TY - INPR A1 - Asendorpf, Jens B. A1 - Conner, Mark A1 - De Fruyt, Filip A1 - De Houwer, Jan A1 - Denissen, Jaap J. A. A1 - Fiedler, Klaus A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Funder, David C. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nosek, Brian A. A1 - Perugini, Marco A1 - Roberts, Brent W. A1 - Schmitt, Manfred A1 - Van Aken, Marcel A. G. A1 - Weber, Hannelore A1 - Wicherts, Jelte M. T1 - Replication is more than hitting the lottery twice T2 - European journal of personality N2 - The main goal of our target article was to provide concrete recommendations for improving the replicability of research findings. Most of the comments focus on this point. In addition, a few comments were concerned with the distinction between replicability and generalizability and the role of theory in replication. We address all comments within the conceptual structure of the target article and hope to convince readers that replication in psychological science amounts to much more than hitting the lottery twice. Y1 - 2013 SN - 0890-2070 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 138 EP - 144 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asendorpf, Jens B. A1 - Conner, Mark A1 - De Fruyt, Filip A1 - De Houwer, Jan A1 - Denissen, Jaap J. A. A1 - Fiedler, Klaus A1 - Fiedler, Susann A1 - Funder, David C. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nosek, Brian A. A1 - Perugini, Marco A1 - Roberts, Brent W. A1 - Schmitt, Manfred A1 - vanAken, Marcel A. G. A1 - Weber, Hannelore A1 - Wicherts, Jelte M. T1 - Recommendations for increasing replicability in psychology JF - European journal of personality N2 - Replicability of findings is at the heart of any empirical science. The aim of this article is to move the current replicability debate in psychology towards concrete recommendations for improvement. We focus on research practices but also offer guidelines for reviewers, editors, journal management, teachers, granting institutions, and university promotion committees, highlighting some of the emerging and existing practical solutions that can facilitate implementation of these recommendations. The challenges for improving replicability in psychological science are systemic. Improvement can occur only if changes are made at many levels of practice, evaluation, and reward. KW - replicability KW - confirmation bias KW - publication bias KW - generalizability KW - research transparency Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1919 SN - 0890-2070 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 108 EP - 119 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barthelme, Simon A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. T1 - Modeling fixation locations using spatial point processes JF - Journal of vision N2 - Whenever eye movements are measured, a central part of the analysis has to do with where subjects fixate and why they fixated where they fixated. To a first approximation, a set of fixations can be viewed as a set of points in space; this implies that fixations are spatial data and that the analysis of fixation locations can be beneficially thought of as a spatial statistics problem. We argue that thinking of fixation locations as arising from point processes is a very fruitful framework for eye-movement data, helping turn qualitative questions into quantitative ones. We provide a tutorial introduction to some of the main ideas of the field of spatial statistics, focusing especially on spatial Poisson processes. We show how point processes help relate image properties to fixation locations. In particular we show how point processes naturally express the idea that image features' predictability for fixations may vary from one image to another. We review other methods of analysis used in the literature, show how they relate to point process theory, and argue that thinking in terms of point processes substantially extends the range of analyses that can be performed and clarify their interpretation. KW - eye movements KW - fixation locations KW - saliency KW - modeling KW - point process KW - spatial statistics Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.12.1 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 12 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Anja A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Negative attributes are gendered too - conceptualizing and measuring positive and negative facets of sex-role identity JF - European journal of social psychology N2 - Measures of gender identity have almost exclusively relied on positive aspects of masculinity and femininity, although conceptually the self-concept is not limited to positive attributes. A theoretical argument is made for considering negative attributes of gender identity, followed by five studies developing the Positive-Negative Sex-Role Inventory (PN-SRI) as a new measure of gender identity. Study 1 demonstrated that many of the attributes of a German version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory are no longer considered to differ in desirability for men and women. For the PN-SRI, Study 2 elicited attributes characterizing men and women in today's society, for which ratings of typicality and desirability as well as self-ratings by men and women were obtained in Study 3. Study 4 examined the reliability and factorial structure of the four subscales of positive and negative masculinity and femininity and demonstrated the construct and discriminant validity of the PN-SRI by showing that the negative masculinity and femininity scales were unique predictors of select validation constructs. Study 5 showed that the new instrument explained variance in the validation constructs beyond earlier measures of gender identity. Key message: Even in the construction of negative aspects of gender identity, individuals prefer gender-congruent attributes. Negative masculinity and femininity make a unique contribution to understanding gender-related differences in psychological outcome variables. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1970 SN - 0046-2772 VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 516 EP - 531 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Lascorz, Jesus A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Desrivieres, Sylvane A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults JF - PLoS one N2 - Background: Clock genes govern circadian rhythms and shape the effect of alcohol use on the physiological system. Exposure to severe negative life events is related to both heavy drinking and disturbed circadian rhythmicity. The aim of this study was 1) to extend previous findings suggesting an association of a haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphism of PER2 gene with drinking patterns, and 2) to examine a possible role for an interaction of this gene with life stress in hazardous drinking. Methods: Data were collected as part of an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors followed since birth. At age 19 years, 268 young adults (126 males, 142 females) were genotyped for PER2 rs56013859 and were administered a 45-day alcohol timeline follow-back interview and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Life stress was assessed as the number of severe negative life events during the past four years reported in a questionnaire and validated by interview. Results: Individuals with the minor G allele of rs56013859 were found to be less engaged in alcohol use, drinking at only 72% of the days compared to homozygotes for the major A allele. Moreover, among regular drinkers, a gene x environment interaction emerged (p = .020). While no effects of genotype appeared under conditions of low stress, carriers of the G allele exhibited less hazardous drinking than those homozygous for the A allele when exposed to high stress. Conclusions: These findings may suggest a role of the circadian rhythm gene PER2 in both the drinking patterns of young adults and in moderating the impact of severe life stress on hazardous drinking in experienced alcohol users. However, in light of the likely burden of multiple tests, the nature of the measures used and the nominal evidence of interaction, replication is needed before drawing firm conclusions. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059136 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 8 IS - 3 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Friemel, Chris M. A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Schneider, Miriam T1 - Impact of pubertal stage at first drink on adult drinking behavior JF - Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism N2 - BackgroundEarly alcohol use is one of the strongest predictors of later alcohol use disorders, with early use usually taking place during puberty. Many researchers have suggested drinking during puberty as a potential biological basis of the age at first drink (AFD) effect. However, the influence of the pubertal phase at alcohol use initiation on subsequent drinking in later life has not been examined so far. MethodsPubertal stage at first drink (PSFD) was determined in N=283 young adults (131 males, 152 females) from an epidemiological cohort study. At ages 19, 22, and 23years, drinking behavior (number of drinking days, amount of alcohol consumed, hazardous drinking) was assessed using interview and questionnaire methods. Additionally, an animal study examined the effects of pubertal or adult ethanol (EtOH) exposure on voluntary EtOH consumption in later life in 20 male Wistar rats. ResultsPSFD predicted drinking behavior in humans in early adulthood, indicating that individuals who had their first drink during puberty displayed elevated drinking levels compared to those with postpubertal drinking onset. These findings were corroborated by the animal study, in which rats that received free access to alcohol during the pubertal period were found to consume more alcohol as adults, compared to the control animals that first came into contact with alcohol during adulthood. ConclusionsThe results point to a significant role of stage of pubertal development at first contact with alcohol for the development of later drinking habits. Possible biological mechanisms and implications for prevention are discussed. KW - Age at First Drink KW - Alcohol Use KW - Puberty KW - Young Adulthood KW - Prospective Longitudinal Study Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12154 SN - 0145-6008 VL - 37 IS - 10 SP - 1804 EP - 1811 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Schweizer, Geoffrey T1 - Going to the gym or to the movies? - Automatic cognitive associations predict decisions between behavioral alternatives beyond deliberate evaluations T2 - Journal of sport & exercise psychology Y1 - 2013 SN - 0895-2779 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - S78 EP - S79 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Early smoking onset may promise initial pleasurable sensations and later addiction JF - Addiction biology N2 - There is converging evidence suggesting a particular susceptibility to the addictive properties of nicotine among adolescents. The aim of the current study was to prospectively ascertain the relationship between age at first cigarette and initial smoking experiences, and to examine the combined effects of these characteristics of adolescent smoking