TY - THES A1 - Drescher, Cedric T1 - Die Bekämpfung transnationaler Kriminalität im Kontext fragiler Staatlichkeit T1 - The fight against transnational crime in the context of state fragility BT - eine kritische Betrachtung des geltenden Rechtsrahmens zur Bekämpfung transnationaler Kriminalitätsphänomene und dessen Zusammenwirken mit dem Phänomen fragiler Staatlichkeit BT - a critical analysis of the current legal framework to combat transnational crime phenomena and its connection with the phenomenon of fragile statehood N2 - Die Arbeit „Die Bekämpfung transnationaler Kriminalität im Kontext fragiler Staatlichkeit“ widmet sich dem Phänomen grenzüberschreitend tätiger Akteure der organisierten Kriminalität die den Umstand ausnutzen, dass einige international anerkannte Regierungen nur eine unzureichende Kontrolle über Teile ihres Staatsgebietes ausüben. Es wird untersucht, weshalb der durch die internationale Staatengemeinschaft geschaffene Rechtsrahmen, zur Bekämpfung transnationaler Kriminalitätsphänomene im Kontext dieser fragilen Staaten, nicht oder nur defizitär dazu beiträgt die Kriminalitätsphänomene zu bekämpfen. Nachdem zunächst erörtert wird, was im Rahmen der Untersuchung unter dem Begriff der transnationalen Kriminalität verstanden wird, wird der internationale Rechtsrahmen zur Bekämpfung anhand von fünf beispielhaft ausgewählten transnationalen Kriminalitätsphänomenen beschrieben. Im darauffolgenden Hauptteil der Untersuchung wird der Frage nachgegangen, weshalb dieser durch die internationale Staatengemeinschaft geschaffene Rechtsrahmen, gerade in fragilen Staaten, kaum einen Beitrag dazu leistet solchen Kriminalitätsphänomenen effektiv zu begegnen. Dabei wird festgestellt, dass die Genese des internationalen Rechtsrahmens zu einem Legitimitätsdefizit desselbigen führt. Auch die mangelhafte Berücksichtigung der speziellen Lebensrealitäten, die in vielen fragilen Staaten vorzufinden sind, wirkt sich negativ auf die Durchsetzbarkeit des internationalen Rechtsrahmens aus. Es wird dargelegt, dass unterschiedlich hohe menschenrechtliche Schutzstandards zu Normenkollisionen bei der internationalen Zusammenarbeit der Staaten führen, insbesondere im Rahmen der internationalen Rechtshilfe. Da gerade fragile Staaten häufig durch eine defizitäre menschenrechtliche Situation gekennzeichnet sind, stellt dies konsolidierte Staaten im Rahmen der Zusammenarbeit mit fragilen Staaten öfters vor Herausforderungen. Schließlich wird aufgezeigt, dass auch die extraterritoriale Jurisdiktion und somit die strafrechtliche Verfolgung transnationaler Straftaten durch Drittstaaten mit rechtlichen und praktischen Problemen einhergeht. In einem letzten Kapitel der Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob nicht ein alternativer Strafverfolgungsmechanismus geschaffen werden sollte, um transnationale Kriminalitätsphänomene zu verfolgen, die aus fragilen Staaten heraus begangen werden und wie ein solch alternativer Strafverfolgungsmechanismus konkret ausgestaltet sein sollte. N2 - The thesis "The fight against transnational crime in the context of fragile statehood" addresses the phenomenon of transnational organized crime actors who benefit from the fact that some internationally recognized governments exercise insufficient control over parts of their territory. It examines why the legal framework created by the international community to combat transnational crime phenomena in the context of these fragile states does not or only insufficiently contribute to combating the crime phenomena. After first defining what is meant by the term transnational crime in the context of this analysis, the international legal framework for combating transnational crime is described on the basis of five selected examples of transnational crime phenomena. The following chapter examines the question of why this legal framework created by the international community makes little contribution to effectively countering such criminal phenomena, especially in fragile states. It is determined that the genesis of the international legal framework leads to a legitimacy deficit of the same. Furthermore, the inadequate consideration of the specific circumstances found in many fragile states has a negative impact on the effectiveness of the international legal framework. It is then explained that different levels of human rights protection standards can lead to norm conflicts in international cooperation between states, particularly in the context of international legal assistance. Since fragile states are frequently characterized by a deficient human rights record, this can pose challenges for consolidated states in their cooperation with fragile states. It is also shown that extraterritorial jurisdiction and thus the criminal prosecution of transnational offenses by third countries is accompanied by legal and practical problems. Against this background, the final chapter of the thesis examines the question of whether an alternative criminal prosecution mechanism should not be created for the purpose of prosecuting transnational criminal phenomena committed out of fragile states and how such an alternative criminal prosecution mechanism could be organized. KW - internationales Strafrecht KW - Völkerrecht KW - transnationale Kriminalität KW - transnationales Strafrecht KW - Bekämpfungskonventionen KW - organisierte Kriminalität KW - fragile Staaten KW - FATF KW - alternative Strafverfolgungsmechanismen KW - international criminal law KW - international law KW - transnational crime KW - transnational criminal law KW - organized crime KW - fragile states KW - suppression conventions KW - terrorism KW - drug trafficking KW - corruption KW - money laundering KW - legitimacy KW - amnesties KW - FATF KW - human rights KW - international mutual legal assistance KW - alternative criminal prosecution mechanisms KW - Terrorismus KW - Betäubungsmittelkriminalität KW - Korruption KW - Geldwäsche KW - Legitimität KW - Amnestien KW - Menschenrechte KW - internationale Rechtshilfe Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-628542 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockström, Johan A1 - Kotzé, Louis A1 - Milutinović, Svetlana A1 - Biermann, Frank A1 - Brovkin, Victor A1 - Donges, Jonathan A1 - Ebbesson, Jonas A1 - French, Duncan A1 - Gupta, Joyeeta A1 - Kim, Rakhyun A1 - Lenton, Timothy A1 - Lenzi, Dominic A1 - Nakicenovic, Nebojsa A1 - Neumann, Barbara A1 - Schuppert, Fabian A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda A1 - Bosselmann, Klaus A1 - Folke, Carl A1 - Lucht, Wolfgang A1 - Schlosberg, David A1 - Richardson, Katherine A1 - Steffen, Will T1 - The planetary commons BT - a new paradigm for safeguarding earth-regulating systems in the Anthropocene JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America N2 - The Anthropocene signifies the start of a no- analogue tra­jectory of the Earth system that is fundamentally different from the Holocene. This new trajectory is characterized by rising risks of triggering irreversible and unmanageable shifts in Earth system functioning. We urgently need a new global approach to safeguard critical Earth system regulating functions more effectively and comprehensively. The global commons framework is the closest example of an existing approach with the aim of governing biophysical systems on Earth upon which the world collectively depends. Derived during stable Holocene conditions, the global commons framework must now evolve in the light of new Anthropocene dynamics. This requires a fundamental shift from a focus only on governing shared resources beyond national jurisdiction, to one that secures critical functions of the Earth system irrespective of national boundaries. We propose a new framework—the planetary commons—which differs from the global commons frame­work by including not only globally shared geographic regions but also critical biophysical systems that regulate the resilience and state, and therefore livability, on Earth. The new planetary commons should articulate and create comprehensive stewardship obligations through Earth system governance aimed at restoring and strengthening planetary resilience and justice. KW - anthropocene KW - earth system governance KW - global commons KW - international law KW - planetary boundaries Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2301531121 SN - 1091-6490 SN - 1877-2014 VL - 121 IS - 5 PB - National Academy of Sciences CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - BOOK ED - Krieger, Heike ED - Liese, Andrea T1 - Tracing value change in the international legal order N2 - International law is constantly navigating the tension between preserving the status quo and adapting to new exigencies. But when and how do such adaptation processes give way to a more profound transformation, if not a crisis of international law? To address the question of how attacks on the international legal order are changing the value orientation of international law, this book brings together scholars of international law and international relations. By combining theoretical and methodological analyses with individual case studies, this book offers readers conceptualizations and tools to systematically examine value change and explore the drivers and mechanisms of these processes. These case studies scrutinize value change in the foundational norms of the post-1945 order and in norms representing the rise of the international legal order post-1990. They cover diverse issues: the prohibition of torture, the protection of women’s rights, the prohibition of the use of force, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, sustainability norms, and accountability for core international crimes. The challenges to each norm, the reactions by norm defenders, and the fate of each norm are also studied. Combined, the analyses show that while a few norms have remained surprisingly robust, several are changing, either in substance or in legal or social validity. The book concludes by integrating the conceptual and empirical insights from this interdisciplinary exchange to assess and explain the ambiguous nature of value change in international law beyond the extremes of mere progress or decline. KW - international legal order KW - international relations KW - value change KW - norm change KW - legal change KW - metamorphosis of international law KW - contestation KW - international law Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-0-19-285583-1 SN - 978-0-19-266836-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192855831.001.0001 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - THES A1 - Lahmann, Henning T1 - Unilateral Remedies to Cyber Operations BT - Self-Defence, Countermeasures, Necessity, and the Question of Attribution N2 - Addressing both scholars of international law and political science as well as decision makers involved in cybersecurity policy, the book tackles the most important and intricate legal issues that a state faces when considering a reaction to a malicious cyber operation conducted by an adversarial state. While often invoked in political debates and widely analysed in international legal scholarship, self-defence and countermeasures will often remain unavailable to states in situations of cyber emergency due to the pervasive problem of reliable and timely attribution of cyber operations to state actors. Analysing the legal questions surrounding attribution in detail, the book presents the necessity defence as an evidently available alternative. However, the shortcomings of the doctrine as based in customary international law that render it problematic as a remedy for states are examined in-depth. In light of this, the book concludes by outlining a special emergency regime for cyberspace. KW - international law KW - cybersecurity KW - attribution KW - self-defence KW - countermeasures Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-1-108-47986-8 SN - 978-1-108-80705-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108807050 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER -