TY - JOUR A1 - Asari, Seiki A1 - Wardinski, Ingo T1 - Interannual fluctuations of the core angular momentum inferred from geomagnetic field models JF - Magnetic Fields in the Solar System : Planets, Moons and Solar Wind Interactions Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-64292-5 SN - 978-3-319-64291-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64292-5_4 SN - 0067-0057 VL - 448 SP - 111 EP - 123 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aseev, Nikita A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Wang, Dedong A1 - Wygant, John A1 - Drozdov, Alexander A1 - Kellerman, Adam C. A1 - Reeves, Geoffrey D. T1 - Transport and loss of ring current electrons inside geosynchronous orbit during the 17 March 2013 storm JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - Ring current electrons (1–100 keV) have received significant attention in recent decades, but many questions regarding their major transport and loss mechanisms remain open. In this study, we use the four‐dimensional Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code to model the enhancement of phase space density that occurred during the 17 March 2013 storm. Our model includes global convection, radial diffusion, and scattering into the Earth's atmosphere driven by whistler‐mode hiss and chorus waves. We study the sensitivity of the model to the boundary conditions, global electric field, the electric field associated with subauroral polarization streams, electron loss rates, and radial diffusion coefficients. The results of the code are almost insensitive to the model parameters above 4.5 RERE, which indicates that the general dynamics of the electrons between 4.5 RE and the geostationary orbit can be explained by global convection. We found that the major discrepancies between the model and data can stem from the inaccurate electric field model and uncertainties in lifetimes. We show that additional mechanisms that are responsible for radial transport are required to explain the dynamics of ≥40‐keV electrons, and the inclusion of the radial diffusion rates that are typically assumed in radiation belt studies leads to a better agreement with the data. The overall effect of subauroral polarization streams on the electron phase space density profiles seems to be smaller than the uncertainties in other input parameters. This study is an initial step toward understanding the dynamics of these particles inside the geostationary orbit. KW - ring current electrons KW - magnetospheric convection KW - ensemble modeling KW - inner magnetosphere KW - electron transport KW - wave-particle interactions Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026031 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 124 IS - 2 SP - 915 EP - 933 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asgarimehr, Milad A1 - Wickert, Jens A1 - Reich, Sebastian T1 - TDS-1 GNSS Reflectometry BT - Development and Validation of Forward Scattering Winds JF - IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing N2 - This study presents the development and a systematic evaluation study of GNSS reflectometry wind speeds. After establishing a wind speed retrieval algorithm, UK TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) derived winds, from May 2015 to July 2017, are compared to the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). ERA-Interim wind fields of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and in situ observation from Tropical Atmosphere Ocean buoy array in the Pacific are taken as reference. One-year averaged TDS-1 global winds demonstrate small differences with ECMWF in a majority of areas as well as discuss under- and overestimations. The pioneering TDS-1 winds demonstrate a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and bias of 2.77 and -0.33 m/s, which are comparable to the RMSE and bias derived by ASCAT winds, as large as 2.31 and 0.25 m/s, respectively. Using buoys measurements as reference, RMSE and bias of 2.23 and -0.03 m/s for TDS-1 as well as 1.40 and -0.68 m/s for ASCAT are obtained. Utilizing rain microwave-infrared estimates of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, rain-affected observation of both ASCAT and TDS-1 are collected and evaluated. Although ASCAT winds show a significant performance degradation resulting in an RMSE and bias of 3.16 and 1.03 m/s, respectively, during rain condition, TDS-1 shows a more reliable performance with an RMSE and bias of 2.94 and -0.21 m/s, respectively, which indicates the promising capability of GNSS forward scattering for wind retrievals during rain. A decrease in TDS-1-derived bistatic radar cross sections during rain events, at weak winds, is also demonstrated. KW - Advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) KW - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) KW - GNSS forward scatterometry KW - GNSS reflectometry KW - TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) KW - wind speed Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2873241 SN - 1939-1404 SN - 2151-1535 VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - 4534 EP - 4541 PB - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asgarimehr, Milad A1 - Wickert, Jens A1 - Reich, Sebastian T1 - Evaluating impact of rain attenuation on space-borne GNSS reflectometry wind speeds JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The novel space-borne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique has recently shown promise in monitoring the ocean state and surface wind speed with high spatial coverage and unprecedented sampling rate. The L-band signals of GNSS are structurally able to provide a higher quality of observations from areas covered by dense clouds and under intense precipitation, compared to those signals at higher frequencies from conventional ocean scatterometers. As a result, studying the inner core of cyclones and improvement of severe weather forecasting and cyclone tracking have turned into the main objectives of GNSS-R satellite missions such as Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). Nevertheless, the rain attenuation impact on GNSS-R wind speed products is not yet well documented. Evaluating the rain attenuation effects on this technique is significant since a small change in the GNSS-R can potentially cause a considerable bias in the resultant wind products at intense wind speeds. Based on both empirical evidence and theory, wind speed is inversely proportional to derived bistatic radar cross section with a natural logarithmic relation, which introduces high condition numbers (similar to ill-posed conditions) at the inversions to high wind speeds. This paper presents an evaluation of the rain signal attenuation impact on the bistatic radar cross section and the derived wind speed. This study is conducted simulating GNSS-R delay-Doppler maps at different rain rates and reflection geometries, considering that an empirical data analysis at extreme wind intensities and rain rates is impossible due to the insufficient number of observations from these severe conditions. Finally, the study demonstrates that at a wind speed of 30 m/s and incidence angle of 30 degrees, rain at rates of 10, 15, and 20 mm/h might cause overestimation as large as approximate to 0.65 m/s (2%), 1.00 m/s (3%), and 1.3 m/s (4%), respectively, which are still smaller than the CYGNSS required uncertainty threshold. The simulations are conducted in a pessimistic condition (severe continuous rainfall below the freezing height and over the entire glistening zone) and the bias is expected to be smaller in size in real environments. KW - GNSS Reflectometry KW - wind speed KW - rain effect KW - rain attenuation KW - DDM simulation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091048 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 11 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asgarimehr, Milad A1 - Zavorotny, Valery A1 - Wickert, Jens A1 - Reich, Sebastian T1 - Can GNSS Reflectometry Detect Precipitation Over Oceans? JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - For the first time, a rain signature in Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) observations is demonstrated. Based on the argument that the forward quasi-specular scattering relies upon surface gravity waves with lengths larger than several wavelengths of the reflected signal, a commonly made conclusion is that the scatterometric GNSS-R measurements are not sensitive to the surface small-scale roughness generated by raindrops impinging on the ocean surface. On the contrary, this study presents an evidence that the bistatic radar cross section sigma(0) derived from TechDemoSat-1 data is reduced due to rain at weak winds, lower than approximate to 6 m/s. The decrease is as large as approximate to 0.7 dB at the wind speed of 3 m/s due to a precipitation of 0-2 mm/hr. The simulations based on the recently published scattering theory provide a plausible explanation for this phenomenon which potentially enables the GNSS-R technique to detect precipitation over oceans at low winds. KW - GNSS Reflectometry KW - rain detection KW - rain splash KW - TDS-1 KW - ocean surface KW - electromagnetic scattering Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079708 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 45 IS - 22 SP - 12585 EP - 12592 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ashastina, Kseniia A1 - Kuzmina, Svetlana A1 - Rudaya, Natalia A1 - Troeva, Elena I. A1 - Schoch, Werner H. A1 - Roemermann, Christine A1 - Reinecke, Jennifer A1 - Otte, Volker A1 - Savvinov, Grigoriy A1 - Wesche, Karsten A1 - Kienast, Frank T1 - Woodlands and steppes BT - Pleistocene vegetation in Yakutia's most continental part recorded in the Batagay permafrost sequence JF - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal N2 - Based on fossil organism remains including plant macrofossils, charcoal, pollen, and invertebrates preserved in syngenetic deposits of the Batagay permafrost sequence in the Siberian Yana Highlands, we reconstructed the environmental history during marine isotope stages (MIS) 6 to 2. Two fossil assemblages, exceptionally rich in plant remains, allowed for a detailed description of the palaeo-vegetation during two climate extremes of the Late Pleistocene, the onset of the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the last interglacial. In addition, altogether 41 assemblages were used to outline the vegetation history since the penultimate cold stage of MIS 6. Accordingly, meadow steppes analogue to modern communities of the phytosociological order Festucetalia lenensis formed the primary vegetation during the Saalian and Weichselian cold stages. Cold-resistant tundra-steppe communities (Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii) as they occur above the treeline today were, in contrast to more northern locations, mostly lacking. During the last interglacial, open coniferous woodland similar to modern larch taiga was the primary vegetation at the site. Abundant charcoal indicates wildfire events during the last interglacial. Zoogenic disturbances of the local vegetation were indicated by the presence of ruderal plants, especially by abundant Urtica dioica, suggesting that the area was an interglacial refugium for large herbivores. Meadow steppes, which formed the primary vegetation during cold stages and provided potentially suitable pastures for herbivores, were a significant constituent of the plant cover in the Yana Highlands also under the full warm stage conditions of the last interglacial. Consequently, meadow steppes occurred in the Yana Highlands during the entire investigated timespan from MIS 6 to MIS 2 documenting a remarkable environmental stability. Thus, the proportion of meadow steppe vegetation merely shifted in response to the respectively prevailing climatic conditions. Their persistence indicates low precipitation and a relatively warm growing season throughout and beyond the late Pleistocene. The studied fossil record also proves that modern steppe occurrences in the Yana Highlands did not establish as late as in the Holocene but instead are relicts of a formerly continuous steppe belt extending from Central Siberia to Northeast Yakutia during the Pleistocene. The persistence of plants and invertebrates characteristic of meadow steppe vegetation in interior Yakutia throughout the late Quaternary indicates climatic continuity and documents the suitability of this region as a refugium also for other organisms of the Pleistocene mammoth steppe including the iconic large herbivores. (C)2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Palaeo-vegetation KW - Plant macrofossils KW - Invertebrates KW - Modern analogues KW - Pollen KW - Ground squirrel nest KW - Last cold stage KW - Eemian KW - Beringia Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.07.032 SN - 0277-3791 VL - 196 SP - 38 EP - 61 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Astudillo-Sotomayor, Luis A1 - Jara Muñoz, Julius A1 - Melnick, Daniel A1 - Cortés‐Aranda, Joaquín A1 - Tassara, Andrés A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Fast Holocene slip and localized strain along the Liquiñe-Ofqui strike-slip fault system, Chile JF - Scientific reports N2 - In active tectonic settings dominated by strike-slip kinematics, slip partitioning across subparallel faults is a common feature; therefore, assessing the degree of partitioning and strain localization is paramount for seismic hazard assessments. Here, we estimate a slip rate of 18.8 +/- 2.0 mm/year over the past 9.0 +/- 0.1 ka for a single strand of the Liquirie-Ofqui Fault System, which straddles the Main Cordillera in Southern Chile. This Holocene rate accounts for similar to 82% of the trench-parallel component of oblique plate convergence and is similar to million-year estimates integrated over the entire fault system. Our results imply that strain localizes on a single fault at millennial time scale but over longer time scales strain localization is not sustained. The fast millennial slip rate in the absence of historical Mw> 6.5 earthquakes along the Liquine-Ofqui Fault System implies either a component of aseismic slip or Mw similar to 7 earthquakes involving multi-trace ruptures and > 150-year repeat times. Our results have implications for the understanding of strike-slip fault system dynamics within volcanic arcs and seismic hazard assessments. KW - Geodynamics KW - Geomorphology KW - Tectonics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85036-5 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Atmani, Farid A1 - Bookhagen, Bodo A1 - Smith, Taylor T1 - Measuring Vegetation Heights and Their Seasonal Changes in the Western Namibian Savanna Using Spaceborne Lidars T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) with its land and vegetation height data product (ATL08), and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) with its terrain elevation and height metrics data product (GEDI Level 2A) missions have great potential to globally map ground and canopy heights. Canopy height is a key factor in estimating above-ground biomass and its seasonal changes; these satellite missions can also improve estimated above-ground carbon stocks. This study presents a novel Sparse Vegetation Detection Algorithm (SVDA) which uses ICESat-2 (ATL03, geolocated photons) data to map tree and vegetation heights in a sparsely vegetated savanna ecosystem. The SVDA consists of three main steps: First, noise photons are filtered using the signal confidence flag from ATL03 data and local point statistics. Second, we classify ground photons based on photon height percentiles. Third, tree and grass photons are classified based on the number of neighbors. We validated tree heights with field measurements (n = 55), finding a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.82 m using SVDA, GEDI Level 2A (Geolocated Elevation and Height Metrics product): 1.33 m, and ATL08: 5.59 m. Our results indicate that the SVDA is effective in identifying canopy photons in savanna ecosystems, where ATL08 performs poorly. We further identify seasonal vegetation height changes with an emphasis on vegetation below 3 m; widespread height changes in this class from two wet-dry cycles show maximum seasonal changes of 1 m, possibly related to seasonal grass-height differences. Our study shows the difficulties of vegetation measurements in savanna ecosystems but provides the first estimates of seasonal biomass changes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1275 KW - ICESat-2 KW - GEDI KW - canopy height KW - lidar KW - savanna Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569915 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1275 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Atmani, Farid A1 - Bookhagen, Bodo A1 - Smith, Taylor T1 - Measuring vegetation heights and their seasonal changes in the Western Namibian Savanna using spaceborne lidars JF - Remote sensing / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) N2 - The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) with its land and vegetation height data product (ATL08), and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) with its terrain elevation and height metrics data product (GEDI Level 2A) missions have great potential to globally map ground and canopy heights. Canopy height is a key factor in estimating above-ground biomass and its seasonal changes; these satellite missions can also improve estimated above-ground carbon stocks. This study presents a novel Sparse Vegetation Detection Algorithm (SVDA) which uses ICESat-2 (ATL03, geolocated photons) data to map tree and vegetation heights in a sparsely vegetated savanna ecosystem. The SVDA consists of three main steps: First, noise photons are filtered using the signal confidence flag from ATL03 data and local point statistics. Second, we classify ground photons based on photon height percentiles. Third, tree and grass photons are classified based on the number of neighbors. We validated tree heights with field measurements (n = 55), finding a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1.82 m using SVDA, GEDI Level 2A (Geolocated Elevation and Height Metrics product): 1.33 m, and ATL08: 5.59 m. Our results indicate that the SVDA is effective in identifying canopy photons in savanna ecosystems, where ATL08 performs poorly. We further identify seasonal vegetation height changes with an emphasis on vegetation below 3 m; widespread height changes in this class from two wet-dry cycles show maximum seasonal changes of 1 m, possibly related to seasonal grass-height differences. Our study shows the difficulties of vegetation measurements in savanna ecosystems but provides the first estimates of seasonal biomass changes. KW - ICESat-2 KW - GEDI KW - canopy height KW - lidar KW - savanna Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122928 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Atsawawaranunt, Kamolphat A1 - Comas-Bru, Laia A1 - Mozhdehi, Sahar Amirnezhad A1 - Deininger, Michael A1 - Harrison, Sandy P. A1 - Baker, Andy A1 - Boyd, Meighan A1 - Kaushal, Nikita A1 - Ahmad, Syed Masood A1 - Brahim, Yassine Ait A1 - Arienzo, Monica A1 - Bajo, Petra A1 - Braun, Kerstin A1 - Burstyn, Yuval A1 - Chawchai, Sakonvan A1 - Duan, Wuhui A1 - Hatvani, Istvan Gabor A1 - Hu, Jun A1 - Kern, Zoltan A1 - Labuhn, Inga A1 - Lachniet, Matthew A1 - Lechleitner, Franziska A. A1 - Lorrey, Andrew A1 - Perez-Mejias, Carlos A1 - Pickering, Robyn A1 - Scroxton, Nick A1 - Atkinson, Tim A1 - Ayalon, Avner A1 - Baldini, James A1 - Bar-Matthews, Miriam A1 - Pablo Bernal, Juan A1 - Breitenbach, Sebastian Franz Martin A1 - Boch, Ronny A1 - Borsato, Andrea A1 - Cai, Yanjun A1 - Carolin, Stacy A1 - Cheng, Hai A1 - Columbu, Andrea A1 - Couchoud, Isabelle A1 - Cruz, Francisco A1 - Demeny, Attila A1 - Dominguez-Villar, David A1 - Dragusin, Virgil A1 - Drysdale, Russell A1 - Ersek, Vasile A1 - Finne, Martin A1 - Fleitmann, Dominik A1 - Fohlmeister, Jens Bernd A1 - Frappier, Amy A1 - Genty, Dominique A1 - Holzkamper, Steffen A1 - Hopley, Philip A1 - Kathayat, Gayatri A1 - Keenan-Jones, Duncan A1 - Koltai, Gabriella A1 - Luetscher, Marc A1 - Li, Ting-Yong A1 - Lone, Mahjoor Ahmad A1 - Markowska, Monika A1 - Mattey, Dave A1 - McDermott, Frank A1 - Moreno, Ana A1 - Moseley, Gina A1 - Nehme, Carole A1 - Novello, Valdir F. A1 - Psomiadis, David A1 - Rehfeld, Kira A1 - Ruan, Jiaoyang A1 - Sekhon, Natasha A1 - Sha, Lijuan A1 - Sholz, Denis A1 - Shopov, Yavor A1 - Smith, Andrew A1 - Strikis, Nicolas A1 - Treble, Pauline A1 - Unal-Imer, Ezgi A1 - Vaks, Anton A1 - Vansteenberge, Stef A1 - Veiga-Pires, Cristina A1 - Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo A1 - Wang, Xianfeng A1 - Wong, Corinne A1 - Wortham, Barbara A1 - Wurtzel, Jennifer A1 - Zong, Baoyun T1 - The SISAL database BT - a global resource to document oxygen and carbon isotope records from speleothems JF - Earth System Science Data N2 - Stable isotope records from speleothems provide information on past climate changes, most particularly information that can be used to reconstruct past changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation. These records are increasingly being used to provide "out-of-sample" evaluations of isotope-enabled climate models. SISAL (Speleothem Isotope Synthesis and Analysis) is an international working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project. The working group aims to provide a comprehensive compilation of speleothem isotope records for climate reconstruction and model evaluation. The SISAL database contains data for individual speleothems, grouped by cave system. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon (delta O-18, delta C-13) measurements are referenced by distance from the top or bottom of the speleothem. Additional tables provide information on dating, including information on the dates used to construct the original age model and sufficient information to assess the quality of each data set and to erect a standardized chronology across different speleothems. The metadata table provides location information, information on the full range of measurements carried out on each speleothem and information on the cave system that is relevant to the interpretation of the records, as well as citations for both publications and archived data. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1687-2018 SN - 1866-3508 SN - 1866-3516 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 1687 EP - 1713 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Awais, Muhammad A1 - Ahmad, Rafiq A1 - Khan, Nadeem A1 - Garapati, Prashanth A1 - Shahzad, Muhammad A1 - Afroz, Amber A1 - Rashid, Umer A1 - Khan, Sabaz Ali T1 - Transformation of tomato variety rio grande with drought resistant transcription factor gene ATAF1 and its molecular analysis JF - Pakistan Journal of Botany N2 - Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) being an important vegetable is cultivated and used throughout the world. It not only contributes in fulfilling the basic nutritional requirements of the human body but also has many health benefits due to its rich biochemical composition. However, its production at large scale is hampered by many limiting factors such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the different abiotic stresses, drought poses drastic impact on tomato yield. Drought stress is genetically regulated by many transcription factors that not only regulate the stress responsive mechanism but also facilitate the growth and development of tomato plants. NAC is an important stress related transcription factor genes family, and the ATAF1 gene, a member of this family, is involved in ABA signaling and stress response. In this study, tomato variety Rio Drande was transformed with drought resistant ATAF1 gene via Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation method. The ATAF1 gene was first cloned in the pK7WFG2 vector having kanamycin selectable marker and then it was introduced in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 through heat shock method. The tomato cotyledon and hypocotyl ex-plants of variety "Rio Ggrande" were cultured on callus induction medium (MS + 2.5 mg/L IAA + 2 mg/L BAP). The calli were then infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 containing ATAF1 gene and selection was carried out on the kanamycin selectable medium (MS + 100 mg/L Kan), and were regenerated on MS medium with 1 mg/L IAA + 1 mg/L BAP. Out of 216 putative transformed calli, 13 calli were able to regenerate on the selection medium. Of the 13 calli, three transgenic tomato plantlets were recovered, and these were confirmed through PCR analysis for the presence of 432 bp fragment of ATAF1 gene. The transformation protocol reported here can be used to generate drought resistant tomato plants in future. KW - Agrobacterium tumefaciens KW - drought stress KW - NAC transcription factor ATAF1 KW - plant transformation KW - Rio Grande KW - tomato Y1 - 2018 SN - 0556-3321 SN - 2070-3368 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - 1811 EP - 1820 PB - Pakistan botanic soc CY - Karachi ER - TY - THES A1 - Aygül, Mesut T1 - Pre-collisional accretion and exhumation along the southern Laurasian active margin, Central Pontides, Turkey T1 - Prä-Kollisions Akkretion und Exhumierung entlang des aktiven südlichen Kontinentalrands Laurassisens, mittlere Pontiden, Türkei N2 - The Central Pontides is an accretionary-type orogenic area within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt characterized by pre-collisional tectonic continental growth. The region comprises Mesozoic subduction-accretionary complexes and an accreted intra-oceanic arc that are sandwiched between the Laurasian active continental margin and Gondwana-derived the Kırşehir Block. The subduction-accretion complexes mainly consist of an Albian-Turonian accretionary wedge representing the Laurasian active continental margin. To the north, the wedge consists of slate/phyllite and metasandstone intercalation with recrystallized limestone, Na-amphibole-bearing metabasite (PT= 7–12 kbar and 400 ± 70 ºC) and tectonic slices of serpentinite representing accreted distal part of a large Lower Cretaceous submarine turbidite fan deposited on the Laurasian active continental margin that was subsequently accreted and metamorphosed. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material (RSCM) of the metapelitic rocks revealed that the metaflysch sequence consists of metamorphic packets with distinct peak metamorphic temperatures. The majority of the metapelites are low-temperature (ca. 330 °C) slates characterized by lack of differentiation of the graphite (G) and D2 defect bands. They possibly represent offscraped distal turbidites along the toe of the Albian accretionary wedge. The rest are phyllites that are characterized by slightly pronounced G band with D2 defect band occurring on its shoulder. Peak metamorphic temperatures of these phyllites are constrained to 370-385 °C. The phyllites are associated with a strip of incipient blueschist facies metabasites which are found as slivers within the offscraped distal turbidites. They possibly represent underplated continental metasediments together with oceanic crustal basalt along the basal décollement. Tectonic emplacement of the underplated rocks into the offscraped distal turbidites was possibly achieved by out-of-sequence thrusting causing tectonic thickening and uplift of the wedge. 40Ar/39Ar phengite ages from the phyllites are ca. 100 Ma, indicating Albian subduction and regional HP metamorphism. The accreted continental metasediments are underlain by HP/LT metamorphic rocks of oceanic origin along an extensional shear zone. The oceanic metamorphic sequence mainly comprises tectonically thickened deep-seated eclogite to blueschist facies metabasites and micaschists. In the studied area, metabasites are epidote-blueschists locally with garnet (PT= 17 ± 1 kbar and 500 ± 40 °C). Lawsonite-blueschists are exposed as blocks along the extensional shear zone (PT= 14 ± 2 kbar and 370–440 °C). They are possibly associated with low shear stress regime of the initial stage of convergence. Close to the shear zone, the footwall micaschists consist of quartz, phengite, paragonite, chlorite, rutile with syn-kinematic albite porphyroblast formed by pervasive shearing during exhumation. These types of micaschists are tourmaline-bearing and their retrograde nature suggests high-fluid flux along shear zones. Peak metamorphic mineral assemblages are partly preserved in the chloritoid-micaschist farther away from the shear zone representing the zero strain domains during exhumation. Three peak metamorphic assemblages are identified and their PT conditions are constrained by pseudosections produced by Theriak-Domino and by Raman spectra of carbonaceous material: 1) garnet-chloritoid-glaucophane with lawsonite pseudomorphs (P= 17.5 ± 1 kbar, T: 390-450 °C) 2) chloritoid with glaucophane pseudomorphs (P= 16-18 kbar, T: 475 ± 40 °C) and 3) relatively high-Mg chloritoid (17%) with jadeite pseudomorphs (P= 22-25 kbar; T: 440 ± 30 °C) in addition to phengite, paragonite, quartz, chlorite, rutile and apatite. The last mineral assemblage is interpreted as transformation of the chloritoid + glaucophane assemblage to chloritoid + jadeite paragenesis with increasing pressure. Absence of tourmaline suggests that the chloritoid-micaschist did not interact with B-rich fluids during zero strain exhumation. 40Ar/39Ar phengite age of a pervasively sheared footwall micaschist is constrained to 100.6 ± 1.3 Ma and that of a chloritoid-micaschist is constrained to 91.8 ± 1.8 Ma suggesting exhumation during on-going subduction with a southward younging of the basal accretion and the regional metamorphism. To the south, accretionary wedge consists of blueschist and greenschist facies metabasite, marble and volcanogenic metasediment intercalation. 40Ar/39Ar phengite dating reveals that this part of the wedge is of Middle Jurassic age partly overprinted during the Albian. Emplacement of the Middle Jurassic subduction-accretion complexes is possibly associated with obliquity of the Albian convergence. Peak metamorphic assemblages and PT estimates of the deep-seated oceanic metamorphic sequence suggest tectonic stacking within wedge with different depths of burial. Coupling and exhumation of the distinct metamorphic slices are controlled by decompression of the wedge possibly along a retreating slab. Structurally, decompression of the wedge is evident by an extensional shear zone and the footwall micaschists with syn-kinematic albite porphyroblasts. Post-kinematic garnets with increasing grossular content and pseudomorphing minerals within the chloritoid-micaschists also support decompression model without an extra heating. Thickening of subduction-accretionary complexes is attributed to i) significant amount of clastic sediment supply from the overriding continental domain and ii) deep level basal underplating by propagation of the décollement along a retreating slab. Underplating by basal décollement propagation and subsequent exhumation of the deep-seated subduction-accretion complexes are connected and controlled by slab rollback creating a necessary space for progressive basal accretion along the plate interface and extension of the wedge above for exhumation of the tectonically thickened metamorphic sequences. This might be the most common mechanism of the tectonic thickening and subsequent exhumation of deep-seated HP/LT subduction-accretion complexes. To the south, the Albian-Turonian accretionary wedge structurally overlies a low-grade volcanic arc sequence consisting of low-grade metavolcanic rocks and overlying metasedimentary succession is exposed north of the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture (İAES), separating Laurasia from Gondwana-derived terranes. The metavolcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite/andesite and mafic cognate xenolith-bearing rhyolite with their pyroclastic equivalents, which are interbedded with recrystallized pelagic limestone and chert. The metavolcanic rocks are stratigraphically overlain by recrystallized micritic limestone with rare volcanogenic metaclastic rocks. Two groups can be identified based on trace and rare earth element characteristics. The first group consists of basaltic andesite/andesite (BA1) and rhyolite with abundant cognate gabbroic xenoliths. It is characterized by relative enrichment of LREE with respect to HREE. The rocks are enriched in fluid mobile LILE, and strongly depleted in Ti and P reflecting fractionation of Fe-Ti oxides and apatite, which are found in the mafic cognate xenoliths. Abundant cognate gabbroic xenoliths and identical trace and rare earth elements compositions suggest that rhyolites and basaltic andesites/andesites (BA1) are cogenetic and felsic rocks were derived from a common mafic parental magma by fractional crystallization and accumulation processes. The second group consists only of basaltic andesites (BA2) with flat REE pattern resembling island arc tholeiites. Although enriched in LILE, this group is not depleted in Ti or P. Geochemistry of the metavolcanic rocks indicates supra-subduction volcanism evidenced by depletion of HFSE and enrichment of LILE. The arc sequence is sandwiched between an Albian-Turonian subduction-accretionary complex representing the Laurasian active margin and an ophiolitic mélange. Absence of continent derived detritus in the arc sequence and its tectonic setting in a wide Cretaceous accretionary complex suggest that the Kösdağ Arc was intra-oceanic. This is in accordance with basaltic andesites (BA2) with island arc tholeiite REE pattern. Zircons from two metarhyolite samples give Late Cretaceous (93.8 ± 1.9 and 94.4 ± 1.9 Ma) U/Pb ages. Low-grade regional metamorphism of the intra-oceanic arc sequence is constrained 69.9 ± 0.4 Ma by 40Ar/39Ar dating on metamorphic muscovite from a metarhyolite indicating that the arc sequence became part of a wide Tethyan Cretaceous accretionary complex by the latest Cretaceous. The youngest 40Ar/39Ar phengite age from the overlying subduction-accretion complexes is 92 Ma confirming southward younging of an accretionary-type orogenic belt. Hence, the arc sequence represents an intra-oceanic paleo-arc that formed above the sinking Tethyan slab and finally accreted to Laurasian active continental margin. Abrupt non-collisional termination of arc volcanism was possibly associated with southward migration of the arc volcanism similar to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system. The intra-oceanic Kösdağ Arc is coeval with the obducted supra-subduction ophiolites in NW Turkey suggesting that it represents part of the presumed but missing incipient intra-oceanic arc associated with the generation of the regional supra-subduction ophiolites. Remnants of a Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic paleo-arc and supra-subduction ophiolites can be traced eastward within the Alp-Himalayan orogenic belt. This reveals that Late Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction occurred as connected event above the sinking Tethyan slab. It resulted as arc accretion to Laurasian active margin and supra-subduction ophiolite obduction on Gondwana-derived terranes. N2 - Die Mittelpontiden sind ein akkretionäres orogenes Gebiet innerhalb des Alpen-Himalaya Orogengürtels, das durch präkollisionales tektonisches kontinentales Wachstum gekennzeichnet ist. Die Region umfasst mesozoische subduktions-akkretions Komplexe und einen akkretierten intraozeanischen Bogen, die zwischen dem aktiven laurassischen Kontinentalrand und dem von Gondwana abgeleiteten Kırşehir Block eingeklemmt sind. Die Subduktions-Akkretionskomplexe bestehen hauptsächlich aus einem Alb-Turon Akkretionskeil, der den aktiven laurassischen Kontinentalrand repräsentiert. Im Norden besteht der Keil aus Schiefer/Phyllit und Metasandsteineinlagerungen mit rekristallisiertem Kalkstein, Na-Amphibole-tragendem Metabasit (PT= 7-12 kbar und 400 ± 70 ºC) und tektonischen Serpentinit-Einlagerungen, die einen distalen Teil eines großen submarinen Turbiditfächers der Unterkreide darstellen, der auf dem aktiven Kontinentalrand von Lauras abgelagert und anschließend akkretiert und metamorphisiert wurde. Ramanspektren von kohlenstoffhaltigem Material (RSCM) der metapelitischen Gesteine zeigen, dass die Metaflyschsequenz aus metamorphen Paketen mit ausgeprägten metamorphen Temperaturspitzen besteht. Die Mehrheit der Metapelite sind Niedertemperatur (ca. 330 °C) Schiefer, die sich durch eine mangelnde Differenzierung der Defektbänder Graphit (G) und D2 auszeichnen. Sie stellen möglicherweise abgetragene distale Turbidite entlang der Sohle des Akkretionskeils im Alb dar. Der Rest sind Phyllite, die sich durch ein leicht ausgeprägtes G-Band mit D2-Defektband an der Schulter auszeichnen. Die metamorphen Temperaturen dieser Phyllite sind auf 370-385 °C begrenzt. Die Phyllite sind mit Streifen von Metabasiten der beginnenden blauen Fazies assoziiert, die sich als Bänder innerhalb der abgetragenen distalen Turbidite befinden. Sie stellen möglicherweise unterschichtete kontinentale Metasedimente zusammen mit ozeanischem Krustenbasalt entlang des basalen Decollements dar. Die tektonische Einlagerung der unterschobenen Gesteine in die abgetragenen distalen Turbidite wurde möglicherweise durch "out-of-sequence thrusting" erreicht, was zu einer tektonischen Verdickung und Hebung des Keils führte. 40Ar/39Ar Phengit Alter von den Phylliten sind ca. 100 Ma, was auf Subduktion und regionale HP-Metamorphose während dem Alb hinweist. Die akkretierten kontinentalen Metasedimente werden von HP/LT-metamorphen Gesteinen ozeanischen Ursprungs entlang einer ausgedehnten Scherzone durchzogen. Die ozeanisch metamorphe Sequenz umfasst hauptsächlich tektonisch verdickte, tief sitzende Eklogite bis hin zu blauschieferfaziellen Metabasiten und Glimmerschiefern. Im Untersuchungsgebiet treten Metabasite als Epidot-Blauschiefer lokal mit Granat auf (PT= 17 ± 1 kbar und 500 ± 40 °C). Lawsonit-Blauschiefer treten als Blöcke entlang einer Extensionsscherzone auf (PT= 14 ± 2 kbar und 370-440 °C). Sie sind möglicherweise mit einem niedrigen Scherspannungsregime während der Anfangsphase der Konvergenz verbunden. In der Nähe der Scherzone bestehen die Glimmerschiefer aus Quarz, Phengit, Paragonit, Chlorit, Rutil und syn-kinematischen Albitporphyroblasten, die durch Scherung während der Exhumierung entstanden. Die Glimmerschiefer führen Turmalin und ihre retrograde Natur deutet auf hohen Fluidflux entlang der Scherzonen. Mineralvergesellschaftungen des metamorphen Maximums sind, weiter weg von der Scherzone, teilweise noch in den Chloritoid-Glimmerschiefern erhalten. Diese Domänen erfuhren während der Exhumierung keinen Strain. Drei metamorphe Vergesellschaftungen wurden identifiziert und ihre PT-Bedingungen durch Theriak-Domino Modellierung und Raman-Spektren von kohlenstoffhaltigem Material eingeschränkt: 1) Granat-Chloritoid-Glaukophan mit Lawsonit-Pseudomorphen (P= 17.5 ± 1 kbar, T: 390-450 °C); 2) Chloritoid mit Glaukophan-Pseudomorphen (P= 16-18 kbar, T: 475 ± 40 °C) und 3) relativ hoch-Mg-Chloritoid (17%) mit Jadeit-Pseudomorphen (P= 22-25 kbar; T: 440 ± 30 °C) zusätzlich zu Phengit, Paragonit, Quarz, Chlorit, Rutil und Apatit. Die letzte Mineralparagenese wird interpretiert als Transformation der Chloritoid + Glaukophan Vergesellschaftung zu Chloritoid + Jadeit Paragenese mit steigendem Druck. Das Fehlen von Turmalin deutet darauf hin, dass der Chloritoid-Glimmerschiefer während der strain-freien Exhumierung nicht mit B-reichen Fluiden reagiert hat. Das 40Ar/39Ar Phengitalter eines penetrativ geschieferten Glimmerschiefers ist auf 100,6 ± 1,3 Ma und das eines Chlorit-Glimmerschiefers auf 91,8 ± 1,8 Ma begrenzt, was auf eine Exhumierung während der laufenden Subduktion mit einer südlichen Verjüngung der Basalakkretion und des regionalen Metamorphismus hindeutet. Im Süden besteht der Akkretionskeil aus blauschiefer- und grünschieferfaziellen Metabasiten, Marmoren und vulkanogenen Metasedimenteinlagerungen. 40Ar/39Ar Phengit Datierung zeigt, dass dieser Teil des Keils aus dem Mittleren Jura stammt, der während des Albs teilweise überprägt wurde. Die Platznahe der Subduktions-/Akkretionskomplexe des Mittleren Jura ist möglicherweise mit einer schiefen Lage der Konvergenz im Alb verbunden. Peak metamorphe Mineralvergesellschaftungen und PT-Schätzungen der tiefliegenden ozeanischen metamorphen Sequenz deuten auf eine tektonische Stapelung im Akkretionskeil mit unterschiedlichen Grabentiefen hin. Die Kopplung und Exhumierung der einzelnen metamorphen Einheiten wird durch Dekompression des Keils gesteuert, möglicherweise entlang einer sich zurückziehenden Platte. Strukturell ist die Dekompression des Keils durch eine ausgedehnte Scherzone und die Glimmerschiefer der Basis mit syn-kinematischen Albitporphyroblasten erkennbar. Postkinematische Granate mit steigendem Grossulargehalt und pseudomorphe Mineralien innerhalb der Chloritoid-Glimmerschiefer unterstützen ein Dekompressionsmodell ohne zusätzliche Erwärmung. Die Verdickung der Subduktions-/Akkretionskomplexe wird zugeschrieben: i) einer signifikanten Menge an klastischer Sedimentzufuhr aus dem überschobenen kontinentalen Bereich und ii) tiefer basaler Unterschiebung durch Ausbreitung des Decollements entlang einer sich zurückziehenden Platte. Die Unterschiebung durch basale Decollementausbreitung und anschließende Exhumierung der tief liegenden Subduktions-Akkretionskomplexe wird durch Slab-Rollback gesteuert. Dadurch wird der notwendige Raum für eine progressive basale Akkretion entlang der Plattengrenze und der Verlängerung des überliegenden Keils für die Exhumierung der tektonisch verdickten metamorphen Sequenzen geschaffen. Dies könnte der wichtigste Mechanismus tektonischer Verdickung und anschließender Exhumierung von tief sitzenden HP/LT-Subduktions-Akkretionskomplexen sein. Im Süden liegt der Akkretionskeil des Alb-Turon strukturell über einer vulkanischen Bogensequenz aus niedriggradigen metavulkanischem Gestein und darüber liegender metasedimentärer Abfolge. Diese Metavulkanite, treten nördlich der İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Sutur (İAES), welche Laurasia von der aus Gondwana stammenden Terranen trennt. Die metavulkanischen Gesteine bestehen hauptsächlich aus basaltischem Andesit/Andesit und Rhyolith mit mafischen Xenolithen sowie mit ihren pyroklastischen Äquivalenten, welche mit rekristallisiertem pelagischem Kalkstein und Hornstein durchsetzt sind. Die metavulkanischen Gesteine sind stratigraphisch überlagert von rekristallisiertem mikritischem Kalkstein mit seltenen vulkanischen metaklastischen Gesteinen. Zwei Gruppen können anhand von Spuren- und Seltenerden-gehalten identifiziert werden. Die erste Gruppe besteht aus basaltischem Andesit/Andesit (BA1) und Rhyolith mit zahlreichen gabbroiden Xenolithen. Sie ist durch eine relative Anreicherung von LREE gegenüber HREE gekennzeichnet. Die Gesteine sind mit fluidmobilen LILE angereichert und stark in Ti und P abgereichert, was die Fraktionierung von Fe-Ti-Oxiden und Apatit widerspiegelt, die in den mafischen Xenolithen zu finden sind. Reichlich gabbroide Xenolithe und identische Spuren- und Seltenerdelemente-Zusammensetzungen deuten darauf hin, dass Rhyolithe und basaltische Andesite/Andesite (BA1) kogenetisch sind und die felsischen Gesteine von einem gemeinsamen mafischen Magma durch fraktionierte Kristallisations- und Akkumulationsprozesse abgeleitet wurden. Die zweite Gruppe besteht nur aus basaltischen Andesiten (BA2) mit flachem REE-Muster, das an Inselbogen-Tholeiite erinnert. Obwohl angereichert mit LILE, ist diese Gruppe nicht Ti oder P verarmt. Die Geochemie der metavulkanischen Gesteine deutet auf Supra-Subduktionsvulkanismus hin, der durch den Abbau von HFSE und die Anreicherung von LILE belegt ist. Die Insel-Bogensequenz ist zwischen einem subduktions-akkretionären Komplex des Alb-Turon, der den laurassischen aktiven Kontinentalrandrand repräsentiert, und einer ophiolitischen Mélange eingeklemmt. Das Fehlen von kontinentalem Detritus in der Insel-Bogensequenz und seine tektonische Anordnung in einem breiten kreidezeitlichen Akkretionskomplex deuten darauf hin, dass der Kösdağ Arc intraozeanisch war. Dem entsprechen die basaltischen Andesiten (BA2) mit Inselbogen-Tholeiit-REE-Muster. Zirkon aus zwei Metarhyolithproben ergibt U/Pb-Alter der Spätkreide (93,8 ± 1,9 und 94,4 ± 1,9 Ma). Die niedriggradige regionale Metamorphose der intraozeanischen Bogensequenz ist durch 40Ar/39Ar Datierung von metamorphem Muskovit aus einem Metarhyolith auf 69,9 ± 0,4 Ma eingegrenzt, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Insel-Bogensequenz in der späten Kreide Teil des breiten Akkretionskomplexes der Tethys wurde. Das jüngste Phengitalter von 40Ar/39Ar aus den darüber liegenden Subduktions-Akkretionskomplexen ist 92 Ma, was die Verjüngung des akkretionären orogenen Gürtels gegen Süden bestätigt. Die Insel-Bogensequenz stellt somit einen intraozeanischen Paläobogen dar, der sich über der absinkenden Tethys-platte gebildet und schließlich an den aktiven laurassischen Kontinentalrand akkretiert hat. Der abrupte, nicht kollisionsbedingte Abbruch des Insel-Bogenvulkanismus war möglicherweise mit der südwärts Wanderung des Vulkanismus ähnlich dem Izu-Bonin-Mariana-Bogensystem verbunden. Der intraozeanische Kösdağ Bogen ist gleichaltrig zu den obduzierten Supra-Subduktionsophiolithen der Nordwesttürkei, was darauf hindeutet, dass er einen Teil des vermuteten, aber fehlenden beginnenden intraozeanischen Systems darstellt, das mit der Erzeugung der regionalen Supra-Subduktionsophiolithe verbunden ist. Überreste eines intraozeanischen Paläobogens und supra-subduzierter Ophiolithe der späten Kreide können innerhalb des orogenen Alpen-Himalaya-Gürtels nach Osten verfolgt werden. Dies zeigt, dass die intraozeanische Subduktion der Spätkreide als verbreitetes Ereignis über der absinkenden Platte der Tethys stattfand. Dieses führte zur Insel-Bogenakkretion am aktiven Kontinenntalrand Laurasirns und zur Supra-Subduktion Ophiolith-obduktion auf aus Gondwana stammenden Terranen. KW - Eurasian active margin KW - subduction-accretionary complexes KW - HP/LT metamorphism KW - Pontides KW - Eurasischer aktiver Kontinentalrand KW - subduktions-akkretions Komplexe KW - HP/LT-Metamorphose KW - Pontiden Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416769 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aygül, Mesut A1 - Oberhänsli, Roland T1 - Tectonic Stacking of HP/LT Metamorphic Rocks in Accretionary Wedges and the Role of Shallowing Slab-Mantle Decoupling JF - Tectonics N2 - High-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) chloritoid-bearing micaschists crop out widely in the central part of northern Turkey and represent deep-seated subduction-accretionary complexes. Three peak metamorphic assemblages are identified in the area studied: (1) garnet-chloritoid-glaucophane with pseudomorphs after lawsonite; (2) chloritoid with pseudomorphs after glaucophane; and (3) chloritoid with pseudomorphs after jadeite in addition to phengite, paragonite, quartz, chlorite, rutile, and apatite. The latter is interpreted as transformation of a chloritoid + glaucophane assemblage to chloritoid + jadeite with increasing pressure; PT modeling indicates similar to 17 and 22-25 kbars for the two peak parageneses. The diversity of peak metamorphic assemblages and the PT estimates suggest that basal accretion occurred at different depths within the wedge. The depth of the basal accretion is possibly controlled by the slab-mantle decoupling depth. Stretching and thinning of the lithospheric fore arc induced by the slab rollback possibly caused shallowing of the slab-mantle decoupling depth which limited depth of the basal accretion from 70-80km to similar to 55km within the subduction channel. A slab-mantle coupling depth-controlled basal accretion may also explain the scarcity of eclogite and high-grade blueschist facies metamorphic rocks in active intraoceanic subduction zones. Because the overriding plate is young and hot in intraoceanic subductions, the slab and mantle are coupled at a relatively shallow depth before eclogitization of the oceanic crust. This prevents accretion and exhumation of eclogite along the subduction channel. KW - chloritoid micaschist KW - accretionary complex KW - slab-mantle decoupling KW - basal accretion Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004689 SN - 0278-7407 SN - 1944-9194 VL - 36 SP - 2332 EP - 2346 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aygül, Mesut A1 - Okay, Aral I. A1 - Oberhänsli, Roland A1 - Schmidt, Alexander A1 - Sudo, Masafumi T1 - Late Cretaceous infant intra-oceanic arc volcanism, the Central Pontides, Turkey: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications JF - Journal of Asian earth sciences N2 - A tectonic slice of an arc sequence consisting of low-grade metavolcanic rocks and overlying metasedimentary succession is exposed in the Central Pontides north of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture separating Laurasia from Gondwana-derived terranes. The metavolcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite/andesite and mafic cognate xenolith-bearing rhyolite with their pyroclastic equivalents, which are interbedded with recrystallized pelagic limestone and chert. The metasedimentary succession comprises recrystallized micritic limestone with rare volcanogenic metaclastic rocks and stratigraphically overlies the metavolcanic rocks. The geochemistry of the metavolcanic rocks indicates an arc setting evidenced by depletion of HFSE (Ti, P and Nb) and enrichment of fluid mobile LILE. Identical trace and rare earth elements compositions of basaltic andesites/andesites and rhyolites suggest that they are cogenetic and derived from a common parental magma. The arc sequence crops out between an Albian-Turonian subduction-accretionary complex representing the Laurasian active margin and an ophiolitic melange. Absence of continent derived detritus in the arc sequence and its tectonic setting in a wide Cretaceous accretionary complex suggest that the Kosdag Arc was intra-oceanic. Zircons from two metarhyolite samples give Late Cretaceous (93.8 +/- 1.9 and 94.4 +/- 1.9 Ma) U/Pb ages. These ages are the same as the age of the supra-subduction ophiolites in western Turkey, which implies that that the Kosdag Arc may represent part of the incipient arc formed during the generation of the supra-subduction ophiolites. The low-grade regional metamorphism in the Kosdag Arc is constrained to 69.9 +/- 0.4 Ma by Ar-40/Ar-39 muscovite dating indicating that the arc sequence became part of a wide Tethyan Cretaceous accretionary complex by the latest Cretaceous. Non-collisional cessation of the arc volcanism is possibly associated with southward migration of the magmatism as in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc system. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Intra-oceanic subduction KW - Felsic volcanism KW - Arc accretion KW - Ophiolite obduction Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.07.005 SN - 1367-9120 SN - 1878-5786 VL - 111 SP - 312 EP - 327 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aygül, Mesut A1 - Okay, Aral I. A1 - Oberhänsli, Roland A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas T1 - Thermal structure of low-grade accreted Lower Cretaceous distal turbidites, the Central Pontides, Turkey: insights for tectonic thickening of an accretionary wedge JF - Turkish journal of earth sciences = Türk yerbilimleri dergisi N2 - Albian-Turonian subduction-accretionary complexes are exposed widely in the Central Pontides. A major portion of the accretionary complexes is made up of a metaflysch sequence consisting of slate/phyllite and metasandstone intercalation with blocks of marble, Na-amphibole bearing metabasite, and serpentinite. The metaflysch sequence represents distal parts of a large Lower Cretaceous submarine turbidite fan deposited on the Laurasian active continental margin that was subsequently accreted and metamorphosed during the Albian. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material of the metapelitic rocks revealed that the metaflysch consists of metamorphic packets with distinct peak metamorphic temperatures. The majority of the metapelites are low-temperature (ca. 330 degrees C) slates characterized by lack of differentiation of the graphite (G) and D2 defect bands. They possibly represent offscraped distal turbidites along the toe of the Albian accretionary wedge. Other phyllites are characterized by a slightly pronounced G band with a D2 defect band occurring on its shoulder. Peak metamorphic temperatures of these phyllites are constrained to 370-385 degrees C. The phyllites are associated with a strip of incipient blueschist facies metabasites and are found as a sliver within the offscraped distal turbidites. We interpret the phyllites as underplated continental sediments together with oceanic crustal basalt along the basal decollement. Tectonic emplacement of the underplated rocks into the offscraped distal turbidites was possibly achieved by out-of-sequence thrusting causing tectonic thickening and uplift of the wedge. KW - Pontides KW - distal turbidites KW - offscraping KW - underplating KW - low-grade metamorphism KW - graphitization KW - Raman microspectroscopy Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1504-4 SN - 1300-0985 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 461 EP - 474 PB - Tübitak CY - Ankara ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ayllon, Daniel A1 - Grimm, Volker A1 - Attinger, Sabine A1 - Hauhs, Michael A1 - Simmer, Clemens A1 - Vereecken, Harry A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar T1 - Cross-disciplinary links in environmental systems science BT - Current state and claimed needs identified in a meta-review of process models JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - Terrestrial environmental systems are characterised by numerous feedback links between their different compartments. However, scientific research is organized into disciplines that focus on processes within the respective compartments rather than on interdisciplinary links. Major feedback mechanisms between compartments might therefore have been systematically overlooked so far. Without identifying these gaps, initiatives on future comprehensive environmental monitoring schemes and experimental platforms might fail. We performed a comprehensive overview of feedbacks between compartments currently represented in environmental sciences and explores to what degree missing links have already been acknowledged in the literature. We focused on process models as they can be regarded as repositories of scientific knowledge that compile findings of numerous single studies. In total, 118 simulation models from 23 model types were analysed. Missing processes linking different environmental compartments were identified based on a meta-review of 346 published reviews, model inter-comparison studies, and model descriptions. Eight disciplines of environmental sciences were considered and 396 linking processes were identified and ascribed to the physical, chemical or biological domain. There were significant differences between model types and scientific disciplines regarding implemented interdisciplinary links. The most wide-spread interdisciplinary links were between physical processes in meteorology, hydrology and soil science that drive or set the boundary conditions for other processes (e.g., ecological processes). In contrast, most chemical and biological processes were restricted to links within the same compartment. Integration of multiple environmental compartments and interdisciplinary knowledge was scarce in most model types. There was a strong bias of suggested future research foci and model extensions towards reinforcing existing interdisciplinary knowledge rather than to open up new interdisciplinary pathways. No clear pattern across disciplines exists with respect to suggested future research efforts. There is no evidence that environmental research would clearly converge towards more integrated approaches or towards an overarching environmental systems theory. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Review KW - Interdisciplinary links KW - Integrated environmental modelling KW - Research needs Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.007 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 622 SP - 954 EP - 973 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ayzel, Georgy A1 - Izhitskiy, Alexander ED - Xu, Z Peng T1 - Coupling physically based and data-driven models for assessing freshwater inflow into the Small Aral Sea T2 - Innovative Water Resources Management in a Changing Environment – Understanding and Balancing Interactions between Humankind and Nature N2 - The Aral Sea desiccation and related changes in hydroclimatic conditions on a regional level is a hot topic for past decades. The key problem of scientific research projects devoted to an investigation of modern Aral Sea basin hydrological regime is its discontinuous nature - the only limited amount of papers takes into account the complex runoff formation system entirely. Addressing this challenge we have developed a continuous prediction system for assessing freshwater inflow into the Small Aral Sea based on coupling stack of hydrological and data-driven models. Results show a good prediction skill and approve the possibility to develop a valuable water assessment tool which utilizes the power of classical physically based and modern machine learning models both for territories with complex water management system and strong water-related data scarcity. The source code and data of the proposed system is available on a Github page (https://github.com/SMASHIproject/IWRM2018). Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-151-2018 SN - 2199-899X VL - 379 SP - 151 EP - 158 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ayzel, Georgy A1 - Scheffer, Tobias A1 - Heistermann, Maik T1 - RainNet v1.0 BT - a convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In this study, we present RainNet, a deep convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting. Its design was inspired by the U-Net and SegNet families of deep learning models, which were originally designed for binary segmentation tasks. RainNet was trained to predict continuous precipitation intensities at a lead time of 5min, using several years of quality-controlled weather radar composites provided by the German Weather Service (DWD). That data set covers Germany with a spatial domain of 900km × 900km and has a resolution of 1km in space and 5min in time. Independent verification experiments were carried out on 11 summer precipitation events from 2016 to 2017. In order to achieve a lead time of 1h, a recursive approach was implemented by using RainNet predictions at 5min lead times as model inputs for longer lead times. In the verification experiments, trivial Eulerian persistence and a conventional model based on optical flow served as benchmarks. The latter is available in the rainymotion library and had previously been shown to outperform DWD's operational nowcasting model for the same set of verification events. RainNet significantly outperforms the benchmark models at all lead times up to 60min for the routine verification metrics mean absolute error (MAE) and the critical success index (CSI) at intensity thresholds of 0.125, 1, and 5mm h⁻¹. However, rainymotion turned out to be superior in predicting the exceedance of higher intensity thresholds (here 10 and 15mm h⁻¹). The limited ability of RainNet to predict heavy rainfall intensities is an undesirable property which we attribute to a high level of spatial smoothing introduced by the model. At a lead time of 5min, an analysis of power spectral density confirmed a significant loss of spectral power at length scales of 16km and below. Obviously, RainNet had learned an optimal level of smoothing to produce a nowcast at 5min lead time. In that sense, the loss of spectral power at small scales is informative, too, as it reflects the limits of predictability as a function of spatial scale. Beyond the lead time of 5min, however, the increasing level of smoothing is a mere artifact – an analogue to numerical diffusion – that is not a property of RainNet itself but of its recursive application. In the context of early warning, the smoothing is particularly unfavorable since pronounced features of intense precipitation tend to get lost over longer lead times. Hence, we propose several options to address this issue in prospective research, including an adjustment of the loss function for model training, model training for longer lead times, and the prediction of threshold exceedance in terms of a binary segmentation task. Furthermore, we suggest additional input data that could help to better identify situations with imminent precipitation dynamics. The model code, pretrained weights, and training data are provided in open repositories as an input for such future studies. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 964 KW - weather KW - models KW - skill Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472942 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 964 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ayzel, Georgy A1 - Scheffer, Tobias A1 - Heistermann, Maik T1 - RainNet v1.0 BT - a convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting JF - Geoscientific Model Development N2 - In this study, we present RainNet, a deep convolutional neural network for radar-based precipitation nowcasting. Its design was inspired by the U-Net and SegNet families of deep learning models, which were originally designed for binary segmentation tasks. RainNet was trained to predict continuous precipitation intensities at a lead time of 5min, using several years of quality-controlled weather radar composites provided by the German Weather Service (DWD). That data set covers Germany with a spatial domain of 900km × 900km and has a resolution of 1km in space and 5min in time. Independent verification experiments were carried out on 11 summer precipitation events from 2016 to 2017. In order to achieve a lead time of 1h, a recursive approach was implemented by using RainNet predictions at 5min lead times as model inputs for longer lead times. In the verification experiments, trivial Eulerian persistence and a conventional model based on optical flow served as benchmarks. The latter is available in the rainymotion library and had previously been shown to outperform DWD's operational nowcasting model for the same set of verification events. RainNet significantly outperforms the benchmark models at all lead times up to 60min for the routine verification metrics mean absolute error (MAE) and the critical success index (CSI) at intensity thresholds of 0.125, 1, and 5mm h⁻¹. However, rainymotion turned out to be superior in predicting the exceedance of higher intensity thresholds (here 10 and 15mm h⁻¹). The limited ability of RainNet to predict heavy rainfall intensities is an undesirable property which we attribute to a high level of spatial smoothing introduced by the model. At a lead time of 5min, an analysis of power spectral density confirmed a significant loss of spectral power at length scales of 16km and below. Obviously, RainNet had learned an optimal level of smoothing to produce a nowcast at 5min lead time. In that sense, the loss of spectral power at small scales is informative, too, as it reflects the limits of predictability as a function of spatial scale. Beyond the lead time of 5min, however, the increasing level of smoothing is a mere artifact – an analogue to numerical diffusion – that is not a property of RainNet itself but of its recursive application. In the context of early warning, the smoothing is particularly unfavorable since pronounced features of intense precipitation tend to get lost over longer lead times. Hence, we propose several options to address this issue in prospective research, including an adjustment of the loss function for model training, model training for longer lead times, and the prediction of threshold exceedance in terms of a binary segmentation task. Furthermore, we suggest additional input data that could help to better identify situations with imminent precipitation dynamics. The model code, pretrained weights, and training data are provided in open repositories as an input for such future studies. KW - weather KW - models KW - skill Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2631-2020 SN - 1991-959X SN - 1991-9603 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 2631 EP - 2644 PB - Copernicus Publ. CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ayzel, Georgy V. T1 - Runoff predictions in ungauged arctic basins using conceptual models forced by reanalysis data JF - Water Resources N2 - Due to global warming, the problem of assessing water resources and their vulnerability to climate drivers in the Arctic region has become a focus in the recent years. This study is aimed at investigating three lumped hydrological models to predict daily runoff of large-scale Arctic basins in the case of substantial data scarcity. All models were driven only by meteorological forcing reanalysis dataset without any additional information about landscape, soil, or vegetation cover properties of the studied basins. Model parameter regionalization based on transferring the whole parameter set showed good efficiency for predictions in ungauged basins. We run a blind test of the proposed methodology for ensemble runoff predictions on five sub-basins, for which only monthly observations were available, and obtained promising results for current water resources assessment for a broad domain of ungauged basins in the Russian Arctic. KW - hydrologic modeling KW - runoff KW - ungauged basins KW - reanalysis KW - Arctic Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807818060180 SN - 0097-8078 SN - 1608-344X VL - 45 SP - S1 EP - S7 PB - Pleiades Publ. CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ayzel, Georgy A1 - Varentsova, Natalia A1 - Erina, Oxana A1 - Sokolov, Dmitriy A1 - Kurochkina, Liubov A1 - Moreydo, Vsevolod T1 - OpenForecast BT - The First Open-Source Operational Runoff Forecasting System in Russia T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The development and deployment of new operational runoff forecasting systems are a strong focus of the scientific community due to the crucial importance of reliable and timely runoff predictions for early warnings of floods and flashfloods for local businesses and communities. OpenForecast, the first operational runoff forecasting system in Russia, open for public use, is presented in this study. We developed OpenForecast based only on open-source software and data-GR4J hydrological model, ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis, and ICON deterministic short-range meteorological forecasts. Daily forecasts were generated for two basins in the European part of Russia. Simulation results showed a limited efficiency in reproducing the spring flood of 2019. Although the simulations managed to capture the timing of flood peaks, they failed in estimating flood volume. However, further implementation of the parsimonious data assimilation technique significantly alleviates simulation errors. The revealed limitations of the proposed operational runoff forecasting system provided a foundation to outline its further development and improvement. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1338 KW - OpenForecast KW - open KW - operational service KW - runoff KW - forecasting KW - Russia Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473295 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1338 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ayzel, Georgy A1 - Varentsova, Natalia A1 - Erina, Oxana A1 - Sokolov, Dmitriy A1 - Kurochkina, Liubov A1 - Moreydo, Vsevolod T1 - OpenForecast BT - The First Open-Source Operational Runoff Forecasting System in Russia JF - Water : Molecular Diversity Preservation International N2 - The development and deployment of new operational runoff forecasting systems are a strong focus of the scientific community due to the crucial importance of reliable and timely runoff predictions for early warnings of floods and flashfloods for local businesses and communities. OpenForecast, the first operational runoff forecasting system in Russia, open for public use, is presented in this study. We developed OpenForecast based only on open-source software and data-GR4J hydrological model, ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis, and ICON deterministic short-range meteorological forecasts. Daily forecasts were generated for two basins in the European part of Russia. Simulation results showed a limited efficiency in reproducing the spring flood of 2019. Although the simulations managed to capture the timing of flood peaks, they failed in estimating flood volume. However, further implementation of the parsimonious data assimilation technique significantly alleviates simulation errors. The revealed limitations of the proposed operational runoff forecasting system provided a foundation to outline its further development and improvement. KW - OpenForecast KW - open KW - operational service KW - runoff KW - forecasting KW - Russia Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081546 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 11 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Bach, Christoph T1 - Improving statistical seismicity models T1 - Weiterentwicklung statistischer Seismizitätsmodelle N2 - Several mechanisms are proposed to be part of the earthquake triggering process, including static stress interactions and dynamic stress transfer. Significant differences of these mechanisms are particularly expected in the spatial distribution of aftershocks. However, testing the different hypotheses is challenging because it requires the consideration of the large uncertainties involved in stress calculations as well as the appropriate consideration of secondary aftershock triggering which is related to stress changes induced by smaller pre- and aftershocks. In order to evaluate the forecast capability of different mechanisms, I take the effect of smaller--magnitude earthquakes into account by using the epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model where the spatial probability distribution of direct aftershocks, if available, is correlated to alternative source information and mechanisms. Surface shaking, rupture geometry, and slip distributions are tested. As an approximation of the shaking level, ShakeMaps are used which are available in near real-time after a mainshock and thus could be used for first-order forecasts of the spatial aftershock distribution. Alternatively, the use of empirical decay laws related to minimum fault distance is tested and Coulomb stress change calculations based on published and random slip models. For comparison, the likelihood values of the different model combinations are analyzed in the case of several well-known aftershock sequences (1992 Landers, 1999 Hector Mine, 2004 Parkfield). The tests show that the fault geometry is the most valuable information for improving aftershock forecasts. Furthermore, they reveal that static stress maps can additionally improve the forecasts of off--fault aftershock locations, while the integration of ground shaking data could not upgrade the results significantly. In the second part of this work, I focused on a procedure to test the information content of inverted slip models. This allows to quantify the information gain if this kind of data is included in aftershock forecasts. For this purpose, the ETAS model based on static stress changes, which is introduced in part one, is applied. The forecast ability of the models is systematically tested for several earthquake sequences and compared to models using random slip distributions. The influence of subfault resolution and segment strike and dip is tested. Some of the tested slip models perform very good, in that cases almost no random slip models are found to perform better. Contrastingly, for some of the published slip models, almost all random slip models perform better than the published slip model. Choosing a different subfault resolution hardly influences the result, as long the general slip pattern is still reproducible. Whereas different strike and dip values strongly influence the results depending on the standard deviation chosen, which is applied in the process of randomly selecting the strike and dip values. N2 - Verschiedene Mechanismen werden für das Triggern von Erdbeben verantwortlich gemacht, darunter statische Spannungsänderungen und dynamischer Spannungstransfer. Deutliche Unterschiede zwischen diesen Mechanismen werden insbesondere in der räumlichen Nachbebenverteilung erwartet. Es ist allerdings schwierig diese Hypothesen zu überprüfen, da die großen Unsicherheiten der Spannungsberechnungen berücksichtigt werden müssen, ebenso wie das durch lokale sekundäre Spannungsänderungen hervorgerufene initiieren von sekundären Nachbeben. Um die Vorhersagekraft verschiedener Mechanismen zu beurteilen habe ich die Effekte von Erdbeben kleiner Magnitude durch Benutzen des "epidemic type aftershock sequence" (ETAS) Modells berücksichtigt. Dabei habe ich die Verteilung direkter Nachbeben, wenn verfügbar, mit alternativen Herdinformationen korreliert. Bodenbewegung, Bruchgeometrie und Slipmodelle werden getestet. Als Aproximation der Bodenbewegung werden ShakeMaps benutzt. Diese sind nach großen Erdbeben nahezu in Echtzeit verfügbar und können daher für vorläufige Vorhersagen der räumlichen Nachbebenverteilung benutzt werden. Alternativ können empirische Beziehungen als Funktion der minimalen Distanz zur Herdfläche benutzt werden oder Coulomb Spannungsänderungen basierend auf publizierten oder zufälligen Slipmodellen. Zum Vergleich werden die Likelihood Werte der Hybridmodelle im Falle mehrerer bekannter Nachbebensequenzen analysiert (1992 Landers, 1999 Hector Mine, 2004 Parkfield). Die Tests zeigen, dass die Herdgeometrie die wichtigste Zusatzinformation zur Verbesserung der Nachbebenvorhersage ist. Des Weiteren können statische Spannungsänderungen besonders die Vorhersage von Nachbeben in größerer Entfernung zur Bruchfläche verbessern, wohingegen die Einbeziehung von Bodenbewegungskarten die Ergebnisse nicht wesentlich verbessern konnte. Im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit führe ich ein neues Verfahren zur Untersuchung des Informationsgehaltes von invertierten Slipmodellen ein. Dies ermöglicht die Quantifizierung des Informationsgewinns, der durch Einbeziehung dieser Daten in Nachbebenvorhersagen entsteht. Hierbei wird das im ersten Teil eingeführte erweiterte ETAS Modell benutzt, welches statische Spannungsänderung zur Vorhersage der räumlichen Nachbebenverteilung benutzt. Die Vorhersagekraft der Modelle wird systematisch anhand mehrerer Erdbebensequenzen untersucht und mit Modellen basierend auf zufälligen Slipverteilungen verglichen. Der Einfluss der Veränderung der Auflösung der Slipmodelle, sowie Streich- und Fallwinkel der Herdsegmente wird untersucht. Einige der betrachteten Slipmodelle korrelieren sehr gut, in diesen Fällen werden kaum zufällige Slipmodelle gefunden, welche die Nachbebenverteilung besser erklären. Dahingegen korrelieren bei einigen Beispielen nahezu alle zufälligen Slipmodelle besser als das publizierte Modell. Das Verändern der Auflösung der Bewegungsmodelle hat kaum Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse, solange die allgemeinen Slipmuster noch reproduzierbar sind, d.h. ein bis zwei größere Slipmaxima pro Segment. Dahingegen beeinflusst eine zufallsbasierte Änderung der Streich- und Fallwinkel der Segmente die Resultate stark, je nachdem welche Standardabweichung gewählt wurde. KW - Nachbeben KW - ETAS KW - Vorhersage KW - aftershock KW - ETAS KW - forecast Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70591 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bachmann, Raik A1 - Oncken, Onno A1 - Glodny, Johannes A1 - Seifert, Wolfgang A1 - Georgieva, Viktoria A1 - Sudo, Masafumi T1 - Exposed plate interface in the European Alps reveals fabric styles and gradients related to an ancient seismogenic coupling zone N2 - We present observations from a continuous exposure of an ancient plate interface in the depth range of its former seismogenic zone in the central Alps of Europe related to Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary subduction and accretion of the South Penninic lower plate underneath the Adriatic upper plate. The material forming the exposed plate interface zone has experienced flow and fracturing over an extended period of time followed by syncollisional exhumation, thus reflecting a multistage evolution. Fabric formation and metamorphism, however, chiefly record the deformation conditions of the precollisional setting along the plate interface. We identify an unstable slip domain from pseudotachylytes occurring in the temperature range between 200 and 300 degrees C. This zone coincides with a domain of intense veining in the subduction melange with mineral growth into open cavities, indicating fast, possibly seismic, rupture. Evidence for transient near-lithostatic fluid pressure as well as brittle fractures competing with mylonitic shear zones continues into the region below the occurrence of pseudotachylytes, possibly reflecting a zone of conditionally stable slip. The zone above the unstable slip area is devoid of veins but displays ample evidence of fluid-assisted processes similar to the deeper zone: solution-precipitation creep and dehydration reactions in the melange matrix, hydration, and sealing of the base of the upper plate. Seismic rupture here is possibly expressed by ubiquitous localized deformation zones. We hypothesize that trenchward sealing of parts of the plate interface as well as reaction-enhanced destruction of upper plate permeability is an important component, localizing the unstable slip zone. This relation may result from the competition of the pervasive, presumably interseismic, pressure solution creep destroying permeability and building elevated fluid pressure until the strength threshold is reached with seismic failure. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb005927 SN - 0148-0227 ER - TY - THES A1 - Back, Stefan T1 - Tectonics, Climate, and Sedimentation in the Northern Baikal Rift, Russia Y1 - 1998 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Back, Stefan A1 - De Batist, Marc A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - The Frolikha Fan : a large Pleistocene glaciolacustrine outwash fan in northern Lake Baikal, Siberia Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Back, Stefan A1 - De Batist, Marc A1 - Strecker, Manfred A1 - Vanhauwaert, P. T1 - Quaternary depositional systems in northern Lake Baikal, Siberia Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Back, Stefan A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Asymmetric late Pleistocene glaciations in the North Basin of the Baikal Rift, Russia Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - THES A1 - Backers, Tobias T1 - Fracture toughness determination and micromechanics of rock under Mode I and Mode II loading N2 - This thesis work describes a new experimental method for the determination of Mode II (shear) fracture toughness, KIIC of rock and compares the outcome to results from Mode I (tensile) fracture toughness, KIC, testing using the International Society of Rock Mechanics Chevron-Bend method.Critical Mode I fracture growth at ambient conditions was studied by carrying out a series of experiments on a sandstone at different loading rates. The mechanical and microstructural data show that time- and loading rate dependent crack growth occurs in the test material at constant energy requirement.The newly developed set-up for determination of the Mode II fracture toughness is called the Punch-Through Shear test. Notches were drilled to the end surfaces of core samples. An axial load punches down the central cylinder introducing a shear load in the remaining rock bridge. To the mantle of the cores a confining pressure may be applied. The application of confining pressure favours the growth of Mode II fractures as large pressures suppress the growth of tensile cracks.Variation of geometrical parameters leads to an optimisation of the PTS- geometry. Increase of normal load on the shear zone increases KIIC bi-linear. High slope is observed at low confining pressures; at pressures above 30 MPa low slope increase is evident. The maximum confining pressure applied is 70 MPa. The evolution of fracturing and its change with confining pressure is described.The existence of Mode II fracture in rock is a matter of debate in the literature. Comparison of the results from Mode I and Mode II testing, mainly regarding the resulting fracture pattern, and correlation analysis of KIC and KIIC to physico-mechanical parameters emphasised the differences between the response of rock to Mode I and Mode II loading. On the microscale, neither the fractures resulting from Mode I the Mode II loading are pure mode fractures. On macroscopic scale, Mode I and Mode II do exist. N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine neue experimentelle Methode zur Bestimmung der Modus II (Schub) Bruchzähigkeit, KIIC, von Gestein und vergleicht die Ergebnisse mit Resultaten aus Versuchen zur Bestimmung der Modus I (Zug) Bruchzähigkeit, KIC.An einer Serie von Versuchen mit verschiedenen Belastungsraten wurde das kritische Modus I Rißwachstum eines Sandsteines untersucht. Die mechanischen Daten zeigen, daß zeit- und belastungsratenabhängiges Rißwachstum in dem Material bei konstantem Energieverbrauch stattfindet. Der neu entwickelte Versuchsaufbau zur Ermittlung der Modus II Bruchzähigkeit wurde Punch- Through Shear Test genannt. Die Proben werden aus Bohrkernen hergestellt in deren Endflächen Nuten eingebracht werden. Eine Last auf den Innenzylinder induziert eine Schubspannung. Auf die Mantelfläche der Proben kann ein Umlagerungsdruck aufgebracht werden. Da durch Normalspannungen das Modus I Rißwachstum unterdrückt wird, wird das Modus II Rißwachstum gefördert.Die PTS- Probengeometrie wurde bezüglich Nutentiefe, -durchmessers, -breite und des Probendurchmessers optimiert. KIIC steigt bi-linear mit Zunahme des Umlagerungsdruckes an. Ein starker Anstieg ist bis zu Umlagerungsdrücken von etwa 30 MPa zu beobachten, oberhalb ist die Steigung geringer. Bisher wurden Umlagerungsdrücke bis maximal 70 MPa aufgebracht. Die Entwicklung der entstehenden Risse und deren Variation mit Umlagerungsdruck wird beschrieben.Ob die Entstehung eines Modus II Risses in Gestein möglich ist, wurde vielfach in der Literatur diskutiert. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Modus I und II Experimente, insbesondere bezüglich der Rißmuster und der Korrelationsanalysen von KIC und KIIC zu physiko-mechanischen Parametern, zeigt die Unterschiede der Reaktion auf Modus I und Modus II Belastung auf. Mikroskopisch gesehen wachsen die Risse weder unter Modus I noch unter Modus II Belastung in einem reinen Modus. Allerdings existieren Modus I und Modus II Risse auf der makroskopischen Betrachtungsebene. KW - Rissmechanik KW - Felsmechanik KW - Bruchzähigkeit KW - Mikrostruktur KW - fracture mechanics KW - rock mechanics KW - fracture toughness KW - microsructure Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-2294 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Gerya, Taras V. A1 - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir T1 - 3-D thermo-mechanical modeling of plume-induced subduction initiation JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - Here, we study the 3-D subduction initiation process induced by the interaction between a hot thermochemical mantle plume and oceanic lithosphere using thermo-mechanical viscoplastic finite difference marker-in-cell models. Our numerical modeling results show that self-sustaining subduction is induced by plume-lithosphere interaction when the plume is sufficiently buoyant, the oceanic lithosphere is sufficiently old and the plate is weak enough to allow the buoyant plume to. pass through it. Subduction initiation occurs following penetration of the lithosphere by the hot plume and the downward displacement of broken, nearly circular segments of lithosphere (proto-slabs) as a result of partially molten plume rocks overriding the proto-slabs. Our experiments show four different deformation regimes in response to plume-lithosphere interaction: a) self-sustaining subduction initiation, in which subduction becomes self-sustaining; b) frozen subduction initiation, in which subduction stops at shallow depths; c) slab break-off, in which the subducting circular slab breaks off soon after formation; and d) plume underplating, in which the plume does not pass through the lithosphere and instead spreads beneath it (i.e., failed subduction initiation). These regimes depend on several parameters, such as the size, composition, and temperature of the plume, the brittle/plastic strength and age of the oceanic lithosphere, and the presence/absence of lithospheric heterogeneities. The results show that subduction initiates and becomes self-sustaining when the lithosphere is older than 10 Myr and the non dimensional ratio of the plume buoyancy force and lithospheric strength above the plume is higher than approximately 2. The outcomes of our numerical experiments are applicable for subduction initiation in the modern and Precambrian Earth and for the origin of plume-related corona structures on Venus. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - subduction initiation KW - mantle plume KW - oceanic lithosphere KW - numerical models Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.023 SN - 0012-821X SN - 1385-013X VL - 453 SP - 193 EP - 203 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Sobolev, Stephan A1 - Gerya, Taras V. A1 - Brune, Sascha T1 - Plume-induced subduction initiation BT - single-slab or multi-slab subduction? JF - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems N2 - Initiation of subduction following the impingement of a hot buoyant mantle plume is one of the few scenarios that allow breaking the lithosphere and recycling a stagnant lid without requiring any preexisting weak zones. Here, we investigate factors controlling the number and shape of retreating subducting slabs formed by plume-lithosphere interaction. Using 3-D thermomechanical models we show that the deformation regime, which defines formation of single-slab or multi-slab subduction, depends on several parameters such as age of oceanic lithosphere, thickness of the crust and large-scale lithospheric extension rate. Our model results indicate that on present-day Earth multi-slab plume-induced subduction is initiated only if the oceanic lithosphere is relatively young (<30-40 Myr, but >10 Myr), and the crust has a typical thickness of 8 km. In turn, development of single-slab subduction is facilitated by older lithosphere and pre-imposed extensional stresses. In early Earth, plume-lithosphere interaction could have led to formation of either episodic short-lived circular subduction when the oceanic lithosphere was young or to multi-slab subduction when the lithosphere was old. KW - subduction zone KW - plume KW - numerical model KW - singleslab KW - multi-slab Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008663 SN - 1525-2027 VL - 21 IS - 2 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Sobolev, Stephan V. A1 - Gerya, Taras V. A1 - Brune, Sascha T1 - Subduction initiation by Plume-Plateau interaction BT - insights from numerical models JF - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems N2 - It has recently been demonstrated that the interaction of a mantle plume with sufficiently old oceanic lithosphere can initiate subduction. However, the existence of large lithospheric heterogeneities, such as a buoyant plateau, in proximity to a rising plume head may potentially hinder the formation of a new subduction zone. Here, we investigate this scenario by means of 3-D numerical thermomechanical modeling. We explore how plume-lithosphere interaction is affected by lithospheric age, relative location of plume head and plateau border, and the strength of the oceanic crust. Our numerical experiments suggest four different geodynamic regimes: (a) oceanic trench formation, (b) circular oceanic-plateau trench formation, (c) plateau trench formation, and (d) no trench formation. We show that regardless of the age and crustal strength of the oceanic lithosphere, subduction can initiate when the plume head is either below the plateau border or at a distance less than the plume radius from the plateau edge. Crustal heterogeneity facilitates subduction initiation of old oceanic lithosphere. High crustal strength hampers the formation of a new subduction zone when the plume head is located below a young lithosphere containing a thick and strong plateau. We suggest that plume-plateau interaction in the western margin of the Caribbean could have resulted in subduction initiation when the plume head impinged onto the oceanic lithosphere close to the border between plateau and oceanic crust. KW - subduction zone KW - plume KW - plateau KW - numerical modeling KW - plume-induced KW - subduction initiation (PISI) Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009119 SN - 1525-2027 VL - 21 IS - 8 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir T1 - Mantle Flow as a Trigger for Subduction Initiation: A Missing Element of the Wilson Cycle Concept JF - Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems N2 - The classical Wilson Cycle concept, describing repeated opening and closing of ocean basins, hypothesizes spontaneous conversion of passive continental margins into subduction zones. This process, however, is impeded by the high strength of passive margins, and it has never occurred in Cenozoic times. Here using thermomechanical models, we show that additional forcing, provided by mantle flow, which is induced by neighboring subduction zones and midmantle slab remnants, can convert a passive margin into a subduction zone. Models suggest that this is a long-term process, thus explaining the lack of Cenozoic examples. We speculate that new subduction zones may form in the next few tens of millions of years along the Argentine passive margin and the U.S. East Coast. Mantle suction force can similarly trigger subduction initiation along large oceanic fracture zones. We propose that new subduction zones will preferentially originate where subduction zones were active in the past, thus explaining the remarkable colocation of subduction zones during at least the last 400 Myr. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC006962 SN - 1525-2027 VL - 18 SP - 4469 EP - 4486 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir A1 - Gerya, Taras V. A1 - Brune, Sascha T1 - Plume-induced subduction initiation BT - Single-slab or multi-slab subduction? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Initiation of subduction following the impingement of a hot buoyant mantle plume is one of the few scenarios that allow breaking the lithosphere and recycling a stagnant lid without requiring any preexisting weak zones. Here, we investigate factors controlling the number and shape of retreating subducting slabs formed by plume-lithosphere interaction. Using 3-D thermomechanical models we show that the deformation regime, which defines formation of single-slab or multi-slab subduction, depends on several parameters such as age of oceanic lithosphere, thickness of the crust and large-scale lithospheric extension rate. Our model results indicate that on present-day Earth multi-slab plume-induced subduction is initiated only if the oceanic lithosphere is relatively young (<30-40 Myr, but >10 Myr), and the crust has a typical thickness of 8 km. In turn, development of single-slab subduction is facilitated by older lithosphere and pre-imposed extensional stresses. In early Earth, plume-lithosphere interaction could have led to formation of either episodic short-lived circular subduction when the oceanic lithosphere was young or to multi-slab subduction when the lithosphere was old. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1167 KW - subduction zone KW - plume KW - numerical model KW - singleslab KW - multi-slab Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-522742 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baes, Marzieh A1 - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir A1 - Quinteros, Javier T1 - Subduction initiation in mid-ocean induced by mantle suction flow JF - Geophysical journal international N2 - Pre-existing weakness zones in the lithosphere such as transform faults/fracture zones and extinct mid-oceanic ridges have been suggested to facilitate subduction initiation in an intra-oceanic environment. Here, we propose that the additional forcing coming from the mantle suction flow is required to trigger the conversion of a fracture zone/transform fault into a converging plate boundary. This suction flow can be induced either from the slab remnants of former converging plate boundaries or/and from slabs of neighbouring active subduction zones. Using 2-D coupled thermo-mechanical models, we show that a sufficiently strong mantle flow is able to convert a fracture zone/transform fault into a subduction zone. However, this process is feasible only if the fracture zone/transform fault is very close to the mid-oceanic ridge. Our numerical model results indicate that time of subduction initiation depends on the velocity, domain size and location of mantle suction flow and age of the oceanic plate. KW - Numerical modelling KW - Subduction zone processes KW - oceanic transform and fracture zone processes Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy335 SN - 0956-540X SN - 1365-246X VL - 215 IS - 3 SP - 1515 EP - 1522 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bahlburg, Heinrich A1 - Vervoort, Jeffrey D. A1 - du Frane, S. Andrew A1 - Bock, Barbara A1 - Augustsson, Carita A1 - Reimann, Cornelia T1 - Timing of crust formation and recycling in accretionary orogens : insights learned from the western margin of South America N2 - Accretionary orogens are considered major sites of formation of juvenile continental crust. In the central and southern Andes this is contradicted by two observations: siliciclastic fills of Paleozoic basins in the central Andean segment of the accretionary Terra Australis Orogen consist almost exclusively of shales and mature sandstones; and magmatic rocks connected to the Famatinian (Ordovician) and Late Paleozoic magmatic arcs are predominantly felsic and characterized by significant crustal contamination and strongly unradiogenic Nd isotope compositions. Evidence of juvenile crustal additions is scarce. We present laser ablation (LA)-ICPMS U-Pb ages and LA-MC-ICPMS Hf isotope data of detrital zircons from seven Devonian to Permian turbidite sandstones incorporated into a Late Paleozoic accretionary wedge at the western margin of Gondwana in northern Chile. The combination with Nd whole-rock isotope data permits us to trace the evolution of the South American continental crust through several Proterozoic and Paleozoic orogenic cycles. The analyzed detrital zircon spectra reflect all Proterozoic orogenic cycles representing the step-wise evolution of the accretionary SW Amazonia Orogenic System between 2.0 and 0.9 Ga, followed by the Terra Australis Orogen between 0.9 and 0.25 Ga. The zircon populations are characterized by two prominent maxima reflecting input from Sunsas (Grenville) age magmatic rocks (1.2-0.9 Ga) and from the Ordovician to Silurian Famatinian magmatic arc (0.52-0.42 Ga). Grains of Devonian age are scarce or absent from the analyzed zircon populations. The Hf isotopic compositions of selected dated zircons at the time of their crystallization (epsilon Hf-(T); T = 3.3-0.25 Ga) vary between -18 and +11. All sandstones have a significant juvenile component; between 20 and 50% of the zircons from each sedimentary rock have positive epsilon Hf-(T) and can be considered juvenile. The majority of the juvenile grains have Hf-depleted mantle model ages (Hf T-DM) between 1.55 and 0.8 Ga. the time of the Rondonia-San Ignacio and Sunsas orogenic events on the Amazonia craton. The corresponding whole-rock epsilon Nd-(T) values fot these same rocks are between -8 and -3 indicating a mixture of older evolved and juvenile sources. Nd-depleted mantle model ages (Nd T-DM*) are between 1.5 and 1.2 Ga and coincide broadly with the zircon Hf model ages. Our data indicate that the Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic SW Amazonia Orogenic System, and the subsequent Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Terra Australis Orogen in the region of the central and southern Andes, developed following two markedly different patterns of accretionary orogenic crustal evolution. The SW Amazonia Orogenic System developed by southwestward growth over approximately 1.1 Ga through a combination of accretion of juvenile material and crustal recycling typical of the extensional or retreating mode of accretionary orogens. In contrast, the central Andean segment of the Terra Australis Orogen evolved from 0.9 to 0.25 Ga in the compressional or advancing mode in a relatively fixed position without the accretion of oceanic crustal units or large scale input of juvenile material to the orogenic crust. Here, recycling mainly of Mesoproterozoic continental crust has been the dominant process of crustal evolution. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00128252 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.006 SN - 0012-8252 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bahr, André A1 - Kolber, Gilles A1 - Kaboth-Bahr, Stefanie A1 - Reinhardt, Lutz A1 - Friedrich, Oliver A1 - Pross, Jörg T1 - Mega-monsoon variability during the late Triassic BT - re-assessing the role of orbital forcing in the deposition of playa sediments in the Germanic Basin JF - Sedimentology : the journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists N2 - The formation of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Permo-Triassic gave rise to an extreme monsoonal climate (often termed 'mega-monsoon') that has been documented by numerous palaeo-records. However, considerable debate exists about the role of orbital forcing in causing humid intervals in an otherwise arid climate. To shed new light on the forcing of monsoonal variability in subtropical Pangaea, this study focuses on sediment facies and colour variability of playa and alluvial fan deposits in an outcrop from the late Carnian (ca 225 Ma) in the southern Germanic Basin, south-western Germany. The sediments were deposited against a background of increasingly arid conditions following the humid Carnian Pluvial Event (ca 234 to 232 Ma). The ca 2 center dot 4 Myr long sedimentary succession studied shows a tripartite long-term evolution, starting with a distal mud-flat facies deposited under arid conditions. This phase was followed by a highly variable playa-lake environment that documents more humid conditions and finally a regression of the playa-lake due to a return of arid conditions. The red-green (a*) and lightness (L*) records show that this long-term variability was overprinted by alternating wet/dry cycles driven by orbital precession and ca 405 kyr eccentricity, without significant influence of obliquity. The absence of obliquity in this record indicates that high-latitude forcing played only a minor role in the southern Germanic Basin during the late Carnian. This is different from the subsequent Norian when high-latitude signals became more pronounced, potentially related to the northward drift of the Germanic Basin. The recurring pattern of pluvial events during the late Triassic demonstrates that orbital forcing, in particular eccentricity, stimulated the occurrence and intensity of wet phases. It also highlights the possibility that the Carnian Pluvial Event, although most likely triggered by enhanced volcanic activity, may also have been modified by an orbital stimulus. KW - Carnian Pluvial Event KW - Germanic Basin KW - Late Triassic KW - mega-monsoon KW - orbital forcing KW - playa-lake Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12668 SN - 0037-0746 SN - 1365-3091 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 951 EP - 970 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bai, Yongliang A1 - Dong, Dongdong A1 - Brune, Sascha A1 - Wu, Shiguo A1 - Wang, Zhenjie T1 - Crustal stretching style variations in the northern margin of the South China Sea JF - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth N2 - Linking deep seismic profiles with regional-scale gravity inversion is a powerful tool to deduce the architecture of rifted margins and their structural evolution. Here we map upper and lower crustal thicknesses of the northern South China Sea (SCS) margin in order to investigate the occurrence of depth-dependent crustal extension from the proximal to the distal margin. By comparing upper and lower crustal stretching factors, we find that the northern margin of the SCS is segmented in three parts: (1) sedimentary basins where upper crust is stretched more than lower crust, (2) distal margin where lower crust is stretched more than upper crust, (3) mostly proximal margin regions where the two layers have similar stretching factors. Our results suggest that sedimentary basins and distal margin prominently feature depth-dependent extension, however accommodated by different processes. While differential thinning within sedimentary basins appears to be governed by lateral pressure variations inducing lower crustal flow, we suggest the distal margin to be affected by a combination of mantle flow-induced lower crustal shearing and sequential fault activity during crustal hyper-extension. KW - Crustal stretching style KW - Lower crustal flow KW - The northern margin of the South China Sea KW - Gravity inversion KW - Sediment load KW - Divergent mantle flow Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.12.012 SN - 0040-1951 SN - 1879-3266 VL - 751 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Bajerski, Felizitas T1 - Bacterial communities in glacier forefields of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica : structure, development & adaptation T1 - Bakterielle Gemeinschaften in Gletschervorfeldern der Larsemann Berge der Ostantarktis : Struktur, Entwicklung & Anpassung N2 - Antarctic glacier forfields are extreme environments and pioneer sites for ecological succession. The Antarctic continent shows microbial community development as a natural laboratory because of its special environment, geographic isolation and little anthropogenic influence. Increasing temperatures due to global warming lead to enhanced deglaciation processes in cold-affected habitats and new terrain is becoming exposed to soil formation and accessible for microbial colonisation. This study aims to understand the structure and development of glacier forefield bacterial communities, especially how soil parameters impact the microorganisms and how those are adapted to the extreme conditions of the habitat. To this effect, a combination of cultivation experiments, molecular, geophysical and geochemical analysis was applied to examine two glacier forfields of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Culture-independent molecular tools such as terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP), clone libraries and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to determine bacterial diversity and distribution. Cultivation of yet unknown species was carried out to get insights in the physiology and adaptation of the microorganisms. Adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were studied by determining changes of the cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) inventory of an isolated bacterium in response to temperature and pH fluctuations and by measuring enzyme activity at low temperature in environmental soil samples. The two studied glacier forefields are extreme habitats characterised by low temperatures, low water availability and small oligotrophic nutrient pools and represent sites of different bacterial succession in relation to soil parameters. The investigated sites showed microbial succession at an early step of soil formation near the ice tongue in comparison to closely located but rather older and more developed soil from the forefield. At the early step the succession is influenced by a deglaciation-dependent areal shift of soil parameters followed by a variable and prevalently depth-related distribution of the soil parameters that is driven by the extreme Antarctic conditions. The dominant taxa in the glacier forefields are Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. The connection of soil characteristics with bacterial community structure showed that soil parameter and soil formation along the glacier forefield influence the distribution of certain phyla. In the early step of succession the relative undifferentiated bacterial diversity reflects the undifferentiated soil development and has a high potential to shift according to past and present environmental conditions. With progressing development environmental constraints such as water or carbon limitation have a greater influence. Adapting the culturing conditions to the cold and oligotrophic environment, the number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria reached up to 108 colony forming units per gram soil and 148 isolates were obtained. Two new psychrotolerant bacteria, Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans PB1T and Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4T, were characterised in detail and described as novel species in the family of Oxalobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae, respectively. The isolates are able to grow at low temperatures tolerating temperature fluctuations and they are not specialised to a certain substrate, therefore they are well-adapted to the cold and oligotrophic environment. The adaptation strategies of the microorganisms were analysed in environmental samples and cultures focussing on extracellular enzyme activity at low temperature and PLFA analyses. Extracellular phosphatases (pH 11 and pH 6.5), β-glucosidase, invertase and urease activity were detected in the glacier forefield soils at low temperature (14°C) catalysing the conversion of various compounds providing necessary substrates and may further play a role in the soil formation and total carbon turnover of the habitat. The PLFA analysis of the newly isolated species C. frigidisoli showed that the cold-adapted strain develops different strategies to maintain the cell membrane function under changing environmental conditions by altering the PLFA inventory at different temperatures and pH values. A newly discovered fatty acid, which was not found in any other microorganism so far, significantly increased at decreasing temperature and low pH and thus plays an important role in the adaption of C. frigidisoli. This work gives insights into the diversity, distribution and adaptation mechanisms of microbial communities in oligotrophic cold-affected soils and shows that Antarctic glacier forefields are suitable model systems to study bacterial colonisation in connection to soil formation. N2 - Gletschervorfelder der Antarktis stellen extreme Habitate dar und sind Pionierstandorte biologischer Sukzession. Insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung zuletzt beobachteter und vorausgesagter Erwärmungstrends in der Antarktis und der Relevanz der Mikroorganismen für das Antarktische Ökosystem, ist es essentiell mehr Informationen über die Entwicklung frisch exponierter Gletschervorfelder zu erlangen. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Struktur und Entwicklung bakterieller Gletschervorfeldgemeinschaften zu verstehen, insbesondere wie die Mikroorganismen von den Bodenparametern beeinflusst werden und wie diese sich an die extremen Bedingungen des Habitats anpassen. Für die Untersuchung der Proben von zwei Gletschervorfeldern aus den Larsemann Bergen der Ostantarktis diente eine Kombination aus Kultivierungsexperimenten und molekularen, geophysikalischen und geochemischen Analysen. Die untersuchten Gletschervorfelder sind durch extrem niedrige Temperaturen, einer geringen biologischen Wasserverfügbarkeit und oligotrophe Nährstoffgehalte charakterisiert und zeigen unterschiedliche Entwicklungsstufen in Verbindung zu den Bodenparametern. In einem frühen Schritt der Bodenbildung in der Nähe der Gletscherzunge sind die Gemeinschaften undifferenziert, doch mit fortschreitender Entwicklung nimmt de Einfluss von Wasser- und Nährstofflimitationen zu. Nachdem die Kultivierungsbedingungen den kalten und nährstoffarmen Bedingungen des Habitats angepasst wurden, konnten 108 koloniebildende Einheiten heterotropher Bakterien pro Gramm Boden angereichert und daraus 148 Isolate gewonnen werden. Zwei neue psychrotolerante Bakterien, Herbaspirillum psychrotolerans PB1T und Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4T, wurden detailiert charakterisiert und als jeweils neue Spezies beschrieben. Die Anpassungsstrategien der Mikroorganismen an die extremen antarktischen Bedingungen zeigten sich in der Aktivität extrazellulärer Enzyme bei niedriger Temperatur, die mit derer temperierter Habitate vergleichbar ist, und in der Fähigkeit der Mikroorganismen, die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Zellmembran zu ändern. Eine neue Fettsäure, die bisher in keinen anderen Mikroorganismus gefunden wurde, spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Anpassung des neu-beschriebenen Bakteriums C. frigidisoli an niedrige Temperaturen und saure pH-Werte. Diese Arbeit gibt einen Einblick in die Vielfalt, Verteilung und Anpassung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften in nährstoffarmen und Kälte-beeinflussten Habitaten und zeigt, dass Antarktische Gletschervorfelder geeignete Modellsysteme, um bakterielle Besiedelung in Verbindung zu Bodenbildung zu untersuchen. KW - Antarktis KW - Gletschervorfeld KW - mikrobielle Gemeinschaften KW - Anpassung KW - Kultivierung KW - Antarctica KW - glacier forefield KW - microbial communities KW - adaptation KW - cultivation Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-67424 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bakke, Jostein A1 - Lie, Øyvind A1 - Heegaard, Einar A1 - Dokken, Trond A1 - Haug, Gerald H. A1 - Birks, Hilary H. A1 - Dulski, Peter A1 - Nilsen, Trygve T1 - Rapid oceanic and atmospheric changes during the Younger Dryas cold period N2 - The Younger Dryas event, which began approximately 12,900 years ago, was a period of rapid cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, driven by large-scale reorganizations of patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation(1-3). Environmental changes during this period have been documented by both proxy-based reconstructions(3) and model simulations(4), but there is currently no consensus on the exact mechanisms of onset, stabilization or termination of the Younger Dryas(5-8). Here we present high-resolution records from two sediment cores obtained from Lake Krakenes in western Norway and the Nordic seas. Multiple proxies from Lake Krakenes are indicative of rapid alternations between glacial growth and melting during the later Younger Dryas. Meanwhile, reconstructed sea surface temperature and salinity from the Nordic seas show an alternation between sea-ice cover and the influx of warm, salty North Atlantic waters. We suggest that the influx of warm water enabled the westerly wind systems to drift northward, closer to their present-day positions. The winds thus brought relatively warm maritime air to Northern Europe, resulting in rising temperatures and the melting of glaciers. Subsequent input of this fresh meltwater into the ocean spurred the formation of sea ice, which forced the westerly winds back to the south, cooling Northern Europe. We conclude that rapid alternations between these two states immediately preceded the termination of the Younger Dryas and the permanent transition to an interglacial state. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.nature.com/ngeo/index.html U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo439 SN - 1752-0894 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balagansky, V. V. A1 - Timmerman, Martin Jan A1 - Kozlova, N. Ye. A1 - Kisilitsyn, R. V. T1 - A 2.44 Ga old mafic dyke swarm in the Kolvitsa Belt, Kola Peninsula, Russia: implications for the early Palaeoproterozoic tectonics in the north-eastern Fennoscandian Shield Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balcke, Gerd U. A1 - Hahn, M. A1 - Oswald, Sascha T1 - Nitrogen as an indicator of mass transfer during in-situ gas sparging JF - Journal of contaminant hydrology N2 - Aiming at the stimulation of intrinsic microbial activity, pulses of pure oxygen or pressurized air were recurrently injected into groundwater polluted with chlorobenzene. To achieve well-controlled conditions and intensive sampling, a large, vertical underground tank was filled with the local unconfined sandy aquifer material. In the course of two individual gas injections, one using pure oxygen and one using pressurized air, the mass transfer of individual gas species between trapped gas phase and groundwater was studied. Field data on the dissolved gas composition in the groundwater were combined with a kinetic model on gas dissolution and transport in porous media. Phase mass transfer of individual gas components caused a temporary enrichment of nitrogen, and to a lower degree of methane, in trapped gas leading to the formation of excess dissolved nitrogen levels downgradient from the dissolving gas phase. By applying a novel gas sampling method for dissolved gases in groundwater it was shown that dissolved nitrogen can be used as a partitioning tracer to indicate complete gas dissolution in porous media. KW - Inter-phase mass transfer KW - Groundwater KW - Remediation KW - Gas sparging KW - Nitrogen KW - Methane KW - Kinetics KW - Bitterfeld Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.05.005 SN - 0169-7722 VL - 126 IS - 1-2 SP - 8 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balischewski, Christian A1 - Behrens, Karsten A1 - Zehbe, Kerstin A1 - Günter, Christina A1 - Mies, Stefan A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Ionic liquids with more than one metal BT - optical and rlectrochemical properties versus d-block metal vombinations JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - Thirteen N-butylpyridinium salts, including three monometallic [C4Py](2)[MCl4], nine bimetallic [C4Py](2)[(M1-xMxCl4)-M-a-Cl-b] and one trimetallic compound [C4Py](2)[(M1-y-zMyMz (c) Cl4)-M-a-M-b] (M=Co, Cu, Mn; x=0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 and y=z=0.33), were synthesized and their structure and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 69 and 93 degrees C. X-ray diffraction proves that all ILs are isostructural. The conductivity at room temperature is between 10(-4) and 10(-8) S cm(-1). Some Cu-based ILs reach conductivities of 10(-2) S cm(-1), which is, however, probably due to IL dec. This correlates with the optical bandgap measurements indicating the formation of large bandgap semiconductors. At elevated temperatures approaching the melting points, the conductivities reach up to 1.47x10(-1) S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2.5 and 3.0 V. KW - bandgap KW - electrochemistry KW - ionic liquids KW - metal-containing ionic KW - liquids KW - tetrahalido metallates Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202003097 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 26 IS - 72 SP - 17504 EP - 17513 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balischewski, Christian A1 - Bhattacharyya, Biswajit A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - Günter, Christina A1 - Beqiraj, Alkit A1 - Klamroth, Tillmann A1 - Behrens, Karsten A1 - Mies, Stefan A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Lubahn, Susanne A1 - Holtzheimer, Lea A1 - Nitschke, Anne A1 - Taubert, Andreas T1 - Tetrahalidometallate(II) ionic liquids with more than one metal BT - the effect of bromide versus chloride JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - Fifteen N-butylpyridinium salts - five monometallic [C4Py](2)[MBr4] and ten bimetallic [C4Py](2)[(M0.5M0.5Br4)-M-a-Br-b] (M=Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) - were synthesized, and their structures and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All the compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 64 and 101 degrees C. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction show that all ILs are isostructural. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2 and 3 V. The conductivities at room temperature are between 10(-5) and 10(-6) S cm(-1). At elevated temperatures, the conductivities reach up to 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 70 degrees C. The structures and properties of the current bromide-based ILs were also compared with those of previous examples using chloride ligands, which illustrated differences and similarities between the two groups of ILs. KW - electrochemistry KW - ionic liquids KW - metal-containing ionic liquids; KW - N-butylpyridinium bromide KW - tetrahalidometallates Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202201068 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 28 IS - 64 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Ballato, Paolo T1 - Tectonic and climatic forcing in orogenic processes : the foreland basin point of view, Alborz mountains, N Iran T1 - Tektonische und klimatische Verstärkung in orogenen Prozessen : die Perspektive der Vorlandbecken, Elburs Gebirge, Nord-Iran N2 - Systeme von Vorlandbecken repräsentieren bedeutende geologische Archive und dienen dem Verständnis von Rückkopplungen zwischen oberflächennahen und tektonischen Prozessen. Außerdem dokumentieren sie die Entwicklung unmittelbar angrenzender Bergketten. Die sedimentären Abfolgen in Vorlandbecken reflektieren das Gleichgewicht zwischen tektonischer Subsidenz, der Bildung langzeitlichen Akkommodationsraumes und des Sedimenteintrages, welcher wiederum die Wirksamkeit von Erosions- und Massenneuverteilungsprozessen wiederspiegelt. Um die Effekte von Klima und Tektonik in einem solchen System zu erforschen, untersuchte ich die Oligo-Miozänen Sedimente in den Vorlandbecken der südlichen Elburs Bergkette, einem intrakontinentalen Gebirge in Nord-Iran, das im Zuge der Arabisch-Eurasischen Kontinent-Kollision herausgehoben wurde. In dieser Studie der Vorlandbeckensedimente wurden Datierungstechniken angewandt (40Ar/39Ar, (U-Th)/He Thermochronologie und Magnetostratigraphie), die Sedimente und deren Herkunft analysiert und die Tonmineralogie, sowie Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotope untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auf einer Zeitskala von 105 bis 106 Jahren eine systematische Korrelation zwischen „coarsening upward“ Zyklen und den sedimentären Akkumulationsraten besteht. Während sukzessiver Überschiebungsphasen werden die durch Hebung der Bergkette bereitgestellten groben Kornfraktionen in proximale Bereiche des Beckens geliefert und feinkörnige Fazies in distalen Beckenregionen abgelagert. Variationen in der Sedimentherkunft in Phasen größerer tektonischer Aktivität zeugen von erosionaler Abdeckung und/oder der Umorganisation natürlicher Entwässerungsstrukturen. Außerdem zeigen die Untersuchungen an stabilen Isotopen, dass die verstärkte tektonische Aktivität das Anwachsen der Topographie förderte und damit die Wirksamkeit einer topographischen Barriere erhöhte. Wenn aufgrund nachlassender Beckenabsenkung die grobe Kornfraktion nicht vollständig im Nahbereich des Beckens aufgenommen werden kann breitet sie sich in ferne Beckenregionen aus. Im Elburs wird die verringerte Subsidenz durch eine interne Hebung des Vorlandes hervorgerufen und ist mit einer lateralen Stapelung von Flussbetten assoziiert. Dokumentiert wird dies anhand konsequenten Schichtwachstums, tektonischer Schrägstellung und sedimentärer Umlagerung. Gleichzeitig nehmen die Sedimentationsraten zu. Die Sauerstoff-Isotope der Paläoböden zeigen, dass dieser Anstieg mit einer Phase feuchteren Klimas einhergeht, wodurch Oberflächenprozesse effizienter werden und Heraushebungssraten steigen, was eine positive Rückkopplung erzeugt. Des Weiteren zeigen die isotopischen und sedimentären Daten, dass seit 10-9 Millionen Jahren (Ma) das Klima durch saisonalen Anstieg der Niederschläge zunehmend feuchter wurde. Da bedeutende klimatische Veränderungen zu dieser Zeit auch im Mittelmeerraum und Asien beobachtet wurden, ist anzunehmen, dass die klimatische Veränderung, die im Elburs Gebirge beobachtet wird, höchstwahrscheinlich Änderungen der atmosphärischen Zirkulationen der nördlichen Hemisphäre reflektiert. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Studie lassen sich zusätzliche Implikationen für die Entwicklung des Elburs Gebirges und die Arabisch-Eurasische kontinentale Kollisionszone ableiten. Die orogen-weite Hauptdeformation propagierte nicht gleichmäßig nach Süden, sondern seit dem Oligozän schrittweise vorwärts und rückwärts. Insbesondere von ~17,5 bis 6,2 Ma wurde das Gebirge durch eine Kombination aus frontaler Akkretion und interner Keildeformation in Schritten von 0,7 bis 2 Millionen Jahren herausgehoben. Darüber hinaus deuten die Sedimentherkunftsdaten darauf hin, dass sich noch vor 10-9 Ma die Haupteinengungsrichtung von NW-SE nach NNE-SSW veränderte. Regional erlaubt die Geschichte der untersuchten Becken und angrenzenden Gebirgszüge Rückschlüsse auf ein neues geodynamisches Model zur Entwicklung der Arabisch-Eurasischen kontinentalen Kollisionszone. Zahlreiche Sedimentbecken des Elburs Gebirges und anderer Lokalitäten der Arabisch-Eurasischen Deformationszone belegen einen Wechsel von einem tensionalen zu einem kompressionalen tektonischen Regime vor ~36 Ma . Dieser Wechsel könnte den Beginn der Subduktion von gedehnter arabischer kontinentaler Lithosphäre unter Zentral-Iran bedeuten, was zu einer moderaten Plattenkopplung und Deformation von Unter- sowie Oberplatte geführt hat. Der Anstieg der Deformationsraten im südlichen Elburs Gebirge seit ~17,5 Ma lässt vermuten, dass die Oberplatte, wahrscheinlich aufgrund steigender Plattenkopplung, seit dem frühen Miozän signifikant deformiert wurde. Diese Veränderung könnte der Subduktion mächtigerer arabischer kontinentaler Lithosphäre zugeschrieben werden und den Anfang echter kontinentaler Kollision bedeuten. Dieses Model erklärt daher die Zeitverzögerung zwischen der Initiation der Arabisch-Eurasischen kontinentalen Kollision (Eozän-Oligozän) and dem Beginn ausgedehnter Deformation in der Kollisionszone (Miozän). N2 - Foreland-basin systems are excellent archives to decipher the feedbacks between surface and tectonic processes in orogens. The sedimentary architecture of a foreland-basin system reflects the balance between tectonic subsidence causing long-term accommodation space and sediment influx corresponding to efficiency of erosion and mass-redistribution processes. In order to explore the effects of climatic and tectonic forcing in such a system, I investigated the Oligo-Miocene foreland-basin sediments of the southern Alborz mountains, an intracontinental orogen in northern Iran, related to the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision. This work includes absolute dating methods such as 40Ar/39Ar and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology, magnetostratigraphy, sedimentological analysis, sandstone and conglomerate provenance study, carbon and oxygen isotope analysis, and clay mineralogy study. Results show a systematic correlation between coarsening-upward cycles and sediment accumulation rates in the basin on 105 to 106yr time scales. During thrust loading phases, the coarse-grained fraction supplied by the uplifting range is stored in the proximal part of the basin (sedimentary facies retrogradation), while fine-grained sediments are deposited in distal sectors. Variations in sediment provenance during these phases of enhanced tectonic activity give evidence for erosional unroofing phases and/or drainage-reorganization events. In addition, enhanced tectonic activity promoted the growth of topography and associated orographic barrier effects, as demonstrated by sedimentologic indicators and the analysis of stable C and O isotopes from calcareous paleosols and lacustrine/palustrine samples. Extensive progradation of coarse-grained deposits occurs during phases of decreased subsidence, when the coarse-grained fraction supplied by the uplifting range cannot be completely stored in the proximal part of the basin. In this environment, a reduction in basin subsidence is associated with laterally stacked fluvial channel deposits, and is related to intra-foreland uplift, as documented by growth strata, tectonic tilting, and sediment reworking. Increase in sediment accumulation rate associated with progradation of vertically-stacked coarse-grained fluvial channels also occurs. Paleosol O-isotope data shows that this increase is related to wetter climatic phases, suggesting that surface processes are more efficient and exhumation rates increase, giving rise to a positive feedback. Furthermore, isotopic and sedimentologic data show that starting from 10-9 Ma, climate became less arid with an increase in seasonality of precipitation. Because important changes were also recorded in the Mediterranean Sea and Asia at that time, the evidence for climatic variability observed in the Alborz mountains most likely reflects changes in Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns. This study has additional implications for the evolution of the Alborz mountains and the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. At the orogenic scale, the locus of deformation did not move steadily southward, but stepped forward and backward since Oligocene time. In particular, from ~ 17.5 to 6.2 Ma the orogen grew by a combination of frontal accretion and wedge-internal deformation on time scales of ca. 0.7 to 2 m.y. Moreover, the provenance data suggest that prior to 10-9 Ma the shortening direction changed from NW-SE to NNE-SSW, in agreement with structural data. On the scale of the entire collision zone, the evolution of the studied basins and adjacent mountain ranges suggests a new geodynamic model for the evolution of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. Numerous sedimentary basins in the Alborz mountains and in other locations of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone record a change from a tensional (transtensional) to a compressional (transpressional) tectonic setting by ~ 36 Ma. I interpret this to reflect the onset of subduction of the stretched Arabian continental lithosphere beneath central Iran, leading to moderate plate coupling and lower- and upper-plate deformation (soft continental collision). The increase in deformation rates in the southern Alborz mountains from ~ 17.5 Ma suggests that significant upper-plate deformation must have started by the early Miocene most likely in response to an increase in degree of plate coupling. I suggest that this was related to the subduction of thicker Arabian continental lithosphere and the consequent onset of hard continental collision. This model reconciles the apparent lag time of 15-20 m.y between the late Eocene to early Oligocene age for the initial Arabia-Eurasia continental collision and the onset of widespread deformation across the collision zone to the north in early to late Miocene time. KW - Vorlandbecken KW - Akkumulationsraten KW - Sedimentfazies KW - Stabile Isotopen KW - Kontinentale Kollision KW - foreland basin KW - accumulation rates KW - sedimentary facies KW - stable isotopes KW - continental collision Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41068 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ballato, Paolo A1 - Brune, Sascha A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Sedimentary loading–unloading cycles and faulting in intermontane basins BT - Insights from numerical modeling and field observations in the NW Argentine Andes JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - The removal, redistribution, and transient storage of sediments in tectonically active mountain belts is thought to exert a first-order control on shallow crustal stresses, fault activity, and hence on the spatiotemporal pattern of regional deformation processes. Accordingly, sediment loading and unloading cycles in intermontane sedimentary basins may inhibit or promote intrabasinal faulting, respectively, but unambiguous evidence for this potential link has been elusive so far. Here we combine 2D numerical experiments that simulate contractional deformation in a broken-foreland setting (i.e., a foreland where shortening is diachronously absorbed by spatially disparate, reverse faults uplifting basement blocks) with field data from intermontane basins in the NW Argentine Andes. Our modeling results suggest that thicker sedimentary fills (>0.7-1.0 km) may suppress basinal faulting processes, while thinner fills (<0.7 km) tend to delay faulting. Conversely, the removal of sedimentary loads via fluvial incision and basin excavation promotes renewed intrabasinal faulting. These results help to better understand the tectono-sedimentary history of intermontane basins that straddle the eastern border of the Andean Plateau in northwestern Argentina. For example, the Santa Maria and the Humahuaca basins record intrabasinal deformation during or after sediment unloading, while the Quebrada del Toro Basin reflects the suppression of intrabasinal faulting due to loading by coarse conglomerates. We conclude that sedimentary loading and unloading cycles may exert a fundamental control on spatiotemporal deformation patterns in intermontane basins of tectonically active broken forelands. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - sedimentary loading and unloading cycles KW - intermontane basins KW - intrabasinal faulting KW - Argentinean broken foreland KW - 2D numerical experiments KW - Andes Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.043 SN - 0012-821X SN - 1385-013X VL - 506 SP - 388 EP - 396 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ballato, Paolo A1 - Cifelli, Francesca A1 - Heidarzadeh, Ghasem A1 - Ghassemi, Mohammad R. A1 - Wickert, Andrew D. A1 - Hassanzadeh, Jamshid A1 - Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume A1 - Balling, Philipp A1 - Sudo, Masafumi A1 - Zeilinger, Gerold A1 - Schmitt, Axel K. A1 - Mattei, Massimo A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the northern Iranian Plateau: insights from middle-late Miocene foreland-basin deposits JF - Basin research N2 - Sedimentary basins in the interior of orogenic plateaus can provide unique insights into the early history of plateau evolution and related geodynamic processes. The northern sectors of the Iranian Plateau of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone offer the unique possibility to study middle-late Miocene terrestrial clastic and volcaniclastic sediments that allow assessing the nascent stages of collisional plateau formation. In particular, these sedimentary archives allow investigating several debated and poorly understood issues associated with the long-term evolution of the Iranian Plateau, including the regional spatio-temporal characteristics of sedimentation and deformation and the mechanisms of plateau growth. We document that middle-late Miocene crustal shortening and thickening processes led to the growth of a basement-cored range (Takab Range Complex) in the interior of the plateau. This triggered the development of a foreland-basin (Great Pari Basin) to the east between 16.5 and 10.7Ma. By 10.7Ma, a fast progradation of conglomerates over the foreland strata occurred, most likely during a decrease in flexural subsidence triggered by rock uplift along an intraforeland basement-cored range (Mahneshan Range Complex). This was in turn followed by the final incorporation of the foreland deposits into the orogenic system and ensuing compartmentalization of the formerly contiguous foreland into several intermontane basins. Overall, our data suggest that shortening and thickening processes led to the outward and vertical growth of the northern sectors of the Iranian Plateau starting from the middle Miocene. This implies that mantle-flow processes may have had a limited contribution toward building the Iranian Plateau in NW Iran. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12180 SN - 0950-091X SN - 1365-2117 VL - 29 SP - 417 EP - 446 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ballato, Paolo A1 - Cruciani, G. A1 - Dalconi, M. C. A1 - Fabbri, B. A1 - Macchiarola, M. T1 - Mineralogical study of historical bricks from the Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors in Istanbul based on powder X-ray diffraction data N2 - This study concerns the Quantitative Phase Analysis (QPA) of historical bricks coming from the complex of the Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors in Istanbul. The studied samples are characterised by different chemical compositions (low and high calcium content), variable firing temperatures and different amounts of soluble salts as damage products. In the low-Ca samples, the decrease of the phyllosilicate content (from 23.4 to 6.9 wt%) is associated to the increase of the amorphous fraction (from 24 to 48%). This clear negative correlation between the phyllosilicate content and the amorphous fraction indicates that in low-Ca systems vitrification processes are overwhelming with respect to nucleation and recrystallisation processes. By contrast, high-Ca samples present newly formed Ca(Mg) silicates (diopside from 5.7 to 27.2%; anorthite from 1.4 to 8.7%) and aluminium silicates (gehlenite only in two samples, 6.2 and 7.7%) associated to the decrease of quartz (from 27.7 to 11.5%), phyllosilicate (from 6.5% until complete break down) and amorphous (from 30 to 14%) phase fractions. These findings support the role played by the CaO(MgO) content deriving from carbonates decomposition which reacts with Al2O3 and SiO2 oxides from dehydroxylated clay minerals and quartz grains. The above results have been obtained by X-ray powder diffraction data using the combined Rietveld refinement - internal standard method in order to estimate both the crystalline and the amorphous phase fractions. In addition, the coexistence of two distinct plagioclases in high-Ca samples was modelled as follows: a primary albite, which tends to incorporate Ca during the firing process as demonstrated by the increasing of gamma crystallographic angle, and a newly formed anorthite. Finally, by difference between the X-ray fluorescence data and the chemical compositions inferred by QPA, it proved possible to roughly estimate the residual chemical composition attributable to the amorphous fraction. On the basis of our data, we believe that Rietveld refinement combined with the internal standard method represent a powerful tool to better characterise complex polycrystalline and amorphous mixture as in the case of historical bricks Y1 - 2005 SN - 0935-1221 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ballato, Paolo A1 - Landgraf, Angela A1 - Schildgen, Taylor F. A1 - Stockli, Daniel F. A1 - Fox, Matthew A1 - Ghassemi, Mohammad R. A1 - Kirby, Eric A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - The growth of a mountain belt forced by base-level fall: Tectonics and surface processes during the evolution of the Alborz Mountains, N Iran JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - The idea that climatically modulated erosion may impact orogenic processes has challenged geoscientists for decades. Although modeling studies and physical calculations have provided a solid theoretical basis supporting this interaction, to date, field-based work has produced inconclusive results. The central-western Alborz Mountains in the northern sectors of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone constitute a promising area to explore these potential feedbacks. This region is characterized by asymmetric precipitation superimposed on an orogen with a history of spatiotemporal changes in exhumation rates, deformation patterns, and prolonged, km-scale base-level changes. Our analysis suggests that despite the existence of a strong climatic gradient at least since 17.5 Ma, the early orogenic evolution (from similar to 36 to 9-6 Ma) was characterized by decoupled orographic precipitation and tectonics. In particular, faster exhumation and sedimentation along the more arid southern orogenic flank point to a north-directed accretionary flux and underthrusting of Central Iran. Conversely, from 6 to 3 Ma, erosion rates along the northern orogenic flank became higher than those in the south, where they dropped to minimum values. This change occurred during a similar to 3-Myr-long, km-scale base-level lowering event in the Caspian Sea. We speculate that mass redistribution processes along the northern flank of the Alborz and presumably across all mountain belts adjacent to the South Caspian Basin and more stable areas of the Eurasian plate increased the sediment load in the basin and ultimately led to the underthrusting of the Caspian Basin beneath the Alborz Mountains. This underthrusting in turn triggered a new phase of northward orogenic expansion, transformed the wetter northern flank into a new pro-wedge, and led to the establishment of apparent steady-state conditions along the northern orogenic flank (i.e., rock uplift equal to erosion rates). Conversely, the southern mountain front became the retro-wedge and experienced limited tectonic activity. These observations overall raise the possibility that mass-distribution processes during a pronounced erosion phase driven by base-level changes may have contributed to the inferred regional plate-tectonic reorganization of the northern Arabia-Eurasia collision during the last similar to 5 Ma. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - orogenic processes KW - surface processes KW - base-level fall KW - erosion KW - rock uplift KW - knickpoints Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.051 SN - 0012-821X SN - 1385-013X VL - 425 SP - 204 EP - 218 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ballato, Paolo A1 - Parra, Mauricio A1 - Schildgen, Taylor F. A1 - Dunkl, I. A1 - Yildirim, C. A1 - Özsayin, Erman A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Echtler, H. A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Multiple exhumation phases in the Central Pontides (N Turkey) BT - new temporal constraints on Major geodynamic changes associated with the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean JF - Tectonics N2 - The Central Pontides of N Turkey represents a mobile orogenic belt of the southern Eurasian margin that experienced several phases of exhumation associated with the consumption of different branches of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the amalgamation of continental domains. Our new low-temperature thermochronology data help to constrain the timing of these episodes, providing new insights into associated geodynamic processes. In particular, our data suggest that exhumation occurred at (1) similar to 110 to 90Ma, most likely during tectonic accretion and exhumation of metamorphic rocks from the subduction zone; (2) from similar to 60 to 40Ma, during the collision of the Kirehir and Anatolide-Tauride microcontinental domains with the Eurasian margin; (3) from similar to 0 to 25Ma, either during the early stages of the Arabia-Eurasia collision (soft collision) when the Arabian passive margin reached the trench, implying 70 to 530km of subduction of the Arabian passive margin, or during a phase of trench advance predating hard collision at similar to 20Ma; and (4) similar to 11Ma to the present, during transpression associated with the westward motion of Anatolia. Our findings document the punctuated nature of fault-related exhumation, with episodes of fast cooling followed by periods of slow cooling or subsidence, the role of inverted normal faults in controlling the Paleogene exhumation pattern, and of the North Anatolian Fault in dictating the most recent pattern of exhumation. KW - thermal modeling KW - Central Pontides KW - Arabia-Eurasia collision KW - trench advance KW - Anatolia westward motion KW - inversion tectonics Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2017TC004808 SN - 0278-7407 SN - 1944-9194 VL - 37 IS - 6 SP - 1831 EP - 1857 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER -