TY - JOUR A1 - Vafin, Sergei A1 - Schlickeiser, R. A1 - Yoon, P. H. T1 - AMPLIFICATION OF COLLECTIVE MAGNETIC FLUCTUATIONS IN MAGNETIZED BI-MAXWELLIAN PLASMAS FOR PARALLEL WAVE VECTORS. I. ELECTRON-PROTON PLASMA JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - The general electromagnetic fluctuation theory is a powerful tool to analyze the magnetic fluctuation spectrum of a plasma. Recent works utilizing this theory for a magnetized non-relativistic isotropic Maxwellian electron-proton plasma have demonstrated that the equilibrium ratio of vertical bar delta B vertical bar/B-0 can be as high as 10(-12). This value results from the balance between spontaneous emission of fluctuations and their damping, and it is considerably smaller than the observed value vertical bar delta B vertical bar/B-0 in the solar wind at 1 au, where 10(-3) less than or similar to vertical bar delta B vertical bar/B-0 less than or similar to 10(-1). In the present manuscript, we consider an anisotropic bi-Maxwellian distribution function to investigate the effect of plasma instabilities on the magnetic field fluctuations. We demonstrate that these instabilities strongly amplify the magnetic field fluctuations and provide a sufficient mechanism to explain the observed value of vertical bar delta B vertical bar/B-0 in the solar wind at 1 au. KW - instabilities KW - magnetic fields KW - solar wind KW - turbulence KW - waves Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/41 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 829 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Turner, Monica L. A1 - Schaye, Joop A1 - Crain, Robert A. A1 - Theuns, Tom A1 - Wendt, Martin T1 - Observations of metals in the z approximate to 3.5 intergalactic medium and comparison to the EAGLE simulations JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - We study the z approximate to 3.5 intergalactic medium (IGM) by comparing new, high-quality absorption spectra of eight QSOs with < z(QSO)> = 3.75, to virtual observations of the Evolution and Assembly of Galaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We employ the pixel optical depth method and uncover strong correlations between various combinations of H I, C III, C IV, Si III, Si IV, and O VI. We find good agreement between many of the simulated and observed correlations, including tau(O) (VI) (tau(H) (I)). However, the observed median optical depths for the tau(C) (IV) (tau(H) (I)) and tau(Si) (IV) (tau(H) (I)) relations are higher than those measured from the mock spectra. The discrepancy increases from up to approximate to 0.1 dex at tau(H) (I) = 1 to approximate to 1 dex at tau(H) (I) = 10(2), where we are likely probing dense regions at small galactocentric distances. As possible solutions, we invoke (a) models of ionizing radiation softened above 4 Ryd to account for delayed completion of He II reionization; (b) simulations run at higher resolution; (c) the inclusion of additional line broadening due to unresolved turbulence; and (d) increased elemental abundances; however, none of these factors can fully explain the observed differences. Enhanced photoionization of H I by local sources, which was not modelled, could offer a solution. However, the much better agreement with the observed O VI(H I) relation, which we find probes a hot and likely collisionally ionized gas phase, indicates that the simulations are not in tension with the hot phase of the IGM, and suggests that the simulated outflows may entrain insufficient cool gas. KW - galaxies: formation KW - intergalactic medium KW - quasars: absorption lines Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1816 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 462 SP - 2440 EP - 2464 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomov, Peter A1 - Pena, Rodrigo F. O. A1 - Roque, Antonio C. A1 - Zaks, Michael A. T1 - Mechanisms of Self-Sustained Oscillatory States in Hierarchical Modular Networks with Mixtures of Electrophysiological Cell Types JF - Frontiers in computational neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - In a network with a mixture of different electrophysiological types of neurons linked by excitatory and inhibitory connections, temporal evolution leads through repeated epochs of intensive global activity separated by intervals with low activity level. This behavior mimics "up" and "down" states, experimentally observed in cortical tissues in absence of external stimuli. We interpret global dynamical features in terms of individual dynamics of the neurons. In particular, we observe that the crucial role both in interruption and in resumption of global activity is played by distributions of the membrane recovery variable within the network. We also demonstrate that the behavior of neurons is more influenced by their presynaptic environment in the network than by their formal types, assigned in accordance with their response to constant current. KW - self-sustained activity KW - cortical oscillations KW - irregular firing activity KW - hierarchical modular networks KW - cortical network models KW - intrinsic neuronal diversity KW - up-down states KW - chaotic neural dynamics Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2016.00023 SN - 1662-5188 VL - 10 SP - 476 EP - + PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tomov, Petar A1 - Pena, Rodrigo F. O. A1 - Roque, Antonio C. A1 - Zaks, Michael A. T1 - Mechanisms of self-sustained oscillatory states in hierarchical modular networks with mixtures of electrophysiological cell types T2 - Frontiers in computational neuroscience N2 - In a network with a mixture of different electrophysiological types of neurons linked by excitatory and inhibitory connections, temporal evolution leads through repeated epochs of intensive global activity separated by intervals with low activity level. This behavior mimics "up" and "down" states, experimentally observed in cortical tissues in absence of external stimuli. We interpret global dynamical features in terms of individual dynamics of the neurons. In particular, we observe that the crucial role both in interruption and in resumption of global activity is played by distributions of the membrane recovery variable within the network. We also demonstrate that the behavior of neurons is more influenced by their presynaptic environment in the network than by their formal types, assigned in accordance with their response to constant current. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 452 KW - self-sustained activity KW - cortical oscillations KW - irregular firing activity KW - hierarchical modular networks KW - cortical network models KW - intrinsic neuronal diversity KW - up-down states KW - chaotic neural dynamics Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407724 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Toala, Jesús Alberto A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Gonzalez-Galan, Ana A1 - Guerrero, Martín A. A1 - Ignace, R. A1 - Pohl, Martin T1 - X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF BOW SHOCKS AROUND RUNAWAY O STARS. THE CASE OF zeta OPH AND BD+43 degrees 3654 JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - Non-thermal radiation has been predicted within bow shocks around runaway stars by recent theoretical works. We present X-ray observations toward the runaway stars zeta Oph by Chandra and Suzaku and of BD+43 degrees 3654 by XMM-Newton to search for the presence of non-thermal X-ray emission. We found no evidence of non-thermal emission spatially coincident with the bow shocks; nonetheless, diffuse emission was detected in the vicinity of zeta Oph. After a careful analysis of its spectral characteristics, we conclude that this emission has a thermal nature with a plasma temperature of T approximate to 2 x 10(6) K. The cometary shape of this emission seems to be in line with recent predictions of radiation-hydrodynamic models of runaway stars. The case of BD+43 degrees 3654 is puzzling, as non-thermal emission has been reported in a previous work for this source. KW - stars: individual (zeta Oph, BD+43 degrees 3654) KW - stars: winds, outflows Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/79 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 821 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thomas, Timon A1 - Feldmeier, Achim T1 - Radiative waves in stellar winds with line scattering JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - Photospheric radiation can drive winds from hot, massive stars by direct momentum transfer through scattering in bound-bound transitions of atmospheric ions. The line radiation force should cause a new radiative wave mode. The dispersion relation from perturbations of the line force was analysed so far either in Sobolev approximation or for pure line absorption. The former does not include the line-driven instability, and the latter cannot account for upstream propagating, radiative waves. We consider a non-Sobolev line force that includes scattering in a simplified way, accounting however for the important line-drag effect. We derive a new dispersion relation for radiative waves, and analyse wave propagation using Fourier methods, and by numerical solution of an integro-differential equation. The existence of an upstream propagating, dispersive radiative wave mode is demonstrated. KW - hydrodynamics KW - radiative transfer KW - waves KW - stars: winds KW - outflows Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1008 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 460 SP - 1923 EP - 1933 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiem, A. A1 - Bagheri, M. A1 - Grosse-Siestrup, C. A1 - Zehbe, Rolf T1 - Gelatin-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds with oriented pore channel architecture - From in vitro to in vivo testing JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - A gelatin-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, composite scaffold, featuring a highly oriented pore channel structure, was developed as a template for articular cartilage regeneration. As a design principle the composite scaffold was optimized to contain only medical grade educts and accordingly no chemical cross linking agents or other toxicological relevant substances or methods were used. Scaffolds were synthesized using a freeze structuring method combined with an electrochemical process followed by freeze-drying. Finally, cross linking was performed using dehydrothermal treatment, which was simultaneously used for sterilization purposes. These composite scaffolds were analyzed in regard to structural and biomechanical properties, and to their degradation behavior. Furthermore, cell culture performance was tested using chondrocytes originated from joint articular cartilage tissue from 6 to 10 months old domestic pigs. Finally, the scaffolds were tested for tissue biocompatibility and their ability for tissue integration in a rat model. The scaffolds showed both excellent functional performance and high biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. We expect that these gelatin-PLGA scaffolds can effectively support chondrogenesis in vivo demonstrating great potential for the use in cartilage defect treatment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Gelatin-PLGA Scaffold KW - Dehydrothermal cross linking KW - Cartilage tissue engineering KW - Biomechanics KW - Rat model Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.019 SN - 0928-4931 SN - 1873-0191 VL - 62 SP - 585 EP - 595 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Teif, Vladimir B. A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. T1 - Chromatin and epigenetics: current biophysical views T2 - AIMS biophysics N2 - Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing experiments and their theoretical descriptions have determined fast dynamics of the "chromatin and epigenetics" field, with new concepts appearing at high rate. This field includes but is not limited to the study of DNA-protein-RNA interactions, chromatin packing properties at different scales, regulation of gene expression and protein trafficking in the cell nucleus, binding site search in the crowded chromatin environment and modulation of physical interactions by covalent chemical modifications of the binding partners. The current special issue does not pretend for the full coverage of the field, but it rather aims to capture its development and provide a snapshot of the most recent concepts and approaches. Eighteen open-access articles comprising this issue provide a delicate balance between current theoretical and experimental biophysical approaches to uncover chromatin structure and understand epigenetic regulation, allowing free flow of new ideas and preliminary results. KW - chromatin KW - epigenetics KW - linker histones KW - nucleosome KW - DNA-protein binding KW - histone modifications KW - remodelers KW - topologically associated domains KW - DNA methylation KW - DNA supercoiling Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2016.1.88 SN - 2377-9098 VL - 3 SP - 88 EP - 98 PB - American Institute of Mathematical Sciences CY - Springfield ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Armin, Ardalan A1 - Philippa, Bronson A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - The Role of Space Charge Effects on the Competition between Recombination and Extraction in Solar Cells with Low-Mobility Photoactive Layers JF - The journal of physical chemistry letters N2 - The competition between charge extraction and nongeminate recombination critically determines the current-voltage characteristics of organic solar cells (OSCs) and their fill factor. As a measure of this competition, several figures of merit (FOMs) have been put forward; however, the impact of space charge effects has been either neglected, or not specifically addressed. Here we revisit recently reported FOMs and discuss the role of space charge effects on the interplay between recombination and extraction. We find that space charge effects are the primary cause for the onset of recombination in so-called non-Langevin systems, which also depends on the slower carrier mobility and recombination coefficient. The conclusions are supported with numerical calculations and experimental results of 25 different donor/acceptor OSCs with different charge transport parameters, active layer thicknesses or composition ratios. The findings represent a conclusive understanding of bimolecular recombination for drift dominated photocurrents and allow one to minimize these losses for given device parameters. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02106 SN - 1948-7185 VL - 7 SP - 4716 EP - 4721 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolbova, Veronika A1 - Surovyatkina, Elena A1 - Bookhagen, Bodo A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Tipping elements of the Indian monsoon: Prediction of onset and withdrawal JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - Forecasting the onset and withdrawal of the Indian summer monsoon is crucial for the life and prosperity of more than one billion inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent. However, accurate prediction of monsoon timing remains a challenge, despite numerous efforts. Here we present a method for prediction of monsoon timing based on a critical transition precursor. We identify geographic regions-tipping elements of the monsoon-and use them as observation locations for predicting onset and withdrawal dates. Unlike most predictability methods, our approach does not rely on precipitation analysis but on air temperature and relative humidity, which are well represented both in models and observations. The proposed method allows to predict onset 2 weeks earlier and withdrawal dates 1.5 months earlier than existing methods. In addition, it enables to correctly forecast monsoon duration for some anomalous years, often associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068392 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 43 SP - 3982 EP - 3990 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinmetz, Matthias T1 - Die Vermessung des Universums JF - Vision als Aufgabe : das Leibniz-Universum im 21. Jahrhundert Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b4-opus4-25899 SN - 978-3-939818-67-0 SP - 197 EP - 210 PB - Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinke, Martin A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer A1 - Sander, Andreas Alexander Christoph A1 - Liermann, A. A1 - Todt, Helge Tobias T1 - Analysis of the WN star WR102c, its WR nebula, and the associated cluster of massive stars in the Sickle Nebula JF - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth N2 - Context. The massive Wolf-Rayet type star WR102c is located near the Quintuplet Cluster, one of the three massive star clusters in the Galactic centre region. Previous studies indicated that WR102c may have a dusty circumstellar nebula and is among the main ionising sources of the Sickle Nebula associated with the Quintuplet Cluster. Aims. The goals of our study are to derive the stellar parameters of WR102c from the analysis of its spectrum and to investigate its stellar and nebular environment. Methods. We obtained observations with the ESO VLT integral field spectrograph SINFONI in the K-band, extracted the stellar spectra, and analysed them by means of stellar atmosphere models. Results. Our new analysis supersedes the results previously reported for WR102c. We significantly decrease its bolometric luminosity and hydrogen content. We detect four early OB type stars close to WR102c. These stars have radial velocities similar to that of WR102c. We suggest that together with WR102c these stars belong to a distinct star cluster with a total mass of similar to 1000 M-circle dot. We identify a new WR nebula around WR102c in the SINFONI map of the di ff use Br gamma emission and in the HST Pa ff images. The Br gamma line at di ff erent locations is not significantly broadened and similar to the width of nebular emission elsewhere in the H i i region around WR102c. Conclusions. The massive star WR102c located in the Galactic centre region resides in a star cluster containing additional early-type stars. The stellar parameters of WR102c are typical for hydrogen-free WN6 stars. We identify a nebula surrounding WR102c that has a morphology similar to other nebulae around hydrogen-free WR stars, and propose that the formation of this nebula is linked to interaction of the fast stellar wind with the matter ejected at a previous evolutionary stage of WR102c. KW - stars: early-type KW - stars: individual: WR 102c KW - stars: Wolf KW - Rayet KW - Galaxy: center KW - HII regions KW - infrared: stars Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527692 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 588 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadtherr, Lisa A1 - Coumou, Dim A1 - Petoukhov, Vladimir A1 - Petri, Stefan A1 - Rahmstorf, Stefan T1 - Record Balkan floods of 2014 linked to planetary wave resonance JF - Science Advances N2 - In May 2014, the Balkans were hit by a Vb-type cyclone that brought disastrous flooding and severe damage to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Croatia. Vb cyclones migrate from the Mediterranean, where they absorb warm and moist air, to the north, often causing flooding in central/eastern Europe. Extreme rainfall events are increasing on a global scale, and both thermodynamic and dynamical mechanisms play a role. Where thermodynamic aspects are generally well understood, there is large uncertainty associated with current and future changes in dynamics. We study the climatic and meteorological factors that influenced the catastrophic flooding in the Balkans, where we focus on large-scale circulation. We show that the Vb cyclone was unusually stationary, bringing extreme rainfall for several consecutive days, and that this situation was likely linked to a quasi-stationary circumglobal Rossby wave train. We provide evidence that this quasi-stationary wave was amplified by wave resonance. Statistical analysis of daily spring rainfall over the Balkan region reveals significant upward trends over 1950-2014, especially in the high quantiles relevant for flooding events. These changes cannot be explained by simple thermodynamic arguments, and we thus argue that dynamical processes likely played a role in increasing flood risks over the Balkans. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501428 SN - 2375-2548 VL - 2 PB - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Soriano, Manuel Flores T1 - Short-term evolution and coexistence of photospheric and chromospheric activity on LQ Hydrae Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Drozdov, Alexander A1 - Spasojevic, Maria A1 - Kellerman, Adam C. A1 - Usanova, Maria E. A1 - Engebretson, Mark J. A1 - Agapitov, Oleksiy V. A1 - Zhelavskaya, Irina A1 - Raita, Tero J. A1 - Spence, Harlan E. A1 - Baker, Daniel N. A1 - Zhu, Hui A1 - Aseev, Nikita T1 - Wave-induced loss of ultra-relativistic electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts JF - Nature Communications Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12883 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 7 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shi, Wenqin A1 - Eijt, Stephan W. H. A1 - Sandeep, Chandramathi Sukumaran Suchand A1 - Siebbeles, Laurens D. A. A1 - Houtepen, Arjan J. A1 - Kinge, Sachin A1 - Bruck, Ekkes A1 - Barbiellini, Bernardo A1 - Bansil, Arun T1 - Ligand-surface interactions and surface oxidation of colloidal PbSe quantum dots revealed by thin-film positron annihilation methods JF - Applied physics letters N2 - Positron Two Dimensional Angular Correlation of Annihilation Radiation (2D-ACAR) measurements reveal modifications of the electronic structure and composition at the surfaces of PbSe quantum dots (QDs), deposited as thin films, produced by various ligands containing either oxygen or nitrogen atoms. In particular, the 2D--ACAR measurements on thin films of colloidal PbSe QDs capped with oleic acid ligands yield an increased intensity in the electron momentum density (EMD) at high momenta compared to PbSe quantum dots capped with oleylamine. Moreover, the EMD of PbSe QDs is strongly affected by the small ethylenediamine ligands, since these molecules lead to small distances between QDs and favor neck formation between near neighbor QDs, inducing electronic coupling between neighboring QDs. The high sensitivity to the presence of oxygen atoms at the surface can be also exploited to monitor the surface oxidation of PbSe QDs upon exposure to air. Our study clearly demonstrates that positron annihilation spectroscopy applied to thin films can probe surface transformations of colloidal semiconductor QDs embedded in functional layers. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942609 SN - 0003-6951 SN - 1077-3118 VL - 108 SP - 213 EP - 230 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shenar, Tomer A1 - Hainich, Rainer A1 - Todt, Helge Tobias A1 - Sander, Andreas Alexander Christoph A1 - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer A1 - Moffat, Anthony F. J. A1 - Eldridge, J. J. A1 - Pablo, H. A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Richardson, N. D. T1 - Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud II. Analysis of the binaries JF - American mineralogist : an international journal of earth and planetary materials N2 - Context. Massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are evolved massive stars (M-i greater than or similar to 20 M-circle dot) characterized by strong mass-loss. Hypothetically, they can form either as single stars or as mass donors in close binaries. About 40% of all known WR stars are confirmed binaries, raising the question as to the impact of binarity on the WR population. Studying WR binaries is crucial in this context, and furthermore enable one to reliably derive the elusive masses of their components, making them indispensable for the study of massive stars. Aims. By performing a spectral analysis of all multiple WR systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), we obtain the full set of stellar parameters for each individual component. Mass-luminosity relations are tested, and the importance of the binary evolution channel is assessed. Methods. The spectral analysis is performed with the PotsdamWolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code by superimposing model spectra that correspond to each component. Evolutionary channels are constrained using the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (BPASS) evolution tool. Results. Significant hydrogen mass fractions (0.1 < X-H < 0.4) are detected in all WN components. A comparison with mass-luminosity relations and evolutionary tracks implies that the majority of the WR stars in our sample are not chemically homogeneous. The WR component in the binary AB6 is found to be very luminous (log L approximate to 6.3 [L-circle dot]) given its orbital mass (approximate to 10 M-circle dot), presumably because of observational contamination by a third component. Evolutionary paths derived for our objects suggest that Roche lobe overflow had occurred in most systems, affecting their evolution. However, the implied initial masses (greater than or similar to 60 M-circle dot) are large enough for the primaries to have entered the WR phase, regardless of binary interaction. Conclusions. Together with the results for the putatively single SMC WR stars, our study suggests that the binary evolution channel does not dominate the formation of WR stars at SMC metallicity. KW - stars: massive KW - stars: Wolf-Rayet KW - stars: evolution KW - binaries: close KW - binaries: symbiotic KW - Magellanic Clouds Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527916 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 591 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shashev, Yury A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Improving the visibility of phase gratings for Talbot-Lau X-ray imaging JF - Materials testing : Materialprüfung ; materials and components, technology and application N2 - Talbot-Lau interferometry provides X-ray imaging techniques with significant enhancement of the radiographic contrast of weakly absorbing objects. The grating based technique allows separation of absorption, refraction and small angle scattering effects. The different efficiency of rectangular and triangular shaped phase gratings at varying detector distances is investigated. The interference patterns (Talbot carpets) are modeled for parallel monochromatic radiation and measured by synchrotron radiation. In comparison to rectangular shapes of phase gratings much higher visibility is obtained for triangular shapes which yield enhanced contrast of a glass capillary test specimen. KW - Talbot-Lau interferometry KW - phase grating KW - synchrotron imaging KW - visibility KW - X-ray refraction Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110948 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 58 SP - 970 EP - 974 PB - Hanser CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sebek, Michael A1 - Tönjes, Ralf A1 - Kiss, Istvan Z. T1 - Complex Rotating Waves and Long Transients in a Ring Network of Electrochemical Oscillators with Sparse Random Cross-Connections JF - Physical review letters N2 - We perform experiments and phase model simulations with a ring network of oscillatory electrochemical reactions to explore the effect of random connections and nonisochronicity of the interactions on the pattern formation. A few additional links facilitate the emergence of the fully synchronized state. With larger nonisochronicity, complex rotating waves or persistent irregular phase dynamics can derail the convergence to global synchronization. The observed long transients of irregular phase dynamics exemplify the possibility of a sudden onset of hypersynchronous behavior without any external stimulus or network reorganization. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.068701 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 VL - 116 SP - 3001 EP - 3009 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzl, Maria A1 - Godec, Aljaz A1 - Oshanin, Gleb A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - A single predator charging a herd of prey: effects of self volume and predator-prey decision-making JF - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical N2 - We study the degree of success of a single predator hunting a herd of prey on a two-dimensional square lattice landscape. We explicitly consider the self volume of the prey restraining their dynamics on the lattice. The movement of both predator and prey is chosen to include an intelligent, decision making step based on their respective sighting ranges, the radius in which they can detect the other species (prey cannot recognise each other besides the self volume interaction): after spotting each other the motion of prey and predator turns from a nearest neighbour random walk into directed escape or chase, respectively. We consider a large range of prey densities and sighting ranges and compute the mean first passage time for a predator to catch a prey as well as characterise the effective dynamics of the hunted prey. We find that the prey's sighting range dominates their life expectancy and the predator profits more from a bad eyesight of the prey than from his own good eye sight. We characterise the dynamics in terms of the mean distance between the predator and the nearest prey. It turns out that effectively the dynamics of this distance coordinate can be captured in terms of a simple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck picture. Reducing the many-body problem to a simple two-body problem by imagining predator and nearest prey to be connected by an effective Hookean bond, all features of the model such as prey density and sighting ranges merge into the effective binding constant. KW - first passage process KW - diffusion KW - predator-prey model Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/49/22/225601 SN - 1751-8113 SN - 1751-8121 VL - 49 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - THES A1 - Schulz, Alexander T1 - Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung synoptisch-skaliger mit orographisch bedingten Prozessen in der arktischen Grenzschicht über Spitzbergen N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die planetare Grenzschicht in Ny-Ålesund, Spitzbergen, sowohl bezüglich kleinskaliger („mikrometeorologischer“) Effekte als auch in ihrer Kopplung mit der Synoptik untersucht. Dazu werden verschiedene Beobachtungsdaten aus der Säule und in Bodennähe zusammengezogen und bewertet. Die so gewonnenen Datensätze werden dann zur Validierung eines nicht-hydrostatischen, regionalen Klimamodells genutzt. Weiterhin werden orographisch bedingte Einflüsse, die Untergrundbeschaffenheit und die lokale Heterogenität der Unterlage untersucht. Hierzu werden meteorologische Größen, wie die Variabilität der Temperatur und insbesondere die jährliche Windverteilung in Bodennähe untersucht und es erfolgt ein Vergleich von in-situ gemessenen turbulenten Flüssen von den Eddy-Kovarianz-Messkomplexen bei Ny-Ålesund und im Bayelva-Tal unter demselben Aspekt. Es zeigt sich, dass der Eddy-Kovarianz-Messkomplex im Bayelva-Tal sehr stark durch eine orographisch bedingte Kanalisierung der Strömung beeinflusst ist und sich nicht für Vergleiche mit regionalen Klimamodellen mit horizontalen Auflösungen von <1km eignet. Die hohe Bodenfeuchte im Bayelva-Tal führt zudem zu einem deutlich kleineren Bowen-Verhältnis, als es für diese Region zu erwarten ist. Der Eddy-Kovarianz-Messkomplex bei Ny-Ålesund erweist sich hingegen als geeigneter für solche Modellvergleiche, aufgrund der typischen, küstennahen Windverteilung und des repräsentativen Footprints. Letzteres wird durch die Bestimmung der Footprint-Klimatologie des Jahres 2013 mit einem aktuellen Footprint-Modell erarbeitet. Weiterhin wird die Auswirkung von (Anti-) Zyklonen über den Archipel auf die zeitliche Variabilität der lokalen Grenzschichteigenschaften untersucht und bewertet. Dazu wird ein Zyklonen-Detektions-Algorithmus auf ERA-Interim-Reanalysedatensätze angewendet, wodurch die Häufigkeit von nahezu ideal konzentrischen Hoch- und die Tiefdruckgebieten für drei Jahre bestimmt wird. Aus dieser Verteilung werden insgesamt drei interessante Zeiträume zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten ausgewählt und im Rahmen von Prozessstudien die lokalen bodennahen meteorologischen Messungen, der turbulente Austausch an der Oberfläche und die Grenzschichtdynamik in der Säule untersucht. Die zeitliche Variabilität der dynamischen Grenzschichtstabilität in der Säule wird anhand von zeitlich hoch aufgelösten vertikalen Profilen der Bulk-Richardson-Zahl aus Kompositprofilen aus Fernerkundungsinstrumenten (Radiometer, Wind-LIDAR) sowie Mastdaten (BSRN-Mast) untersucht und die Grenzschichthöhe ermittelt. Aus diesen Analysen ergibt sich eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der thermischen Stabilität beim Durchzug von Fronten, eine damit einhergehende erhebliche Abhängigkeit der Grenzschichtdynamik und der Grenzschichthöhe sowie des turbulenten Austauschs von der zeitlichen Variabilität der Windgeschwindigkeit in der Säule. Auf Grundlage der Standortanalysen und Prozessstudien erfolgt ein Vergleich der bodennahen Messungen und den Beobachtungen aus der Säule, sowohl von den genannten Fernerkundungsinstrumenten als auch von In-situ-Messungen (Radiosonden) für den Zeitraum einer Radiosondierungskampagne mit dem nicht-hydrostatischen, regionalen Klimamodel WRF (ARW). Auf Grundlage der Fragestellung, inwieweit aktuelle Schemata die Grenzschichtcharakteristika in orographisch stark gegliedertem Gelände in der Arktis reproduzieren können, werden zwei Grenzschichtparametrisierungsschemata mit verschiedenen Ordnungen der Schließung validiert. Hierzu wird die zeitliche Variabilität der Temperatur, der Feuchte und des Windfeldes in der Säule bis 2000m in den Simulationen mit den Beobachtungsdaten vergleichen. Es wird gezeigt, dass durch Modifikation der Initialwertfelder eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den Simulationen und den Beobachtungen bereits bei einer horizontalen Auflösung von 1km erreicht werden kann und die Wahl des Grenzschichtschemas nur untergeordneten Einfluss hat. Hieraus werden Ansätze der Weiterentwicklung der Parametrisierungen, aber auch Empfehlungen bezüglich der Initialwertfelder, wie der Landmaske und der Orographie, vorgeschlagen. N2 - In this work, the planetary boundary layer in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard is investigated both in terms of small scale (“micrometeorological”) effects and its connection to synoptic scale processes. Therefore several observational data from the lower troposphere and near the surface are added together and evaluated. These datasets are used to validate a non-hydrostatic, regional climate model. Furthermore orographically induced influences and the character of the surface and its local heterogeneity are investigated. To this, meteorological quantities like the temperature variability and the annual wind distribution near the surface are analysed and a comparison of in-situ measurements of the turbulent fluxes from the eddy covariance measuring complexes near Ny-Ålesund and in the Bayelva valley are conducted accordingly. It is shown that the eddy-covariance measuring complex in the Bayelva valley is influenced considerably by local channelling of the flow. Therefore this station is not suitable for comparisons with a regional climate model with horizontal resolutions ≥1km. In addition, higher soil moisture results in lower Bowen-ratio than expected for this site. It turned out that the eddy-covariance measuring complex near Ny-Ålesund is more appropriate for such model studies due to typical coastal wind distribution and a representative footprint. The latter is calculated by determining the footprint climatology of the year 2013 with a current footprint model. Furthermore the impact of (anti-) cyclones over the archipelago on the temporal variability of boundary layer characteristics is investigated and evaluated. For this purpose, a cyclone detection algorithm is applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data which determines the frequency of nearly ideal concentric high and low pressure systems for three years. From this distribution, three interesting time periods are selected at different seasons and the local near surface meteorological measurements, the turbulent fluxes at the surface and the boundary layer dynamics in the column are examined in case studies. The temporal variability of the dynamic stability of the planetary boundary layer in the column is examined by temporally high resolved vertical profiles of the bulk Richardson number from composite profiles compiled from remote sensing data (radiometer, wind LIDAR) as well as data from the BSRN mast. From these analyses, a clear dependence of the thermal stability during the passage of fronts, a corresponding dependence of the boundary layer dynamics and the boundary layer height as well as the turbulent exchange from the temporal variability of the wind speed in the column results. On the basis of the site analyses and the case studies, a comparison of near surface measurements and observations from the column is made, both from the above-mentioned remote sensing instruments and in-situ measurements (radio soundings) for the period of an intense radio sounding campaign with the non-hydrostatic regional climate model WRF (ARW). On the basis of the question as to how far current schemes can reproduce the boundary layer characteristics in complex terrain in the Arctic, two boundary layer parameterization schemes with different orders of closure are validated. For this purpose, the temporal variability of the temperature, humidity and wind field in the column up to 2000m height in the simulations is compared with observational data. It is shown that by modifying fields of initial value, a very good agreement between the simulations and the observations can already be achieved with a horizontal resolution of 1km. The choice of the boundary layer scheme has only a minor influence. From this, approaches to the further development of the parameterizations as well as recommendations concerning the initial value fields, such as the land mask and the orography, are proposed. KW - atmosphärische Grenzschicht KW - atmospheric boundary layer KW - Mikrometeorologie KW - micrometeorology KW - regionale Klimamodellierung KW - regional climate modelling KW - Turbulenzmessung KW - turbulence measurement KW - arktische Atmosphäre KW - Arctic atmosphere Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400058 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schröder, Henning T1 - Ultrafast electron dynamics in Fe(CO)5 and Cr(CO)6 T1 - Ultraschnelle Elektronendynamik in Fe(CO)5 und Cr(CO)6 N2 - In this thesis, the two prototype catalysts Fe(CO)₅ and Cr(CO)₆ are investigated with time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at a high harmonic setup. In both of these metal carbonyls, a UV photon can induce the dissociation of one or more ligands of the complex. The mechanism of the dissociation has been debated over the last decades. The electronic dynamics of the first dissociation occur on the femtosecond timescale. For the experiment, an existing high harmonic setup was moved to a new location, was extended, and characterized. The modified setup can induce dynamics in gas phase samples with photon energies of 1.55eV, 3.10eV, and 4.65eV. The valence electronic structure of the samples can be probed with photon energies between 20eV and 40eV. The temporal resolution is 111fs to 262fs, depending on the combination of the two photon energies. The electronically excited intermediates of the two complexes, as well as of the reaction product Fe(CO)₄, could be observed with photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase for the first time. However, photoelectron spectroscopy gives access only to the final ionic states. Corresponding calculations to simulate these spectra are still in development. The peak energies and their evolution in time with respect to the initiation pump pulse have been determined, these peaks have been assigned based on literature data. The spectra of the two complexes show clear differences. The dynamics have been interpreted with the assumption that the motion of peaks in the spectra relates to the movement of the wave packet in the multidimensional energy landscape. The results largely confirm existing models for the reaction pathways. In both metal carbonyls, this pathway involves a direct excitation of the wave packet to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer state and the subsequent crossing to a dissociative ligand field state. The coupling of the electronic dynamics to the nuclear dynamics could explain the slower dissociation in Fe(CO)₅ as compared to Cr(CO)₆. N2 - Diese Dissertation handelt von der Untersuchung der zwei Modell-Katalysatoren Fe(CO)₅ und Cr(CO)₆ mittels zeitaufgelöster Photoelektronen Spektroskopie an einem High Harmonic Setup. In beiden Metallcarbonyl kann die Dissoziation von einem, oder mehreren Liganden durch ein UV Photon ausgelöst werden. Der Dissoziation-Mechanismus wurde in den letzten Jahrzehnten diskutiert. Die Abspaltung des ersten Liganden und die damit verbundenen elektronischen Dynamiken finden auf Zeitskalen von Femtosekunden statt. Für die Durchführung dieses Experiments wurde ein bestehender High Harmonic Setup in ein neues Labor verlegt. Der Aufbau wurde erweitert und charakterisiert. Mit dem modifizierten Aufbau können nun Reaktionen in Gas-Phasen-Proben mit Photonenenergien von 1.55eV, 3.10eV und 4.65eV ausgelöst werden. Dabei kann die Valenz-Elektronen-Struktur mit Photonenenergien zwischen 20eV und 40eV untersucht werden. Die Zeitauflösung liegt im Bereich von 111fs bis 262fs und hängt von der Kombination der zwei Photonenenergien ab. Die beiden Komplexe sowie Fe(CO)₄ konnten in der Gas-Phase zum ersten Mal in elektronisch angeregten Zuständen mittels zeitaufgelöster Photoelektronenspektroskopie beobachtet werden. Im Allgemeinen kann jedoch mit der Photoelektronenspektroskopie nur der ionische Endzustand untersucht werden. Modellrechnungen zu den Spektren und die Entwicklung der dazugehörigen Theorie befinden derzeit noch in der Entwicklungsphase. Die Peaks in den Spektren konnten anhand von Literatur zugeordnet werden. Die Spektren der beiden Komplexe unterscheiden sich deutlich. Zu deren Interpretation wurde die Näherung verwendet, dass die Dynamik der Peaks in den Spektren die Bewegung des Wellenpakets in der multidimensionalen Energielandschaft darstellt. Die neuen Daten bestätigen weitestgehend bestehende Modelle für die Reaktionsmechanismen. Der Reaktionsmechanismus verläuft für beide Metallcarbonyle über eine direkte Anregung des Wellenpakets in einen metal-to-ligand charge transfer Zustand. Von dem angeregten Zustand aus kann das Wellenpaket in den dissoziativen ligand field Zustand wechseln. Dass die Reaktion in Fe(CO)₅ langsamer als in Cr(CO)₆ abläuft, kann durch die Kopplung der Dynamiken von Elektronen und Kernen erklärt werden. KW - dissertation KW - Dissertation KW - photo electron spectroscopy KW - physical chemistry KW - molecular dynamics KW - high harmonic generation KW - iron pentacarbonyl KW - chromium hexacarbonyl KW - metal carbonyls KW - ultrafast KW - dynamics KW - Photoelektronen KW - Spektroskopie KW - Moleküldynamik KW - high harmonic KW - Eisenpentacarbonyl KW - Chromhexacarbonyl KW - Photodissoziation KW - photodissociation KW - ligand KW - bond Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-94589 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schroetter, I. A1 - Bouche, Nicolas A1 - Wendt, Martin A1 - Contini, Thierry A1 - Finley, H. A1 - Pello, R. A1 - Bacon, Roland A1 - Cantalupo, Sebastiano A1 - Marino, Raffaella Anna A1 - Richard, J. A1 - Lilly, S. J. A1 - Schaye, Joop A1 - Soto, K. A1 - Steinmetz, Matthias A1 - Straka, Lorrie A. A1 - Wisotzki, Lutz T1 - MUSE GAS FLOW AND WIND (MEGAFLOW). I. FIRST MUSE RESULTS ON BACKGROUND QUASARS JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - The physical properties of galactic winds are one of the keys to understand galaxy formation and evolution. These properties can be constrained thanks to background quasar lines of sight (LOS) passing near star-forming galaxies (SFGs). We present the first results of the MusE GAs FLOw and Wind survey obtained from two quasar fields, which have eight Mg II absorbers of which three have rest equivalent width greater than 0.8 angstrom. With the new Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT), we detect six (75%) Mg II host galaxy candidates within a radius of 30. from the quasar LOS. Out of these six galaxy-quasar pairs, from geometrical argument, one is likely probing galactic outflows, where two are classified as "ambiguous,"two are likely probing extended gaseous disks and one pair seems to be a merger. We focus on the wind-pair and constrain the outflow using a high-resolution quasar spectra from the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph. Assuming the metal absorption to be due to ga;s flowing out of the detected galaxy through a cone along the minor axis, we find outflow velocities in the order of approximate to 150 km s(-1) (i.e., smaller than the escape velocity) with a loading factor, eta = M-out/SFR, of approximate to 0.7. We see evidence for an open conical flow, with a low-density inner core. In the future, MUSE will provide us with about 80 multiple galaxy-quasar pairs in two dozen fields. KW - galaxies: evolution KW - galaxies: formation KW - intergalactic medium KW - quasars: individual (SDSS J213748+001220, SDSS J215200+062516) Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/833/1/39 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 833 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreck, Simon A1 - Wernet, Philippe T1 - Isotope effects in liquid water probed by transmission mode x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge JF - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr N2 - The effects of isotope substitution in liquid water are probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O K-edge as measured in transmission mode. Confirming earlier x-ray Raman scattering experiments, the D2O spectrum is found to be blue shifted with respect to H2O, and the D2O spectrum to be less broadened. Following the earlier interpretations of UV and x-ray Raman spectra, the shift is related to the difference in ground-state zero-point energies between D2O and H2O, while the difference in broadening is related to the difference in ground-state vibrational zero-point distributions. We demonstrate that the transmission-mode measurements allow for determining the spectral shapes with unprecedented accuracy. Owing in addition to the increased spectral resolution and signal to noise ratio compared to the earlier measurements, the new data enable the stringent determination of blue shift and broadening in the O K-edge x-ray absorption spectrum of liquid water upon isotope substitution. The results are compared to UV absorption data, and it is discussed to which extent they reflect the differences in zero-point energies and vibrational zero-point distributions in the ground-states of the liquids. The influence of the shape of the final-state potential, inclusion of the Franck-Condon structure, and differences between liquid H2O and D2O resulting from different hydrogen-bond environments in the liquids are addressed. The differences between the O K-edge absorption spectra of water from our transmission-mode measurements and from the state-of-the-art x-ray Raman scattering experiments are discussed in addition. The experimentally extracted values of blue shift and broadening are proposed to serve as a test for calculations of ground-state zero-point energies and vibrational zero-point distributions in liquid H2O and D2O. This clearly motivates the need for new calculations of the O K-edge x-ray absorption spectrum of liquid water. Published by AIP Publishing. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962237 SN - 0021-9606 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 145 SP - 24 EP - 32 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreck, Simon A1 - Pietzsch, Annette A1 - Kennedy, Brian A1 - Sathe, Conny A1 - Miedema, Piter S. A1 - Techert, Simone A1 - Strocov, Vladimir N. A1 - Schmitt, Thorsten A1 - Hennies, Franz A1 - Rubensson, Jan-Erik A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander T1 - Ground state potential energy surfaces around selected atoms from resonant inelastic x-ray scattering JF - Scientific reports N2 - Thermally driven chemistry as well as materials’ functionality are determined by the potential energy surface of a systems electronic ground state. This makes the potential energy surface a central and powerful concept in physics, chemistry and materials science. However, direct experimental access to the potential energy surface locally around atomic centers and to its long-range structure are lacking. Here we demonstrate how sub-natural linewidth resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering at vibrational resolution is utilized to determine ground state potential energy surfaces locally and detect long-range changes of the potentials that are driven by local modifications. We show how the general concept is applicable not only to small isolated molecules such as O2 but also to strongly interacting systems such as the hydrogen bond network in liquid water. The weak perturbation to the potential energy surface through hydrogen bonding is observed as a trend towards softening of the ground state potential around the coordinating atom. The instrumental developments in high resolution resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering are currently accelerating and will enable broad application of the presented approach. With this multidimensional potential energy surfaces that characterize collective phenomena such as (bio)molecular function or high-temperature superconductivity will become accessible in near future. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20054 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 6 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich A1 - Rogelj, Joeri A1 - Schaeffer, Michiel A1 - Lissner, Tabea A1 - Licker, Rachel A1 - Fischer, Erich M. A1 - Knutti, Reto A1 - Levermann, Anders A1 - Frieler, Katja A1 - Hare, William T1 - Science and policy characteristics of the Paris Agreement temperature goal JF - Nature climate change Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE3096 SN - 1758-678X SN - 1758-6798 VL - 6 SP - 827 EP - 835 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich A1 - Donges, Jonathan A1 - Engemann, Denis A. A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Clustered marginalization of minorities during social transitions induced by co-evolution of behaviour and network structure JF - Scientific reports N2 - Large-scale transitions in societies are associated with both individual behavioural change and restructuring of the social network. These two factors have often been considered independently, yet recent advances in social network research challenge this view. Here we show that common features of societal marginalization and clustering emerge naturally during transitions in a co-evolutionary adaptive network model. This is achieved by explicitly considering the interplay between individual interaction and a dynamic network structure in behavioural selection. We exemplify this mechanism by simulating how smoking behaviour and the network structure get reconfigured by changing social norms. Our results are consistent with empirical findings: The prevalence of smoking was reduced, remaining smokers were preferentially connected among each other and formed increasingly marginalized clusters. We propose that self-amplifying feedbacks between individual behaviour and dynamic restructuring of the network are main drivers of the transition. This generative mechanism for co-evolution of individual behaviour and social network structure may apply to a wide range of examples beyond smoking. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30790 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 6 SP - 3407 EP - 3417 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schimka, Selina A1 - Santer, Svetlana A1 - Mujkic-Ninnemann, Nina M. A1 - Bleger, David A1 - Hartmann, Laura A1 - Wehle, Marko A1 - Lipowsky, Reinhard A1 - Santer, Mark T1 - Photosensitive Peptidomimetic for Light-Controlled, Reversible DNA Compaction JF - Biomacromolecules : an interdisciplinary journal focused at the interface of polymer science and the biological sciences N2 - Light-induced DNA compaction as part of nonviral gene delivery was investigated intensively in the past years, although the bridging between the artificial light switchable compacting.agents and biodompatible light insensitive compacting agents was not achieved until now. In this paper, we report on light-induced compaction and decompaction of DNA molecules in the presence of a new typeof agent, a multivalent cationic peptidomimetic molecule containing a photosensitive Azo-group as a branch (Azo-PM). Az-o-PM is synthesized using a solid-phase procedure during Which anrazoberizene unit is attached as a side chain to an Oligo(arnidoamine) backbone. We shoW, that within a-certain Tange,of concentrations and under illumination with light of appropriate-wavelengths, these cationic Molecules induce reversible DNA compaction/decompaction by photo-isomerization of the incorporated azobenzene unit between a hydrophobic trans- and 4 hydrophilic cis-conformation, as characterized by dynamic light scattering and AFM measurements. In contrast to other molecular Species used for invasive DNA compaction, such as-widely used azobenzene containing cationic surfactant (Azo-TAR, C-4-Azo-OCX-TMAB), the presented peptidomimetic agent appears to lead to different compleication/compaction mechanisms., An investigation of Ato-PM in close proximity to a DNA segment by means of a molecular dynamics simulation sustains a picture in which Azo-PM acts as a multivalent counterion, with its rather large cationic oligo(amidoamine) backbone dominating the interaction with the double helix, fine-tuned or assisted by the presence" andisomerization state of the Azo-moiety. However, due to its peptidomimetic backbone, Azo-PM should be far less toxic than photosensitive surfactants and might represent a starting point for a conscious design of photoswitchable, biocompatible vectors for gene delivery. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00052 SN - 1525-7797 SN - 1526-4602 VL - 17 SP - 1959 EP - 1968 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schick, Daniel A1 - Le Guyader, Loic A1 - Pontius, Niko A1 - Radu, Ilie A1 - Kachel, Torsten A1 - Mitzner, Rolf A1 - Zeschke, Thomas A1 - Schuessler-Langeheine, Christian A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Holldack, Karsten T1 - Analysis of the halo background in femtosecond slicing experiments JF - Journal of synchrotron radiation N2 - The slicing facility FemtoSpeX at BESSY II offers unique opportunities to study photo-induced dynamics on femtosecond time scales by means of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, resonant and non-resonant X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments in the soft X-ray regime. Besides femtosecond X-ray pulses, slicing sources inherently also produce a so-called `halo' background with a different time structure, polarization and pointing. Here a detailed experimental characterization of the halo radiation is presented, and a method is demonstrated for its correct and unambiguous removal from femtosecond time-resolved data using a special laser triggering scheme as well as analytical models. Examples are given for time-resolved measurements with corresponding halo correction, and errors of the relevant physical quantities caused by either neglecting or by applying a simplified model to describe this background are estimated. KW - femtosecond slicing KW - halo KW - pump-probe KW - XMCD KW - X-ray scattering Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057751600401X SN - 1600-5775 VL - 23 SP - 700 EP - 711 PB - International Union of Crystallography CY - Chester ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schick, Daniel A1 - Eckert, Sebastian A1 - Pontius, Niko A1 - Mitzner, Rolf A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Holldack, Karsten A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi T1 - Versatile soft X-ray-optical cross-correlator for ultrafast applications T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - We present an X-ray-optical cross-correlator for the soft (> 150 eV) up to the hard X-ray regime based on a molybdenum-silicon superlattice. The cross-correlation is done by probing intensity and position changes of superlattice Bragg peaks caused by photoexcitation of coherent phonons. This approach is applicable for a wide range of X-ray photon energies as well as for a broad range of excitation wavelengths and requires no external fields or changes of temperature. Moreover, the cross-correlator can be employed on a 10 ps or 100 fs time scale featuring up to 50% total X-ray reflectivity and transient signal changes of more than 20%. (C) 2016 Author(s). T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1331 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-436962 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1331 SP - 054304-1 EP - 054304-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schick, Daniel A1 - Eckert, Sebastian A1 - Pontius, Niko A1 - Mitzner, Rolf A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Holldack, Karsten A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi T1 - Versatile soft X-ray-optical cross-correlator for ultrafast applications JF - Structural dynamics N2 - We present an X-ray-optical cross-correlator for the soft (> 150 eV) up to the hard X-ray regime based on a molybdenum-silicon superlattice. The cross-correlation is done by probing intensity and position changes of superlattice Bragg peaks caused by photoexcitation of coherent phonons. This approach is applicable for a wide range of X-ray photon energies as well as for a broad range of excitation wavelengths and requires no external fields or changes of temperature. Moreover, the cross-correlator can be employed on a 10 ps or 100 fs time scale featuring up to 50% total X-ray reflectivity and transient signal changes of more than 20%. (C) 2016 Author(s). Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4964296 SN - 2329-7778 VL - 3 SP - 054304-1 EP - 054304-8 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santos de Lima, Reinaldo A1 - Yan, Huirong A1 - de Gouveia Dal Pino, E. M. A1 - Lazarian, A. T1 - Limits on the ion temperature anisotropy in the turbulent intracluster medium JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - Turbulence in the weakly collisional intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxies is able to generate strong thermal velocity anisotropies in the ions (with respect to the local magnetic field direction), if the magnetic moment of the particles is conserved in the absence of Coulomb collisions. In this scenario, the anisotropic pressure magnetohydrodynamic (AMHD) turbulence shows a very different statistical behaviour from the standard MHD one and is unable to amplify seed magnetic fields. This is in contrast to previous cosmological MHD simulations that are successful in explaining the observed magnetic fields in the ICM. On the other hand, temperature anisotropies can also drive plasma instabilities that can relax the anisotropy. This work aims to compare the relaxation rate with the growth rate of the anisotropies driven by the turbulence. We employ quasi-linear theory to estimate the ion scattering rate resulting from the parallel firehose, mirror and ion-cyclotron instabilities, for a set of plasma parameters resulting from AMHD simulations of the turbulent ICM. We show that the ICM turbulence can sustain only anisotropy levels very close to the instability thresholds. We argue that the AMHD model that bounds the anisotropies at the marginal stability levels can describe the Alfv,nic turbulence cascade in the ICM. KW - MHD KW - plasmas KW - turbulence KW - galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1079 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 460 SP - 2492 EP - 2504 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sandmann, Michael A1 - Garz, Andreas A1 - Menzel, Ralf T1 - Physiological response of two different Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains to light-dark rhythms JF - Botany N2 - Cells of a cell-wall deficient line (cw15-type) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and of the corresponding wild type were grown during repetitive light-dark cycles. In a direct comparison, both lines showed approximately the same relative biomass increase during light phase but the cw-line produced significantly more, and smaller, daughter cells. Throughout the light period the average cellular starch content, the cellular chlorophyll content, the cellular rate of dark respiration, and the cellular rate of photosynthesis of the cw-line was lower. Despite this, several non-cell volume related parameters like the development of starch content per cell volume were clearly different over time between the strains. Additionally, the chlorophyll-based photosynthesis rates were 2-fold higher in the mutant than in the wild-type cells, and the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b as well as the light-saturation index were also consistently higher in the mutant cells. Differences in the starch content were also confirmed by single cell analyses using a sensitive SHG-based microscopy approach. In summary, the cw15-type mutant deviates from its genetic background in the entire cell physiology. Both lines should be used in further studies in comparative systems biology with focus on the detailed relation between cell volume increase, photosynthesis, starch metabolism, and daughter cell productivity. KW - cell wall deficient mutant KW - diurnal rhythm KW - nonlinear microscopy KW - photosynthesis KW - single-cell analysis Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0144 SN - 1916-2790 SN - 1916-2804 VL - 94 SP - 53 EP - 64 PB - NRC Research Press CY - Ottawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sandin, C. A1 - Steffen, M. A1 - Schoenberner, D. A1 - Rühling, Ute T1 - Hot bubbles of planetary nebulae with hydrogen-deficient winds I. Heat conduction in a chemically stratified plasma JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Heat conduction has been found a plausible solution to explain discrepancies between expected and measured temperatures in hot bubbles of planetary nebulae (PNe). While the heat conduction process depends on the chemical composition, to date it has been exclusively studied for pure hydrogen plasmas in PNe. A smaller population of PNe show hydrogen-deficient and helium-and carbon-enriched surfaces surrounded by bubbles of the same composition; considerable differences are expected in physical properties of these objects in comparison to the pure hydrogen case. The aim of this study is to explore how a chemistry-dependent formulation of the heat conduction affects physical properties and how it affects the X-ray emission from PN bubbles of hydrogen-deficient stars. We extend the description of heat conduction in our radiation hydrodynamics code to work with any chemical composition. We then compare the bubble-formation process with a representative PN model using both the new and the old descriptions. We also compare differences in the resulting X-ray temperature and luminosity observables of the two descriptions. The improved equations show that the heat conduction in our representative model of a hydrogen-deficient PN is nearly as efficient with the chemistry-dependent description; a lower value on the diffusion coefficient is compensated by a slightly steeper temperature gradient. The bubble becomes somewhat hotter with the improved equations, but differences are otherwise minute. The observable properties of the bubble in terms of the X-ray temperature and luminosity are seemingly unaffected. KW - conduction KW - hydrodynamics KW - planetary nebulae: general KW - stars: AGB and post-AGB KW - stars: Wolf-Rayet KW - X-rays: stars Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527357 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 586 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sandev, Trifce A1 - Iomin, Alexander A1 - Kantz, Holger A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. T1 - Comb Model with Slow and Ultraslow Diffusion JF - Mathematical modelling of natural phenomena N2 - We consider a generalized diffusion equation in two dimensions for modeling diffusion on a comb-like structures. We analyze the probability distribution functions and we derive the mean squared displacement in x and y directions. Different forms of the memory kernels (Dirac delta, power-law, and distributed order) are considered. It is shown that anomalous diffusion may occur along both x and y directions. Ultraslow diffusion and some more general diffusive processes are observed as well. We give the corresponding continuous time random walk model for the considered two dimensional diffusion-like equation on a comb, and we derive the probability distribution functions which subordinate the process governed by this equation to the Wiener process. KW - comb-like model KW - anomalous diffusion KW - mean squared displacement KW - probability density function Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/201611302 SN - 0973-5348 SN - 1760-6101 VL - 11 SP - 18 EP - 33 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sander, Mathias A1 - Koc, A. A1 - Kwamen, C. T. A1 - Michaels, H. A1 - Reppert, Alexander von A1 - Pudell, Jan-Etienne A1 - Zamponi, Flavio A1 - Bargheer, Matias A1 - Sellmann, J. A1 - Schwarzkopf, J. A1 - Gaal, P. T1 - Characterization of an ultrafast Bragg-Switch for shortening hard x-ray pulses JF - Journal of applied physics N2 - We present a nanostructured device that functions as photoacoustic hard x-ray switch. The device is triggered by femtosecond laser pulses and allows for temporal gating of hard x-rays on picosecond (ps) timescales. It may be used for pulse picking or even pulse shortening in 3rd generation synchrotron sources. Previous approaches mainly suffered from insufficient switching contrasts due to excitation-induced thermal distortions. We present a new approach where thermal distortions are spatially separated from the functional switching layers in the structure. Our measurements yield a switching contrast of 14, which is sufficient for efficient hard x-ray pulse shortening. The optimized structure also allows for utilizing the switch at high repetition rates of up to 208 kHz. Published by AIP Publishing. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4967835 SN - 0021-8979 SN - 1089-7550 VL - 120 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rätzel, Dennis A1 - Wilkens, Martin A1 - Menzel, Ralf T1 - Gravitational properties of light BT - the gravitational field of a laser pulse N2 - The gravitational field of a laser pulse of finite lifetime, is investigated in the framework of linearized gravity. Although the effects are very small, they may be of fundamental physical interest. It is shown that the gravitational field of a linearly polarized light pulse is modulated as the norm of the corresponding electric field strength, while no modulations arise for circular polarization. In general, the gravitational field is independent of the polarization direction. It is shown that all physical effects are confined to spherical shells expanding with the speed of light, and that these shells are imprints of the spacetime events representing emission and absorption of the pulse. Nearby test particles at rest are attracted towards the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to the emission of the pulse, and they are repelled from the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to its absorption. Examples are given for the size of the attractive effect. It is recovered that massless test particles do not experience any physical effect if they are co-propagating with the pulse, and that the acceleration of massless test particles counter-propagating with respect to the pulse is four times stronger than for massive particles at rest. The similarities between the gravitational effect of a laser pulse and Newtonian gravity in two dimensions are pointed out. The spacetime curvature close to the pulse is compared to that induced by gravitational waves from astronomical sources. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 222 KW - electromagnetic radiation KW - general relativity KW - gravity KW - laser pulses KW - linearized gravity KW - pp-wave solutions Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-90553 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rätzel, Dennis A1 - Wilkens, Martin A1 - Menzel, Ralf T1 - Gravitational properties of light BT - the gravitational field of a laser pulse JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - The gravitational field of a laser pulse of finite lifetime, is investigated in the framework of linearized gravity. Although the effects are very small, they may be of fundamental physical interest. It is shown that the gravitational field of a linearly polarized light pulse is modulated as the norm of the corresponding electric field strength, while no modulations arise for circular polarization. In general, the gravitational field is independent of the polarization direction. It is shown that all physical effects are confined to spherical shells expanding with the speed of light, and that these shells are imprints of the spacetime events representing emission and absorption of the pulse. Nearby test particles at rest are attracted towards the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to the emission of the pulse, and they are repelled from the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to its absorption. Examples are given for the size of the attractive effect. It is recovered that massless test particles do not experience any physical effect if they are co-propagating with the pulse, and that the acceleration of massless test particles counter-propagating with respect to the pulse is four times stronger than for massive particles at rest. The similarities between the gravitational effect of a laser pulse and Newtonian gravity in two dimensions are pointed out. The spacetime curvature close to the pulse is compared to that induced by gravitational waves from astronomical sources. KW - gravity KW - general relativity KW - laser pulses KW - electromagnetic radiation KW - linearized gravity KW - pp-wave solutions Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023009 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 18 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - IOP Science CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rätzel, Dennis A1 - Wilkens, Martin A1 - Menzel, Ralf T1 - Gravitational properties of light-the gravitational field of a laser pulse JF - NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS N2 - The gravitational field of a laser pulse of finite lifetime, is investigated in the framework of linearized gravity. Although the effects are very small, they may be of fundamental physical interest. It is shown that the gravitational field of a linearly polarized light pulse is modulated as the norm of the corresponding electric field strength, while no modulations arise for circular polarization. In general, the gravitational field is independent of the polarization direction. It is shown that all physical effects are confined to spherical shells expanding with the speed of light, and that these shells are imprints of the spacetime events representing emission and absorption of the pulse. Nearby test particles at rest are attracted towards the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to the emission of the pulse, and they are repelled from the pulse trajectory by the gravitational field due to its absorption. Examples are given for the size of the attractive effect. It is recovered that massless test particles do not experience any physical effect if they are co-propagating with the pulse, and that the acceleration of massless test particles counter-propagating with respect to the pulse is four times stronger than for massive particles at rest. The similarities between the gravitational effect of a laser pulse and Newtonian gravity in two dimensions are pointed out. The spacetime curvature close to the pulse is compared to that induced by gravitational waves from astronomical sources. KW - gravity KW - general relativity KW - laser pulses KW - electromagnetic radiation KW - linearized gravity KW - pp-wave solutions Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/023009 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 18 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rätzel, Dennis A1 - Wilkens, Martin A1 - Menzel, Ralf T1 - The effect of entanglement in gravitational photon-photon scattering JF - epl : a letters journal exploring the frontiers of physics N2 - The differential cross-section for gravitational photon-photon scattering calculated in perturbative quantum gravity is shown to depend on the degree of polarization entanglement of the two photons. The interaction between photons in the symmetric Bell state is stronger than between not entangled photons. In contrast, the interaction between photons in the anti-symmetric Bell state is weaker than between not entangled photons. The results are interpreted in terms of quantum interference, and it is shown how they fit into the idea of distance-dependent forces. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2016 Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/115/51002 SN - 0295-5075 SN - 1286-4854 VL - 115 SP - S12 EP - S13 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Mulhouse ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ryabchun, Alexander A1 - Kollosche, Matthias A1 - Wegener, Michael A1 - Sakhno, Oksana T1 - Holographic Structuring of Elastomer Actuator: First True Monolithic Tunable Elastomer Optics JF - Advanced materials N2 - Volume diffraction gratings (VDGs) are inscribed selectively by diffusive introduction of benzophenone and subsequent UV-holographic structuring into an electroactive dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA), to afford a continuous voltage-controlled grating shift of 17%. The internal stress coupling of DEA and optical domain allows for a new generation of true monolithic tunable elastomer optics with voltage controlled properties. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602881 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 28 SP - 10217 EP - 10223 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Ruppert, Jan T1 - The Low-Mass Young Stellar Content in the Extended Environment of the Galactic Starburst Region NGC3603 Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roshchupkin, Dmitry A1 - Ortega, Luc A1 - Plotitcyna, Olga A1 - Erko, Alexei A1 - Zizak, Ivo A1 - Vadilonga, Simone A1 - Irzhak, Dmitry A1 - Emelin, Evgenii A1 - Buzanov, Oleg A1 - Leitenberger, Wolfram T1 - Piezoelectric Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 crystal: crystal growth, piezoelectric and acoustic properties JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 (CNGS), a five-component crystal of lanthanum-gallium silicate group, was grown by the Czochralski method. The parameters of the elementary unit cell of the crystal were measured by powder diffraction. The independent piezoelectric strain coefficients d(11) and d(14) were determined by the triple-axis X-ray diffraction in the Bragg and Laue geometries. Excitation and propagation of surface acoustic waves (SAW) were studied by high-resolution X-ray diffraction at BESSY II synchrotron radiation source. The velocity of SAW propagation and power flow angles in the Y-, X-and yxl/+36 degrees-cuts of the CNGS crystal were determined from the analysis of the diffraction spectra. The CNGS crystal was found practically isotropic by its acoustic properties. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0279-1 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 122 SP - 2803 EP - 2812 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romita, Krista A1 - Lada, Elizabeth A1 - Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. T1 - EMBEDDED CLUSTERS IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD USING THE VISTA MAGELLANIC CLOUDS SURVEY JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - We present initial results of the first large-scale survey of embedded star clusters in molecular clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using near-infrared imaging from the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Magellanic Clouds Survey. We explored a ~1.65 deg2 area of the LMC, which contains the well-known star-forming region 30 Doradus as well as ~14% of the galaxy's CO clouds, and identified 67 embedded cluster candidates, 45 of which are newly discovered as clusters. We have determined the sizes, luminosities, and masses for these embedded clusters, examined the star formation rates (SFRs) of their corresponding molecular clouds, and made a comparison between the LMC and the Milky Way. Our preliminary results indicate that embedded clusters in the LMC are generally larger, more luminous, and more massive than those in the local Milky Way. We also find that the surface densities of both embedded clusters and molecular clouds is ~3 times higher than in our local environment, the embedded cluster mass surface density is ~40 times higher, the SFR is ~20 times higher, and the star formation efficiency is ~10 times higher. Despite these differences, the SFRs of the LMC molecular clouds are consistent with the SFR scaling law presented in Lada et al. This consistency indicates that while the conditions of embedded cluster formation may vary between environments, the overall process within molecular clouds may be universal. KW - galaxies: star clusters: general KW - Magellanic Clouds KW - stars: formation Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/51 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 821 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ripoll, Jean-François A1 - Loridan, Vivien A1 - Cunningham, G. S. A1 - Reeves, Geoffrey D. A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. T1 - On the time needed to reach an equilibrium structure of the radiation belts JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - In this study, we complement the notion of equilibrium states of the radiation belts with a discussion on the dynamics and time needed to reach equilibrium. We solve for the equilibrium states obtained using 1-D radial diffusion with recently developed hiss and chorus lifetimes at constant values of Kp = 1, 3, and 6. We find that the equilibrium states at moderately low Kp, when plotted versus L shell (L) and energy (E), display the same interesting S shape for the inner edge of the outer belt as recently observed by the Van Allen Probes. The S shape is also produced as the radiation belts dynamically evolve toward the equilibrium state when initialized to simulate the buildup after a massive dropout or to simulate loss due to outward diffusion from a saturated state. Physically, this shape, intimately linked with the slot structure, is due to the dependence of electron loss rate (originating from wave-particle interactions) on both energy and L shell. Equilibrium electron flux profiles are governed by the Biot number (tau(Diffusion)/tau(loss)), with large Biot number corresponding to low fluxes and low Biot number to large fluxes. The time it takes for the flux at a specific (L, E) to reach the value associated with the equilibrium state, starting from these different initial states, is governed by the initial state of the belts, the property of the dynamics (diffusion coefficients), and the size of the domain of computation. Its structure shows a rather complex scissor form in the (L, E) plane. The equilibrium value (phase space density or flux) is practically reachable only for selected regions in (L, E) and geomagnetic activity. Convergence to equilibrium requires hundreds of days in the inner belt for E>300 keV and moderate Kp (<= 3). It takes less time to reach equilibrium during disturbed geomagnetic conditions (Kp = 3), when the system evolves faster. Restricting our interest to the slot region, below L = 4, we find that only small regions in (L, E) space can reach the equilibrium value: E similar to [200, 300] keV for L= [3.7, 4] at Kp= 1, E similar to[0.6, 1] MeV for L = [3, 4] at Kp = 3, and E similar to 300 keV for L = [3.5, 4] at Kp = 6 assuming no new incoming electrons. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022207 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 121 SP - 7684 EP - 7698 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ripepi, Vincenzo A1 - Marconi, M. A1 - Moretti, M. I. A1 - Clementini, Gisella A1 - Cioni, Maria-Rosa L. A1 - de Grijs, Richard A1 - Emerson, J. P. A1 - Groenewegen, M. A. T. A1 - Ivanov, V. D. A1 - Piatti, A. E. T1 - THE VMC SURVEY. XIX. CLASSICAL CEPHEIDS IN THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics ; Supplement series N2 - The "VISTA near-infrared YJK(s) survey of the Magellanic Clouds System" (VMC) is collecting deep K-s-band time-series photometry of pulsating variable stars hosted by the two Magellanic Clouds and their connecting Bridge. In this paper, we present Y, J, K-s light curves for a sample of 4172 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) Classical Cepheids (CCs). These data, complemented with literature V values, allowed us to construct a variety of period-luminosity (PL), period-luminosity-color (PLC), and period-Wesenheit (PW) relationships, which are valid for Fundamental (F), First Overtone (FO), and Second Overtone (SO) pulsators. The relations involving the V, J, K-s bands are in agreement with their counterparts in the literature. As for the Y band, to our knowledge, we present the first CC PL, PW, and PLC relations ever derived using this filter. We also present the first near-infrared PL, PW, and PLC relations for SO pulsators to date. We used PW(V, K-s) to estimate the relative SMC-LMC distance and, in turn, the absolute distance to the SMC. For the former quantity, we find a value of Delta mu = 0.55. +/- 0.04 mag, which is in rather good agreement with other evaluations based on CCs, but significantly larger than the results obtained from older population II distance indicators. This discrepancy might be due to the different geometric distributions of young and old tracers in both Clouds. As for the absolute distance to the SMC, our best estimates are mu(SMC) = 19.01 +/- 0.05 mag and mu(SMC) = 19.04 +/- 0.06 mag, based on two distance measurements to the LMC which rely on accurate CC and eclipsing Cepheid binary data, respectively. KW - distance scale KW - Magellanic Clouds KW - stars: oscillations KW - stars: variables: Cepheids Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/21 SN - 0067-0049 SN - 1538-4365 VL - 224 SP - 199 EP - 229 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Philipp A1 - Wakker, Bart P. A1 - Fechner, Cora A1 - Herenz, Peter A1 - Tepper-Garcia, T. A1 - Fox, Andrew J. T1 - An HST/COS legacy survey of intervening Si III absorption in the extended gaseous halos of low-redshift galaxies JF - Climate : open access journal N2 - Aims. Doubly ionized silicon (Si III) is a powerful tracer of diffuse ionized gas inside and outside of galaxies. It can be observed in the local Universe in ultraviolet (UV) absorption against bright extragalactic background sources. We here present an extensive study of intervening Si III-selected absorbers and study the properties of the warm circumgalactic medium (CGM) around low-redshift (z <= 0.1) galaxies. Methods. We analyzed the UV absorption spectra of 303 extragalactic background sources, as obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We developed a geometrical model for the absorption-cross section of the CGM around the local galaxy population and compared the observed Si III absorption statistics with predictions provided by the model. We also compared redshifts and positions of the absorbers with those of similar to 64 000 galaxies using archival galaxy-survey data to investigate the relation between intervening Si III absorbers and the CGM. Results. Along a total redshift path of Delta z approximate to 24, we identify 69 intervening Si III systems that all show associated absorption from other low and high ions (e.g., H I, Si II, Si IV, C II, C IV). We derive a bias-corrected number density of dN/dz(Si III) = 2.5 +/- 0.4 for absorbers with column densities log N(Si III) > 12.2, which is similar to 3 times the number density of strong Mg II systems at z = 0. This number density matches the expected cross section of a Si III absorbing CGM around the local galaxy population with a mean covering fraction of < f(c)> = 0.69. For the majority (similar to 60 percent) of the absorbers, we identify possible host galaxies within 300 km s(-1) of the absorbers and derive impact parameters rho < 200 kpc, demonstrating that the spatial distributions of Si III absorbers and galaxies are highly correlated. Conclusions. Our study indicates that the majority of Si III-selected absorbers in our sample trace the CGM of nearby galaxies within their virial radii at a typical covering fraction of similar to 70 percent. We estimate that diffuse gas in the CGM around galaxies, as traced by Si III, contains substantially more (more than twice as much) baryonic mass than their neutral interstellar medium. KW - galaxies: halos KW - galaxies: formation KW - intergalactic medium KW - quasars: absorption lines Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527038 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 590 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richardson, Noel D. A1 - Shenar, Tomer A1 - Roy-Loubier, Olivier A1 - Schaefer, Gail A1 - Moffat, Anthony F. J. A1 - St-Louis, Nicole A1 - Gies, Douglas R. A1 - Farrington, Chris A1 - Hill, Grant M. A1 - Williams, Peredur M. A1 - Gordon, Kathryn A1 - Pablo, Herbert A1 - Ramiaramanantsoa, Tahina T1 - The CHARA Array resolves the long-period Wolf-Rayet binaries WR 137 and WR 138 JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - We report on interferometric observations with the CHARAArray of two classical Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars in suspected binary systems, namely WR 137 and WR 138. In both cases, we resolve the component stars to be separated by a few milliarcseconds. The data were collected in the H band, and provide a measure of the fractional flux for both stars in each system. We find that the WR star is the dominant H-band light source in both systems (fWR, 137 = 0.59 +/- 0.04; fWR, 138 = 0.67 +/- 0.01), which is confirmed through both comparisons with estimated fundamental parameters for WR stars and O dwarfs, as well as through spectral modelling of each system. Our spectral modelling also provides fundamental parameters for the stars and winds in these systems. The results on WR 138 provide evidence that it is a binary system which may have gone through a previous mass-transfer episode to create the WR star. The separation and position of the stars in the WR 137 system together with previous results from the IOTA interferometer provides evidence that the binary is seen nearly edgeon. The possible edge-on orbit of WR 137 aligns well with the dust production site imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope during a previous periastron passage, showing that the dust production may be concentrated in the orbital plane. KW - binaries: visual KW - stars: individual: WR 137 KW - stars: individual: WR 138 KW - stars: mass-loss KW - stars: winds, outflows KW - stars: Wolf-Rayet Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1585 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 461 SP - 4115 EP - 4124 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - THES A1 - Rezanezhad, Vahid T1 - Inversion of the 2004 M6.0 Parkfield Earthquake Coseismic Offsets by Partition Model Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rettig, Robert T1 - Über die Anisotropie der Kosmischen Strahlung Y1 - 2016 ER -