TY - THES A1 - Hille, Carsten T1 - Charakterisierung von Transportmechanismen in der Speicheldrüse der Schabe Periplaneta americana T1 - Characterisation of transport mechanisms in salivary glands of the cockroach Periplaneta americana N2 - Die Aktivierung der Speichelsekretion erfolgt in der innervierten Speicheldrüse der Schabe Periplaneta americana durch die biogenen Amine Dopamin (DA) und Serotonin (5-HT). Die Acini der Speicheldrüse sezernieren einen Primärspeichel, der in den Ausführgängen modifiziert wird. Die durch DA und 5-HT aktivierten Signalwege sowie die an der Elektrolyt- und Flüssigkeitssekretion bzw. Speichel-modifikation beteiligten Transportmechanismen sind weitgehend unbekannt. Mikrofluorometrische Ca2+-, Na+- und pH-Messungen in Kombination mit pharmakologischen Experimenten, biochemische Messungen der Aktivitäten von Ionentransport-ATPasen sowie videomikroskopische Analysen zu transepithelialen Wasserbewegungen wurden in dieser Arbeit durchgeführt. Sie sollten Informationen über die an der Speichelbildung und -modifikation beteiligten Transportmechanismen und die Signalwege liefern, welche durch DA und/oder 5-HT aktiviert werden. Wesentliche Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit waren: Diese Arbeit trug zur Kenntnis der komplexen Funktionsweise von Speicheldrüsen in Insekten bei und erweiterte das lückenhafte Wissen über die zellulären Wirkungen biogener Amine in Insekten. Zudem wurden in dieser Arbeit viele Parallelen zu Funktionsweisen der Speicheldrüsen in Vertebraten deutlich. N2 - The acinar salivary glands in the cockroach Periplaneta americana are innervated by dopaminergic and serotonergic fibers and secrete a NaCl-rich primary saliva upon stimulation with the biogenic amines dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT). The ducts downstream of the acini are thought to modify the primary saliva by Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion. The electrolyte and fluid transport processes activated by DA and 5-HT as well as the second messenger pathways mediating between the biogenic amine receptors and the effector transport mechanisms are poorly understood.In this sudy, microfluorometrical Ca2+, Na+ and pH measurements were performed in combination with pharmacological experiments. Furthermore, ATPase activity assays and microscopical analyses of transepithelial fluid transport were done. The aim of this work has been the characterisation of the DA-induced transport mechanisms in the cockroach salivary glands in order to improve our understanding of the cellular actions of biogenic amines in insects. Intracellular pH measurements in duct cells of isolated small lobes of salivary glands consiting of several acini and ducts showed a strong intracellular acidification upon DA or 5-HT stimulation. On the other hand, only a small intracellular acidification could be recognised in isolated ducts without acini. The acini are innervated by dopaminergic and serotonergic fibers, whereas the ducts are innervated only by dopaminergic fibers. Thus, this result demonstrates, that the DA- or 5-HT-induced production of primary saliva in the acini causes the intracellular pH changes in the ducts. Consequently, intracellular pH measurements in ducts are also useful to characterise transport processes in the acini. The Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport and/or the Cl--HCO3- exchange combined with the Na+ H+ exchange (NHE) were responsible for the NaCl uptake at the basolateral membrane in the peripheral cells of the acini during production of primary saliva. The activity of these transporters was regulated by the CO2/HCO3--availability and was Ca2+-dependent. The activity of the basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, but not of the apical vacuolar-type proton pump (V-H+-ATPase) in the duct cells was necessary for the strong intracellular acidification in the ducts with acini. Thus, the Na+-K+-ATPase seems to energise the saliva modification in the ducts. In ducts with acini, the V-H+-ATPase and Na+-dependent transporters (e.g. NHE) were responsible for the pH-recovery after a DA- or NH4Cl-induced intracellular acidification in the duct cells. In the regulation of the intracellular resting pH these transporters played a minor role. In addition, DA induced an increase in the intracellular Na+ concentration, followed by an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in duct cells with acini, but never in duct cells without acini. The Na+ elevation was probably the result of the activity of apical Na+ channels. The DA-induced Na+ elevation and a depolarisation of the basolateral membrane of the duct cells reversed a Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity into the reverse mode causing a graded Ca2+ elevation in duct cells. The Ca2+ elevation is probably involved in the regulation of the Na+ reabsorption during saliva modification. Transepithelial fluid transport in isolated ducts was detected with a fluorescent microscopical method. Already unstimulated isolated ducts reabsorbed fluid from the duct lumen to the bath side. Perhaps unstimulated acini possess a basic secretion rate and this primary saliva is than reabsorbed in the ducts. The fluid reabsorption was ATP-dependent, but the ATP-consuming transport mechanism could not be identified. Neither the basolateral Na+-K+-ATPase, nor the apical V-H+-ATPase were involved in fluid reabsorption. This work extends our knowledge about the complex function of insect salivary glands and about the cellular action of biogenic amines in insects. Additionally, it indicates lots of similarities between the functions of salivary glands in vertebrates and invertebrates. KW - Speicheldrüse KW - Amerikanische Schabe KW - Insekten KW - Speichel KW - epithelialer Transport KW - ratiometric imaging KW - Signalkaskaden KW - biogene Amine KW - Dopamin KW - Serotonin KW - salivary glands KW - epithelial transport KW - biogenic amines KW - dopamine KW - serotonin KW - cockroach KW - insects Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9422 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rotte, Cathleen T1 - Die neuronale Kontrolle der Speicheldrüse von Periplaneta americana T1 - The neuronal control of the salivary glands of Periplaneta americana N2 - Die acinösen Speicheldrüsen der Schabe Periplaneta americana sind reich durch serotonerge, dopaminerge und GABAerge Fasern innerviert. Die biogenen Amine Serotonin (5-HT) und Dopamin (DA) induzieren die Sekretion eines NaCl-haltigen Primärspeichels. Die physiologische Rolle der GABAergen Innervation des Drüsenkomplexes war bislang unbekannt. Weiterhin wurde vermutet, dass Tyramin (TA) und Octopamin (OA) an der Speichelbildung beteiligt sind. Mittels intrazellulärer Ableitungen von sekretorischen Acinuszellen mit und ohne Stimulierung des Speicheldrüsennervs (SDN) sollte daher die Wirkung von GABA, TA und OA im Speicheldrüsenkomplex untersucht werden. Intrazelluläre Ableitungen aus Acinuszellen zeigten, dass sowohl DA als auch 5 HT biphasische Änderungen des Membranpotentials induzierten. Diese bestanden aus einer initialen Hyperpolarisation und einer darauf folgenden transienten Depolarisation. Stimulierung des SDN mittels einer Saugelektrode verursachte ebenfalls biphasische Änderungen des Membranpotentials der Acinuszellen, die mit den DA- bzw. 5-HT-induzierten Änderungen kinetisch identisch waren. Dieses Ergebnis zeigte, dass die elektrische Stimulierung des SDN im Nerv-Speicheldrüsenpräparat eine verlässliche Methode zur Untersuchung der Wirkungen von Neuromodulatoren auf die dopaminerge und/oder sertotonerge Neurotransmission ist. Die Hyperpolarisation der DA-induzierten Potentialänderungen wurde durch eine intrazelluläre Ca2+-Freisetzung und die Öffnung basolateral lokalisierter Ca2+-gesteuerter K+-Kanäle verur-sacht. Die DA- und 5-HT-induzierte Depolarisation hing kritisch von der Aktivität eines basolateral lokalisierten Na+-K+-2Cl--Symporters ab. GABA, TA und OA potenzierten die elektrischen Antworten der Acinuszellen, wenn diese durch SDN-Stimulierung hervorgerufen wurden. Dabei war OA wirksamer als TA. Dieses Ergebnis zeigte, dass diese Substanzen als im Drüsenkomplex präsynaptisch und erregend als Neuromodulatoren wirken. Pharmakologische Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die erregende Wirkung von GABA durch einen G-Protein-gekoppelten GABAB-Rezeptor vermittelt wurde. Messungen der durch SDN-Stimulierung induzierten Flüssigkeits- und Proteinsekretionsraten zeigten, dass beide Parameter in Anwesenheit von GABA verstärkt waren. Dies ließ auf eine verstärkte serotonerge Neurotransmission schließen, da nur 5-HT die Bildung eines Protein-haltigen Speichels verursacht. Immuncytochemische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Drüsen tyraminerge und octopaminerge Innervation empfangen. Weiterhin wurde der erste charakterisierte TA-Rezeptor (PeaTYR1) der Schabe auf einem paarigen, lateral zur Drüse ziehenden Nerv markiert, der auch tyraminerge Fasern enthielt. Die vorliegende Arbeit trug zum Verständnis der komplexen Funktionsweise der Speicheldrüse der Schabe bei und erweiterte das lückenhafte Wissen über die neuronale Kontrolle exokriner Drüsen in Insekten. N2 - The cockroach Periplaneta americana has acinar type salivary glands. The secretory acini consist of P-cells, responsible for electrolyte and water secretion and C-cells that secrete protein into the saliva. Salivation is controlled by the dopaminergic and GABAergic salivary neurons SN1 and SN2, and by several smaller serotonergic neurons. Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) induce the secretion of a NaCl-rich saliva. The physiological role of the GABAergic innervation was unknown. Furthermore, the cellular actions of the biogenic amines DA and 5-HT were poorly understood. Based on studies on other insect salivary glands a role for octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) acting as neuromodulators was suggested. In this study, intracellular recordings of the basolateral membrane potential of acinar cells were performed to examine direct and modulating actions of the biogenic amines DA, 5-HT, OA, TA and of GABA. A nerve-gland preparation was developed and used to investigate the actions of neuromodulators, namely GABA, OA and TA. DA and 5-HT induced biphasic membrane potential changes, consisting of an initial hyperpolarization and a transient depolarization. The DA-induced hyperpolarization was mediated by intracellular Ca2+-release and subsequent opening of basolateral Ca2+-dependent K+-channels. The DA- and 5-HT-induced depolarization was dependent on the presence of extracellular Na+ and the activity of a basolateral Na+-K+-2Cl--cotransporter. Electrical stimulation of the salivary duct nerve (SDN) by means of a suction electrode induced membrane potential changes with the same kinetics as those induced by bath application of DA and 5-HT. These results suggested that electrical nerve stimulation is a adequate method to investigate presynaptic effects of neuromodulators. GABA, OA and TA affected neither the resting membrane potential of the acinar cells, nor the DA- or 5 HT- induced potential changes. When GABA was applied during SDN-stimulation, it enhanced the amplitudes of the membrane potential changes of the acinar cells as well as fluid- and protein secretion rates of the glands. Pharmacological experiments revealed that the excitatory action of GABA in the gland complex is mediated by a metabotropic GABA receptor (GABAB-type). OA and TA enhanced the membrane potential changes of the acinar cells when these were induced by SDN-stimulation, suggesting presynaptic excitatory roles for both amines in the gland complex. Immunocytochemistry revealed rich innervation of the salivary glands with octopamine- immunoreactive fibers that were also stained by the tyramine-antibody, and with tyramine-immunoreactive fibers lacking octopamine-immunoreactivity. Since the tyramine receptor PeaTYR1 is expressed in the salivary gland complex, its distribution was investigated by using a specific antibody. Immunoreactivity was detected in a paired nerve of unknown root. This nerve innervated only few acini lying in the periphery of the gland complex and contained tyraminergic fibers. This study extends our knowledge about the complex neuronal control and function of insect salivary glands. KW - Schabe KW - Speicheldrüse KW - GABA KW - Octopamin KW - Tyramin KW - cockroach KW - salivary gland KW - biogenic amines KW - acinar cell KW - dopamine Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-39456 ER -