behavior on adult smoking. It was hypothesized that the association between earlier age at first cigarette and later development of nicotine dependence may, at least in part, be attributable to differences in experiencing pleasurable early smoking sensations. Data were drawn from the participants of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study from birth to adulthood. Structured interviews at age 15, 19 and 22 years were conducted to assess the age at first cigarette, early smoking experiences and current smoking behavior in 213 young adults. In addition, the participants completed the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Adolescents who smoked their first cigarette at an earlier age reported more pleasurable sensations from the cigarette, and they were more likely to be regular smokers at age 22. The age at first cigarette also predicted the number of cigarettes smoked and dependence at age 22. Thus, both the age of first cigarette and the pleasure experienced from the cigarette independently predicted aspects of smoking at age 22. KW - Adolescence KW - age at first cigarette KW - dependence KW - early smoking experiences KW - longitudinal study KW - pleasurable smoking sensations Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00377.x SN - 1369-1600 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 947 EP - 954 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Hellweg, Rainer A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Witt, Stephanie H. A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Deuschle, Michael T1 - BDNF Val 66 Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype moderate the impact of early psychosocial adversity on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and depressive symptoms - a prospective study JF - European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Recent studies have emphasized an important role for neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in regulating the plasticity of neural circuits involved in the pathophysiology of stress-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the interplay of the BDNF Val(66)Met and the serotonin transporter promoter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms in moderating the impact of early-life adversity on BDNF plasma concentration and depressive symptoms. Participants were taken from an epidemiological cohort study following the long-term outcome of early risk factors from birth into young adulthood. In 259 individuals (119 males, 140 females), genotyped for the BDNF Val(66)Met and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms, plasma BDNF was assessed at the age of 19 years. In addition, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Early adversity was determined according to a family adversity index assessed at 3 months of age. Results indicated that individuals homozygous for both the BDNF Val and the 5-HTTLPR L allele showed significantly reduced BDNF levels following exposure to high adversity. In contrast, BDNF levels appeared to be unaffected by early psychosocial adversity in carriers of the BDNF Met or the 5-HTTLPR S allele. While the former group appeared to be most susceptible to depressive symptoms, the impact of early adversity was less pronounced in the latter group. This is the first preliminary evidence indicating that early-life adverse experiences may have lasting sequelae for plasma BDNF levels in humans, highlighting that the susceptibility to this effect is moderated by BDNF Val(66)Met and 5-HTTLPR genotype. KW - BDNF KW - 5-HTTLPR KW - Human KW - Early psychosocial adversity KW - Longitudinal study KW - Depression Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.09.003 SN - 0924-977X VL - 23 IS - 8 SP - 902 EP - 909 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play JF - Societies N2 - When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. KW - media violence KW - aggressive cognitions KW - associative networks KW - learning Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/soc3040445 SN - 2075-4698 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 445 EP - 456 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 678 KW - media violence KW - aggressive cognitions KW - associative networks KW - learning Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476181 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 678 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Caligiore, Daniele A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Vision, action and language unified through embodiment T2 - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0417-0 SN - 0340-0727 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - THES A1 - D'Abreu, Lylla Cysne Frota T1 - Sexual aggression and victimization among college students in Brazil : prevalence and vulnerability factors T1 - Sexuelle Aggression und Opfererfahrung unter Studenten in Brasilien : Prävalenz und Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren N2 - Despite the increased attention devoted to sexual aggression among young people in the international scientific literature, Brazil has little research on the subject exclusively among this group. There is evidence that sexual aggression and victimization may start early. Identifying the magnitude and factors that increase the chance for the onset and persistence of sexual victimization are the first steps for prevention efforts among this group. Using both cross-sectional and prospective analyses, this study examined the prevalence of, and vulnerability factors for sexual aggression and victimization in female and male college students (N = 742; M = 20.1 years) in Brazil, of whom a subgroup (n = 354) took part in two measurements six months apart. At Time 1, a Portuguese version of the Short Form of the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss et al., 2007) was administered to collect information from men and women as both victims and perpetrators of sexual aggression since the age of 14. The students were also asked to provide information on their cognitive representations (sexual scripts) of a consensual sexual encounter, their actual sexual behavior, use of pornography, and experiences of child abuse. At Time 2, the same items from the SES were presented again to assess the incidence of sexual aggression in the 6-month period since T1. The overall prevalence rate of victimization was 27% among men and 29% among women. In contrast, perpetration rates were significantly higher among men (33.7%) than among women (3%). Confirming the hypotheses, cognitive (i.e., risky sexual scripts, normative beliefs), behavioral (i.e., pornography use, sexual behavior patterns) and biographical (i.e., childhood abuse) risk factors were linked to male sexual aggression and to male and female victimization both cross-sectionally and longitudinally with the path models analyses demonstrating good fit with the data. The results supported: a) the role of the sexual script for a first consensual sexual encounter as an underlying factor of real sexual behavior and sexual victimization or perpetration; b) the role of pornography as “inputs” for sexual scripts, increasing indirectly the risk for victimization, and directly and indirectly the risk for perpetration; c) the direct and indirect link between childhood experiences of (sexual) abuse and male sexual aggression and victimization mediated by sexual behavior; and d) the direct link between child sexual abuse and sexual victimization among women. Few gender differences were found in the victimization model. The findings challenge societal beliefs that sexual aggression is restricted to groups with low socio-economic status and that men are unlikely to be sexually coerced. The disparity between male victimization and female perpetration rates is discussed based on traditional gender roles in Brazil. This study is also the first prospective investigation of risk factors for sexual aggression and victimization in Brazil, demonstrating the role of behavioral, cognitive and biographical factors that increase the vulnerability among college students. N2 - Apesar do aumento da atenção dedicada ao fenômeno da agressão sexual entre jovens na literatura científica internacional, o Brasil tem pouca pesquisa no assunto exclusivamente neste grupo. Há evidências de que a agressão e vitimização sexual podem começar precocemente. A identificação da magnitude e dos fatores que aumentam a chance do surgimento e persistência de agressão sexual são os primeiros passos para a prevenção do problema. Usando delineamento transversal e prospectivo, o presente estudo investigou a prevalência e fatores de risco para a agressão e vitimização sexual em estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos (N = 742; M = 20,1 anos) no Brasil, dos quais um subgrupo (n = 354) participou em dois momentos separados por um intervalo de seis meses. Na primeira coleta (T1), uma versão em Português de Short Form of the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) (Koss et al. , 2007) foi aplicada para obter informações sobre experiências de vitimização e agressão sexual em homens e mulheres desde os 14 anos de idade. Os estudantes também foram convidados a fornecer informações sobre suas representações cognitivas de um encontro sexual consensual (scripts sexuais), seu comportamento sexual real, o uso de pornografia e experiências de abuso na infância. Na segunda coleta (T2), os mesmos itens de SES foram apresentados para investigar a incidência de agressão sexual no período de seis meses desde T1. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de prevalência de vitimização foi de 27% entre os homens e 29% entre as mulheres. Em contraste, as taxas de perpetração foram significativamente maiores entre os homens (33,7%) do que entre as mulheres (3%). Confirmando as hipóteses, variáveis cognitivas (scripts sexuais e aceitação normativa de risco), comportamentais (uso da pornografia e padrões de comportamento sexual) e biográficas (história de abuso na infância) constituíram fatores de risco para agressão sexual masculina e vitimização sexual feminina e masculina, tanto transversal quanto prospectivamente. Os resultados demonstram: a) o papel dos scripts sexuais como um fator subjacente ao comportamento sexual real e à vitimização ou perpetração sexual; b) o papel da pornografia como "input" para os scripts sexuais, aumentando, direta e indiretamente, o risco de perpetração e, indiretamente, o risco para vitimização; c) a ligação direta e indireta entre as experiências de abuso (sexual) infantil na agressão e vitimização sexual masculina mediada pelo comportamento sexual e d) a ligação direta entre o abuso sexual infantil e vitimização sexual entre as mulheres. Poucas diferenças de gênero foram encontradas no modelo de vitimização. Os resultados desafiam crenças de que a agressão sexual é restrita a grupos com baixo nível sócio-econômico e que homens não estão susceptíveis à coerção sexual. A disparidade entre as taxas de vitimização masculina e perpetração feminina é discutida com base nos papéis tradicionais de gênero no Brasil. Este estudo é o primeiro com delineamento prospectivo a investigar o papel de fatores comportamentais, cognitivos e biográficos na etiologia da agressão sexual no Brasil. KW - sexual aggression KW - Brazil KW - sexual scripts KW - pornography KW - childhood abuse Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69238 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - D'Abreu, Lylla Cysne Frota A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Bazon, Marina Rezende T1 - Sexual aggression among brazilian college students - prevalence of victimization and perpetration in men and women JF - The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex N2 - Despite the increased attention devoted to sexual aggression among college students in the international research literature, Brazil has no systematic studies on the prevalence of sexual aggression in college populations. The present research measured the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization since age 14 among 742 first-year college students in Brazil (411 women). A Portuguese version of the Short Form of the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss et al., 2007) was administered to collect information from men and women as both victims and perpetrators of sexual aggression. The overall prevalence rate of victimization was 27% among men and 29% among women. Except for sexual coercion and attempted sexual coercion, there were no significant gender differences in victimization rates concerning nonconsensual sexual acts and aggressive strategies. In contrast, perpetration rates were significantly higher among men (33.7%) than among women (3%). The findings challenge societal beliefs that men are unlikely to be sexually coerced. Explanations are proposed for the disparity between male victimization and female perpetration rates based on traditional gender roles in Brazil. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.702799 SN - 0022-4499 SN - 1559-8519 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - 795 EP - 807 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Slattery, Timothy J. A1 - Yang, Jinmian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Evidence for direct control of eye movements during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - It is well established that fixation durations during reading vary with processing difficulty, but there are different views on how oculomotor control, visual perception, shifts of attention, and lexical (and higher cognitive) processing are coordinated. Evidence for a one-to-one translation of input delay into saccadic latency would provide a much needed constraint for current theoretical proposals. Here, we tested predictions of such a direct-control perspective using the stimulus-onset delay (SOD) paradigm. Words in sentences were initially masked and, on fixation, were individually unmasked with a delay (0-, 33-, 66-, 99-ms SODs). In Experiment 1, SODs were constant for all words in a sentence; in Experiment 2, SODs were manipulated on target words, while nontargets were unmasked without delay. In accordance with predictions of direct control, nonzero SODs entailed equivalent increases in fixation durations in both experiments. Yet, a population of short fixations pointed to rapid saccades as a consequence of low-level information at nonoptimal viewing positions rather than of lexical processing. Implications of these results for theoretical accounts of oculomotor control are discussed. KW - stimulus-onset delay KW - oculomotor control KW - fixation durations KW - sentence reading Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031647 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 1468 EP - 1484 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Jeschonek, Susanna A1 - Pauen, Sabina T1 - Event-related potentials for 7-month-olds' processing of animals and furniture items JF - Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience N2 - Event-related potentials (ERPs) to single visual stimuli were recorded in 7-month-old infants. In a three-stimulus oddball paradigm, infants watched one frequently occurring standard stimulus (either an animal or a furniture item) and two infrequently occurring oddball stimuli, presenting one exemplar from the same and one from the different super-ordinate category as compared to the standard stimulus. Additionally, visual attributes of the stimuli were controlled to investigate whether infants focus on category membership or on perceptual similarity when processing the stimuli. Infant ERPs indicated encoding of the standard stimulus and discriminating it from the two oddball stimuli by larger Nc peak amplitude and late-slow-wave activity for the infrequent stimuli. Moreover, larger Nc latency and positive-slow-wave activity indicated increased processing for the different-category as compared to the same-category oddball. Thus, 7-month-olds seem to encode single stimuli not only by surface perceptual features, but they also regard information of category membership, leading to facilitated processing of the oddball that belongs to the same domain as the standard stimulus. KW - Category identification KW - Infants (age: 7 months) KW - Event-related potentials KW - Visual stimulus processing KW - Recognition memory Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.002 SN - 1878-9293 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 60 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Pfeifer, Caroline A1 - Parker, Charlene A1 - Hauf, Petra T1 - Infants' perception of actions and situational constraints - an eye-tracking study JF - Journal of experimental child psychology N2 - Rational action understanding requires that infants evaluate the efficiency of a movement in achieving a goal with respect to situational constraints. In contrast, recent accounts have highlighted the impact of perceptual characteristics of the demonstrated movement or constraints to explain infants' behavior in so-called rational imitation tasks. The current study employed eye tracking to investigate how 13- to 15-month-old infants distribute their visual attention to different aspects of an action demonstration. In three tasks (touchlight, house, and obstacle), infants watched videos in which a model performed an unusual action while she was or was not restricted by situational constraints. Infants' overall looking to the demonstration as well as looking to four segments of the video (initial segment, constraint demonstration, action performance, and final segment) and to specific areas (constraint area of interest [AOI] and action AOI) was analyzed. Overall, infants looked longer at the demonstration in the constraint condition compared with the no-constraint condition. The condition differences occurred in the two video segments where the constraint or action was displayed and were especially profound for the constraint AOI. These findings indicate that infants processed the situational constraints. However, the pattern of condition differences varied slightly in the three tasks. In sum, the data imply that infants process perceptual characteristics of the movement or constraints and that low-level perceptual processes interact with higher level cognitive processes in infants' action perception. KW - Eye tracking KW - Infant action processing KW - 13-to 15-month-old infants KW - Visual attention KW - Rational action understanding KW - Motor resonance account Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.014 SN - 0022-0965 SN - 1096-0457 VL - 116 IS - 2 SP - 428 EP - 442 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelmann, Felix A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - A framework for modeling the interaction of syntactic processing and eye movement control JF - Topics in cognitive science N2 - We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, & Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and McConnell (2009), we integrated both measures with the eye movement model EMMA (Salvucci, 2001) inside the cognitive architecture ACT-R (Anderson et al., 2004). We built a reading model that could initiate short Time Out regressions (Mitchell, Shen, Green, & Hodgson, 2008) that compensate for slow postlexical processing. This simple interaction enabled the model to predict the re-reading of words based on parsing difficulty. The model was evaluated in different configurations on the prediction of frequency effects on the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. The extension of EMMA with postlexical processing improved its predictions and reproduced re-reading rates and durations with a reasonable fit to the data. This demonstration, based on simple and independently motivated assumptions, serves as a foundational step toward a precise investigation of the interaction between high-level language processing and eye movement control. KW - Sentence comprehension KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Parsing difficulty KW - Working memory KW - Surprisal KW - Computational modeling Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12026 SN - 1756-8757 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 452 EP - 474 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Festman, Yariv A1 - Adam, Jos J. A1 - Pratt, Jay A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Both hand position and movement direction modulate visual attention JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - The current study explored effects of continuous hand motion on the allocation of visual attention. A concurrent paradigm was used to combine visually concealed continuous hand movements with an attentionally demanding letter discrimination task. The letter probe appeared contingent upon the moving right hand passing through one of six positions. Discrimination responses were then collected via a keyboard press with the static left hand. Both the right hand's position and its movement direction systematically contributed to participants' visual sensitivity. Discrimination performance increased substantially when the right hand was distant from, but moving toward the visual probe location (replicating the far-hand effect, Festrnan et al., 2013). However, this effect disappeared when the probe appeared close to the static left hand, supporting the view that static and dynamic features of both hands combine in modulating pragmatic maps of attention. KW - embodied cognition KW - covert attention KW - hand dynamics KW - near-hand effect KW - perception Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00657 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 4 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Festman, Yariv A1 - Adam, Jos J. A1 - Pratt, Jay A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Continuous hand movement induces a far-hand bias in attentional priority JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - Previous research on the interaction between manual action and visual perception has focused on discrete movements or static postures and discovered better performance near the hands (the near-hand effect). However, in everyday behaviors, the hands are usually moving continuously between possible targets. Therefore, the current study explored the effects of continuous hand motion on the allocation of visual attention. Eleven healthy adults performed a visual discrimination task during cyclical concealed hand movements underneath a display. Both the current hand position and its movement direction systematically contributed to participants' visual sensitivity. Discrimination performance increased substantially when the hand was distant from but moving toward the visual probe location (a far-hand effect). Implications of this novel observation are discussed. KW - Embodied perception KW - Attention: Selective KW - Goal-directed movements Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0430-4 SN - 1943-3921 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - 644 EP - 649 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Riello, Marianna A1 - Giordano, Bruno L. A1 - Rusconi, Elena T1 - Singing numbers ... in cognitive space - a dual-task study of the link between pitch, space, and numbers JF - Topics in cognitive science N2 - We assessed the automaticity of spatial-numerical and spatial-musical associations by testing their intentionality and load sensitivity in a dual-task paradigm. In separate sessions, 16 healthy adults performed magnitude and pitch comparisons on sung numbers with variable pitch. Stimuli and response alternatives were identical, but the relevant stimulus attribute (pitch or number) differed between tasks. Concomitant tasks required retention of either color or location information. Results show that spatial associations of both magnitude and pitch are load sensitive and that the spatial association for pitch is more powerful than that for magnitude. These findings argue against the automaticity of spatial mappings in either stimulus dimension. KW - Auditory pitch KW - Dual task KW - Mental number line KW - SMARC KW - SNARC KW - Spatial coding Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12017 SN - 1756-8757 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 354 EP - 366 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Freudenberg, Maxi A1 - Mauersberger, Heidi A1 - Springer, Anne A1 - Fotopoulou, Aikaterini A1 - Blaison, Christophe A1 - Hess, Ursula T1 - A woman's best friend how the presence of dogs reduces Experimentally induced pain T2 - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research KW - EMG KW - cold pressor pain Y1 - 2013 SN - 0048-5772 VL - 50 SP - S103 EP - S103 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Füstös, Jürgen A1 - Gramann, Klaus A1 - Herbert, Beate M. A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - On the embodiment of emotion regulation - interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal JF - Frontiers in human neuroscience N2 - The ability to cognitively regulate emotional responses to aversive events is essential for mental and physical health. One prerequisite of successful emotion regulation is the awareness of emotional states, which in turn is associated with the awareness of bodily signals [interoceptive awareness (IA)]. This study investigated the neural dynamics of reappraisal of emotional responses in 28 participants who differed with respect to IA. Electroencephalography was used to characterize the time course of emotion regulation. We found that reappraisal was accompanied by reduced arousal and significant modulation of late neural responses. What is more, higher IA facilitated downregulation of affect and was associated with more pronounced modulation of underlying neural activity. Therefore, we conclude that IA not only advances the consolidation of somatic markers required for guiding individual behaviour but also creates processing advantages in tasks referring to these bodily markers. KW - interoception KW - interoceptive awareness KW - embodied cognition KW - emotion regulation KW - reappraisal KW - evoked potentials Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss089 SN - 1749-5016 SN - 1749-5024 VL - 8 IS - 8 SP - 911 EP - 917 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gross, Martina A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program for children with chronic abdominal pain - a randomized controlled study JF - International journal of behavioral medicine : the official journal of the International Society of Behavioral Medicine N2 - Background Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) in childhood is widely prevalent and has adverse effects on mental health and quality of life. Earlier research emphasized the positive effects of psychological intervention on pain symptoms. This study describes the results of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program for children with CAP. The newly developed cognitive-behavioral group program, "Stop the pain with Happy-Pingu," includes six sessions for the children and one meeting for the parents. Purpose We hypothesized that the training would significantly reduce pain symptoms (frequency, duration, intensity, and pain-related impairment) and increase health-related quality of life compared to wait-list controls, with improvement seen both at the end of treatment and at a 3-month follow-up. Method In all, 29 children were randomized into two groups: 15 in the intervention group (IG) and 14 as the wait-list controls (WLC). An intent-to-treat analysis was performed using two-factorial multivariate analyses of variance with repeated measures. Results Children in the IG experienced both a reduction in pain (primary outcome) and an improvement in health-related quality of life (secondary outcome) as compared to the WLC. The effect sizes ranged from medium to high. Conclusion Cognitive-behavioral methods seem to be appropriate for treating children with CAP. KW - Chronic abdominal pain KW - Children KW - Cognitive-behavioral treatment Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-012-9228-3 SN - 1070-5503 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 434 EP - 443 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Helfert, Susanne A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - The face of appearance-related social pressure: gender, age and body mass variations in peer and parental pressure during adolescence Y1 - 2013 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662600/pdf/1753-2000-7-16.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-7-16 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Helfert, Susanne A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - The face of appearance-related social pressure BT - gender, age and body mass variations in peer and parental pressure during adolescence N2 - Background Appearance-related social pressure plays an important role in the development of a negative body image and self-esteem as well as severe mental disorders during adolescence (e.g. eating disorders, depression). Identifying who is particularly affected by social pressure can improve targeted prevention and intervention, but findings have either been lacking or controversial. Thus the aim of this study is to provide a detailed picture of gender, weight, and age-related variations in the perception of appearance-related social pressure by peers and parents. Methods 1112 German students between grades 7 and 9 (mean age: M = 13.38, SD = .81) filled in the Appearance-Related Social Pressure Questionnaire (German: FASD), which considers different sources (peers, parents) as well as various kinds of social pressure (e.g. teasing, modeling, encouragement). Results Girls were more affected by peer pressure, while gender differences in parental pressure seemed negligible. Main effects of grade-level suggested a particular increase in indirect peer pressure (e.g. appearance-related school and class norms) from early to middle adolescence. Boys and girls with higher BMI were particularly affected by peer teasing and exclusion as well as by parental encouragement to control weight and shape. Conclusion The results suggest that preventive efforts targeting body concerns and disordered eating should bring up the topic of appearance pressure in a school-based context and should strengthen those adolescents who are particularly at risk - in our study, girls and adolescents with higher weight status. Early adolescence and school transition appear to be crucial periods for these efforts. Moreover, the comprehensive assessment of appearance-related social pressure appears to be a fruitful way to further explore social risk-factors in the development of a negative body image. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 357 KW - peer pressure KW - parental pressure KW - adolescence KW - gender KW - age KW - BMI Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401155 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilbert, Anja A1 - Buerger, Arne A1 - Hartmann, Andrea S. A1 - Spenner, Kristina A1 - Czaja, Julia A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorder examination adapted for children JF - European eating disorders review : the professional journal of the Eating Disorders Associatio N2 - The Eating Disorder Examination adapted for children (ChEDE) is the child version of the semi-structured gold standard eating disorder interview for adults. This study was a comprehensive test statistic evaluation of the German ChEDE in a large sample of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, loss of control eating, overweight and obesity, as well as non-eating-disordered and chronically ill control probands (n=352). Excellent inter-rater reliability, adequate internal consistency and satisfactory stability of ChEDE indicators were demonstrated. ChEDE indicators discriminated between diverse forms of eating and weight disturbances and normative eating and were significantly correlated with conceptually related measures. Factorial validity was not convincing; a brief eight-item scale showed the best fit. Item statistics were mostly acceptable. Overall, the ChEDE's German translation reliably and validly assesses psychopathology across the eating and weight disorder spectrum and facilitates international comparison of eating disorder research. KW - clinical interview KW - children and adolescents KW - eating disorders KW - psychometric properties Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2221 SN - 1072-4133 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 330 EP - 339 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Hohenstein, Sven T1 - Eye movements and processing of semantic information in the parafovea during reading T1 - Blickbewegungen und die Verarbeitung semantischer Informationen in der Parafovea beim Lesen N2 - When we read a text, we obtain information at different levels of representation from abstract symbols. A reader’s ultimate aim is the extraction of the meaning of the words and the text. The reserach of eye movements in reading covers a broad range of psychological systems, ranging from low-level perceptual and motor processes to high-level cognition. Reading of skilled readers proceeds highly automatic, but is a complex phenomenon of interacting subprocesses at the same time. The study of eye movements during reading offers the possibility to investigate cognition via behavioral measures during the excercise of an everyday task. The process of reading is not limited to the directly fixated (or foveal) word but also extends to surrounding (or parafoveal) words, particularly the word to the right of the gaze position. This process may be unconscious, but parafoveal information is necessary for efficient reading. There is an ongoing debate on whether processing of the upcoming word encompasses word meaning (or semantics) or only superficial features. To increase the knowledge about how the meaning of one word helps processing another word, seven experiments were conducted. In these studies, words were exachanged during reading. The degree of relatedness between the word to the right of the currently fixated one and the word subsequently fixated was experimentally manipulated. Furthermore, the time course of the parafoveal extraction of meaning was investigated with two different approaches, an experimental one and a statistical one. As a major finding, fixation times were consistently lower if a semantically related word was presented compared to the presence of an unrelated word. Introducing an experimental technique that allows controlling the duration for which words are available, the time course of processing and integrating meaning was evaluated. Results indicated both facilitation and inhibition due to relatedness between the meanings of words. In a more natural reading situation, the effectiveness of the processing of parafoveal words was sometimes time-dependent and substantially increased with shorter distances between the gaze position and the word. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of eye-movement control. In summary, the results are more compatible with models of distributed word processing. The discussions moreover extend to language differences and technical issues of reading research. N2 - Wenn wir einen Text lesen, erfassen wir Informationen auf verschiedenen Repräsentationsebenen anhand abstrakter Symbole. Das oberste Ziel des Lesers ist das Erfassen der Bedeutung der Worte und des Textes. Die Erforschung der Blickbewegungen beim Lesen umfasst verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen, die von Warhnehmung über motorische Prozesse bis hin zu Kognition auf übergeordneter Ebene reichen. Das Lesen geübter Leser verläuft zum großen Teil automatisch, ist aber gleichzeitig ein komplexes Phänomen interagierender Teilprozesse. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen eröffnet die Möglichkeit, kognitive Prozesse bei der Ausübung einer alltäglichen Aufgabe anhand von Verhaltensmaßen zu untersuchen. Der Leseprozess ist nicht beschränkt auf das direkt fixierte (oder foveale) Wort, sondern umfasst auch umgebende (oder parafoveale) Wörter, insbesondere das Wort rechts der Blickposition. Obgleich dies nicht notwendigerweise bewusst geschieht, ist die parafoveale Information dennoch wichtig für effizientes Lesen. Es wird darüber diskutiert, ob die Verarbeitung des nächsten Wortes die Wortbedeutung (Semantik) oder nur oberflächliche Eigenschaften umfasst. Um ein besseres Verständnis zu erhalten, ob die Bedeutung eines Wortes bei der Verarbeitung eines anderen Wortes hilft, wurden sieben Experimente durchgeführt. In diesen Studien wurde ein Wort im Satz während des Lesens ausgetauscht. Der inhaltliche Zusammenhang zwischen einer parafoveal präsentierten Vorschau und dem anschließend fixierten Zielwort wurde experimentell manipuliert. Außerdem wurde der zeitliche Verlauf der Bedeutungserfassung aus parafovealen Wörtern mit zwei Ansätzen untersucht, einem experimentellen und einem statistischen. Als primärer Befund zeigte sich, dass die Fixationszeiten durchweg kürzer waren, wenn ein semantisch verwandtes Wort als Vorschau präsentiert wurde, verglichen mit einem Wort ohne Verwandtschaft. Mit der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten experimentellen Vorgehensweise konnte zudem der zeitliche Verlauf des Verarbeitens und Integrierens von Bedeutung ermittelt wurde. Dabei ergaben sich kürzere Fixationszeiten auf dem Zielwort bei ähnlichen Wortbedeutungen und längere Fixationszeiten bei unterschiedlichen Wortbedeutungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sowohl leichtere als auch schwerere Verarbeitung in Folge der Ähnlichkeit von Wortbedeutungen. In einer natürlicheren Lesesituation war die Wirksamkeit der Verarbeitung nachfolgender Wörter teilweise abhängig von der Dauer der Vorschau, und sie war deutlich größer bei kürzerer räumlicher Distanz zwischen der Blickposition und der Vorschau. Die Befunde werden mit Blick auf Theorien der Blickbewegunskontrolle diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse sind stärker mit Modellen verteilter Wortverarbeitung vereinbar. Die Diskussion erstreckt sich außerdem auf Sprachunterschiede und technische Aspekte der Leseforschung. KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Lesen KW - parafoveale Verarbeitung KW - Semantik KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - parafoveal processing KW - semantics Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70363 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaduk, Katharina A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Reid, Vincent M. T1 - Discrimination of animate and inanimate motion in 9-month-old infants - An ERP study JF - Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience N2 - Simple geometric shapes moving in a self-propelled manner, and violating Newtonian laws of motion by acting against gravitational forces tend to induce a judgement that an object is animate. Objects that change their motion only due to external causes are more likely judged as inanimate. How the developing brain is employed in the perception of animacy in early ontogeny is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to use ERP techniques to determine if the negative central component (Nc), a waveform related to attention allocation, was differentially affected when an infant observed animate or inanimate motion. Short animated movies comprising a marble moving along a marble run either in an animate or an inanimate manner were presented to 15 infants who were 9 months of age. The ERPs were time-locked to a still frame representing animate or inanimate motion that was displayed following each movie. We found that 9-month-olds are able to discriminate between animate and inanimate motion based on motion cues alone and most likely allocate more attentional resources to the inanimate motion. The present data contribute to our understanding of the animate-inanimate distinction and the Nc as a correlate of infant cognitive processing. KW - Infant KW - EEG/ERP KW - Nc KW - Attention KW - Animacy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.05.003 SN - 1878-9293 SN - 1878-9307 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - 14 EP - 22 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kaufmann, Liane A1 - Mazzocco, Michele M. A1 - Dowker, Ann A1 - von Aster, Michael G. A1 - Goebel, Silke M. A1 - Grabner, Roland H. A1 - Henik, Avishai A1 - Jordan, Nancy C. A1 - Karmiloff-Smith, Annette D. A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Rubinsten, Orly A1 - Szucs, Denes A1 - Shalev, Ruth A1 - Nuerk, Hans-Christoph T1 - Dyscalculia from a developmental and differential perspective T2 - Frontiers in psychology Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00516 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - McDonald, Scott A. T1 - How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Eye-movement control during reading depends on foveal and parafoveal information. If the parafoveal preview of the next word is suppressed, reading is less efficient. A linear mixed model (LMM) reanalysis of McDonald (2006) confirmed his observation that preview benefit may be limited to parafoveal words that have been selected as the saccade target. Going beyond the original analyses, in the same LMM, we examined how the preview effect (i.e., the difference in single-fixation duration, SFD, between random-letter and identical preview) depends on the gaze duration on the pretarget word and on the amplitude of the saccade moving the eye onto the target word. There were two key results: (a) The shorter the saccade amplitude (i.e., the larger preview space), the shorter a subsequent SFD with an identical preview; this association was not observed with a random-letter preview. (b) However, the longer the gaze duration on the pretarget word, the longer the subsequent SFD on the target, with the difference between random-letter string and identical previews increasing with preview time. A third patternincreasing cost of a random-letter string in the parafovea associated with shorter saccade amplitudeswas observed for target gaze durations. Thus, LMMs revealed that preview effects, which are typically summarized under preview benefit, are a complex mixture of preview cost and preview benefit and vary with preview space and preview time. The consequence for reading is that parafoveal preview may not only facilitate, but also interfere with lexical access. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Preview effects KW - Linear mixed model KW - Boundary paradigm Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.658073 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 581 EP - 600 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - The social psychology of aggression Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-1-84169-874-8 SN - 978-1-84169-875-5 SN - 978-0-203-08217-1 PB - Psychology Press CY - New York ET - 2nd ed. ER - TY - INPR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abbey, Antonia T1 - Intimate partner violence as a global problem - international and interdisciplinary perspectives T2 - International journal of conflict and violence N2 - This editorial introduces the Focus Section on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as a worldwide problem, which brings together six papers that are truly international and interdisciplinary. They provide insights into IPV from nine different cultures - China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Northern Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States - from scholars in the fields of psychology, gender studies, political science, and economics. The first three papers look at how widespread the experience of IPV is among different groups of women, examine selected risk factors associated with heightened vulnerability to victimization, and discuss consequences of intimate partner victimization. Another two papers place the problem of IPV in the wider context of societal perceptions and attitudes about victims and perpetrators of IPV in different countries, whereas the last paper examines the role of individual differences in the management of emotions in the escalation or de-escalation of relationship conflict. In combination, the papers highlight the interplay between the macro level of social and cultural norms condoning the use of violence, the micro level of family relations and construction of couple relationships, and the individual level of attitudes and behaviors that precipitate IPV. Y1 - 2013 SN - 1864-1385 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 198 EP - 202 PB - Inst. for Interdisciplinary Conflict and Violence Research, Univ. of Bielefeld CY - Bielefeld ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Berger, Anja T1 - Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters : a study of first-year college students in Germany JF - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals N2 - This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a large convenience sample of N=2,149 first-year college students from different universities in Germany. Participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14. Both same-sex and heterosexual victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. Prevalence rates were established for different victim-perpetrator relationships (partners, acquaintances, strangers) and for incidents involving alcohol consumption by one or both partners. The overall perpetration rate was 13.2%, for men and 7.6% for women. The overall victimization rate was 35.9% for women and 19.4% for men. A disparity between victimization and perpetration reports was found for both men and women. Perpetration and victimization rates were highest among participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. Sexual aggression and victimization rates were higher between current or former partners and acquaintances than between strangers. Alcohol consumption by one or both partners was involved in almost 75% of all victimization and almost 70% of all perpetration incidents. The findings portray a comprehensive picture of the scale of sexual aggression and victimization in college students with different sexual lifestyles. KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual victimization KW - male victims KW - female perpetrators KW - same-sex contacts Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21482 SN - 0096-140X VL - 39 IS - 5 SP - 391 EP - 404 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Florian A1 - Bekkering, Harold A1 - Lindemann, Oliver T1 - A feeling for numbers shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Evidence for an approximate analog system of numbers has been provided by the finding that the comparison of two numerals takes longer and is more error-prone if the semantic distance between the numbers becomes smaller (so-called numerical distance effect). Recent embodied theories suggest that analog number representations are based on previous sensory experiences and constitute therefore a common magnitude metric shared by multiple domains. Here we demonstrate the existence of a cross-modal semantic distance effect between symbolic and tactile numerosities. Participants received tactile stimulations of different amounts of fingers while reading Arabic digits and indicated verbally whether the amount of stimulated fingers was different from the simultaneously presented digit or not. The larger the semantic distance was between the two numerosities, the faster and more accurate participants made their judgments. This cross-modal numerosity distance effect suggests a direct connection between tactile sensations and the concept of numerical magnitude. A second experiment replicated the interaction between symbolic and tactile numerosities and showed that this effect is not modulated by the participants' finger counting habits. Taken together, our data provide novel evidence for a shared metric for symbolic and tactile numerosities as an instance of an embodied representation of numbers. KW - number cognition KW - tactile perception KW - finger counting Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00007 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 3 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kröller, Katja A1 - Jahnke, Dörte A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Are maternal weight, eating and feeding practices associated with emotional eating in childhood? JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking N2 - Background: Research concerning children's emotional eating behavior has shown its negative impact on weight-related problems. Taking the model of Birch and Davison (2001) into account, we focus on the role of maternal feeding behavior on the association between emotional eating of the mother and the child. Methods: 482 mothers and their children participated in this cross-sectional study. The mothers were asked about their feeding strategies, their children's and their own emotional eating and weight. We tested a structural equation model for different feeding strategies. Results: In addition to an expected direct association between the mother's and child's emotional eating, the maternal feeding strategies are related to the child's eating behavior. A higher maternal restriction of food or its monitoring was associated with a higher level of children's emotional eating, while allowing the child more control about their eating was linked to less pronounced emotional eating behavior. Conclusions: The results highlight the relevance of maternal feeding behavior on emotional eating in childhood. In terms of preventing weight-related problems, the findings indicate the necessity of training parents in allowing their children more control and avoiding the restriction of food. KW - Maternal weight KW - Eating KW - Feeding practices KW - Child's emotional eating Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.032 SN - 0195-6663 VL - 65 IS - 4 SP - 25 EP - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Plangger, Fabienne A1 - O'Gorman, Ruth A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Operational momentum effect in children with and without developmental dyscalculia T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - developmental dyscalculia KW - operational momentum KW - children KW - learning disability KW - numerical cognition KW - mental number line KW - symbolic calculation KW - attention Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00847 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 45 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käser, Tanja A1 - Baschera, Gian-Marco A1 - Kohn, Juliane A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Richtmann, Verena A1 - Grond, Ursina A1 - Gross, Markus A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Design and evaluation of the computer-based training program Calcularis for enhancing numerical cognition JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - This article presents the design and a first pilot evaluation of the computer-based training program Calcularis for children with developmental dyscalculia (DD) or difficulties in learning mathematics. The program has been designed according to insights on the typical and atypical development of mathematical abilities. The learning process is supported through multimodal cues, which encode different properties of numbers. To offer optimal learning conditions, a user model completes the program and allows flexible adaptation to a child's individual learning and knowledge profile. Thirty-two children with difficulties in learning mathematics completed the 6-12-weeks computer training. The children played the game for 20 min per day for 5 days a week. The training effects were evaluated using neuropsychological tests. Generally, children benefited significantly from the training regarding number representation and arithmetic operations. Furthermore, children liked to play with the program and reported that the training improved their mathematical abilities. KW - learning KW - intervention KW - optimization KW - calculation KW - spatial representation KW - interactive learning environment Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00489 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 31 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lange, Elke B. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Differentiating between verbal and spatial encoding using eye-movement recordings JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Visual information processing is guided by an active mechanism generating saccadic eye movements to salient stimuli. Here we investigate the specific contribution of saccades to memory encoding of verbal and spatial properties in a serial recall task. In the first experiment, participants moved their eyes freely without specific instruction. We demonstrate the existence of qualitative differences in eye-movement strategies during verbal and spatial memory encoding. While verbal memory encoding was characterized by shifting the gaze to the to-be-encoded stimuli, saccadic activity was suppressed during spatial encoding. In the second experiment, participants were required to suppress saccades by fixating centrally during encoding or to make precise saccades onto the memory items. Active suppression of saccades had no effect on memory performance, but tracking the upcoming stimuli decreased memory performance dramatically in both tasks, indicating a resource bottleneck between display-controlled saccadic control and memory encoding. We conclude that optimized encoding strategies for verbal and spatial features are underlying memory performance in serial recall, but such strategies work on an involuntary level only and do not support memory encoding when they are explicitly required by the task. KW - Working memory KW - Serial recall KW - Eye movements Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.772214 SN - 1747-0218 VL - 66 IS - 9 SP - 1840 EP - 1857 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Control of fixation duration during scene viewing by interaction of foveal and peripheral processing JF - Journal of vision N2 - Processing in our visual system is functionally segregated, with the fovea specialized in processing fine detail (high spatial frequencies) for object identification, and the periphery in processing coarse information (low frequencies) for spatial orienting and saccade target selection. Here we investigate the consequences of this functional segregation for the control of fixation durations during scene viewing. Using gaze-contingent displays, we applied high-pass or low-pass filters to either the central or the peripheral visual field and compared eye-movement patterns with an unfiltered control condition. In contrast with predictions from functional segregation, fixation durations were unaffected when the critical information for vision was strongly attenuated (foveal low-pass and peripheral high-pass filtering); fixation durations increased, however, when useful information was left mostly intact by the filter (foveal high-pass and peripheral low-pass filtering). These patterns of results are difficult to explain under the assumption that fixation durations are controlled by foveal processing difficulty. As an alternative explanation, we developed the hypothesis that the interaction of foveal and peripheral processing controls fixation duration. To investigate the viability of this explanation, we implemented a computational model with two compartments, approximating spatial aspects of processing by foveal and peripheral activations that change according to a small set of dynamical rules. The model reproduced distributions of fixation durations from all experimental conditions by variation of few parameters that were affected by specific filtering conditions. KW - scene perception KW - spatial frequencies KW - fixation durations KW - computational modeling Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.12.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 12 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Interactive effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene and childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults findings from a longitudinal study JF - European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Accumulating research suggests a moderating role for the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) in the association between childhood adversity and adult depression. The present study aims to replicate recent findings using different genetic variants and measures of early adversity assessed both prospectively and retrospectively. Data were collected in the context of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. 300 participants (137 males, 163 females) were genotyped for four CRHR1 SNPs (rs7209436, rs110402, rs242924, and rs17689882) and completed the Beck Depression Inventory at ages 19, 22 and 23 years. Childhood adversity was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and by a standardized parent interview yielding an index of family adversity. Our results indicate that CRHR1 and childhood adversity interacted to predict depressive symptoms in young adults. Specifically, we found that the impact of childhood maltreatment on adult depressive symptoms was significantly higher in individuals (i) with two copies of the CRHR1 TAT haplotype, and (ii) homozygous for the G allele of rs17689882. The interaction was demonstrated for exposure to childhood maltreatment as assessed by retrospective self-report, but not to prospectively ascertain objective family adversity. The present study partially replicates recent findings of a CRHR1 by childhood adversity interaction with regard to adult depression highlighting the subjective characteristics of the environmental pathogen that is operative in this interaction. KW - Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene KW - Depression KW - Maltreatment KW - Family adversity KW - Young adults KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.06.002 SN - 0924-977X VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 358 EP - 367 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Luo, Yingyi A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Prosodic boundaries delay the processing of upcoming lexical information during silent sentence reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Prosodic boundaries can be used to guide syntactic parsing in both spoken and written sentence comprehension, but it is unknown whether the processing of prosodic boundaries affects the processing of upcoming lexical information. In 3 eye-tracking experiments, participants read silently sentences that allow for 2 possible syntactic interpretations when there is no comma or other cue specifying which interpretation should be taken. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants heard a low-pass filtered auditory version of the sentence, which provided a prosodic boundary cue prior to each sentence. In Experiment 1, we found that the boundary cue helped syntactic disambiguation after the cue and led to longer fixation durations on regions right before the cue than on identical regions without prosodic boundary information. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used a gaze-contingent display-change paradigm to manipulate the parafoveal visibility of the first constituent character of the target word after the disambiguating position. Results of Experiment 2 showed that previewing the first character significantly reduced the reading time of the target word, but this preview benefit was greatly reduced when the prosodic boundary cue was introduced at this position. In Experiment 3, instead of the acoustic cues, a visually presented comma was inserted at the disambiguating position in each sentence. Results showed that the comma effect on lexical processing was essentially the same as the effect of prosodic boundary cue. These findings demonstrate that processing a prosodic boundary could impair the processing of parafoveal information during sentence reading. KW - prosodic boundary KW - sentence reading KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal processing KW - wrap-up process Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029182 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 915 EP - 930 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marini, Maddalena A1 - Sriram, Natarajan A1 - Schnabel, Konrad A1 - Maliszewski, Norbert A1 - Devos, Thierry A1 - Ekehammar, Bo A1 - Wiers, Reinout A1 - Cai HuaJian, A1 - Somogyi, Monika A1 - Shiomura, Kimihiro A1 - Schnall, Simone A1 - Neto, Felix A1 - Bar-Anan, Yoav A1 - Vianello, Michelangelo A1 - Ayala, Alfonso A1 - Dorantes, Gabriel A1 - Park, Jaihyun A1 - Kesebir, Selin A1 - Pereira, Antonio A1 - Tulbure, Bogdan A1 - Ortner, Tuulia A1 - Stepanikova, Irena A1 - Greenwald, Anthony G. A1 - Nosekl, Brian A. T1 - Overweight people have low levels of implicit weight bias, but overweight nations have high levels of implicit weight bias JF - PLoS one N2 - Although a greater degree of personal obesity is associated with weaker negativity toward overweight people on both explicit (i.e., self-report) and implicit (i.e., indirect behavioral) measures, overweight people still prefer thin people on average. We investigated whether the national and cultural context - particularly the national prevalence of obesity predicts attitudes toward overweight people independent of personal identity and weight status. Data were collected from a total sample of 338,121 citizens from 71 nations in 22 different languages on the Project Implicit website (https://implicit.harvard.edu/) between May 2006 and October 2010. We investigated the relationship of the explicit and implicit weight bias with the obesity both at the individual (i.e., across individuals) and national (i.e., across nations) level. Explicit weight bias was assessed with self-reported preference between overweight and thin people; implicit weight bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The national estimates of explicit and implicit weight bias were obtained by averaging the individual scores for each nation. Obesity at the individual level was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) scores, whereas obesity at the national level was defined as three national weight indicators (national BMI, national percentage of overweight and underweight people) obtained from publicly available databases. Across individuals, greater degree of obesity was associated with weaker implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. Across nations, in contrast, a greater degree of national obesity was associated with stronger implicit negativity toward overweight people compared to thin people. This result indicates a different relationship between obesity and implicit weight bias at the individual and national levels. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083543 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 8 IS - 12 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Masson, Michael E. J. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Modulation of additive and interactive effects in lexical decision by Trial History JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Additive and interactive effects of word frequency, stimulus quality, and semantic priming have been used to test theoretical claims about the cognitive architecture of word-reading processes. Additive effects among these factors have been taken as evidence for discrete-stage models of word reading. We present evidence from linear mixed-model analyses applied to 2 lexical decision experiments indicating that apparent additive effects can be the product of aggregating over- and underadditive interaction effects that are modulated by recent trial history, particularly the lexical status and stimulus quality of the previous trial's target. Even a simple practice effect expressed as improved response speed across trials was powerfully modulated by the nature of the previous target item. These results suggest that additivity and interaction between factors may reflect trial-to-trial variation in stimulus representations and decision processes rather than fundamental differences in processing architecture. KW - additive and interactive effects KW - effects of trial history KW - lexical decision KW - linear mixed models Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029180 SN - 0278-7393 VL - 39 IS - 3 SP - 898 EP - 914 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meckelmann, Viola A1 - Pfeifer, Caroline A1 - Rauh, Hellgard T1 - Family relationships in childhood, pubertal timing, and subsequent reproductive strategies among adolescents JF - South African journal of psychology N2 - The evolutionary theory of socialization of Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper was investigated on the empirical basis of a longitudinal sample of 26 adolescent girls and boys who were born in Berlin during German reunification, as well as their mothers. Consistent with the theory, pubertal timing of the girls (but not of the boys) was predicted by the quality of parental relations in childhood, and pubertal timing of the girls (but not of the boys) was a significant predictor of the age at first intercourse. The results suggest that there are different developmental pathways for girls and boys with respect to the predictions of the evolutionary theory of socialization of Belsky et al. The findings also support the hypothesis that early onset of reproduction and frequent reproduction may be two different aspects of a quantitative reproductive strategy. KW - Adolescence KW - childhood KW - family relations KW - pubertal timing KW - puberty KW - reproductive strategies Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246312474408 SN - 0081-2463 VL - 43 IS - 1 SP - 22 EP - 33 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - INPR A1 - Murray, Wayne S. A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Tatler, Benjamin W. T1 - Serial and parallel processes in eye movement control - current controversies and future directions T2 - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - In this editorial for the Special Issue on Serial and Parallel Processing in Reading we explore the background to the current debate concerning whether the word recognition processes in reading are strictly serialsequential or take place in an overlapping parallel fashion. We consider the history of the controversy and some of the underlying assumptions, together with an analysis of the types of evidence and arguments that have been adduced to both sides of the debate, concluding that both accounts necessarily presuppose some weakening of, or elasticity in, the eyemind assumption. We then consider future directions, both for reading research and for scene viewing, and wrap up the editorial with a brief overview of the following articles and their conclusions. KW - Serial and parallel KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Scene perception KW - Modality KW - Modelling KW - Eyemind assumption KW - Decoupling KW - Alan Kennedy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.759979 SN - 1747-0218 VL - 66 IS - 3 SP - 417 EP - 428 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate A1 - Heldmann, Madleen A1 - Fay, Doris T1 - The significance of job-anxiety in a working population JF - Occupational medicine N2 - Background Job-anxiety, as distinguished from trait-anxiety, is associated with long-term sickness absence. The prevalence of job-anxiety within a working population is not known. Identifying individuals who would benefit from intervention might be useful. Aims To investigate job-anxiety in employees not undergoing treatment for mental health illness, firstly by assessing the level of job-anxiety and work-related avoidance tendencies in a working sample, and secondly by testing whether job-anxiety is distinguishable from trait-anxiety. Methods Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample obtained through personal contact distribution. Employees from different professional settings completed an anonymous questionnaire and provided information on their employment status. The State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) was used to measure trait-anxiety and the Job-Anxiety-Scale (JAS) was used to assess job (state) anxiety. Results There was a 69% response rate (240 responses); 188 responses were available for analysis of whom 62% were women. There were no employees with high trait-anxiety. Ten employees (5%) reported increased job-anxiety and of these nine employees reported high 'tendencies of avoidance and workplace absence'. Avoidance was most often accompanied by the comorbid job-anxieties 'job-related social anxiety', 'fear of changes at work' and 'fears of existence', 'anticipatory' and 'conditioned' job-anxiety and 'panic symptoms'. Conclusions In this sample, self-reported job-anxiety appeared as a specific type of anxiety as opposed to trait-anxiety. In the workplace job-anxiety can present as job-avoidance and sickness absence and should be distinguished from trait-anxiety. In practice, employers and occupational health practitioners should be aware of those employees prone to sickness absence. KW - Job-anxiety KW - occupational health KW - sickness absence KW - trait-anxiety KW - workplace Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqt072 SN - 0962-7480 VL - 63 IS - 6 SP - 415 EP - 421 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Myachykov, Andriy A1 - Ellis, Rob A1 - Cangelosi, Angelo A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Visual and linguistic cues to graspable objects JF - Experimental brain research N2 - Two experiments investigated (1) how activation of manual affordances is triggered by visual and linguistic cues to manipulable objects and (2) whether graspable object parts play a special role in this process. Participants pressed a key to categorize manipulable target objects copresented with manipulable distractor objects on a computer screen. Three factors were varied in Experiment 1: (1) the target's and (2) the distractor's handles' orientation congruency with the lateral manual response and (3) the Visual Focus on one of the objects. In Experiment 2, a linguistic cue factor was added to these three factors-participants heard the name of one of the two objects prior to the target display onset. Analysis of participants' motor and oculomotor behaviour confirmed that perceptual and linguistic cues potentiated activation of grasp affordances. Both target- and distractor-related affordance effects were modulated by the presence of visual and linguistic cues. However, a differential visual attention mechanism subserved activation of compatibility effects associated with target and distractor objects. We also registered an independent implicit attention attraction effect from objects' handles, suggesting that graspable parts automatically attract attention during object viewing. This effect was further amplified by visual but not linguistic cues, thus providing initial evidence for a recent hypothesis about differential roles of visual and linguistic information in potentiating stable and variable affordances (Borghi in Language and action in cognitive neuroscience. Psychology Press, London, 2012). KW - Grasp affordances KW - Naming KW - Visual attention KW - Object categorization Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3616-z SN - 0014-4819 VL - 229 IS - 4 SP - 545 EP - 559 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Ohl, Sven T1 - Small eye movements during fixation : the case of postsaccadic fixation and preparatory influences T1 - Kleine Augenbewegungen während der Fixation: Der Fall der postsakkadischen Fixation und vorbereitender Einflüsse N2 - Describing human eye movement behavior as an alternating sequence of saccades and fixations turns out to be an oversimplification because the eyes continue to move during fixation. Small-amplitude saccades (e.g., microsaccades) are typically observed 1-2 times per second during fixation. Research on microsaccades came in two waves. Early studies on microsaccades were dominated by the question whether microsaccades affect visual perception, and by studies on the role of microsaccades in the process of fixation control. The lack of evidence for a unique role of microsaccades led to a very critical view on the importance of microsaccades. Over the last years, microsaccades moved into focus again, revealing many interactions with perception, oculomotor control and cognition, as well as intriguing new insights into the neurophysiological implementation of microsaccades. In contrast to early studies on microsaccades, recent findings on microsaccades were accompanied by the development of models of microsaccade generation. While the exact generating mechanisms vary between the models, they still share the assumption that microsaccades are generated in a topographically organized saccade motor map that includes a representation for small-amplitude saccades in the center of the map (with its neurophysiological implementation in the rostral pole of the superior colliculus). In the present thesis I criticize that models of microsaccade generation are exclusively based on results obtained during prolonged presaccadic fixation. I argue that microsaccades should also be studied in a more natural situation, namely the fixation following large saccadic eye movements. Studying postsaccadic fixation offers a new window to falsify models that aim to account for the generation of small eye movements. I demonstrate that error signals (visual and extra-retinal), as well as non-error signals like target eccentricity influence the characteristics of small-amplitude eye movements. These findings require a modification of a model introduced by Rolfs, Kliegl and Engbert (2008) in order to account for the generation of small-amplitude saccades during postsaccadic fixation. Moreover, I present a promising type of survival analysis that allowed me to examine time-dependent influences on postsaccadic eye movements. In addition, I examined the interplay of postsaccadic eye movements and postsaccadic location judgments, highlighting the need to include postsaccadic eye movements as covariate in the analyses of location judgments in the presented paradigm. In a second goal, I tested model predictions concerning preparatory influences on microsaccade generation during presaccadic fixation. The observation, that the preparatory set significantly influenced microsaccade rate, supports the critical model assumption that increased fixation-related activity results in a larger number of microsaccades. In the present thesis I present important influences on the generation of small-amplitude saccades during fixation. These eye movements constitute a rich oculomotor behavior which still poses many research questions. Certainly, small-amplitude saccades represent an interesting source of information and will continue to influence future studies on perception and cognition. N2 - Die Beschreibung des Blickbewegungsverhaltens als eine sich abwechselnde Folge von Sakkaden und Fixationen stellt eine starke Vereinfachung dar, denn auch während einer Fixation bewegen sich die Augen. Typischerweise treten Bewegungen von kleiner Amplitude (z.B. Mikrosakkaden), 1-2 mal pro Sekunde während einer Fixation auf. Frühe Studien zu Mikrosakkaden wurden von Fragen bezüglich des Einflusses von Mikrosakkaden auf die visuelle Wahrnehmung, und Studien zu der Rolle von Mikrosakkaden bei der Fixationskontrolle dominiert. Fehlende Evidenz für eine Rolle, die ausschließlich Mikrosakkaden zufällt, führten zu einer sehr kritischen Betrachtung von Mikrosakkaden. In den letzten Jahren rückten Mikrosakkaden wieder mehr in den Fokus. Vielerlei Zusammenhänge mit Wahrnehmung, okulomotorischer Kontrolle und Kognition, sowie neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich der neurophysiologischen Implementierung von Mikrosakkaden konnten aufgedeckt werden. In den letzten Jahren wurden verschiedene Modelle der Mikrosakkadengenerierung vorgestellt. Auch wenn sich diese in ihren exakten Mechanismen unterscheiden, so teilen sie doch die Annahme, dass Mikrosakkaden in einer topographisch organisierten motorischen Karte für Sakkaden ausgelöst werden. Diese Karten beinhalten eine Repräsentation für klein-amplitudige Sakkaden im Zentrum der Karte (mit dem rostralen Pol der colliculi superiores als neurophysiologische Implementierung). In der vorliegenden Arbeit kritisiere ich, dass Modelle der Mikrosakkadengenerierung ausschließlich auf Resultaten langanhaltender präsakkadischer Fixation beruhen. Ich führe an, dass Mikrosakkaden in einer natürlicheren Situation untersucht werden sollten, nämlich während der Fixation nach einer großen Sakkade. Die Untersuchung postsakkadischer Fixation bietet eine neue Möglichkeit Modelle der Mikrosakkadengenerierung zu falsifizieren. In den Studien zeige ich, dass Signale über den Fehler in der Sakkadenlandeposition (visuelle und extra-retinale), sowie fehler-unabhängige Signale, wie die Zielreiz-Exzentrizität, einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf kleine Sakkaden haben. Diese Resultate erfordern Modifikationen an dem kürzlich eingeführten Modell von Rolfs, Kliegl und Engbert (2008), um die Generierung von kleinen Sakkaden auch während der postsakkadischen Fixation erklären zu können. Darüber hinaus präsentiere ich eine viel versprechende Ereigniszeitanalyse, die uns erlaubt zeitabhängige Einflüsse auf das postsakkadische Blickbewegungsverhalten zu untersuchen. Außerdem untersuche ich das Zusammenspiel von postsakkadischen Augenbewegungen und postsakkadischen Positionsurteilen. Dabei wird die Bedeutung von postsakkadischen Augenbewegungen als Kovariate in den statistischen Analysen betont. Ein zweites Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin Modellvorhersagen bezüglich vorbereitender Einflüsse auf die Mikrosakkadengenerierung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse, hinsichtlich eines signifikanten Einflusses des preparatory set auf die Mikrosakkadenrate unterstützt die wesentliche Modellannahme, dass erhöhte fixationsbezogene Aktivität zu einer größeren Anzahl an Mikrosakkaden führt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit präsentiere ich wichtige Einflüsse auf die Generierung von kleinen Sakkaden während der Fixation. Diese Augenbewegungen stellen ein vielseitiges okulomorisches Verhalten dar, welche weiterhin zahlreiche Fragen mit sich bringen und sicherlich zukünftige Studien zu Wahrnehmung und Kognition beeinflussen werden. KW - Augenbewegungen KW - Mikrosakkaden KW - Sekundärsakkaden KW - Korrektursakkaden KW - Landepositionsfehler KW - eye movements KW - microsaccades KW - secondary saccades KW - corrective saccades KW - saccadic error Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-69862 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Immediate preparatory influences on microsaccades before saccade onset to endogenously vs. exogenously defined targets T2 - Perception Y1 - 2013 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 37 EP - 38 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER -