TY - THES A1 - Harbart, Vanessa T1 - The effect of protected cultivation on the nutritional quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var capitata L.) with a focus on antifogging additives in polyolefin covers T1 - Die Bedeutung des geschützten Anbaus für die ernährungsphysiologische Qualität von Kopfsalat (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) mit Schwerpunkt auf Antibeschlagmittel in Polyolefinfolien N2 - Protected cultivation in greenhouses or polytunnels offers the potential for sustainable production of high-yield, high-quality vegetables. This is related to the ability to produce more on less land and to use resources responsibly and efficiently. Crop yield has long been considered the most important factor. However, as plant-based diets have been proposed for a sustainable food system, the targeted enrichment of health-promoting plant secondary metabolites should be addressed. These metabolites include carotenoids and flavonoids, which are associated with several health benefits, such as cardiovascular health and cancer protection. Cover materials generally have an influence on the climatic conditions, which in turn can affect the levels of secondary metabolites in vegetables grown underneath. Plastic materials are cost-effective and their properties can be modified by incorporating additives, making them the first choice. However, these additives can migrate and leach from the material, resulting in reduced service life, increased waste and possible environmental release. Antifogging additives are used in agricultural films to prevent the formation of droplets on the film surface, thereby increasing light transmission and preventing microbiological contamination. This thesis focuses on LDPE/EVA covers and incorporated antifogging additives for sustainable protected cultivation, following two different approaches. The first addressed the direct effects of leached antifogging additives using simulation studies on lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa var capitata L). The second determined the effect of antifog polytunnel covers on lettuce quality. Lettuce is usually grown under protective cover and can provide high nutritional value due to its carotenoid and flavonoid content, depending on the cultivar. To study the influence of simulated leached antifogging additives on lettuce leaves, a GC-MS method was first developed to analyze these additives based on their fatty acid moieties. Three structurally different antifogging additives (reference material) were characterized outside of a polymer matrix for the first time. All of them contained more than the main fatty acid specified by the manufacturer. Furthermore, they were found to adhere to the leaf surface and could not be removed by water or partially by hexane. The incorporation of these additives into polytunnel covers affects carotenoid levels in lettuce, but not flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives and chlorophylls. Specifically, carotenoids were higher in lettuce grown under polytunnels without antifog than with antifog. This has been linked to their effect on the light regime and was suggested to be related to carotenoid function in photosynthesis. In terms of protected cultivation, the use of LDPE/EVA polytunnels affected light and temperature, and both are closely related. The carotenoid and flavonoid contents of lettuce grown under polytunnels was reversed, with higher carotenoid and lower flavonoid levels. At the individual level, the flavonoids detected in lettuce did not differ however, lettuce carotenoids adapted specifically depending on the time of cultivation. Flavonoid reduction was shown to be transcriptionally regulated (CHS) in response to UV light (UVR8). In contrast, carotenoids are thought to be regulated post-transcriptionally, as indicated by the lack of correlation between carotenoid levels and transcripts of the first enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis (PSY) and a carotenoid degrading enzyme (CCD4), as well as the increased carotenoid metabolic flux. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms and metabolite adaptation strategies could further advance the strategic development and selection of cover materials. N2 - Der geschützte Anbau in Gewächshäusern oder unter Folientunneln bietet die Möglichkeit einer nachhaltigen Produktion von ertragreichem Gemüse hoher Qualität. Die ressourceneffiziente Produktion von mehr auf weniger Fläche ist dabei ein wichtiger Faktor. Lange galt der Gemüseertrag als wichtigstes Kriterium. Die Anreicherung von gesundheitsfördernden sekundären Pflanzenmetaboliten gewinnt jedoch zunehmend an Bedeutung, nicht zuletzt durch die empfohlene pflanzenbasierte Ernährung für ein nachhaltiges Ernährungssystem. Die Sekundärmetabolite Carotinoide und Flavonoide sind mit verschiedenen gesundheitlichen Vorteilen assoziiert, etwa der kardiovaskulären Gesundheit und der Krebsprävention. Das Material eines Gewächshauses beeinflusst die klimatischen Bedingungen im geschützten Anbau. Das resultierende Mikroklima kann sich wiederum auf den Gehalt an Sekundärmetaboliten im Gemüse auswirken. Materialien aus Kunststoff sind kostengünstig und ihre Eigenschaften können durch Zusätze, sogenannte Additive, modifiziert werden. Additive können an die Oberfläche des Materials und aus diesem migrieren, was die Materiallebensdauer einerseits verkürzt und größere Abfallmengen produziert. Andererseits besteht das Risiko einer Umweltemission der Additive. Antifogging-Additive verhindern die Bildung von Kondenswasser Tropfen auf der Oberfläche von Gewächshausfolien, wodurch die Lichtdurchlässigkeit der Folien verbessert, sowie eine mikrobiologische Kontamination vermieden werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit LDPE/EVA-Gewächshausfolien mit Antifogging-Additiven für einen nachhaltigen geschützten Anbau und verfolgt dabei zwei unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen. Zum einen befasst sich die Arbeit mit den direkten Auswirkungen von Antifogging-Additiven in Folge eines Übergangs auf Salatblätter (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) mittels Simulationsversuchen. Um den simulierten Übergang zu untersuchen, wurde zunächst eine Methode zur Analyse des Fettsäureanteils der Additive mittels GC-MS entwickelt. Drei strukturell unterschiedliche Antifogging-Additive (Referenzmaterial) wurden erstmals außerhalb einer Polymermatrix charakterisiert. Sie enthielten diverse Fettsäuren, und somit mehr, als die vom Hersteller angegebene Hauptfettsäure. Des Weiteren wurde gezeigt, dass sie an der Blattoberfläche haften und weder durch Wasser noch teilweise durch Hexan entfernt werden können. Zum anderen wurde der Einfluss von Antifogging-Additiven in Gewächshausfolien auf die Salatqualität untersucht. Salat ist ein Gemüse, das üblicherweise auch unter Schutzabdeckungen angebaut wird und sortenspezifisch größere Mengen an Carotinoiden und Flavonoiden enthält. Der Anbau von Salat unter Antifog-Folientunneln beeinflusste den Carotinoidgehalt, nicht aber den Gehalt an Flavonoiden, Kaffeesäurederivaten und Chlorophyll. Salate, die unter Folientunneln ohne Antifog angebaut wurde akkumulierten höhere Gehalte der Carotinoide, als solche unter Antifog-Folientunneln. Es besteht wahrscheinlich ein Zusammenhang mit der Funktion der Carotinoide als Photosynthesepigmente und der Lichtumgebung. Die Verwendung von LDPE/EVA-Folientunneln beeinflusste allgemein Licht und Temperatur im geschützten Anbau, beide Faktoren sind eng verknüpft. Die Carotinoid- und Flavonoidgehalte waren dabei invers, mit höheren gesamt Carotinoid- und niedrigeren gesamt Flavonoidgehalten von Salaten unter Folientunneln. Die individuellen Flavonoid-Glykoside unterschieden sich innerhalb der Versuchszeiträume (Frühjahr und Herbst) nicht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese hinsichtlich der UV-Lichtumgebung (UVR8) transkriptionell reguliert werden (CHS). Demgegenüber fanden spezifische Anpassungen der individuellen Carotinoidmetabolite in den Versuchszeiträumen statt. Die fehlende Korrelation der Carotinoidmetabolite und der Transkripte des Hauptenzyms der Biosynthese (PSY) und eines Carotinoid-abbauenden Enzyms (CCD4) sowie der erhöhte Carotinoid-Stoffwechselfluss deuten auf eine post-transkriptionelle Regulierung hin. Die Regulationsmechanismen und Anpassungsstrategien der sekundären Pflanzenstoffe in Gemüse zu verstehen, könnte zukünftig zur strategischen Entwicklung und Auswahl von Gewächshausmaterialien beitragen. KW - protected cultivation KW - polytunnel KW - lettuce KW - antifogging additives KW - plant secondary metabolites KW - carotenoids KW - flavonoids KW - mass spectrometry KW - plastic additives KW - Antibeschlag-Additive KW - Carotinoide KW - Flavonoide KW - Kopfsalat KW - Massenspektrometrie KW - sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe KW - Kunststoff-Additive KW - Folientunnel KW - geschützter Anbau Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-629375 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fitzner, Maria T1 - Cultivation of selected halophytes in saline indoor farming and modulation of cultivation conditions to optimize metabolite profiles for human nutrition T1 - Kultivierung ausgewählter Halophyten im salinen Indoor Farming und Modulation der Anbaubedingungen zur Optimierung der Metabolitenprofile für die menschliche Ernährung N2 - With the many challenges facing the agricultural system, such as water scarcity, loss of arable land due to climate change, population growth, urbanization or trade disruptions, new agri-food systems are needed to ensure food security in the future. In addition, healthy diets are needed to combat non-communicable diseases. Therefore, plant-based diets rich in health-promoting plant secondary metabolites are desirable. A saline indoor farming system is representing a sustainable and resilient new agrifood system and can preserve valuable fresh water. Since indoor farming relies on artificial lighting, assessment of lighting conditions is essential. In this thesis, the cultivation of halophytes in a saline indoor farming system was evaluated and the influence of cultivation conditions were assessed in favor of improving the nutritional quality of halophytes for human consumption. Therefore, five selected edible halophyte species (Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia, Cochlearia officinalis, Atriplex hortensis, Chenopodium quinoa, and Salicornia europaea) were cultivated in saline indoor farming. The halophyte species were selected for to their salt tolerance levels and mechanisms. First, the suitability of halophytes for saline indoor farming and the influence of salinity on their nutritional properties, e.g. plant secondary metabolites and minerals, were investigated. Changes in plant performance and nutritional properties were observed as a function of salinity. The response to salinity was found to be species-specific and related to the salt tolerance mechanism of the halophytes. At their optimal salinity levels, the halophytes showed improved carotenoid content. In addition, a negative correlation was found between the nitrate and chloride content of halophytes as a function of salinity. Since chloride and nitrate can be antinutrient compounds, depending on their content, monitoring is essential, especially in halophytes. Second, regional brine water was introduced as an alternative saline water resource in the saline indoor farming system. Brine water was shown to be feasible for saline indoor farming of halophytes, as there was no adverse effect on growth or nutritional properties, e.g. carotenoids. Carotenoids were shown to be less affected by salt composition than by salt concentration. In addition, the interaction between the salinity and the light regime in indoor farming and greenhouse cultivation has been studied. There it was shown that interacting light regime and salinity alters the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls. Further, glucosinolate and nitrate content were also shown to be influenced by light regime. Finally, the influence of UVB light on halophytes was investigated using supplemental narrow-band UVB LEDs. It was shown that UVB light affects the growth, phenotype and metabolite profile of halophytes and that the UVB response is species specific. Furthermore, a modulation of carotenoid content in S. europaea could be achieved to enhance health-promoting properties and thus improve nutritional quality. This was shown to be dose-dependent and the underlying mechanisms of carotenoid accumulation were also investigated. Here it was revealed that carotenoid accumulation is related to oxidative stress. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the potential of halophytes as alternative vegetables produced in a saline indoor farming system for future diets that could contribute to ensuring food security in the future. To improve the sustainability of the saline indoor farming system, LED lamps and regional brine water could be integrated into the system. Since the nutritional properties have been shown to be influenced by salt, light regime and UVB light, these abiotic stressors must be taken into account when considering halophytes as alternative vegetables for human nutrition. N2 - Angesichts zahlreicher Herausforderungen wie Wasserknappheit oder Verlust landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen aufgrund des Klimawandels, Bevölkerungswachstum und Verstädterung sind neue Systeme der Agrar- und Lebensmittelproduktion (Agrifood-Systeme) erforderlich, um die Ernährungssicherheit in der Zukunft zu gewährleisten. Eines dieser neuen Agrifood-Systeme ist das Indoor Farming. Es bietet den Vorteil einer nachhaltigen und resilienten Nahrungsmittelproduktion. In Kombination mit dem Anbau von Salzpflanzen kann wertvolles Süßwasser eingespart werden, da diese mit Salzwasser bewässert werden können. Durch eine pflanzliche Ernährung, die reich an sekundären Pflanzenstoffen mit gesundheitsfördernden Eigenschaften ist, kann eine gesunde Ernährung erreicht werden. Dadurch kann das Risiko für nicht übertragbare Krankheiten wie Diabetes oder Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen gesenkt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob salztolerante Pflanzen (Halophyten) als alternatives Gemüse für die menschliche Ernährung geeignet sind und ob sie in einem salzhaltigen Indoor Farming System angebaut werden können. Zu diesem Zweck wurden fünf essbare Halophyten (Palmkohl, Gartenmelde, Löffelkraut, Quinoa und Europäische Queller) untersucht. Mit diesen Halophyten wurden verschiedene Pflanzenstudien durchgeführt, um den Einfluss von Salz, Licht und UVB-Strahlung auf für die menschliche Ernährung relevante Inhaltsstoffe zu untersuchen. In der ersten Studie wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluss das salzhaltige Indoor Farming System auf die Salzpflanzen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe hat. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich die Inhaltsstoffe mit steigender Salzkonzentration im Wasser verändern. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob sich regionales Solewasser aus einer Thermalquelle als Salzwasserressource eignet. Es zeigte sich, dass das Solewasser keine negativen Auswirkungen auf das Wachstum oder die Inhaltsstoffe hat. Darüber hinaus wurde das Indoor-Farming System mit dem klassischen Gewächshausanbau von Salzpflanzen verglichen. Dabei zeigte sich ein Einfluss der unterschiedlichen Beleuchtung auf die Inhaltsstoffe. Schließlich wurde der Einsatz von UVB-LEDs als zusätzliche Beleuchtung getestet. Dabei wurde eine Verbesserung des Inhaltsstoffprofils erreicht. Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass Salzpflanzen in Indoor-Farming kultiviert werden können und dass die ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften durch Salz, Beleuchtung und UVB-Licht beeinflusst werden können. KW - halophytes KW - indoor farming KW - secondary plant metabolites KW - carotenoids KW - saline agriculture KW - future food KW - human diet KW - Carotinoide KW - Nahrung der Zukunft KW - Halophyten KW - menschliche Ernährung KW - Indoor farming KW - Saline Landwirtschaft KW - pflanzliche Sekundär Metabolite Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-626974 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weber, Daniela A1 - Kochlik, Bastian Max A1 - Demuth, Ilja A1 - Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Norman, Kristina T1 - Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols and retinol BT - Association with age in the Berlin Aging Study II T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, which is related to high plasma levels of lipid-soluble micro-nutrients such as carotenoids and tocopherols, is linked to lower incidences of various age-related diseases. Differences in lipid-soluble micronutrient blood concentrations seem to be associated with age. Our retrospective analysis included men and women aged 22-37 and 60-85 years from the Berlin Aging Study II. Participants with simultaneously available plasma samples and dietary data were included (n = 1973). Differences between young and old groups were found for plasma lycopene, alpha-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, beta-cryptoxanthin (only in women), and gamma-tocopherol (only in men). beta-Carotene, retinol and lutein/zeaxanthin did not differ between young and old participants regardless of the sex. We found significant associations for lycopene, alpha-carotene (both inverse), alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and beta-carotene (all positive) with age. Adjusting for BMI, smoking status, season, cholesterol and dietary intake confirmed these associations, except for beta-carotene. These micronutrients are important antioxidants and associated with lower incidence of age-related diseases, therefore it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms in order to implement dietary strategies for the prevention of age-related diseases. To explain the lower lycopene and alpha-carotene concentration in older subjects, bioavailability studies in older participants are necessary. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1409 KW - carotenoids KW - tocopherols KW - micronutrients KW - age KW - plasma KW - food frequency questionnaire Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-515996 SN - 1866-8372 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Errard, Audrey A1 - Ulrichs, Christian A1 - Kühne, Stefan A1 - Mewis, Inga A1 - Mishig, Narantuya A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Drungowski, Mario A1 - Parolin, Pia A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Baldermann, Susanne T1 - Metabolite profiling reveals a specific response in tomato to predaceous Chrysoperla carnea larvae and herbivore(s)-predator interactions with the generalist pests Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae T2 - Frontiers in plant science N2 - The spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) both infest a number of economically significant crops, including tomato (Solanurn lycopersicum). Although used for decades to control pests, the impact of green lacewing larvae Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) on plant biochemistry was not investigated. Here, we used profiling methods and targeted analyses to explore the impact of the predator and herbivore(s)-predator interactions on tomato biochemistry. Each pest and pest -predator combination induced a characteristic metabolite signature in the leaf and the fruit thus, the plant exhibited a systemic response. The treatments had a stronger impact on non-volatile metabolites including abscisic acid and amino acids in the leaves in comparison with the fruits. In contrast, the various biotic factors had a greater impact on the carotenoids in the fruits. We identified volatiles such as myrcene and alpha-terpinene which were induced by pest -predator interactions but not by single species, and we demonstrated the involvement of the phytohormone abscisic acid in tritrophic interactions for the first time. More importantly, C. carnea larvae alone impacted the plant metabolome, but the predator did not appear to elicit particular defense pathways on its own. Since the presence of both C. carnea larvae and pest individuals elicited volatiles which were shown to contribute to plant defense, C. carnea larvae could therefore contribute to the reduction of pest infestation, not only by its preying activity, but also by priming responses to generalist herbivores such as T urticae and M. persicae. On the other hand, the use of C. carnea larvae alone did not impact carotenoids thus, was not prejudicial to the fruit quality. The present piece of research highlights the specific impact of predator and tritrophic interactions with green lacewing larvae, spider mites, and aphids on different components of the tomato primary and secondary metabolism for the first time, and provides cues for further in-depth studies aiming to integrate entomological approaches and plant biochemistry. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 454 KW - carotenoids KW - plant volatiles KW - Chrysopidae KW - Solanaceae KW - multiple-pest infestation KW - tritrophic system KW - Twister TM KW - biological pest control Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407913 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stuetz, Wolfgang A1 - Weber, Daniela A1 - Dollé, Martijn E. T. A1 - Jansen, Eugène A1 - Grubeck-Loebenstein, Beatrix A1 - Fiegl, Simone A1 - Toussaint, Olivier A1 - Bernhardt, Juergen A1 - Gonos, Efstathios S. A1 - Franceschi, Claudio A1 - Sikora, Ewa A1 - Moreno-Villanueva, María A1 - Breusing, Nicolle A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Bürkle, Alexander T1 - Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol in the age-stratified (35–74 years) general population BT - a cross-sectional study in six European countries T2 - Nutrients N2 - Blood micronutrient status may change with age. We analyzed plasma carotenoids, α-/γ-tocopherol, and retinol and their associations with age, demographic characteristics, and dietary habits (assessed by a short food frequency questionnaire) in a cross-sectional study of 2118 women and men (age-stratified from 35 to 74 years) of the general population from six European countries. Higher age was associated with lower lycopene and α-/β-carotene and higher β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-/γ-tocopherol, and retinol levels. Significant correlations with age were observed for lycopene (r = −0.248), α-tocopherol (r = 0.208), α-carotene (r = −0.112), and β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.125; all p < 0.001). Age was inversely associated with lycopene (−6.5% per five-year age increase) and this association remained in the multiple regression model with the significant predictors (covariables) being country, season, cholesterol, gender, smoking status, body mass index (BMI (kg/m2)), and dietary habits. The positive association of α-tocopherol with age remained when all covariates including cholesterol and use of vitamin supplements were included (1.7% vs. 2.4% per five-year age increase). The association of higher β-cryptoxanthin with higher age was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for fruit consumption, whereas the inverse association of α-carotene with age remained in the fully adjusted multivariable model (−4.8% vs. −3.8% per five-year age increase). We conclude from our study that age is an independent predictor of plasma lycopene, α-tocopherol, and α-carotene. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 449 KW - carotenoids KW - plasma KW - age KW - Europe KW - micronutrient KW - lycopene KW - retinol KW - tocopherols Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407659 ER -