risks, and raise ethical and governance dilemmas. Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals. KW - Atmospheric chemistry KW - Atmospheric dynamics KW - Atmospheric science KW - Climate change KW - Environmental impact Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05938-3 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 9 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lewandowsky, Stephan A1 - Cowtan, Kevin A1 - Risbey, James S. A1 - Mann, Michael E. A1 - Steinman, Byron A. A1 - Oreskes, Naomi A1 - Rahmstorf, Stefan T1 - The 'pause' in global warming in historical context BT - (II). comparing models to observations JF - Environmental research letters N2 - We review the evidence for a putative early 21st-century divergence between global mean surface temperature (GMST) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) projections. We provide a systematic comparison between temperatures and projections using historical versions of GMST products and historical versions of model projections that existed at the times when claims about a divergence were made. The comparisons are conducted with a variety of statistical techniques that correct for problems in previous work, including using continuous trends and a Monte Carlo approach to simulate internal variability. The results show that there is no robust statistical evidence for a divergence between models and observations. The impression of a divergence early in the 21st century was caused by various biases in model interpretation and in the observations, and was unsupported by robust statistics. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372 SN - 1748-9326 VL - 13 IS - 12 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ma, Jianli A1 - Li, Qi A1 - Kühn, Michael A1 - Nakaten, Natalie Christine T1 - Power-to-gas based subsurface energy storage BT - a review JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews N2 - The Renewable energy power generation capacity has been rapidly increasing in China recently. Meanwhile, the contradiction between power supply and demand is becoming increasingly more prominent due to the intermittence of renewable energies. On the other hand, on the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China needs immediate attention. Power-to-Gas (PtG), a chemical energy storage technology, can convert surplus electricity into combustible gases. Subsurface energy storage can meet the requirements of long term storage with its large capacity. This paper provides a discussion of the entire PtG energy storage technology process and the current research progress. Based on the comparative study of different geological storage schemes for synthetic methane, their respective research progress and limitations are noted. In addition, a full investigation of the distribution and implementation of global PtG and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstration projects is performed. Subsequently, the opportunities and challenges of the development of this technology in China are discussed based on techno-economic and ecological effects analysis. While PtG is expected to be a revolutionary technology that will replace traditional power systems, the main issues of site selection, energy efficiency and the economy still need to be adequately addressed. Additionally, based on the comprehensive discussion of the results of the analysis, power-to-gas and subsurface energy storage implementation strategies, as well as outlook in China are presented. KW - Renewable energy KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Subsurface energy storage KW - Underground gas storage KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Methane Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.056 SN - 1364-0321 VL - 97 SP - 478 EP - 496 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - MacGrogan, Donal A1 - Münch, Juliane A1 - de la Pompa, José Luis T1 - Notch and interacting signalling pathways in cardiac development, disease, and regeneration JF - Nature Reviews Cardiology N2 - Cardiogenesis is a complex developmental process involving multiple overlapping stages of cell fate specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Precise spatiotemporal coordination between the different cardiogenic processes is ensured by intercellular signalling crosstalk and tissue-tissue interactions. Notch is an intercellular signalling pathway crucial for cell fate decisions during multicellular organismal development and is aptly positioned to coordinate the complex signalling crosstalk required for progressive cell lineage restriction during cardiogenesis. In this Review, we describe the role of Notch signalling and the crosstalk with other signalling pathways during the differentiation and patterning of the different cardiac tissues and in cardiac valve and ventricular chamber development. We examine how perturbation of Notch signalling activity is linked to congenital heart diseases affecting the neonate and adult, and discuss studies that shed light on the role of Notch signalling in heart regeneration and repair after injury. KW - Cardiac regeneration KW - Cell signalling KW - Congenital heart defects KW - Heart development Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0100-2 SN - 1759-5002 SN - 1759-5010 VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - 685 EP - 704 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Machatschek, Rainhard Gabriel A1 - Schulz, Burkhard A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Langmuir Monolayers as Tools to Study Biodegradable Polymer Implant Materials JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Langmuir monolayers provide a fast and elegant route to analyze the degradation behavior of biodegradable polymer materials. In contrast to bulk materials, diffusive transport of reactants and reaction products in the (partially degraded) material can be neglected at the air-water interface, allowing for the study of molecular degradation kinetics in experiments taking less than a day and in some cases just a few minutes, in contrast to experiments with bulk materials that can take years. Several aspects of the biodegradation behavior of polymer materials, such as the interaction with biomolecules and degradation products, are directly observable. Expanding the technique with surface-sensitive instrumental techniques enables evaluating the evolution of the morphology, chemical composition, and the mechanical properties of the degrading material in situ. The potential of the Langmuir monolayer degradation technique as a predictive tool for implant degradation when combined with computational methods is outlined, and related open questions and strategies to overcome these challenges are pointed out. KW - biomaterial characterization KW - langmuir monolayers KW - polymer degradation KW - predictive characterization tools Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800611 SN - 1022-1336 SN - 1521-3927 VL - 40 IS - 1 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manzoni, Stefano A1 - Capek, Petr A1 - Porada, Philipp A1 - Thurner, Martin A1 - Winterdahl, Mattias A1 - Beer, Christian A1 - Bruchert, Volker A1 - Frouz, Jan A1 - Herrmann, Anke M. A1 - Lindahl, Bjorn D. A1 - Lyon, Steve W. A1 - Šantrůčková, Hana A1 - Vico, Giulia A1 - Way, Danielle T1 - Reviews and syntheses BT - Carbon use efficiency from organisms to ecosystems - definitions, theories, and empirical evidence JF - Biogeosciences N2 - The cycling of carbon (C) between the Earth surface and the atmosphere is controlled by biological and abiotic processes that regulate C storage in biogeochemical compartments and release to the atmosphere. This partitioning is quantified using various forms of C-use efficiency (CUE) - the ratio of C remaining in a system to C entering that system. Biological CUE is the fraction of C taken up allocated to biosynthesis. In soils and sediments, C storage depends also on abiotic processes, so the term C-storage efficiency (CSE) can be used. Here we first review and reconcile CUE and CSE definitions proposed for autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms and communities, food webs, whole ecosystems and watersheds, and soils and sediments using a common mathematical framework. Second, we identify general CUE patterns; for example, the actual CUE increases with improving growth conditions, and apparent CUE decreases with increasing turnover. We then synthesize > 5000CUE estimates showing that CUE decreases with increasing biological and ecological organization - from uni-cellular to multicellular organisms and from individuals to ecosystems. We conclude that CUE is an emergent property of coupled biological-abiotic systems, and it should be regarded as a flexible and scale-dependent index of the capacity of a given system to effectively retain C. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5929-2018 SN - 1726-4170 SN - 1726-4189 VL - 15 IS - 19 SP - 5929 EP - 5949 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Montero-Lopez, Carolina A1 - del Papa, Cecilia A1 - Hongn, Fernando D. A1 - Strecker, Manfred A1 - Aramayo, Alejandro T1 - Synsedimentary broken-foreland tectonics during the Paleogene in the Andes of NW Argentine BT - new evidence from regional to centimetre-scale deformation features JF - Basin research N2 - Unravelling the spatiotemporal evolution of the Cenozoic Andean (Altiplano-Puna) plateau has been one of the most intriguing problems of South American geology. Despite a number of investigations, the early deformation and uplift history of this area remained largely enigmatic. This paper analyses the Paleogene tectono-sedimentary history of the Casa Grande Basin, in the present-day transition zone between the northern sector of the Puna Plateau and the northern part of the Argentine Eastern Cordillera. Our detailed mapping of synsedimentary structures records the onset of regional contractional deformation during the middle Eocene, revealing reactivation of Cretaceous extensional structures and the development of doubly vergent thrusts. This is in agreement with records from other southern parts of the Puna Plateau and the Eastern Cordillera. These observations indicate the existence of an Eocene broken foreland setting within the region, characterized by low-lying compressional basins and ranges with spatially disparate sectors of deformation, which was subsequently subjected to regional uplift resulting in the attainment of present-day elevations during the Neogene. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12212 SN - 0950-091X SN - 1365-2117 VL - 30 SP - 142 EP - 159 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER -