TY - JOUR A1 - Czapka, Sophia A1 - Festman, Julia T1 - Wisconsin Card Sorting Test reveals a monitoring advantage but not a switching advantage in multilingual children JF - Journal of experimental child psychology : JECP N2 - The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is used to test higher-level executive functions or switching, depending on the measures chosen in a study and its goal. Many measures can be extracted from the WCST, but how to assign them to specific cognitive skills remains unclear. Thus, the current study first aimed at identifying which measures test the same cognitive abilities. Second, we compared the performance of mono- and multilingual children in the identified abilities because there is some evidence that bilingualism can improve executive functions. We tested 66 monolingual and 56 multilingual (i.e., bi- and trilingual) primary school children (M-age = 109 months) in an online version of the classic WCST. A principal component analysis revealed four factors: problem-solving, monitoring, efficient errors, and perseverations. Because the assignment of measures to factors is only partially coherent across the literature, we identified this as one of the sources of task impurity. In the second part, we calculated regression analyses to test for group differences while controlling for intelligence as a predictor for executive functions and for confounding variables such as age, German lexicon size, and socioeconomic status. Intelligence predicted problem solving and perseverations. In the monitoring component (measured by the reaction times preceding a rule switch), multilinguals outperformed monolinguals, thereby supporting the view that bi- or multilingualism can improve processing speed related to monitoring. KW - Executive functions KW - Switching KW - Monitoring KW - Multilingualism KW - Factor KW - analysis KW - Bilingual advantage Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105038 SN - 0022-0965 SN - 1096-0457 VL - 204 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ambassa, Pacome L. A1 - Kayem, Anne Voluntas dei Massah A1 - Wolthusen, Stephen D. A1 - Meinel, Christoph T1 - Inferring private user behaviour based on information leakage JF - Smart Micro-Grid Systems Security and Privacy N2 - In rural/remote areas, resource constrained smart micro-grid (RCSMG) architectures can provide a cost-effective power supply alternative in cases when connectivity to the national power grid is impeded by factors such as load shedding. RCSMG architectures can be designed to handle communications over a distributed lossy network in order to minimise operation costs. However, due to the unreliable nature of lossy networks communication data can be distorted by noise additions that alter the veracity of the data. In this chapter, we consider cases in which an adversary who is internal to the RCSMG, deliberately distorts communicated data to gain an unfair advantage over the RCSMG’s users. The adversary’s goal is to mask malicious data manipulations as distortions due to additive noise due to communication channel unreliability. Distinguishing malicious data distortions from benign distortions is important in ensuring trustworthiness of the RCSMG. Perturbation data anonymisation algorithms can be used to alter transmitted data to ensure that adversarial manipulation of the data reveals no information that the adversary can take advantage of. However, because existing data perturbation anonymisation algorithms operate by using additive noise to anonymise data, using these algorithms in the RCSMG context is challenging. This is due to the fact that distinguishing benign noise additions from malicious noise additions is a difficult problem. In this chapter, we present a brief survey of cases of privacy violations due to inferences drawn from observed power consumption patterns in RCSMGs centred on inference, and propose a method of mitigating these risks. The lesson here is that while RCSMGs give users more control over power management and distribution, good anonymisation is essential to protecting personal information on RCSMGs. KW - Approximation algorithms KW - Electrical products KW - Home appliances KW - Load modeling KW - Monitoring KW - Power demand KW - Wireless sensor networks KW - Distributed snapshot algorithm KW - Micro-grid networks KW - Power consumption characterization KW - Sensor networks Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-91427-5 SN - 978-3-319-91426-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91427-5_7 VL - 71 SP - 145 EP - 159 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar A1 - Kalettka, Thomas A1 - Merz, Christoph A1 - Steidl, Jörg T1 - Monitoring the phase space of ecosystems: Concept and examples from the Quillow catchment, Uckermark JF - Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management N2 - Ecosystem research benefits enormously from the fact that comprehensive data sets of high quality, and covering long time periods are now increasingly more available. However, facing apparently complex interdependencies between numerous ecosystem components, there is urgent need rethinking our approaches in ecosystem research and applying new tools of data analysis. The concept presented in this paper is based on two pillars. Firstly, it postulates that ecosystems are multiple feedback systems and thus are highly constrained. Consequently, the effective dimensionality of multivariate ecosystem data sets is expected to be rather low compared to the number of observables. Secondly, it assumes that ecosystems are characterized by continuity in time and space as well as between entities which are often treated as distinct units. Implementing this concept in ecosystem research requires new tools for analysing large multivariate data sets. This study presents some of them, which were applied to a comprehensive water quality data set from a long-term monitoring program in Northeast Germany in the Uckermark region, one of the LTER-D (Long Term Ecological Research network, Germany) sites. Short-term variability of the kettle hole water samples differed substantially from that of the stream water samples, suggesting different processes generating the dynamics in these two types of water bodies. However, again, this seemed to be due to differing intensities of single processes rather than to completely different processes. We feel that research aiming at elucidating apparently complex interactions in ecosystems could make much more efficient use from now available large monitoring data sets by implementing the suggested concept and using corresponding innovative tools of system analysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Ecosystem research KW - Monitoring KW - Concept KW - Effective dimensionality KW - Continuity KW - Visualization Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.067 SN - 1470-160X SN - 1872-7034 VL - 65 SP - 55 EP - 65 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karp, Daniel S. A1 - Tallis, Heather A1 - Sachse, Rene A1 - Halpern, Ben A1 - Thonicke, Kirsten A1 - Cramer, Wolfgang A1 - Mooney, Harold A1 - Polasky, Stephen A1 - Tietjen, Britta A1 - Waha, Katharina A1 - Walt, Ariane A1 - Wolny, Stacie T1 - National indicators for observing ecosystem service change JF - Global environmental change : human and policy dimensions N2 - Earth's life-support systems are in rapid decline, yet we have few metrics or indicators with which to track these changes. The world's governments are calling for biodiversity and ecosystem-service monitoring to guide and evaluate international conservation policy as well as to incorporate natural capital into their national accounts. The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) has been tasked with setting up this monitoring system. Here we explore the immediate feasibility of creating a global ecosystem-service monitoring platform under the GEO BON framework through combining data from national statistics, global vegetation models, and production function models. We found that nine ecosystem services could be annually reported at a national scale in the short term: carbon sequestration, water supply for hydropower, and non-fisheries marine products, crop, livestock, game meat, fisheries, mariculture, and timber production. Reported changes in service delivery over time reflected ecological shocks (e.g., droughts and disease outbreaks), highlighting the immediate utility of this monitoring system. Our work also identified three opportunities for creating a more comprehensive monitoring system. First, investing in input data for ecological process models (e.g., global land-use maps) would allow many more regulating services to be monitored. Currently, only 1 of 9 services that can be reported is a regulating service. Second, household surveys and censuses could help evaluate how nature affects people and provides non-monetary benefits. Finally, to forecast the sustainability of service delivery, research efforts could focus on calculating the total remaining biophysical stocks of provisioning services. Regardless, we demonstrated that a preliminary ecosystem-service monitoring platform is immediately feasible. With sufficient international investment, the platform could evolve further into a much-needed system to track changes in our planet's life-support systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Ecosystem services KW - GEO BON KW - Global change KW - Monitoring KW - Process models Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.014 SN - 0959-3780 SN - 1872-9495 VL - 35 SP - 12 EP - 21 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laflamme, Simon A1 - Kollosche, Matthias A1 - Connor, Jerome J. A1 - Kofod, Guggi T1 - Robust flexible capacitive surface sensor for structural health monitoring applications JF - Journal of engineering mechanics N2 - Early detection of possible defects in civil infrastructure is vital to ensuring timely maintenance and extending structure life expectancy. The authors recently proposed a novel method for structural health monitoring based on soft capacitors. The sensor consisted of an off-the-shelf flexible capacitor that could be easily deployed over large surfaces, the main advantages being cost-effectiveness, easy installation, and allowing simple signal processing. In this paper, a capacitive sensor with tailored mechanical and electrical properties is presented, resulting in greatly improved robustness while retaining measurement sensitivity. The sensor is fabricated from a thermoplastic elastomer mixed with titanium dioxide and sandwiched between conductive composite electrodes. Experimental verifications conducted on wood and concrete specimens demonstrate the improved robustness, as well as the ability of the sensing method to diagnose and locate strain. KW - Strain gages KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Monitoring KW - Probe instruments KW - Strain gauge KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Strain monitoring KW - Capacitive sensor KW - Dielectric polymer KW - Stretchable sensor KW - Flexible membrane KW - Sensing skin Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000530 SN - 0733-9399 SN - 1943-7889 VL - 139 IS - 7 SP - 879 EP - 885 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - Reston ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar A1 - Kalettka, Thomas T1 - Grasping the heterogeneity of kettle hole water quality in Northeast Germany JF - Hydrobiologia : acta hydrobiologica, hydrographica, limnologica et protistologica N2 - In the young moraine landscape in Northeast Germany, small glacially created ponds, the so-called kettle holes, are very abundant. They exhibit large spatial heterogeneity, seemingly rendering each kettle hole unique. However, this would not be consistent with any scientific approach. Thus, a classification scheme has been developed for kettle holes in Northeast Germany based on morphology, hydrodynamics and connection to stream networks of the kettle holes as well as size, topography and land use of the respective catchment. These indices are assumed to be related both to water quality as well as to biological issues of the kettle holes. Starting in the mid-1990s, an extensive monitoring program has been established in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany. In this study, a subset comprising 1,316 samples from 79 kettle holes was analysed, where 21 parameters had been determined. Sampling intervals varied widely, and were between bi-weekly and three-monthly at most sites. A nonlinear principal component analysis was performed. The first four components explained 90% of the variance. These components seem to provide quantitative measures of phosphorus release from the sediments during hypoxic periods, agricultural solute input, algae primary production, and geogenic compounds. This allowed differentiating between the natural and anthropogenic impact factors on water quality. In addition, scores of single components were related to properties of the kettle holes and their environments. The results contribute to a better understanding of biological and biogeochemical processes and can be used to verify the effects of conservation and management strategies for kettle holes. KW - Kettle holes KW - Water quality KW - Monitoring KW - Land use KW - Isomap Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0764-7 SN - 0018-8158 SN - 1573-5117 VL - 689 IS - 1 SP - 63 EP - 77 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - THES A1 - Hübner, Sebastian Valentin T1 - Wissensbasierte Modellierung von Audio-Signal-Klassifikatoren : zur Bioakustik von Tursiops truncatus. - 2., überarb. Aufl. T1 - Knowledge based engineering of audio-signal-classifiers : to the bioacoustics of Tursiops truncatus. - 2., überarb. Aufl. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der wissensbasierten Modellierung von Audio-Signal-Klassifikatoren (ASK) für die Bioakustik. Sie behandelt ein interdisziplinäres Problem, das viele Facetten umfasst. Zu diesen gehören artspezifische bioakustische Fragen, mathematisch-algorithmische Details und Probleme der Repräsentation von Expertenwissen. Es wird eine universelle praktisch anwendbare Methode zur wissensbasierten Modellierung bioakustischer ASK dargestellt und evaluiert. Das Problem der Modellierung von ASK wird dabei durchgängig aus KDD-Perspektive (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) betrachtet. Der grundlegende Ansatz besteht darin, mit Hilfe von modifizierten KDD-Methoden und Data-Mining-Verfahren die Modellierung von ASK wesentlich zu erleichtern. Das etablierte KDD-Paradigma wird mit Hilfe eines detaillierten formalen Modells auf den Bereich der Modellierung von ASK übertragen. Neunzehn elementare KDD-Verfahren bilden die Grundlage eines umfassenden Systems zur wissensbasierten Modellierung von ASK. Methode und Algorithmen werden evaluiert, indem eine sehr umfangreiche Sammlung akustischer Signale des Großen Tümmlers mit ihrer Hilfe untersucht wird. Die Sammlung wurde speziell für diese Arbeit in Eilat (Israel) angefertigt. Insgesamt werden auf Grundlage dieses Audiomaterials vier empirische Einzelstudien durchgeführt: - Auf der Basis von oszillographischen und spektrographischen Darstellungen wird ein phänomenologisches Klassifikationssystem für die vielfältigen Laute des Großen Tümmlers dargestellt. - Mit Hilfe eines Korpus halbsynthetischer Audiodaten werden verschiedene grundlegende Verfahren zur Modellierung und Anwendung von ASK in Hinblick auf ihre Genauigkeit und Robustheit untersucht. - Mit einem speziell entwickelten Clustering-Verfahren werden mehrere Tausend natürliche Pfifflaute des Großen Tümmlers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden visualisiert und diskutiert. - Durch maschinelles mustererkennungsbasiertes akustisches Monitoring wird die Emissionsdynamik verschiedener Lauttypen im Verlaufe von vier Wochen untersucht. Etwa 2.5 Millionen Klicklaute werden im Anschluss auf ihre spektralen Charakteristika hin untersucht. Die beschriebene Methode und die dargestellten Algorithmen sind in vielfältiger Hinsicht erweiterbar, ohne dass an ihrer grundlegenden Architektur etwas geändert werden muss. Sie lassen sich leicht in dem gesamten Gebiet der Bioakustik einsetzen. Hiermit besitzen sie auch für angrenzende Disziplinen ein hohes Potential, denn exaktes Wissen über die akustischen Kommunikations- und Sonarsysteme der Tiere wird in der theoretischen Biologie, in den Kognitionswissenschaften, aber auch im praktischen Naturschutz, in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle spielen. N2 - The present thesis is dedicated to the problem of knowledge-based modeling of audio-signal-classifiers in the bioacoustics domain. It deals with an interdisciplinary problem that has many facets. To these belong questions of knowledge representation, bioacoustics and algorithmical issues. The main purpose of the work is to provide and evaluate a scientific method in which all these facets are taken into consideration. In addition, a number of algorithms, which implement all important steps of this method, are described. The problem of modeling audio-signal-classifiers is regarded from the KDD-perspective (Knowledge-Discovery in Databases). The fundamental idea is to use modified KDD- and Data-Mining-algorithms to facilitate the modeling of audio-signal-classifiers. A detailed mathematical formalism is presented and the KDD-paradigm is adopted to the problem of modeling audio-signal-classifiers. 19 new KDD-procedures form a comprehensive system for knowledge-based audio-signal-classifier design. An extensive collection of acoustic signals of the bottlenose-dolphin was recorded in Eilat (Israel). It forms the basis of four empirical studies: A phenomenological classification of acoustic phenomena, an experimental evaluation of accuracy and precision of classifiers, a cluster analysis of whistle sounds and a monitoring study to examine the nature of click sounds. Both, method and algorithms can be adopted to other branches in bioacoustics without changing their fundamental architecture. KW - Bioakustik KW - Monitoring KW - Klassifikation KW - Delphine KW - Mustererkennung KW - Bioacoustics KW - Monitoring KW - Classification KW - Dolphins KW - Pattern Recognition Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16631 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schorling, Markus T1 - Ökologische und phytomedizinische Untersuchungen zum Anbau von Bt-Mais im Maiszünsler-Befallsgebiet Oderbruch T1 - Ecological and phytomedical investigations on Bt maize grown in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) infested area in the Oderbruch region (Germany) N2 - In den letzten 20 Jahren hat sich der Maiszünsler (Ostrinia nubilalis HÜBNER), aus der Schmetterlingsfamilie der Pyralidae oder Zünsler, zum bedeutendsten tierischen Schädling des Maises (Zea mays) entwickelt. Eine Möglichkeit den Befall des Maiszünslers abzuwenden, bietet der Anbau von Bacillus thuringiensis-Mais (Bt-Mais). Mit Hilfe der Gentechnik wurden Gene des Bakteriums Bacillus thuringiensis übertragen, die einen für Fraßinsekten giftigen Wirkstoff bilden, wodurch die Pflanzen während der kompletten Vegetation vor den Larven des Maiszünslers geschützt sind. Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes war es, in einer 3-jährigen Studie die Auswirkungen des großflächigen Anbaus von Bt-Mais auf die ökologische Situation und den Handlungsrahmen des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes komplex zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden in Betrieben im Oderbruch, das als permanentes Befallsgebiet des Maiszünslers gilt, in den Jahren 2002 bis 2004 jährlich zwei Felder mit jeweils einer Bt-Sorte und einer konventionellen Sorte angelegt. Zusätzlich wurden biologische und chemische Maiszünsler-Bekämpfungsvarianten geprüft. Durch verschiedene Methoden wie Bonituren, Ganzpflanzenernten, Bodenfallenfänge und Beobachtungen des Wahlverhaltens von (Flug-)insekten konnten Aussagen zum Vorkommen von Insekten und Spinnentieren getroffen werden, wobei hierfür Daten aus Untersuchungen der Jahre 2000 und 2001 im Oderbruch ergänzend herangezogen werden konnten. Durch Ertragsmessungen, Energie- und Qualitätsermittlungen, sowie Fusarium- und Mykotoxinanalysen konnte der Anbau von Bt-Mais als neue Alternative zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers bewertet werden. Bezüglich des Auftretens von Insekten und Spinnentieren wurden im Mittel der fünfjährigen Datenerhebung beim Vergleich der Bt-Sorte zur konventionellen Sorte, mit Ausnahme der fast 100 %igen Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers, keine signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt. Hierfür wurde ein besonderes Augenmerk auf Thripse, Wanzen, Blattläuse und deren Fraßfeinde, sowie mittels Bodenfallenfängen auf Laufkäfer und Spinnen gerichtet. Die erwarteten ökonomischen Vorteile wie etwa Ertragsplus oder bessere Nährstoff- und Energiegehalte durch geringeren Schaden beim Anbau von Bt-Mais als Silomais blieben in den Untersuchungsjahren aus. Allerdings zeigten Fusarium- und Mykotoxinanalysen eine geringere Belastung des Bt-Maises, was möglicherweise auf den geringeren Schaden zurückzuführen ist, da beschädigte Pflanzen für Fusarium und Mykotoxine anfälliger sind. Desweiteren konnten erste methodische Ansätze für ein auf EU-Ebene gefordertes, den Anbau von Bt-Mais begleitendes Monitoring, erarbeitet werden. So konnten Vorschläge für geeignete Methoden, deren Umfang sowie des Zeitpunktes der Durchführungen gemacht werden. N2 - In the last 20 years the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Pyralidae) has become the most important pest in maize (Zea mays). One of a couple of possibilities to reduce the infestation by the European corn borer is the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis maize (Bt maize). Genetic engineering transmitted genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, which produce a substance that is toxic to feeding insects and thus protect plants against the larvae of the European corn borer during the whole vegetation. The present project is a 3-year study to identify the effects of Bt maize growing on the ecological situation and the possibilities of integrated plant protection. From 2002 to 2004, two fields in the Oderbruch region, where Ostrinia nubilalis occurs, were each planted with Bt maize and a conventional maize variety every year. Furthermore, a biological and a chemical strategy against the European corn borer were verified. Different methods like counts, harvest of whole plants, pitfall traps and observation the landing behaviour of flying insects were used to determine the abundance of insects and spiders. Furthermore, we could use additional data from studies obtained in the Oderbruch region in 2000 and 2001. The determination of yield, quality and energy content of the crops as well as of the degree of Fusarium infection and contamination by mycotoxins led to the conclusion that the cultivation of Bt maize is a new alternative strategy to control the European corn borer. The average occurrence of insects and spiders did not differ significantly between Bt maize and the conventional variety in the 5 years of data recording. The only exception is the almost total control of the European corn borer. Attention was especially paid to thrips, bugs, aphids and their feeding enemies and using ground traps to ground beetles and spiders. The expected economic benefits like increased yield or nutrient and energy content of the crop as a result of a minimized damage to silage Bt maize were not achieved in the years under investigation. However, the analysis of Fusarium and mycotoxins indicated a lower exposure of Bt maize, which may result from a lower damage caused by Ostrinia nubilalis, and damaged plants are more susceptible to Fusarium and mycotoxins. Furthermore, we developed a first methodological approach for the monitoring procedure of Bt maize growing required by the EU. We have made proposals on appropriate methods, their extent as well as the optimum time of their application. KW - Maiszünsler KW - Oderbruch KW - Monitoring KW - Gentechnologie KW - Biodiversität KW - Bt-Mais KW - Bt maize KW - European corn borer KW - Ostrinia nubilalis KW - genetic engineering KW - monitoring Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6260 ER -