TY - GEN A1 - Frank, Ulrike A1 - Radtke, Julia A1 - Nienstedt, Julie Cläre A1 - Pötter-Nerger, Monika A1 - Schönwald, Beate A1 - Buhmann, Carsten A1 - Gerloff, Christian A1 - Niessen, Almut A1 - Flügel, Till A1 - Koseki, Jana-Christiane A1 - Pflug, Christina T1 - Dysphagia screening in Parkinson's Disease BT - a diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional study investigating the applicability of the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background Simple water-swallowing screening tools are not predictive of aspiration and dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of a multi-texture screening tool, the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) to identify aspiration and dysphagia/penetration in PD patients compared to flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Methods Swallowing function was evaluated in 51 PD participants in clinical 'on-medication' state with the GUSS and a FEES examination according to standardized protocols. Inter-rater reliability and convergent validity were determined and GUSS- and FEES-based diet recommendations were compared. Key Results Inter-rater reliability of GUSS ratings was high (r(s) = 0.8; p < 0.001). Aspiration was identified by the GUSS with a sensitivity of 50%, and specificity of 51.35% (PPV 28%, NPV 73%, LR+ 1.03, LR- 0.97), dysphagia/penetration was identified with 72.97% sensitivity and 35.71% specificity (PPV 75%, NPV 33.33%, LR+ 1.14, LR- 0.76). Agreement between GUSS- and FEES-based diet recommendations was low (r(s) = 0.12, p = 0.42) with consistent NPO (Nil per Os) allocation by GUSS and FEES in only one participant. Conclusions and Inferences The multi-texture screening tool GUSS in its current form, although applicable with good inter-rater reliability, does not detect aspiration in PD patients with acceptable accuracy. Modifications of the GUSS parameters "coughing," "voice change" and "delayed swallowing" might enhance validity. The GUSS' diet recommendations overestimate the need for oral intake restriction in PD patients and should be verified by instrumental swallowing examination. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 854 KW - aspiration KW - dysphagia KW - FEES KW - Gugging Swallowing Screen KW - Parkinson' s disease Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569625 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 5 ER - TY - GEN A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Poppels, Till A1 - Levy, Roger P. T1 - Implicit gender bias in linguistic descriptions for expected events BT - the cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom elections T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Gender stereotypes influence subjective beliefs about the world, and this is reflected in our use of language. But do gender biases in language transparently reflect subjective beliefs? Or is the process of translating thought to language itself biased? During the 2016 United States (N = 24,863) and 2017 United Kingdom (N = 2,609) electoral campaigns, we compared participants' beliefs about the gender of the next head of government with their use and interpretation of pronouns referring to the next head of government. In the United States, even when the female candidate was expected to win, she pronouns were rarely produced and induced substantial comprehension disruption. In the United Kingdom, where the incumbent female candidate was heavily favored, she pronouns were preferred in production but yielded no comprehension advantage. These and other findings suggest that the language system itself is a source of implicit biases above and beyond previously known biases, such as those measured by the Implicit Association Test. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 856 KW - language KW - psycholinguistics KW - event expectations KW - reference KW - implicit bias KW - open data KW - open materials Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516154 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Poppels, Till A1 - Levy, Roger P. T1 - Implicit gender bias in linguistic descriptions for expected events BT - the cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom elections JF - Psychological Science N2 - Gender stereotypes influence subjective beliefs about the world, and this is reflected in our use of language. But do gender biases in language transparently reflect subjective beliefs? Or is the process of translating thought to language itself biased? During the 2016 United States (N = 24,863) and 2017 United Kingdom (N = 2,609) electoral campaigns, we compared participants' beliefs about the gender of the next head of government with their use and interpretation of pronouns referring to the next head of government. In the United States, even when the female candidate was expected to win, she pronouns were rarely produced and induced substantial comprehension disruption. In the United Kingdom, where the incumbent female candidate was heavily favored, she pronouns were preferred in production but yielded no comprehension advantage. These and other findings suggest that the language system itself is a source of implicit biases above and beyond previously known biases, such as those measured by the Implicit Association Test. KW - language KW - psycholinguistics KW - event expectations KW - reference KW - implicit bias KW - open data KW - open materials Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619890619 SN - 0956-7976 SN - 1467-9280 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - 115 EP - 128 PB - Sage CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Parshina, Olga A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. T1 - Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL. KW - bilingualism KW - heritage language KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - Russian KW - children KW - L2 learners Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892000019X SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 82 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Fritzsche, Tom A1 - Meß, Katharina A1 - Philipp, Mareike A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Only the right noise? BT - Effects of phonetic and visual input variability on 14-month-olds' minimal pair word learning JF - Developmental Science N2 - Seminal work by Werker and colleagues (Stager & Werker [1997]Nature, 388, 381-382) has found that 14-month-old infants do not show evidence for learning minimal pairs in the habituation-switch paradigm. However, when multiple speakers produce the minimal pair in acoustically variable ways, infants' performance improves in comparison to a single speaker condition (Rost & McMurray [2009]Developmental Science, 12, 339-349). The current study further extends these results and assesses how different kinds of input variability affect 14-month-olds' minimal pair learning in the habituation-switch paradigm testing German learning infants. The first two experiments investigated word learning when the labels were spoken by a single speaker versus when the labels were spoken by multiple speakers. In the third experiment we studied whether non-acoustic variability, implemented by visual variability of the objects presented together with the labels, would also affect minimal pair learning. We found enhanced learning in the multiple speakers compared to the single speaker condition, confirming previous findings with English-learning infants. In contrast, visual variability of the presented objects did not support learning. These findings both confirm and better delimit the beneficial role of speech-specific variability in minimal pair learning. Finally, we review different proposals on the mechanisms via which variability confers benefits to learning and outline what may be likely principles that underlie this benefit. We highlight among these the multiplicity of acoustic cues signalling phonemic contrasts and the presence of relations among these cues. It is in these relations where we trace part of the source for the apparent paradoxical benefit of variability in learning. KW - acoustic variability KW - habituation-switch paradigm KW - infant word learning KW - minimal pairs KW - phonological development KW - visual variability Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12950 SN - 1363-755X SN - 1467-7687 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - GEN A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Fritzsche, Tom A1 - Meß, Katharina A1 - Philipp, Mareike A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Only the right noise? BT - Effects of phonetic and visual input variability on 14-month-olds' minimal pair word learning T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Seminal work by Werker and colleagues (Stager & Werker [1997]Nature, 388, 381-382) has found that 14-month-old infants do not show evidence for learning minimal pairs in the habituation-switch paradigm. However, when multiple speakers produce the minimal pair in acoustically variable ways, infants' performance improves in comparison to a single speaker condition (Rost & McMurray [2009]Developmental Science, 12, 339-349). The current study further extends these results and assesses how different kinds of input variability affect 14-month-olds' minimal pair learning in the habituation-switch paradigm testing German learning infants. The first two experiments investigated word learning when the labels were spoken by a single speaker versus when the labels were spoken by multiple speakers. In the third experiment we studied whether non-acoustic variability, implemented by visual variability of the objects presented together with the labels, would also affect minimal pair learning. We found enhanced learning in the multiple speakers compared to the single speaker condition, confirming previous findings with English-learning infants. In contrast, visual variability of the presented objects did not support learning. These findings both confirm and better delimit the beneficial role of speech-specific variability in minimal pair learning. Finally, we review different proposals on the mechanisms via which variability confers benefits to learning and outline what may be likely principles that underlie this benefit. We highlight among these the multiplicity of acoustic cues signalling phonemic contrasts and the presence of relations among these cues. It is in these relations where we trace part of the source for the apparent paradoxical benefit of variability in learning. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 868 KW - acoustic variability KW - habituation-switch paradigm KW - infant word learning KW - minimal pairs KW - phonological development KW - visual variability Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516674 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 5 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ciaccio, Laura Anna A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Variability and consistency in first and second language processing BT - A masked morphological priming study on prefixation and suffixation T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Word forms such as walked or walker are decomposed into their morphological constituents (walk + -ed/-er) during language comprehension. Yet, the efficiency of morphological decomposition seems to vary for different languages and morphological types, as well as for first and second language speakers. The current study reports results from a visual masked priming experiment focusing on different types of derived word forms (specifically prefixed vs. suffixed) in first and second language speakers of German. We compared the present findings with results from previous studies on inflection and compounding and proposed an account of morphological decomposition that captures both the variability and the consistency of morphological decomposition for different morphological types and for first and second language speakers. Open Practices This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. Study materials are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at . Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 869 KW - prefixed words KW - derivation KW - second language processing KW - masked priming KW - morphology Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-517727 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 1 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ruberg, Tobias A1 - Rothweiler, Monika A1 - Veríssimo, João Marques A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Childhood bilingualism and Specific Language Impairment BT - A study of the CP-domain in German SLI T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This study addresses the question of whether and how growing up with more than one language shapes a child's language impairment. Our focus is on Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in bilingual (Turkish-German) children. We specifically investigated a range of phenomena related to the so-called CP (Complementizer Phrase) in German, the hierarchically highest layer of syntactic clause structure, which has been argued to be particularly affected in children with SLI. Spontaneous speech data were examined from bilingual children with SLI in comparison to two comparison groups: (i) typically-developing bilingual children, (ii) monolingual children with SLI. We found that despite persistent difficulty with subject-verb agreement, the two groups of children with SLI did not show any impairment of the CP-domain. We conclude that while subject-verb agreement is a suitable linguistic marker of SLI in German-speaking children, for both monolingual and bilingual ones, 'vulnerability of the CP-domain' is not. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 870 KW - developmental language impairment KW - specific language impairment KW - child second language acquisition KW - syntax KW - agreement Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-518095 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruberg, Tobias A1 - Rothweiler, Monika A1 - Veríssimo, João Marques A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Childhood bilingualism and Specific Language Impairment BT - A study of the CP-domain in German SLI JF - Bilingualism: Language and Cognition N2 - This study addresses the question of whether and how growing up with more than one language shapes a child's language impairment. Our focus is on Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in bilingual (Turkish-German) children. We specifically investigated a range of phenomena related to the so-called CP (Complementizer Phrase) in German, the hierarchically highest layer of syntactic clause structure, which has been argued to be particularly affected in children with SLI. Spontaneous speech data were examined from bilingual children with SLI in comparison to two comparison groups: (i) typically-developing bilingual children, (ii) monolingual children with SLI. We found that despite persistent difficulty with subject-verb agreement, the two groups of children with SLI did not show any impairment of the CP-domain. We conclude that while subject-verb agreement is a suitable linguistic marker of SLI in German-speaking children, for both monolingual and bilingual ones, 'vulnerability of the CP-domain' is not. KW - developmental language impairment KW - specific language impairment KW - child second language acquisition KW - syntax KW - agreement Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000580 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 668 EP - 680 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - THES A1 - Zona, Carlotta Isabella T1 - Visuo-linguistic integration for thematic-role assignment across speakers T1 - Visuell-linguistische Integration für die Zuweisung thematischer Rollen über Sprecher hinweg N2 - This dissertation examines the integration of incongruent visual-scene and morphological-case information (“cues”) in building thematic-role representations of spoken relative clauses in German. Addressing the mutual influence of visual and linguistic processing, the Coordinated Interplay Account (CIA) describes a mechanism in two steps supporting visuo-linguistic integration (Knoeferle & Crocker, 2006, Cog Sci). However, the outcomes and dynamics of integrating incongruent thematic-role representations from distinct sources have been investigated scarcely. Further, there is evidence that both second-language (L2) and older speakers may rely on non-syntactic cues relatively more than first-language (L1)/young speakers. Yet, the role of visual information for thematic-role comprehension has not been measured in L2 speakers, and only limitedly across the adult lifespan. Thematically unambiguous canonically ordered (subject-extracted) and noncanonically ordered (object-extracted) spoken relative clauses in German (see 1a-b) were presented in isolation and alongside visual scenes conveying either the same (congruent) or the opposite (incongruent) thematic relations as the sentence did. 1 a Das ist der Koch, der die Braut verfolgt. This is the.NOM cook who.NOM the.ACC bride follows This is the cook who is following the bride. b Das ist der Koch, den die Braut verfolgt. This is the.NOM cook whom.ACC the.NOM bride follows This is the cook whom the bride is following. The relative contribution of each cue to thematic-role representations was assessed with agent identification. Accuracy and latency data were collected post-sentence from a sample of L1 and L2 speakers (Zona & Felser, 2023), and from a sample of L1 speakers from across the adult lifespan (Zona & Reifegerste, under review). In addition, the moment-by-moment dynamics of thematic-role assignment were investigated with mouse tracking in a young L1 sample (Zona, under review). The following questions were addressed: (1) How do visual scenes influence thematic-role representations of canonical and noncanonical sentences? (2) How does reliance on visual-scene, case, and word-order cues vary in L1 and L2 speakers? (3) How does reliance on visual-scene, case, and word-order cues change across the lifespan? The results showed reliable effects of incongruence of visually and linguistically conveyed thematic relations on thematic-role representations. Incongruent (vs. congruent) scenes yielded slower and less accurate responses to agent-identification probes presented post-sentence. The recently inspected agent was considered as the most likely agent ~300ms after trial onset, and the convergence of visual scenes and word order enabled comprehenders to assign thematic roles predictively. L2 (vs. L1) participants relied more on word order overall. In response to noncanonical clauses presented with incongruent visual scenes, sensitivity to case predicted the size of incongruence effects better than L1-L2 grouping. These results suggest that the individual’s ability to exploit specific cues might predict their weighting. Sensitivity to case was stable throughout the lifespan, while visual effects increased with increasing age and were modulated by individual interference-inhibition levels. Thus, age-related changes in comprehension may stem from stronger reliance on visually (vs. linguistically) conveyed meaning. These patterns represent evidence for a recent-role preference – i.e., a tendency to re-assign visually conveyed thematic roles to the same referents in temporally coordinated utterances. The findings (i) extend the generalizability of CIA predictions across stimuli, tasks, populations, and measures of interest, (ii) contribute to specifying the outcomes and mechanisms of detecting and indexing incongruent representations within the CIA, and (iii) speak to current efforts to understand the sources of variability in sentence comprehension. N2 - Diese Dissertation untersucht die Integration inkongruenter visueller Szenen- und morphologisch-kasusbezogener Informationen ("Hinweise") beim Aufbau thematischer Rollenrepräsentationen gesprochener Relativsätze auf Deutsch. Das Coordinated Interplay Account (CIA) beschreibt einen Mechanismus in zwei Schritten zur Unterstützung der visuell-linguistischen Integration, der die wechselseitige Beeinflussung visueller und sprachlicher Verarbeitung adressiert (Knoeferle & Crocker, 2006, Cog Sci). Die Ergebnisse und Dynamiken der Integration inkongruenter thematischer Rollenrepräsentationen aus verschiedenen Quellen wurden jedoch kaum untersucht. Außerdem gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass sich sowohl Zweitsprachler (L2) als auch ältere Sprecher möglicherweise relativ stärker auf nicht-syntaktische Hinweise verlassen als Erstsprachler (L1)/jüngere Sprecher. Dennoch wurde die Rolle visueller Informationen für das Verständnis thematischer Rollen bei L2-Sprechern nicht gemessen und nur begrenzt über die gesamte Lebensspanne hinweg. Thematisch eindeutige, kanonisch geordnete (subjektausgezogene) und nichtkanonisch geordnete (objektausgezogene) gesprochene Relativsätze auf Deutsch (siehe 1a-b) wurden isoliert und zusammen mit visuellen Szenen präsentiert, die entweder dieselben (kongruente) oder entgegengesetzte (inkongruente) thematische Beziehungen wie der Satz vermittelten. Die relative Beitrag jedes Hinweises zur thematischen Rollenrepräsentation wurde durch die Identifizierung des Agenten bewertet. Genauigkeits- und Latenzdaten wurden nach dem Satz von einer Stichprobe von L1- und L2-Sprechern (Zona & Felser, 2023) sowie von einer Stichprobe von L1-Sprechern über die Lebensspanne hinweg (Zona & Reifegerste, in Überprüfung) gesammelt. Darüber hinaus wurden die momentane Dynamik der Zuweisung thematischer Rollen mit Mausverfolgung in einer jungen L1-Stichprobe untersucht (Zona, in Überprüfung). Die folgenden Fragen wurden adressiert: (1) Wie beeinflussen visuelle Szenen thematische Rollenrepräsentationen kanonischer und nichtkanonischer Sätze? (2) Wie variiert der Verlass auf visuelle Szenen, Kasus- und Wortstellungs-Hinweise bei L1- und L2-Sprechern? (3) Wie verändert sich der Verlass auf visuelle Szenen, Kasus- und Wortstellungs-Hinweise im Laufe des Lebens? Die Ergebnisse zeigten zuverlässige Effekte der Inkongruenz visuell und sprachlich vermittelter thematischer Beziehungen auf thematische Rollenrepräsentationen. Inkongruente (vs. kongruente) Szenen führten zu langsameren und weniger genauen Reaktionen auf Agentenidentifikationsproben, die nach dem Satz präsentiert wurden. Der kürzlich inspizierte Agent wurde etwa 300 ms nach Beginn des Versuchs als der wahrscheinlichste Agent betrachtet, und die Übereinstimmung von visuellen Szenen und Wortstellung ermöglichte es den Verstehenden, thematische Rollen vorherzusagen. L2-Teilnehmer (vs. L1) verließen sich insgesamt stärker auf die Wortstellung. Auf nichtkanonische Klauseln, die mit inkongruenten visuellen Szenen präsentiert wurden, sagte die Sensibilität für den Kasus die Größe der Inkongruenzeffekte besser vorher als die Einteilung in L1-L2. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Fähigkeit des Einzelnen, bestimmte Hinweise auszunutzen, ihr Gewicht vorhersagen könnte. Die Sensibilität für den Kasus blieb über die Lebensspanne hinweg stabil, während sich visuelle Effekte mit zunehmendem Alter verstärkten und durch individuelle Interferenz-Hemmungslevel moduliert wurden. Somit können altersbedingte Veränderungen im Verständnis von einer stärkeren Abhängigkeit von visuell (vs. sprachlich) vermittelter Bedeutung herrühren. Diese Muster stellen einen Beleg für eine Präferenz für kürzlich eingeführte Rollen dar - d. h. eine Tendenz, visuell vermittelte thematische Rollen den gleichen Referenten in zeitlich koordinierten Äußerungen neu zuzuweisen. Die Ergebnisse (i) erweitern die Verallgemeinerbarkeit der Vorhersagen des CIAs über Stimuli, Aufgaben, Populationen und Interessenmaße hinweg, (ii) tragen zur Spezifizierung der Ergebnisse und Mechanismen bei der Erkennung und Indizierung inkongruenter Repräsentationen innerhalb des CIAs bei und (iii) sprechen aktuelle Bemühungen an, die Quellen der Variabilität im Satzverständnis zu verstehen. KW - spoken sentence comprehension KW - visuo-linguistic integration KW - thematic-role assignment KW - Sprachverständnis KW - Zuweisung thematischer Rollen KW - visuell-linguistische Integration Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-631857 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heffner, Christopher C. A1 - Fuhrmeister, Pamela A1 - Luthra, Sahil A1 - Mechtenberg, Hannah A1 - Saltzman, David A1 - Myers, Emily B. T1 - Reliability and validity for perceptual flexibility in speech JF - Brain and language : a journal of clinical, experimental and theoretical research N2 - The study of perceptual flexibility in speech depends on a variety of tasks that feature a large degree of variability between participants. Of critical interest is whether measures are consistent within an individual or across stimulus contexts. This is particularly key for individual difference designs that are deployed to examine the neural basis or clinical consequences of perceptual flexibility. In the present set of experiments, we assess the split-half reliability and construct validity of five measures of perceptual flexibility: three of learning in a native language context (e.g., understanding someone with a foreign accent) and two of learning in a non-native context (e.g., learning to categorize non-native speech sounds). We find that most of these tasks show an appreciable level of split-half reliability, although construct validity was sometimes weak. This provides good evidence for reliability for these tasks, while highlighting possible upper limits on expected effect sizes involving each measure. KW - Reliability KW - Construct validity KW - Individual differences KW - Speech KW - perception KW - Phonetic identification KW - Phonetic learning KW - Phonetic KW - adaptation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105070 SN - 0093-934X SN - 1090-2155 VL - 226 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus T1 - Semantic attraction in sentence comprehension JF - Cognitive science N2 - Agreement attraction is a cross-linguistic phenomenon where a verb occasionally agrees not with its subject, as required by grammar, but instead with an unrelated noun ("The key to the cabinets were horizontal ellipsis "). Despite the clear violation of grammatical rules, comprehenders often rate these sentences as acceptable. Contenders for explaining agreement attraction fall into two broad classes: Morphosyntactic accounts specifically designed to explain agreement attraction, and more general sentence processing models, such as the Lewis and Vasishth model, which explain attraction as a consequence of how linguistic structure is stored and accessed in content-addressable memory. In the present research, we disambiguate between these two classes by testing a surprising prediction made by the Lewis and Vasishth model but not by the morphosyntactic accounts, namely, that attraction should not be limited to morphosyntax, but that semantic features of unrelated nouns equally induce attraction. A recent study by Cunnings and Sturt provided initial evidence that this may be the case. Here, we report three single-trial experiments in English that compared semantic and agreement attraction and tested whether and how the two interact. All three experiments showed strong semantically induced attraction effects closely mirroring agreement attraction effects. We complement these results with computational simulations which confirmed that the Lewis and Vasishth model can faithfully reproduce the observed results. In sum, our findings suggest that attraction is a more general phenomenon than is commonly believed, and therefore favor more general sentence processing models, such as the Lewis and Vasishth model. KW - agreement attraction KW - computational modeling KW - sentence processing; KW - similarity-based interference KW - semantic attraction Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13086 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 46 IS - 2 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Rubertus, Elina T1 - Coarticulatory changes across childhood T1 - Koartikulatorische Veränderungen in der Kindheit BT - implications for speech motor and phonological development BT - Implikationen für die sprechmotorische und phonologische Entwicklung N2 - The present dissertation investigates changes in lingual coarticulation across childhood in German-speaking children from three to nine years of age and adults. Coarticulation refers to the mismatch between the abstract phonological units and their seemingly commingled realization in continuous speech. Being a process at the intersection of phonology and phonetics, addressing its changes across childhood allows for insights in speech motor as well as phonological developments. Because specific predictions for changes in coarticulation across childhood can be derived from existing speech production models, investigating children’s coarticulatory patterns can help us model human speech production. While coarticulatory changes may shed light on some of the central questions of speech production development, previous studies on the topic were sparse and presented a puzzling picture of conflicting findings. One of the reasons for this lack is the difficulty in articulatory data acquisition in a young population. Within the research program this dissertation is embedded in, we accepted this challenge and successfully set up the hitherto largest corpus of articulatory data from children using ultrasound tongue imaging. In contrast to earlier studies, a high number of participants in tight age cohorts across a wide age range and a thoroughly controlled set of pseudowords allowed for statistically powerful investigations of a process known as variable and complicated to track. The specific focus of my studies is on lingual vocalic coarticulation as measured in the horizontal position of the highest point of the tongue dorsum. Based on three studies on a) anticipatory coarticulation towards the left, b) carryover coarticulation towards the right side of the utterance, and c) anticipatory coarticulatory extent in repeated versus read aloud speech, I deduct the following main theses: 1. Maturing speech motor control is responsible for some developmental changes in coarticulation. 2. Coarticulation can be modeled as the coproduction of articulatory gestures. 3. The developmental change in coarticulation results from a decrease of vocalic activation width. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht Veränderungen der lingualen Koartikulation in der Kindheit bei deutschsprachigen Kindern im Alter von drei bis neun Jahren und Erwachsenen. Koartikulation bezieht sich auf die Diskrepanz zwischen abstrakten phonologischen Einheiten auf der einen und ihrer scheinbar vermischten kontinuierlichen Realisierung auf der anderen Seite. Da es sich um einen Prozess an der Schnittstelle zwischen Phonologie und Phonetik handelt, ermöglicht die Untersuchung koartikulatorischer Veränderungen im Laufe der Kindheit Einblicke sowohl in sprechmotorische als auch in phonologische Entwicklungen. Da sich aus bestehenden Sprachproduktionsmodellen spezifische Vorhersagen für Veränderungen der Koartikulation im Kindesalter ableiten lassen, kann die Untersuchung der kindlichen Koartikulation bei der Modellierung der menschlichen Sprachproduktion helfen. Obwohl koartikulatorische Veränderungen Licht auf einige der zentralen Fragen der Sprachentwicklung werfen können, waren frühere Studien zu diesem Thema spärlich und boten ein rätselhaftes Bild widersprüchlicher Ergebnisse. Einer der Gründe für diesen Mangel ist die Schwierigkeit der artikulatorischen Datenerfassung in einer jungen Population. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprogramms, in das diese Dissertation eingebettet ist, haben wir die Herausforderung angenommen und mit Hilfe von Ultraschallaufnahmen der Zungenbewegung beim Sprechen erfolgreich den bisher größten Korpus artikulatorischer Daten von Kindern erstellt. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien ermöglichte eine hohe Anzahl von Teilnehmenden in engen Alterskohorten über einen weiten Altersbereich und ein sorgfältig kontrollierter Satz von Pseudowörtern statistisch aussagekräftige Untersuchungen eines Prozesses, der als variabel und kompliziert zu erfassen gilt. Der besondere Schwerpunkt meiner Studien liegt auf der lingualen vokalischen Koartikulation, gemessen an der horizontalen Position des höchsten Punktes des Zungenrückens. Ausgehend von drei Studien zur a) antizipatorischen Koartikulation nach links, b) perseveratorischen Koartikulation nach rechts und c) antizipatorischen Koartikulation bei wiederholter gegenüber laut vorgelesener Sprache leite ich die folgenden Hauptthesen ab: 1. Die heranreifende Sprachmotorik ist für einige entwicklungsbedingte Veränderungen der Koartikulation verantwortlich. 2. Koartikulation kann als Koproduktion von artikulatorischen Gesten modelliert werden. 3. Die entwicklungsbedingte Veränderung der Koartikulation resultiert aus einer Abnahme der vokalischen Aktivierungsbreite. KW - language acquisition KW - coarticulation KW - ultrasound tongue imaging KW - phonology KW - phonetics KW - Spracherwerb KW - Koartikulation KW - Ultraschall KW - Phonologie KW - Phonetik Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-630123 ER - TY - THES A1 - Shipova, Evgeniya T1 - Formal analysis of èto-clefts in Russian: syntax and semantics T1 - Formale Analyse von èto-Clefts im Russischen: Syntax und Semantik N2 - Èto-clefts are Russian focus constructions with the demonstrative pronoun èto ‘this’ at the beginning: “Èto Mark vyigral gonku” (“It was Mark who won the race”). They are often being compared with English it-clefts, German es-clefts, as well as the corresponding focus-background structures in other languages. In terms of semantics, èto-clefts have two important properties which are cross-linguistically typical for clefts: existence presupposition (“Someone won the race”) and exhaustivity (“Nobody except Mark won the race”). However, the exhaustivity effects are not as strong as exhaustivity effects in structures with the exclusive only and require more research. At the same time, the question if the syntactic structure of èto-clefts matches the biclausal structure of English and German clefts, remains open. There are arguments in favor of biclausality, as well as monoclausality. Besides, there is no consistency regarding the status of èto itself. Finally, the information structure of èto-clefts has remained underexplored in the existing literature. This research investigates the information-structural, syntactic, and semantic properties of Russian clefts, both theoretically (supported by examples from Russian text corpora and judgments from native speakers) and experimentally. It is determined which desired changes in the information structure motivate native speakers to choose an èto-cleft and not the canonical structure or other focus realization tools. Novel syntactic tests are conducted to find evidence for bi-/monoclausality of èto-clefts, as well as for base-generation or movement of the cleft pivot. It is hypothesized that èto has a certain important function in clefts, and its status is investigated. Finally, new experiments on the nature of exhaustivity in èto-clefts are conducted. They allow for direct cross-linguistic comparison, using an incremental-information paradigm with truth-value judgments. In terms of information structure, this research makes a new proposal that presents èto-clefts as structures with an inherent focus-background bipartitioning. Even though èto-clefts are used in typical focus contexts, evidence was found that èto-clefts (as well as Russian thetic clefts) allow for both new information focus and contrastive focus. Èto-clefts are pragmatically acceptable when a singleton answer to the implied question is expected (e.g. “It was Mark who won the race” but not “It was Mark who came to the party”). Importantly, èto in Russian clefts is neither dummy, nor redundant, but is a topic expression; conveys familiarity which triggers existence presupposition; refers to an instantiated event, or a known/perceivable situation; finally, èto plays an important role in the spoken language as a tool for speech coherency and a focus marker. In terms of syntax, this research makes a new monoclausal proposal and shows evidence that the cleft pivot undergoes movement to the left peripheral position. Èto is proposed to be TopP. Finally, in terms of semantics, a novel cross-linguistic evaluation of Russian clefts is made. Experiments show that the exhaustivity inference in èto-clefts is not robust. Participants used different strategies in resolving exhaustivity, falling into 2 groups: one group considered èto-clefts exhaustive, while another group considered them non-exhaustive. Hence, there is evidence for the pragmatic nature of exhaustivity in èto-clefts. The experimental results for èto-clefts are similar to the experimental results for clefts in German, French and Akan. It is concluded that speakers use different tools available in their languages to produce structures with similar interpretive properties. N2 - Èto-Clefts (Spaltsätze) sind russische Fokuskonstruktionen mit dem Demonstrativpronomen èto 'dies' am Anfang: “Èto Mark vyigral gonku” ("Es war Mark, der das Rennen gewonnen hat"). Sie werden oft mit englischen it-Clefts, deutschen es-Clefts sowie den entsprechenden Fokus-Hintergrund-Strukturen in anderen Sprachen verglichen. In semantischer Hinsicht haben èto-Clefts zwei wichtige Eigenschaften, die für Clefts typisch sind: Existenzpräsupposition ("Jemand hat das Rennen gewonnen") und Exhaustivität ("Niemand außer Mark hat das Rennen gewonnen"). Die Exhaustivitätseffekte sind jedoch nicht so stark wie die Exhaustivitätseffekte in Strukturen mit dem Exklusiven "only" ("nur") und erfordern weitere Forschung. Gleichzeitig bleibt die Frage offen, ob die syntaktische Struktur von èto-clefts der biklausalen Struktur von englischen und deutschen Clefts entspricht. Es gibt Argumente für Biklausalität sowie für Monoklausalität. Außerdem gibt es keine Einigung hinsichtlich des Status von èto selbst. Schließlich wurde die Informationsstruktur von èto-Clefts in der vorhandenen Literatur kaum erforscht. Diese Forschung untersucht die informationsstrukturellen, syntaktischen und semantischen Eigenschaften russischer Clefts sowohl theoretisch (gestützt auf Beispiele aus russischen Textkorpora und Schätzungen von Muttersprachlern) als auch experimentell. Es wird bestimmt, welche gewünschten Änderungen in der Informationsstruktur Muttersprachler dazu motivieren, eine èto-Cleft und nicht die kanonische Struktur oder andere Fokusrealisierungswerkzeuge zu wählen. Neue syntaktische Tests werden durchgeführt, um Hinweise auf die Biklausalität oder Monoklausalität von èto-Clefts sowie auf die Basisgenerierung oder Bewegung des Cleft-Pivots zu finden. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass èto eine bestimmte wichtige Funktion in Clefts hat, und sein Status wird untersucht. Schließlich werden neue Experimente zur Natur der Exhaustivität in èto-Clefts durchgeführt. Sie ermöglichen einen direkten sprachübergreifenden Vergleich unter Verwendung eines inkrementellen Informationsparadigmas mit Wahrheitswerturteilen. In Bezug auf die Informationsstruktur gibt diese Forschung eine neue Analyse, die èto-Clefts als Strukturen mit einer inhärenten Fokus-Hintergrund-Aufteilung präsentiert. Obwohl èto-Clefts in typischen Fokus-Kontexten verwendet werden, wurde es festgestellt, dass èto-Clefts (genauso wie russische thetische Clefts) sowohl Informationsfokus als auch kontrastiven Fokus ermöglichen. Èto-Clefts sind pragmatisch akzeptabel, wenn eine Einzelantwort auf die implizite Frage erwartet wird (z. B. "Es war Mark, der das Rennen gewonnen hat", aber nicht "Es war Mark, der zur Party kam"). Wichtig ist noch, dass èto in russischen Clefts weder einen Platzhalter noch leer ist, sondern ein Topikausdruck; èto zeigt Familiarität, die eine Existenzpräsupposition auslöst; èto bezieht sich auf ein konkretes Ereignis oder eine bekannte/wahrnehmbare Situation; schließlich spielt èto eine wichtige Rolle in der gesprochenen Sprache als Werkzeug für die Kohärenz und als Fokusmarker. In Bezug auf Syntax macht diese Forschung einen neuen Vorschlag für eine monoklasuale Struktur und zeigt Hinweise darauf, dass das Cleft-Pivot eine Bewegung in die linke periphere Position durchläuft. Èto wird als TopP analysiert. Schließlich wird in Bezug auf Semantik eine neuartige sprachübergreifende Bewertung russischer Clefts vorgenommen. Experimente zeigen, dass die Exhaustivitätsinferenz in èto-Clefts nicht robust ist. Die Teilnehmer verwendeten verschiedene Strategien zur Auflösung der Exhaustivität und fielen in 2 Gruppen: Eine Gruppe betrachtete èto-Clefts als exhaustiv, während eine andere Gruppe sie als nicht exhaustiv betrachtete. Daher gibt es Hinweise auf die pragmatische Natur der Exhaustivität in èto-Clefts. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse für èto-Clefts sind den experimentellen Ergebnissen für Clefts im Deutschen, Französischen und Akan sehr ähnlich. Es wird geschlossen, dass Sprecher verschiedene verfügbare Werkzeuge in ihren Sprachen verwenden, um Strukturen mit ähnlichen interpretativen Eigenschaften zu produzieren. KW - clefts KW - Russian KW - Spaltsätze KW - Russisch KW - exhaustivity KW - Exhaustivität KW - information structure KW - Informationsstruktur KW - focus KW - Fokus KW - biclausality KW - Biklausalität KW - familiarity KW - Familiarität KW - experimental studies KW - experimentelle Studien Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-630149 ER - TY - THES A1 - Boila, Chiara T1 - The processing of OVS and passive sentences in German monolingual and German-Italian simultaneous bilingual children T1 - Die Verarbeitung von OVS- und Passiv-Sätzen in deutschen monolingualen und deutsch-italienisch simultan-bilingualen Kindern N2 - It is a common finding that preschoolers have difficulties in identifying who is doing what to whom in non-canonical sentences, such as (object-verb-subject) OVS and passive sentences in German. This dissertation investigates how German monolingual and German-Italian simultaneous bilingual children process German OVS sentences in Study 1 and German passives in Study 2. Offline data (i.e., accuracy data) and online data (i.e., eye-gaze and pupillometry data) were analyzed to explore whether children can assign thematic roles during sentence comprehension and processing. Executive functions, language-internal and -external factors were investigated as potential predictors for children’s sentence comprehension and processing. Throughout the literature, there are contradicting findings on the relation between language and executive functions. While some results show a bilingual cognitive advantage over monolingual speakers, others suggest there is no relationship between bilingualism and executive functions. If bilingual children possess more advanced executive function abilities than monolingual children, then this might also be reflected in a better performance on linguistic tasks. In the current studies monolingual and bilingual children were tested by means of two executive function tasks: the Flanker task and the task-switching paradigm. However, these findings showed no bilingual cognitive advantages and no better performance by bilingual children in the linguistic tasks. The performance was rather comparable between bilingual and monolingual children, or even better for the monolingual group. This may be due to cross-linguistic influences and language experience (i.e., language input and output). Italian was used because it does not syntactically overlap with the structure of German OVS sentences, and it only overlapped with one of the two types of sentence condition used for the passive study - considering the subject-(finite)verb alignment. The findings showed a better performance of bilingual children in the passive sentence structure that syntactically overlapped in the two languages, providing evidence for cross-linguistic influences. Further factors for children’s sentence comprehension were considered. The parents’ education, the number of older siblings and language experience variables were derived from a language background questionnaire completed by parents. Scores of receptive vocabulary and grammar, visual and short-term memory and reasoning ability were measured by means of standardized tests. It was shown that higher German language experience by bilinguals correlates with better accuracy in German OVS sentences but not in passive sentences. Memory capacity had a positive effect on the comprehension of OVS and passive sentences in the bilingual group. Additionally, a role was played by executive function abilities in the comprehension of OVS sentences and not of passive sentences. It is suggested that executive function abilities might help children in the sentence comprehension task when the linguistic structures are not yet fully mastered. Altogether, these findings show that bilinguals’ poorer performance in the comprehension and processing of German OVS is mainly due to reduced language experience in German, and that the different performance of bilingual children with the two types of passives is mainly due to cross-linguistic influences. N2 - Es ist ein häufiger Befund, dass Vorschulkinder Schwierigkeiten haben zu erkennen ‚wer etwas mit jemandem tut‘ in nicht-kanonischen Sätzen, wie z.B. deutsche OVS- (Objekt-Verb-Subjekt) oder Passiv-Sätze. Diese Dissertation untersucht wie deutsche monolinguale und deutsch-italienische simultan-bilinguale Kinder deutsche OVS-Sätze (Studie 1) und deutsche Passiv-Sätze (Studie 2) verarbeiten. Offline-Daten (z.B. Datengenauigkeit) und Online-Daten (z.B. Blickbewegung-Daten und Pupillometrie-Daten) wurden analysiert, um herauszufinden, ob Kinder thematische Rollen während Satzverständnis und Satzverarbeitung zuteilen können. Exekutive Funktionen, interne und externe Sprachfaktoren wurden als mögliche Prädiktoren für Satzverständnis und Satzverarbeitung in Kindern untersucht. In der Literatur findet man unterschiedliche Ergebnisse über den Zusammenhang zwischen Sprache und exekutiven Funktionen. Während einige Ergebnisse kognitive Vorteile für bilinguale Sprecher zeigen, deuten andere darauf hin, dass es keinen Zusammenhang zwischen Bilingualismus und exekutiven Funktionen gibt. Wenn bilinguale Kinder fortgeschrittene exekutive Funktionen im Vergleich zu monolingualen Kindern haben, könnte sich dies auch in besseren Leistungen in linguistischen Aufgaben widerspiegeln. In diesem Forschungsprojekt wurden monolinguale und bilinguale Kinder mit zwei verschiedenen Aufgaben getestet, die die exekutiven Funktionen messen: der Flanker-Test und das Aufgabenwechsel-Paradigma. Die Ergebnisse konnten jedoch keinen bilingualen kognitiven Vorteil und keine besseren Leistungen von bilingualen Kindern in den linguistischen Aufgaben belegen. Die Leistung war vergleichbar zwischen monolingualen und bilingualen Kindern, oder sogar besser in der monolingualen Gruppe. Dies könnte an cross-linguistische Einflüssen und Spracherfahrung (z.B. Sprach-Input und -Output) liegen. Italienisch wurde gewählt, da es zum einen keine syntaktischen Überschneidungen mit der Struktur von deutschen OVS-Sätzen aufweist, und zum anderen sich nur in einer von zwei der in der Passiv-Studie genutzten Satz-Bedingungen überschneidet – im Hinblick auf die Subjekt-(finite) Verb Ausrichtung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine bessere Leistung von bilingualen Kindern in Passiv-Sätzen, die eine syntaktische Überschneidung in den zwei Sprachen aufweisen, und zeigen somit Hinweise für cross-linguistische Einflüsse. Weitere Einflussfaktoren auf das Satzverständnis der Kinder wurden berücksichtigt. Der Bildungsgrad der Eltern, die Anzahl von älteren Geschwistern und Spracherfahrungsvariablen wurden über den, von den Eltern beantworteten, Sprachhintergrund-Fragebogen abgeleitet. Werte zu rezeptivem Vokabular und Grammatik, Visuelles- und Kurzeitgedächtnis und Denkfähigkeit wurden durch standardisierte Tests erhoben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass größere Spracherfahrung im Deutschen bei bilingualen Kindern mit einer größeren Genauigkeit bei deutschen OVS-Sätzen korreliert, aber nicht bei Passiv-Sätzen. Bessere Gedächtnisleistung hatte einen positiven Effekt auf das Sprachverständnis der bilingualen Gruppe bei OVS- und Passiv-Sätzen. Zusätzlich spielten exekutive Funktionen eine Rolle beim Verständnis von OVS-Sätzen, aber nicht bei Passiv-Sätzen. Es wird angenommen, dass exekutive Funktionen Kindern in Satzverständnisaufgaben helfen könnten, wenn die linguistischen Strukturen noch nicht vollständig beherrscht werden. Zusammengenommen zeigen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse, dass die geringere Leistung von bilingualen Kindern beim Satzverständnis und Satzverarbeitung von deutschen OVS Sätzen hauptsächlich an der geringeren Spracherfahrung im Deutschen liegt und, dass die unterschiedliche Leistung von bilingualen Kindern mit den zwei Strukturen des Passivs überwiegend auf cross-linguistische Einflüsse zurückzuführen ist. KW - sentence processing KW - bilingualism KW - executive functions KW - eye-tracking KW - Bilingualismus KW - exekutive Funktionen KW - Eye-Tracking-Verfahren KW - Satzverarbeitung Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-629723 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kidd, Evan A1 - Garcia, Rowena T1 - How diverse is child language acquisition research? JF - First language N2 - A comprehensive theory of child language acquisition requires an evidential base that is representative of the typological diversity present in the world's 7000 or so languages. However, languages are dying at an alarming rate, and the next 50 years represents the last chance we have to document acquisition in many of them. Here, we take stock of the last 45 years of research published in the four main child language acquisition journals: Journal of Child Language, First Language, Language Acquisition and Language Learning and Development. We coded each article for several variables, including (1) participant group (mono vs multilingual), (2) language(s), (3) topic(s) and (4) country of author affiliation, from each journal's inception until the end of 2020. We found that we have at least one article published on around 103 languages, representing approximately 1.5% of the world's languages. The distribution of articles was highly skewed towards English and other well-studied Indo-European languages, with the majority of non-Indo-European languages having just one paper. A majority of the papers focused on studies of monolingual children, although papers did not always explicitly report participant group status. The distribution of topics across language categories was more even. The number of articles published on non-Indo-European languages from countries outside of North America and Europe is increasing; however, this increase is driven by research conducted in relatively wealthy countries. Overall, the vast majority of the research was produced in the Global North. We conclude that, despite a proud history of crosslinguistic research, the goals of the discipline need to be recalibrated before we can lay claim to truly a representative account of child language acquisition. KW - linguistic diversity KW - child language acquisition KW - typology KW - archival KW - research KW - language coverage Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/01427237211066405 SN - 0142-7237 SN - 1740-2344 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 703 EP - 735 PB - Sage CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skopeteas, Stavros A1 - Verhoeven, Elisabeth A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert T1 - Discontinuous noun phrases in Yucatec Maya JF - Journal of linguistics : JL / publ. for the Linguistics Association of Great Britain N2 - Languages differ in whether or not they allow discontinuous noun phrases. If they do, they further vary in the ways the nominal projections interact with the available syntactic operations. Yucatec Maya has two left-peripheral configurations that differ syntactically: a preverbal position for foci or wh-elements that is filled in by movement, and the possibility to adjoin topics at the highest clausal layer. These two structural options are reflected in different ways of the formation of discontinuous patterns. Subextraction from nominal projections to the focus position yielding discontinuous NPs is possible, but subject to several restrictions. It observes conditions on extraction domains, and does not apply to the left branch of nominal structures. The topic position also appears to license discontinuity, typically involving a non-referential nominal expression as the topic and quantifiers/adjectives that form an elliptical nominal projection within the clause proper. Such constructions can involve several morphological and syntactic mismatches between their parts that are excluded for continuous noun phrases, and they are not sensitive to syntactic island restrictions. Thus, in a strict sense, discontinuities involving the topic position are only apparent, because the construction involves two independent nominal projections that are semantically linked. KW - discontinuous noun phrases KW - focus movement KW - left dislocation KW - possessor KW - extraction KW - split topicalization Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226720000419 SN - 0022-2267 SN - 1469-7742 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 609 EP - 648 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yadav, Himanshu A1 - Husain, Samar A1 - Futrell, Richard T1 - Do dependency lengths explain constraints on crossing dependencies? JF - Linguistics vanguard : multimodal online journal N2 - In syntactic dependency trees, when arcs are drawn from syntactic heads to dependents, they rarely cross. Constraints on these crossing dependencies are critical for determining the syntactic properties of human language, because they define the position of natural language in formal language hierarchies. We study whether the apparent constraints on crossing syntactic dependencies in natural language might be explained by constraints on dependency lengths (the linear distance between heads and dependents). We compare real dependency trees from treebanks of 52 languages against baselines of random trees which are matched with the real trees in terms of their dependency lengths. We find that these baseline trees have many more crossing dependencies than real trees, indicating that a constraint on dependency lengths alone cannot explain the empirical rarity of crossing dependencies. However, we find evidence that a combined constraint on dependency length and the rate of crossing dependencies might be able to explain two of the most-studied formal restrictions on dependency trees: gap degree and well-nestedness. KW - crossing dependencies KW - dependency length KW - dependency treebanks KW - efficiency KW - language processing KW - syntax Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2019-0070 SN - 2199-174X VL - 7 PB - De Gruyter Mouton CY - Berlin ; New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Czapka, Sophia A1 - Schwieter, John W. A1 - Festman, Julia T1 - The influence of peripheral emotions on inhibitory control among children JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics N2 - In this study, we investigated the cognitive-emotional interplay by measuring the effects of executive competition (Pessoa, 2013), i.e., how inhibitory control is influenced when emotional information is encountered. Sixty-three children (8 to 9 years of age) participated in an inhibition task (central task) accompanied by happy, sad, or neutral emoticons (displayed in the periphery). Typical interference effects were found in the main task for speed and accuracy, but in general, these effects were not additionally modulated by the peripheral emoticons indicating that processing of the main task exhausted the limited capacity such that interference from the task-irrelevant, peripheral information did not show (Pessoa, 2013). Further analyses revealed that the magnitude of interference effects depended on the order of congruency conditions: when incongruent conditions preceded congruent ones, there was greater interference. This effect was smaller in sad conditions, and particularly so at the beginning of the experiment. These findings suggest that the bottom-up perception of task-irrelevant emotional information influenced the top-down process of inhibitory control among children in the sad condition when processing demands were particularly high. We discuss if the salience and valence of the emotional stimuli as well as task demands are the decisive characteristics that modulate the strength of this relation. KW - Executive function KW - Inhibitory control task KW - Cognitive emotional KW - regulation KW - Primary school children Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103507 SN - 0001-6918 SN - 1873-6297 VL - 223 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vicente, Luis A1 - Barros, Matthew A1 - Messick, Troy A1 - Saab, Andres T1 - On a nonargument for cleft sources in sluicing JF - Linguistic inquiry N2 - On the basis of certain semantic intuitions, Barros (2012) argues that ellipsis does not require structural isomorphism between elided structure and its antecedent. We tackle this claim. Semantic intuitions cannot be a pointer to the analysis of silent structure. We provide empirical evidence that raises the question of to what extent semantic intuitions about plausible articulable syntax must inform one's analysis of silent structure. We conclude that the answer to this question must be crosslinguistically informed. We conjecture that ellipsis introduces ellipsis-specific interpretive mechanisms, so that intuitions about "how the unelided structure would be interpreted" are not empirically relevant. KW - sluicing KW - contextual restriction KW - ellipsis identity KW - inheritance of KW - content Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00390 SN - 0024-3892 SN - 1530-9150 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 867 EP - 880 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albert, Aviad A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno T1 - Modeling sonority in terms of pitch intelligibility with the nucleus attraction principle JF - Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society N2 - Sonority is a fundamental notion in phonetics and phonology, central to many descriptions of the syllable and various useful predictions in phonotactics. Although widely accepted, sonority lacks a clear basis in speech articulation or perception, given that traditional formal principles in linguistic theory are often exclusively based on discrete units in symbolic representation and are typically not designed to be compatible with auditory perception, sensorimotor control, or general cognitive capacities. In addition, traditional sonority principles also exhibit systematic gaps in empirical coverage. Against this backdrop, we propose the incorporation of symbol-based and signal-based models to adequately account for sonority in a complementary manner. We claim that sonority is primarily a perceptual phenomenon related to pitch, driving the optimization of syllables as pitch-bearing units in all language systems. We suggest a measurable acoustic correlate for sonority in terms of periodic energy, and we provide a novel principle that can account for syllabic well-formedness, the nucleus attraction principle (NAP). We present perception experiments that test our two NAP-based models against four traditional sonority models, and we use a Bayesian data analysis approach to test and compare them. Our symbolic NAP model outperforms all the other models we test, while our continuous bottom-up NAP model is at second place, along with the best performing traditional models. We interpret the results as providing strong support for our proposals: (i) the designation of periodic energy as the acoustic correlate of sonority; (ii) the incorporation of continuous entities in phonological models of perception; and (iii) the dual-model strategy that separately analyzes symbol-based top-down processes and signal-based bottom-up processes in speech perception. KW - Sonority KW - Pitch intelligibility KW - Periodic energy KW - Bayesian data KW - analysis KW - Speech perception KW - Phonetics and phonology Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13161 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 46 IS - 7 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ciaccio, Laura Anna A1 - Veríssimo, João T1 - Investigating variability in morphological processing with Bayesian distributional models JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - We investigated the processing of morphologically complex words adopting an approach that goes beyond estimating average effects and allows testing predictions about variability in performance. We tested masked morphological priming effects with English derived ('printer') and inflected ('printed') forms priming their stems ('print') in non-native speakers, a population that is characterized by large variability. We modeled reaction times with a shifted-lognormal distribution using Bayesian distributional models, which allow assessing effects of experimental manipulations on both the mean of the response distribution ('mu') and its standard deviation ('sigma'). Our results show similar effects on mean response times for inflected and derived primes, but a difference between the two on the sigma of the distribution, with inflectional priming increasing response time variability to a significantly larger extent than derivational priming. This is in line with previous research on non-native processing, which shows more variable results across studies for the processing of inflected forms than for derived forms. More generally, our study shows that treating variability in performance as a direct object of investigation can crucially inform models of language processing, by disentangling effects which would otherwise be indistinguishable. We therefore emphasize the importance of looking beyond average performance and testing predictions on other parameters of the distribution rather than just its central tendency. KW - RT distribution KW - Distributional models KW - Masked priming KW - Visual word KW - recognition KW - Morphological processing Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-022-02109-w SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 SP - 2264 EP - 2274 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barth-Weingarten, Dagmar A1 - Küttner, Uwe-Alexander A1 - Raymond, Chase Wesley T1 - Pivots revisited BT - cesuring in action JF - Open linguistics N2 - The term "pivot" usually refers to two overlapping syntactic units such that the completion of the first unit simultaneously launches the second. In addition, pivots are generally said to be characterized by the smooth prosodic integration of their syntactic parts. This prosodic integration is typically achieved by prosodic-phonetic matching of the pivot components. As research on such turns in a range of languages has illustrated, speakers routinely deploy pivots so as to be able to continue past a point of possible turn completion, in the service of implementing some additional or revised action. This article seeks to build on, and complement, earlier research by exploring two issues in more detail as follows: (1) what exactly do pivotal turn extensions accomplish on the action dimension, and (2) what role does prosodic-phonetic packaging play in this? We will show that pivot constructions not only exhibit various degrees of prosodic-phonetic (non-)integration, i.e., differently strong cesuras, but that they can be ordered on a continuum, and that this cline maps onto the relationship of the actions accomplished by the components of the pivot construction. While tighter prosodic-phonetic integration, i.e., weak(er) cesuring, co-occurs with post-pivot actions whose relationship to that of the pre-pivot tends to be rather retrospective in character, looser prosodic-phonetic integration, i.e., strong(er) cesuring, is associated with a more prospective orientation of the post-pivot's action. These observations also raise more general questions with regard to the analysis of action. KW - Conversation Analysis KW - Interactional Linguistics KW - syntax KW - talk-in-interaction KW - prosody KW - phonetics KW - cesuras KW - intonation units KW - social action Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0152 SN - 2300-9969 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 613 EP - 637 PB - de Gruyter CY - Warsaw ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Pia A1 - Roehm, Dietmar A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias A1 - Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina T1 - The interaction of predictive processing and similarity-based retrieval interference BT - an ERP study JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience N2 - Language processing requires memory retrieval to integrate current input with previous context and making predictions about upcoming input. We propose that prediction and retrieval are two sides of the same coin, i.e. functionally the same, as they both activate memory representations. Under this assumption, memory retrieval and prediction should interact: Retrieval interference can only occur at a word that triggers retrieval and a fully predicted word would not do that. The present study investigated the proposed interaction with event-related potentials (ERPs) during the processing of sentence pairs in German. Predictability was measured via cloze probability. Memory retrieval was manipulated via the position of a distractor inducing proactive or retroactive similarity-based interference. Linear mixed model analyses provided evidence for the hypothesised interaction in a broadly distributed negativity, which we discuss in relation to the interference ERP literature. Our finding supports the proposal that memory retrieval and prediction are functionally the same. KW - Language KW - memory retrieval KW - interference KW - prediction KW - predictive KW - processing KW - interaction KW - ERP Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2022.2026421 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 883 EP - 901 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gianelli, Claudia A1 - Kühne, Katharina A1 - Lo Presti, Sara A1 - Mencaraglia, Silvia A1 - Dalla Volta, Riccardo T1 - Action processing in the motor system BT - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) evidence of shared mechanisms in the visual and linguistic modalities JF - Brain and cognition : a journal of experimental and clinical research N2 - In two experiments, we compared the dynamics of corticospinal excitability when processing visually or linguistically presented tool-oriented hand actions in native speakers and sequential bilinguals. In a third experiment we used the same procedure to test non-motor, low-level stimuli, i.e. scrambled images and pseudo-words. Stimuli were presented in sequence: pictures (tool + tool-oriented hand action or their scrambled counterpart) and words (tool noun + tool-action verb or pseudo-words). Experiment 1 presented German linguistic stimuli to native speakers, while Experiment 2 presented English stimuli to non-natives. Experiment 3 tested Italian native speakers. Single-pulse trascranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied to the left motor cortex at five different timings: baseline, 200 ms after tool/noun onset, 150, 350 and 500 ms after hand/verb onset with motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles. We report strong similarities in the dynamics of corticospinal excitability across the visual and linguistic modalities. MEPs' suppression started as early as 150 ms and lasted for the duration of stimulus presentation (500 ms). Moreover, we show that this modulation is absent for stimuli with no motor content. Overall, our study supports the notion of a core, overarching system of action semantics shared by different modalities. KW - TMS KW - motor cortex KW - action observation KW - action language KW - motor KW - inhibition KW - motor-evoked potentials Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2019.105510 SN - 0278-2626 SN - 1090-2147 VL - 139 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sotiropoulou, Stavroula A1 - Gibson, Mark A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Global organization in Spanish onsets JF - Journal of phonetics N2 - This paper addresses the relation between syllable structure and inter-segmental temporal coordination. The data examined are Electromagnetic Articulometry recordings from six speakers of Central Peninsular Spanish (henceforth, Spanish), producing words beginning with the clusters /pl, bl, kl, gl, p(sic), k(sic), t(sic)/ as well as corresponding unclustered sonorant-initial words in three vowel contexts /a, e, o/. In our results, we find evidence for a global organization of the segments involved in these combinations. This is reflected in a number of ways: shortening of the prevocalic sonorant in the cluster-initial case compared to the unclustered case, reorganization of the relative timing of the internal CV subsequence (in a CCV) in the obstruent-lateral context, early vowel initiation, and a strong compensatory relation between the duration of the obstruent-to-lateral transition and the duration of the lateral. In other words, we find that the global organization presiding over the segments partaking in these tautosyllabic CCVs is pleiotropic, that is, simultaneously expressed over a set of different phonetic parameters rather than via a privileged metric such as c-center stability or any other such given single measure (employed in prior works). KW - syllables KW - inter-segmental coordination KW - Central Peninsular Spanish KW - obstruent-lateral clusters KW - obstruent-rhotic clusters Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2020.100995 SN - 0095-4470 VL - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Rösler, Frank T1 - Are words pre-activated probabilistically during sentence comprehension? BT - evidence from new data and a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis using publicly available data JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Several studies (e.g., Wicha et al., 2003b; DeLong et al., 2005) have shown that readers use information from the sentential context to predict nouns (or some of their features), and that predictability effects can be inferred from the EEG signal in determiners or adjectives appearing before the predicted noun. While these findings provide evidence for the pre-activation proposal, recent replication attempts together with inconsistencies in the results from the literature cast doubt on the robustness of this phenomenon. Our study presents the first attempt to use the effect of gender on predictability in German to study the pre-activation hypothesis, capitalizing on the fact that all German nouns have a gender and that their preceding determiners can show an unambiguous gender marking when the noun phrase has accusative case. Despite having a relatively large sample size (of 120 subjects), both our preregistered and exploratory analyses failed to yield conclusive evidence for or against an effect of pre-activation. The sign of the effect is, however, in the expected direction: the more unexpected the gender of the determiner, the larger the negativity. The recent, inconclusive replication attempts by Nieuwland et al. (2018) and others also show effects with signs in the expected direction. We conducted a Bayesian random-ef-fects meta-analysis using our data and the publicly available data from these recent replication attempts. Our meta-analysis shows a relatively clear but very small effect that is consistent with the pre-activation account and demonstrates a very important advantage of the Bayesian data analysis methodology: we can incrementally accumulate evidence to obtain increasingly precise estimates of the effect of interest. KW - ERP KW - pre-activation KW - predictions KW - grammatical gender KW - Bayesian meta-analysis Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107427 SN - 0028-3932 SN - 1873-3514 VL - 142 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reifegerste, Jana A1 - Jarvis, Rebecca A1 - Felser, Claudia T1 - Effects of chronological age on native and nonnative sentence processing BT - evidence from subject-verb agreement in German JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - While much attention has been devoted to the cognition of aging multilingual individuals, little is known about how age affects their grammatical processing. We assessed subject-verb number-agreement processing in sixty native (L1) and sixty non-native (L2) speakers of German (age: 18-84) using a binary-choice sentence-completion task, along with various individual-differences tests. Our results revealed differential effects of age on L1 and L2 speakers' accuracy and reaction times (RTs). L1 speakers' RTs increased with age, and they became more susceptible to attraction errors. In contrast, L2 speakers' RTs decreased, once age-related slowing was controlled for, and their overall accuracy increased. We interpret this as resulting from increased L2 exposure. Moreover, L2 speakers' accuracy/RT patterns were more strongly affected by cognitive variables (working memory, interference control) than L1 speakers'. Our findings show that as regards bilinguals' grammatical processing ability, aging is associated with both gains (in experience) and losses (in cognitive abilities). KW - sentence processing KW - subject-verb agreement KW - attraction errors KW - second-language processing KW - aging Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104083 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 111 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horn, Peter A1 - Fritzsche, Tom A1 - Ehlert, Antje A1 - Adani, Flavia T1 - Tapping into the interplay of lexical and number knowledge using fast mapping BT - a longitudinal eye-tracking study with two-year-olds JF - Infant behavior & development : an international and interdisciplinary journal N2 - Language skills and mathematical competencies are argued to influence each other during development. While a relation between the development of vocabulary size and mathematical skills is already documented in the literature, this study further examines how children's ability to map a novel word to an unknown object as well as their ability to retain this word from memory may be related to their knowledge of number words. Twenty-five children were tested longitudinally (at 30 and at 36 months of age) using an eye-tracking-based fast mapping task, the Give-a Number task, and standardized measures of vocabulary. The results reveal that children's ability to create and retain a mental representation of a novel word was related to number knowledge at 30 months, but not at 36 months while vocabulary size correlated with number knowledge only at 36 months. These results show that even specific mapping processes are initially related to the acquisition of number words and they speak for a parallelism between the development of lexical and number-concept knowledge despite their semantic and syntactic differences. KW - Number KW - Number knowledge KW - Cognitive development KW - Fast mapping KW - Word KW - learning KW - Cross-domain development Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101573 SN - 0163-6383 SN - 1879-0453 VL - 64 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Nina A1 - Beer, Carola de A1 - Frank, Ulrike T1 - Ist die therapeutische Mundpflege bei Dysphagiepatient*innen verschwendete Zeit? BT - ein narrativer Review zu Effekten der Mundpflege auf die Pneumoniehäufigkeit und Ableitung einer Handlungsempfehlung BT - a narrative review on the effects of oral care on pneumonia risk and guidelines for an effective and structured approach JF - Sprache, Stimme, Gehör : Zeitschrift für Kommunikationsstörungen N2 - Aspirationspneumonien sind eine häufige Todesursache bei Dysphagiepatient*innen. In diesem Beitrag wird durch die Evaluation relevanter Studien die Frage untersucht, ob die therapeutische Mundpflege bei Dysphagiepatient*innen zur Verringerung des Pneumonierisikos beitragen kann. Zudem wird auf dieser Grundlage eine Handlungsempfehlung für die Umsetzung der Mundpflege entwickelt. Die ausgewählten Studien zeigen, dass die Mundpflege einen positiven Effekt auf das Pneumonie-Risiko von Dysphagiepatient*innen hat. Sie sollte auf den Grundsätzen Einfachheit, Sicherheit, Arbeitskräfteentlastung, Wirksamkeit, Universalität, Wirtschaftlichkeit und vollständige Mundpflege aller Teile der Mundhöhle beruhen und nimmt weniger als fünf Minuten täglich ein. Sie bereitet durch die taktile Stimulation auf die anschließende Dysphagie-Therapie vor und ist somit sinnvoll investierte Therapiezeit. N2 - Aspiration pneumonia is a common cause of death in dysphagia patients. In this review, we investigate whether a structured oral care approach can help to reduce pneumonia risk in dysphagic patients. In addition, guidelines for the implementation of oral care on the basis of the analyzed studies are presented. Oral care has positive effects on the risk of pneumonia in dysphagia patients. Oral care should be based on the principles of simplicity, safety, efficiency and effectiveness, universality and economy and it should include all parts of the oral cavity. Effective oral care takes less than five minutes a day. The tactile stimulation prepares the patient for dysphagia therapy and can be considered wisely-invested time. T2 - Is oral care for dysphagic patients wasted time? KW - oral care KW - dysphagia KW - pneumonia KW - Therapeutische Mundpflege KW - Dysphagie KW - Pneumonie Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1714-1587 SN - 0342-0477 SN - 1439-1260 VL - 46 IS - 03 SP - 150 EP - 155 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhrmeister, Pamela A1 - Madec, Sylvain A1 - Lorenz, Antje A1 - Elbuy, Shereen A1 - Bürki Foschini, Audrey Damaris T1 - Behavioural and EEG evidence for inter-individual variability in late encoding stages of word production JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience N2 - Individuals differ in the time needed to name a picture. This contribution asks whether this inter-individual variability emerges in earlier stages of word production (e.g. lexical selection) or later stages (e.g. articulation) and examines the consequences of this variability for EEG group results. We measured participants' (N = 45) naming latencies and continuous EEG in a picture-word interference task and naming latencies in a delayed naming task. Inter-individual variability in naming latencies in immediate naming (in contrast with inter-item variability) was not larger than the variability in the delayed task, suggesting that some variability in immediate naming originates in later stages of word production. EEG data complemented this interpretation: Differences between relatively fast vs. slow speakers emerged in response-aligned analyses in a time window close to the vocal response. We additionally present a method to assess the generalisability of the timing of effects across participants based on random sampling. KW - Word production KW - inter-individual variability KW - event-related potentials KW - picture-word-interference Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2022.2030483 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 902 EP - 924 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perugia, Giulia A1 - Paetzel-Prüsmann, Maike A1 - Alanenpää, Madelene A1 - Castellano, Ginevra T1 - I can see it in your eyes BT - Gaze as an implicit cue of uncanniness and task performance in repeated interactions with robots JF - Frontiers in robotics and AI N2 - Over the past years, extensive research has been dedicated to developing robust platforms and data-driven dialog models to support long-term human-robot interactions. However, little is known about how people's perception of robots and engagement with them develop over time and how these can be accurately assessed through implicit and continuous measurement techniques. In this paper, we explore this by involving participants in three interaction sessions with multiple days of zero exposure in between. Each session consists of a joint task with a robot as well as two short social chats with it before and after the task. We measure participants' gaze patterns with a wearable eye-tracker and gauge their perception of the robot and engagement with it and the joint task using questionnaires. Results disclose that aversion of gaze in a social chat is an indicator of a robot's uncanniness and that the more people gaze at the robot in a joint task, the worse they perform. In contrast with most HRI literature, our results show that gaze toward an object of shared attention, rather than gaze toward a robotic partner, is the most meaningful predictor of engagement in a joint task. Furthermore, the analyses of gaze patterns in repeated interactions disclose that people's mutual gaze in a social chat develops congruently with their perceptions of the robot over time. These are key findings for the HRI community as they entail that gaze behavior can be used as an implicit measure of people's perception of robots in a social chat and of their engagement and task performance in a joint task. KW - perception of robots KW - long-term interaction KW - mutual gaze KW - engagement KW - uncanny valley Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.645956 SN - 2296-9144 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Salzmann, Martin A1 - Wierzba, Marta A1 - Georgi, Doreen T1 - Condition C in German A'-movement BT - tackling challenges in experimental research on reconstruction JF - Journal of linguistics : JL N2 - In recent experimental work, arguments for or against Condition C reconstruction in A'-movement have been based on low/high availability of coreference in sentences with and without A'-movement. We argue that this reasoning is problematic: It involves arbitrary thresholds, and the results are potentially confounded by the different surface orders of the compared structures and non-syntactic factors. We present three experiments with designs that do not require defining thresholds of 'low' or 'high' coreference values. Instead, we focus on grammatical contrasts (wh-movement vs. relativization, subject vs. object wh-movement) and aim to identify and reduce confounds. The results show that reconstruction for A'-movement of DPs is not very robust in German, contra previous findings. Our results are compatible with the view that the surface order and non-syntactic factors (e.g. plausibility, referential accessibility of an R-expression) heavily influence coreference possibilities. Thus, the data argue against a theory that includes both reconstruction and a hard Condition C constraint. There is a residual contrast between sentences with subject/object movement, which is compatible with an account without reconstruction (and an additional non-syntactic factor) or an account with reconstruction (and a soft Condition C constraint). KW - A'-movement KW - binding KW - Condition C KW - experimental syntax KW - German KW - reconstruction KW - relative clauses KW - wh-questions Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226722000214 SN - 0022-2267 SN - 1469-7742 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 577 EP - 622 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Kate A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban T1 - Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles? JF - PLOS ONE N2 - In this paper we examine the effect of uncertainty on readers' predictions about meaning. In particular, we were interested in how uncertainty might influence the likelihood of committing to a specific sentence meaning. We conducted two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using particle verbs such as turn down and manipulated uncertainty by constraining the context such that readers could be either highly certain about the identity of a distant verb particle, such as turn the bed [...] down, or less certain due to competing particles, such as turn the music [...] up/down. The study was conducted in German, where verb particles appear clause-finally and may be separated from the verb by a large amount of material. We hypothesised that this separation would encourage readers to predict the particle, and that high certainty would make prediction of a specific particle more likely than lower certainty. If a specific particle was predicted, this would reflect a strong commitment to sentence meaning that should incur a higher processing cost if the prediction is wrong. If a specific particle was less likely to be predicted, commitment should be weaker and the processing cost of a wrong prediction lower. If true, this could suggest that uncertainty discourages predictions via an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio. However, given the clear predictions made by the literature, it was surprisingly unclear whether the uncertainty manipulation affected the two ERP components studied, the N400 and the PNP. Bayes factor analyses showed that evidence for our a priori hypothesised effect sizes was inconclusive, although there was decisive evidence against a priori hypothesised effect sizes larger than 1 mu Vfor the N400 and larger than 3 mu V for the PNP. We attribute the inconclusive finding to the properties of verb-particle dependencies that differ from the verb-noun dependencies in which the N400 and PNP are often studied. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267813 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 17 IS - 8 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco, California, US ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Ommen, Sandrien A1 - Boll-Avetisyan, Natalie A1 - Larraza, Saioa A1 - Wellmann, Caroline A1 - Bijeljac-Babic, Ranka A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Nazzi, Thierry T1 - Language-specific prosodic acquisition BT - a comparison of phrase boundary perception by French- and German-learning infants JF - Journal of memory and language: JML N2 - This study compares the development of prosodic processing in French- and German-learning infants. The emergence of language-specific perception of phrase boundaries was directly tested using the same stimuli across these two languages. French-learning (Experiment 1, 2) and German-learning 6- and 8-month-olds (Experiment 3) listened to the same French noun sequences with or without major prosodic boundaries ([Loulou et Manou] [et Nina]; [Loulou et Manou et Nina], respectively). The boundaries were either naturally cued (Experiment 1), or cued exclusively by pitch and duration (Experiment 2, 3). French-learning 6- and 8-month-olds both perceived the natural boundary, but neither perceived the boundary when only two cues were present. In contrast, German-learning infants develop from not perceiving the two-cue boundary at 6 months to perceiving it at 8 months, just like German-learning 8-month-olds listening to German (Wellmann, Holzgrefe, Truckenbrodt, Wartenburger, & Hohle, 2012). In a control experiment (Experiment 4), we found little difference between German and French adult listeners, suggesting that later, French listeners catch up with German listeners. Taken together, these cross-linguistic differences in the perception of identical stimuli provide direct evidence for language-specific development of prosodic boundary perception. KW - Prosody KW - Acquisition KW - Language-specific KW - Perception KW - Infant KW - Prosodic boundaries Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104108 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 112 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lialiou, Maria A1 - Sotiropoulou, Stavroula A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Spatiotemporal coordination in word-medial stop-lateral and s-stop clusters of American English JF - Phonetica : international journal of phonetic science N2 - This paper is concerned with the relation between syllabic organization and intersegmental spatiotemporal coordination using Electromagnetic Articulometry recordings from seven speakers of American English (henceforth, English). Whereas previous work on English has focused on word-initial clusters (preceding a vowel whose identity was not systematically varied), the present work examined word-medial clusters /pl, kl, sp, sk/ in the context of three different vowel heights (high, mid, low). Our results provide evidence for a global organization for the segments involved in these cluster-vowel combinations. This is reflected in a number of ways: compression of the prevocalic consonant and reduction of CV timing in the word-medial cluster case compared to its singleton paired word in both stop-lateral and s-stop clusters, early vowel initiation (as permitted by the clusters' phonetic properties), and presence of compensatory relations between phonetic properties of different segments or intersegmental transitions within each cluster. In other words, we find that the global organization presiding over the segments partaking in these word-medial tautosyllabic CCVs is pleiotropic, that is, simultaneously expressed in multiple phonetic exponents rather than via a privileged metric such as c-center stability or any other such given single measure employed in previous works. KW - American English KW - intersegmental coordination KW - s-stop clusters KW - stop-lateral clusters KW - syllabic structure Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/phon-2021-2010 SN - 0031-8388 SN - 1423-0321 VL - 78 IS - 5-6 SP - 385 EP - 433 PB - De Gruyter Mouton CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puebla Antunes, Cecilia A1 - Felser, Claudia T1 - Discourse Prominence and Antecedent MisRetrieval during Native and Non-Native Pronoun Resolution JF - Discours : revue de linguistique, psycholinguistique et informatique N2 - Previous studies on non-native (L2) anaphor resolution suggest that L2 comprehenders are guided more strongly by discourse-level cues compared to native (L1) comprehenders. Here we examine whether and how a grammatically inappropriate antecedent’s discourse status affects the likelihood of it being considered during L1 and L2 pronoun resolution. We used an interference paradigm to examine how the extrasentential discourse impacts the resolution of German object pronouns. In an eye-tracking-during-reading experiment we examined whether an elaborated local antecedent ruled out by binding Condition B would be mis-retrieved during pronoun resolution, and whether initially introducing this antecedent as the discourse topic would affect the chances of it being mis-retrieved. While both participant groups rejected the inappropriate antecedent in an offline questionnaire irrespective of its discourse prominence, their real-time processing patterns differed. L1 speakers initially mis-retrieved the inappropriate antecedent regardless of its contextual prominence. L1 Russian/L2 German speakers, in contrast, were affected by the antecedent’s discourse status, considering it only when it was discourse-new but not when it had previously been introduced as the discourse topic. Our findings show that L2 comprehenders are highly sensitive to discourse dynamics such as topic shifts, supporting the claim that discourse-level cues are more strongly weighted during L2 compared to L1 processing. KW - pronoun resolution KW - non-native sentence processing KW - discourse KW - prominence KW - interference KW - German KW - eye-movement monitoring Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4000/discours.11720 SN - 1963-1723 IS - 29 PB - Université de Paris-Sorbonne, Maion Recherche CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paape, Dario A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Estimating the true cost of garden pathing: BT - a computational model of latent cognitive processes JF - Cognitive science N2 - What is the processing cost of being garden-pathed by a temporary syntactic ambiguity? We argue that comparing average reading times in garden-path versus non-garden-path sentences is not enough to answer this question. Trial-level contaminants such as inattention, the fact that garden pathing may occur non-deterministically in the ambiguous condition, and "triage" (rejecting the sentence without reanalysis; Fodor & Inoue, 2000) lead to systematic underestimates of the true cost of garden pathing. Furthermore, the "pure" garden-path effect due to encountering an unexpected word needs to be separated from the additional cost of syntactic reanalysis. To get more realistic estimates for the individual processing costs of garden pathing and syntactic reanalysis, we implement a novel computational model that includes trial-level contaminants as probabilistically occurring latent cognitive processes. The model shows a good predictive fit to existing reading time and judgment data. Furthermore, the latent-process approach captures differences between noun phrase/zero complement (NP/Z) garden-path sentences and semantically biased reduced relative clause (RRC) garden-path sentences: The NP/Z garden path occurs nearly deterministically but can be mostly eliminated by adding a comma. By contrast, the RRC garden path occurs with a lower probability, but disambiguation via semantic plausibility is not always effective. KW - garden-path effect KW - syntactic reanalysis KW - multinomial processing tree KW - latent processes KW - mixture modeling Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13186 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 46 IS - 8 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - The posterior probability of a null hypothesis given a statistically significant result JF - The quantitative methods for psychology N2 - When researchers carry out a null hypothesis significance test, it is tempting to assume that a statistically significant result lowers Prob(H0), the probability of the null hypothesis being true. Technically, such a statement is meaningless for various reasons: e.g., the null hypothesis does not have a probability associated with it. However, it is possible to relax certain assumptions to compute the posterior probability Prob(H0) under repeated sampling. We show in a step-by-step guide that the intuitively appealing belief, that Prob(H0) is low when significant results have been obtained under repeated sampling, is in general incorrect and depends greatly on: (a) the prior probability of the null being true; (b) type-I error rate, (c) type-II error rate, and (d) replication of a result. Through step-by-step simulations using open-source code in the R System of Statistical Computing, we show that uncertainty about the null hypothesis being true often remains high despite a significant result. To help the reader develop intuitions about this common misconception, we provide a Shiny app (https://danielschad.shinyapps.io/probnull/). We expect that this tutorial will help researchers better understand and judge results from null hypothesis significance tests. KW - Null hypothesis significance testing KW - Bayesian inference KW - statistical KW - power Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.18.2.p011 SN - 1913-4126 SN - 2292-1354 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 130 EP - 141 PB - University of Montreal, Department of Psychology CY - Montreal ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peters, Arne A1 - van Hattum, Marije T1 - Pseudonyms as carriers of contextualised threat in 19th-century Irish English threatening notices JF - English world-wide : a journal of varieties of English N2 - This paper explores functions of pseudonyms in written threatening communication from a cognitive sociolinguistic perspective. It addresses the semantic domains present in pseudonyms in a corpus of 19th-century Irish English threatening notices and their cognitive functions in the construction of both cultural-contextualised threat and the threatener's identity. We identify eight semantic domains that are accessed recurrently in order to create threat. Contributing to the notion of threat involves menacing war, violence, darkness and perdition directly, while also constructing a certain persona for the threatener that highlights their motivation, moral superiority, historical, local and circumstantial expertise, and their physical and mental aptitude. We argue that pseudonyms contribute to the deontic force of the threat by accessing cultural categories and schemas as well as conceptual metaphors and metonymies. Finally, we suggest that pseudonyms function as post-positioned semantic frame setters, providing a cognitive lens through which the entire threatening notice must be interpreted. KW - pseudonyms KW - threatening communication KW - Irish English KW - persona KW - construction KW - sociocultural cognition KW - context-specificity KW - post-positioned semantic frame setters Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00059.pet SN - 0172-8865 SN - 1569-9730 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 29 EP - 53 PB - John Benjamins Publishing Co. CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Philipp, Mareike T1 - Quantifier scope ambiguities in English, German, and Asante Twi (Akan): structural and pragmatic factors T1 - Quantorenskopusambiguitäten im Englischen, Deutschen, und Asante Twi (Akan): Strukturelle und Pragmatische Faktoren N2 - This thesis is concerned with the phenomenon of quantifier scope ambiguities. This phenomenon has been researched extensively, both from a theoretical and from an empirical point of view. Nevertheless, there are still a number of under-researched topics in the field of quantifier scope, which will be the main focus of this thesis. I will take a closer look at three languages, English, German, and the Asante Twi dialect of Akan (Kwa, Niger-Kongo). The goal is a better understanding of the phenomenon of quantifier scope both within each language, as well as from a cross-linguistic perspective. First, this thesis will provide a series of experiments that allow a direct cross-linguistic comparison between English and German – two languages about which specific claims have been made in the literature. I will also provide exploratory research in the case of Asante Twi, where so far, no work has been dedicated specifically to the study of quantifier scope. The work on Asante Twi will go beyond quantifier scope and also target the quantifier and determiner system in general. The question is not only if particular scope readings are possible or not, but also which factors contribute to an increase or decrease of scope availability, and if there are factors that block certain scope readings altogether. While some of the results confirm and thereby strengthen previous claims, other results contradict general assumptions in the literature. This is particularly the case for inverse readings in German and inverse readings across clause-boundaries. N2 - Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Phänomen Quantorenskopus und den daraus entstehenden Ambiguitäten. Dieses Phänomen wurde sowohl aus theoretischer als auch aus empirischer Sicht bereits umfangreich erforscht. Trotz alledem ist eine Reihe an Themenfeldern in diesem Bereich noch immer untererforscht, welche Hauptschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit sind. Konkret werden hier drei Sprachen genauer untersucht: Englisch, Deutsch und Asante Twi (Akan, Kwa, Niger-Kongo). Ziel ist ein besseres Verständnis von Skopusambiguitäten sowohl innerhalb dieser einzelnen Sprache als auch aus einer sprachübergreifenden Perspektive. Zum einen werden in dieser Arbeit eine Reihe von Experimenten präsentiert, die einen direkten sprachübergreifenden Vergleich zwischen Englisch und Deutsch ermöglichen – zwei Sprachen, über die in der Literatur konkrete Vorhersagen gemacht wurden. Darüberhinaus wird auch explorative Forschung im Fall von Asante Twi vorgestellt, wo dieses Phänomen bislang nicht speziell erforscht wurde. Die Arbeit zu Asante Twi wird über Skopusambiguitäten hinaus gehen und auch das Quantoren- und Determinierersystem im Allgemeinen betreffen. Die Fragestellung in diesem Buch ist nicht nur, ob bestimmte Skopus-Lesarten möglich sind oder nicht, sondern auch, welche Faktoren die Verfügbarkeit dieser Lesarten erhöhen oder reduzieren und ob es Faktoren gibt, die bestimmte Lesarten vollständig blockieren. Während einige vorherige Ergebnisse aus der Literatur repliziert werden und damit frühere Vorhersagen untermauern können, stellen andere der hier präsentierten Ergebnisse die bisherigen Annahmen in der Literatur in Frage. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Verfügbarkeit von inversen Lesarten im Deutschen sowie die Verfügbarkeit von inversen Lesarten im Kontext von Satzeinbettungen. KW - quantifiers KW - determiners KW - scope ambiguities KW - Quantoren KW - Determinierer KW - Skopusambiguitäten Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-612356 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sun, He A1 - Ng, Siew Chin A1 - O'Brien, Beth Ann A1 - Fritzsche, Tom T1 - Child, family, and school factors in bilingual preschoolers’ vocabulary development in heritage languages JF - Journal of Child Language N2 - Child characteristics, family factors, and preschool factors are all found to affect the rate of bilingual children's vocabulary development in heritage language (HL). However, what remains unknown is the relative importance of these three sets of factors in HL vocabulary growth. The current study explored the complex issue with 457 Singaporean preschool children who are speaking either Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil as their HL. A series of internal factors (e.g., non-verbal intelligence) and external factors (e.g., maternal educational level) were used to predict children's HL vocabulary growth over a year at preschool with linear mixed effects models. The results demonstrated that external factors (i.e., family and preschool factors) are relatively more important than child characteristics in enhancing bilingual children's HL vocabulary growth. Specifically, children's language input quantity (i.e., home language dominance), input quality (e.g., number of books in HL), and HL input quantity at school (i.e., the time between two waves of tests at preschool) predict the participants' HL vocabulary growth, with initial vocabulary controlled. The relative importance of external factors in bilingual children's HL vocabulary development is attributed to the general bilingual setting in Singapore, where HL is taken as a subject to learn at preschool and children have fairly limited exposure to HL in general. The limited amount of input might not suffice to trigger the full expression of internal resources. Our findings suggest the crucial roles that caregivers and preschools play in early HL education, and the necessity of more parental involvement in early HL learning in particular. KW - heritage language maintenance KW - child characteristics KW - input quantity KW - language input-poor setting Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000919000904 SN - 0305-0009 SN - 1469-7602 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 817 EP - 843 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tan, Sarah A1 - Düring, Sarah A1 - Wilde, Alina A1 - Hamburger, Lara A1 - Fritzsche, Tom A1 - Felsing, Ulrike A1 - Lauer, Norina A1 - Corsten, Sabine A1 - Ostermann, Frank A1 - Nonn, Kerstin A1 - Nerz, Verena A1 - Neumann, Sandra A1 - Zauke, Svenja A1 - Sandrieser, Patricia A1 - Steinberg, Romy Simone A1 - Thurmann, Anika A1 - Dörr, Fiona A1 - Bilda, Kerstin A1 - Kluth, Alicia A1 - Lemire-Tremblay, Marilyne A1 - Jamey, Kevin A1 - Dalla Bella, Simone A1 - Falk, Simone A1 - Kleingünther, Constanze A1 - Gabler, Katrin A1 - Elligsen, Chiara A1 - Weiland, Katharina A1 - Wiehe, Lea A1 - Wahl, Michael A1 - Binczyk, Sarah A1 - Staebel, Cornelia A1 - Jung, Stefanie A1 - Eikerling, Maren A1 - Czok, Clara A1 - Sallat, Stephan A1 - Collasius, Valerie A1 - Grahovac, Tena ED - Tan, Sarah ED - Düring, Sarah ED - Wilde, Alina ED - Hamburger, Lara ED - Fritzsche, Tom T1 - Spektrum Patholinguistik Band 16. Schwerpunktthema: Schnittstelle Alltag: Transfer und Teilhabe in der Sprachtherapie N2 - Das 16. Herbsttreffen Patholinguistik mit dem Schwerpunktthema »Schnittstelle Alltag: Transfer und Teilhabe in der Sprachtherapie« fand am 19.11.2022 als Online-Veranstaltung statt. Das Herbsttreffen wird seit 2007 jährlich vom Verband für Patholinguistik e.V. (vpl), seit 2021 vom Deutschen Bundesverband für akademische Sprachtherapie und Logopädie (dbs) in Kooperation mit der Universität Potsdam durchgeführt. Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet die Vorträge zum Schwerpunktthema sowie die Posterpräsentationen zu weiteren Themen aus der sprachtherapeutischen Forschung und Praxis. N2 - The Sixteenth Autumn Meeting Patholinguistics with its main topic »Interface everyday life: Transfer and participation in speech/language therapy« took place online on the 19th of November 2022. This annual meeting has been organised since 2007 by the Association for Patholinguistics (vpl), since 2021 by the German Federal Association for Academic Speech/Language Therapy and Logopaedics (dbs) in cooperation with the University of Potsdam. The present proceedings feature the presentations on the main topic as well as articles from the poster session covering a broad range of areas in research and practice of speech/language therapy. T3 - Spektrum Patholinguistik - 16 KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Transfer KW - Teilhabe KW - patholinguistics KW - speech/language therapy KW - transfer KW - participation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-590433 SN - 978-3-86956-559-0 SN - 1866-9433 SN - 1869-3822 IS - 16 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lopukhina, Anastasiya A1 - Lopukhin, Konstantin A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna T1 - Morphosyntactic but not lexical corpus-based probabilities can substitute for cloze probabilities in reading experiments JF - PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science N2 - During reading or listening, people can generate predictions about the lexical and morphosyntactic properties of upcoming input based on available context. Psycholinguistic experiments that study predictability or control for it conventionally rely on a human-based approach and estimate predictability via the cloze task. Our study investigated an alternative corpus-based approach for estimating predictability via language predictability models. We obtained cloze and corpus-based probabilities for all words in 144 Russian sentences, correlated the two measures, and found a strong correlation between them. Importantly, we estimated how much variance in eye movements registered while reading the same sentences was explained by each of the two probabilities and whether the two probabilities explain the same variance. Along with lexical predictability (the activation of a particular word form), we analyzed morphosyntactic predictability (the activation of morphological features of words) and its effect on reading times over and above lexical predictability. We found that for predicting reading times, cloze and corpus-based measures of both lexical and morphosyntactic predictability explained the same amount of variance. However, cloze and corpus-based lexical probabilities both independently contributed to a better model fit, whereas for morphosyntactic probabilities, the contributions of cloze and corpus-based measures were interchangeable. Therefore, morphosyntactic but not lexical corpus-based probabilities can substitute for cloze probabilities in reading experiments. Our results also indicate that in languages with rich inflectional morphology, such as Russian, when people engage in prediction, they are much more successful in predicting isolated morphosyntactic features than predicting the particular lexeme and its full morphosyntactic markup. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246133 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 16 IS - 1 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhle, Barbara A1 - Bijeljac-Babic, Ranka A1 - Nazzi, Thierry T1 - Variability and stability in early language acquisition BT - comparing recognition and bilingual infants' speech perception and word recognition JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Many human infants grow up learning more than one language simultaneously but only recently has research started to study early language acquisition in this population more systematically. The paper gives an overview on findings on early language acquisition in bilingual infants during the first two years of life and compares these findings to current knowledge on early language acquisition in monolingual infants. Given the state of the research, the overview focuses on research on phonological and early lexical development in the first two years of life. We will show that the developmental trajectory of early language acquisition in these areas is very similar in mono- and bilingual infants suggesting that these early steps into language are guided by mechanisms that are rather robust against the differences in the conditions of language exposure that mono- and bilingual infants typically experience. KW - language acquisition KW - bilingual infants KW - bilingual phonological KW - development KW - bilingual lexical development KW - simultaneous bilingualism Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000348 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 56 EP - 71 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sotiropoulou, Stavroula A1 - Gafos, Adamantios I. T1 - Phonetic indices of syllabic organization in German stop-lateral clusters JF - Laboratory Phonology N2 - Using articulatory data from five German speakers, we study how segmental sequences under different syllabic organizations respond to perturbations of phonetic parameters in the segments that compose them. Target words contained stop-lateral sequences /bl, gl, kl, pl/ in word-initial and cross-word contexts and were embedded in carrier phrases with different prosodic boundaries, i.e., no phrase boundary versus an utterance phrase boundary preceded the target word in the case of word-initial clusters, or separated the consonants in the case of cross-word sequences. For word-initial cluster (CCV) onsets, we find that increasing C1 stop duration or the lag between two consonants leads to earlier vowel initiation and reduced local timing stability across CV, CCV. Furthermore, as the inter-consonantal lag increases, C2 duration decreases. In contrast, for cross-word C#CV sequences, increasing inter-consonantal lag does not lead to earlier vowel initiation and robust local timing stability is maintained across CV, C#CV. In other words, in CCV sequences within words, local perturbations to segments have effects that ripple through the rest of the sequence. Instead, in cross-word C#CV sequences, local perturbations stay local. Overall, the findings indicate that the effects of phonetic perturbations on coordination patterns depend on the syllabic organization superimposed on these clusters. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.16995/labphon.6440 SN - 1868-6346 SN - 1868-6354 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Open Library of humanities CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boll-Avetisyan, Natalie A1 - Bhatara, Anjali A1 - Unger, Annika A1 - Nazzi, Thierry A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - Rhythmic grouping biases in simultaneous bilinguals JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This study provides a novel approach for testing the universality of perceptual biases by looking at speech processing in simultaneous bilingual adults learning two languages that support the maintenance of this bias to different degrees. Specifically, we investigated the Iambic/Trochaic Law, an assumed universal grouping bias, in simultaneous French-German bilinguals, presenting them with streams of syllables varying in intensity, duration or neither and asking them whether they perceived them as strong-weak or weak-strong groupings. Results showed robust, consistent grouping preferences. A comparison to monolinguals from previous studies revealed that they pattern with German-speaking monolinguals, and differ from French-speaking monolinguals. The distribution of simultaneous bilinguals' individual performance was best explained by a model fitting a unimodal (not bimodal) distribution, failing to support two subgroups of language dominance. Moreover, neither language experience nor language context predicted their performance. These findings suggest a special role for universal biases in simultaneous bilinguals. KW - simultaneous bilingualism KW - universal bias KW - rhythm KW - rhythmic grouping KW - Iambic KW - Trochaic Law Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000140 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 1070 EP - 1081 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreiber, Alexander A1 - Onea Gáspár, Edgar T1 - Are narrow focus exhaustivity inferences Bayesian inferences? JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - In successful communication, the literal meaning of linguistic utterances is often enriched by pragmatic inferences. Part of the pragmatic reasoning underlying such inferences has been successfully modeled as Bayesian goal recognition in the Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework. In this paper, we try to model the interpretation of question-answer sequences with narrow focus in the answer in the RSA framework, thereby exploring the effects of domain size and prior probabilities on interpretation. Should narrow focus exhaustivity inferences be actually based on Bayesian inference involving prior probabilities of states, RSA models should predict a dependency of exhaustivity on these factors. We present experimental data that suggest that interlocutors do not act according to the predictions of the RSA model and that exhaustivity is in fact approximately constant across different domain sizes and priors. The results constitute a conceptual challenge for Bayesian accounts of the underlying pragmatic inferences. KW - pragmatics KW - Bayesian models KW - rational speech act models KW - implicatures KW - focus KW - exhaustivity Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.677223 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pañeda, Claudia A1 - Lago, Sol A1 - Vares, Elena A1 - Veríssimo, João Marques A1 - Felser, Claudia T1 - Island effects in Spanish comprehension JF - Glossa : a journal of general linguistics N2 - A growing body of experimental syntactic research has revealed substantial variation in the magnitude of island effects, not only across languages but also across different grammatical constructions. Adopting a well-established experimental design, the present study examines island effects in Spanish using a speeded acceptability judgment task. To quantify variation across grammatical constructions, we tested extraction from four different types of structure (subjects, complex noun phrases, adjuncts and interrogative clauses). The results of Bayesian mixed effects modelling showed that the size of island effects varied between constructions, such that there was clear evidence of subject, adjunct and interrogative island effects, but not of complex noun phrase island effects. We also failed to find evidence that island effects were modulated by participants' working memory capacity as measured by an operation span task. To account for our results, we suggest that variability in island effects across constructions may be due to the interaction of syntactic, semantic-pragmatic and processing factors, which may affect island types differentially due to their idiosyncratic properties. KW - extraction islands KW - Spanish KW - reading comprehension KW - working memory KW - sentence processing Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1058 SN - 2397-1835 VL - 5 IS - 1 PB - Open Library of Humanities CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reifegerste, Jana T1 - The effects of aging on bilingual language BT - what changes, what doesn't, and why JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Substantial research has examined cognition in aging bilinguals. However, less work has investigated the effects of aging on language itself in bilingualism. In this article I comprehensively review prior research on this topic, and interpret the evidence in light of current theories of aging and theories of bilingualism. First, aging indeed appears to affect bilinguals' language performance, though there is considerable variability in the trajectory across adulthood (declines, age-invariance, and improvements) and in the extent to which these trajectories resemble those found in monolinguals. I argue that these age effects are likely explained by the key opposing forces of increasing experience and cognitive declines in aging. Second, consistent with some theoretical work on bilingual language processing, the grammatical processing mechanisms do not seem to change between younger and older bilingual adults, even after decades of immersion. I conclude by discussing how future research can further advance the field. KW - aging KW - bilingualism KW - second language KW - lexical processing KW - grammatical KW - processing Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000413 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER -