TY - GEN A1 - Ślęzak, Jakub A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Magdziarz, Marcin T1 - Superstatistical generalised Langevin equation BT - non-Gaussian viscoelastic anomalous diffusion N2 - Recent advances in single particle tracking and supercomputing techniques demonstrate the emergence of normal or anomalous, viscoelastic diffusion in conjunction with non-Gaussian distributions in soft, biological, and active matter systems. We here formulate a stochastic model based on a generalised Langevin equation in which non-Gaussian shapes of the probability density function and normal or anomalous diffusion have a common origin, namely a random parametrisation of the stochastic force. We perform a detailed analysis demonstrating how various types of parameter distributions for the memory kernel result in exponential, power law, or power-log law tails of the memory functions. The studied system is also shown to exhibit a further unusual property: the velocity has a Gaussian one point probability density but non-Gaussian joint distributions. This behaviour is reflected in the relaxation from a Gaussian to a non-Gaussian distribution observed for the position variable. We show that our theoretical results are in excellent agreement with stochastic simulations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 413 KW - anomalous diffusion KW - generalised langevin equation KW - superstatistics KW - non-Gaussian diffusion Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409315 ER - TY - THES A1 - Öztürk, Ugur T1 - Learning more to predict landslides T1 - Ein verbessertes Wissen zur Prognose von Hangrutschungen N2 - Landslides are frequent natural hazards in rugged terrain, when the resisting frictional force of the surface of rupture yields to the gravitational force. These forces are functions of geological and morphological factors, such as angle of internal friction, local slope gradient or curvature, which remain static over hundreds of years; whereas more dynamic triggering events, such as rainfall and earthquakes, compromise the force balance by temporarily reducing resisting forces or adding transient loads. This thesis investigates landslide distribution and orientation due to landslide triggers (e.g. rainfall) at different scales (6-4∙10^5 km^2) and aims to link rainfall movement with the landslide distribution. It additionally explores the local impacts of the extreme rainstorms on landsliding and the role of precursory stability conditions that could be induced by an earlier trigger, such as an earthquake. Extreme rainfall is a common landslide trigger. Although several studies assessed rainfall intensity and duration to study the distribution of thus triggered landslides, only a few case studies quantified spatial rainfall patterns (i.e. orographic effect). Quantifying the regional trajectories of extreme rainfall could aid predicting landslide prone regions in Japan. To this end, I combined a non-linear correlation metric, namely event synchronization, and radial statistics to assess the general pattern of extreme rainfall tracks over distances of hundreds of kilometers using satellite based rainfall estimates. Results showed that, although the increase in rainfall intensity and duration positively correlates with landslide occurrence, the trajectories of typhoons and frontal storms were insufficient to explain landslide distribution in Japan. Extreme rainfall trajectories inclined northwestwards and were concentrated along some certain locations, such as coastlines of southern Japan, which was unnoticed in the landslide distribution of about 5000 rainfall-triggered landslides. These landslides seemed to respond to the mean annual rainfall rates. Above mentioned findings suggest further investigation on a more local scale to better understand the mechanistic response of landscape to extreme rainfall in terms of landslides. On May 2016 intense rainfall struck southern Germany triggering high waters and landslides. The highest damage was reported at the Braunsbach, which is located on the tributary-mouth fan formed by the Orlacher Bach. Orlacher Bach is a ~3 km long creek that drains a catchment of about ~6 km^2. I visited this catchment in June 2016 and mapped 48 landslides along the creek. Such high landslide activity was not reported in the nearby catchments within ~3300 km^2, despite similar rainfall intensity and duration based on weather radar estimates. My hypothesis was that several landslides were triggered by rainfall-triggered flash floods that undercut hillslope toes along the Orlacher Bach. I found that morphometric features such as slope and curvature play an important role in landslide distribution on this micro scale study site (<10 km^2). In addition, the high number of landslides along the Orlacher Bach could also be boosted by accumulated damages on hillslopes due karst weathering over longer time scales. Precursory damages on hillslopes could also be induced by past triggering events that effect landscape evolution, but this interaction is hard to assess independently from the latest trigger. For example, an earthquake might influence the evolution of a landscape decades long, besides its direct impacts, such as landslides that follow the earthquake. Here I studied the consequences of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (MW 7.1) that triggered some 1500 landslides in an area of ~4000 km^2 in central Kyushu, Japan. Topography, i.e. local slope and curvature, both amplified and attenuated seismic waves, thus controlling the failure mechanism of those landslides (e.g. progressive). I found that topography fails in explaining the distribution and the preferred orientation of the landslides after the earthquake; instead the landslides were concentrated around the northeast of the rupture area and faced mostly normal to the rupture plane. This preferred location of the landslides was dominated mainly by the directivity effect of the strike-slip earthquake, which is the propagation of wave energy along the fault in the rupture direction; whereas amplitude variations of the seismic radiation altered the preferred orientation. I suspect that the earthquake directivity and the asymmetry of seismic radiation damaged hillslopes at those preferred locations increasing landslide susceptibility. Hence a future weak triggering event, e.g. scattered rainfall, could further trigger landslides at those damaged hillslopes. N2 - Hangrutschungen treten häufig in steilem Gelände auf, wenn die Erdanziehungskraft die Scherkräfte an der Oberfläche übersteigt. Diese Kräfte beinhalten geologische und geomorphologische Faktoren wie den Reibungswinkel oder die Neigung und Krümmung von Hängen, die über Jahrhunderte statisch bleiben können. Dynamische Ereignisse wie Regenfälle und Erdbeben können hingegen das Kräftegleichgewicht beeinträchtigen, indem sie Widerstandskräfte vorübergehend reduzieren oder Lasten temporär hinzufügen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Verteilung und Orientierung von Hangrutschungen in Abhängigkeit von Auslösern (z.B. Niederschlag) auf verschiedenen Skalenebenen (6-4∙10^5 km^2) und verknüpft die Bewegung des Niederschlagssystems mit der Hangrutschungsverteilung. Zudem werden lokale Auswirkungen von extremen Gewittern auf Hangrutschungen untersucht, sowie vorausgehende Stabilitätsbedingungen, die durch ein früheres Ereignis, beispielsweise ein Erdbeben, verändert werden können. Extremer Niederschlag ist ein weithin bekannter Auslöser für Hangrutschungen. Obwohl mehrere Studien die Verteilung von Hangrutschungen mit der Niederschlagsintensität und -dauer verglichen haben, beachteten nur wenige Fallstudien das räumliche Bewegungsmuster des Niederschlags, i.e. den orographischen Effekt. Eine solche Quantifizierung könnte die Vorhersage von hangrutschungsgefährdete Regionen in Japan verbessern. Hierfür habe ich ein nicht-lineares Korrelationsmaß (event synchronization) auf regionale Sturmbahnen in Japan angewendet, um deren räumliche Verteilung durch satellitengestützen Regenschätzungen nachzuvollziehen. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigten, dass sich die Verteilung von Hangrutschungen nur unzureichend mit den Zugbahnen von Taifunen und Sturmtiefen erklären lässt. Die Stabilität von Hängen scheint mehr durch mittlere Jahresniederschlagsmengen beeinflusst zu werden. Erzielte Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weitere Untersuchungen auf lokaler Ebene nötig sind, um die unmittelbare Auswirkungen von Extremniederschlägen auf Hangstabilität und -rutschungen besser zu verstehen. Im Mai 2016 kam es in Süddeutschland zu einem heftigen Gewitter, das Hochwasser und Hangrutschungen ausgelöst hat. Der höchste Schaden wurde in Braunsbach, dessen Zentrum sich am Zufluss des Orlacher Bachs befindet, gemeldet. Der Orlacher Bach ist ~3 lang und hat ein Einzugsgebiet von etwa ~6 km^2. Ich habe dieses Einzugsgebiet im Juni 2016 besucht und 48 Hangrutschungen entlang des Baches kartiert. Ich vermutete, dass mehrere Hangrutschungen durch Sturzfluten ausgelöst wurden, welche die Hänge entlang des Orlacher Baches unterspülten. Ich stellte fest, dass morphometrische Merkmale wie die lokale Hangneigung und -krümmung eine wichtige Rolle bei der Hangrutschungsverteilung auf dieser Mikroskala spielen (<10 km^2). Darüber hinaus könnte die hohe Anzahl von Hangrutschungen am Orlacher Bach auch durch Karstverwitterung über längere Zeiträume verstärkt werden. Zahlreiche in der Vergangenheit liegende Ereignisse können die Stabilität eines Hanges beeinflussen. Der Einfluss solcher Ereignisse ist nur sehr schwer unabhängig voneinander abschätzbar. Beispielseise könnte ein Erdbeben die Entwicklung einer Landschaft über Jahrzehnte hin beeinflussen. Hier erforsche ich die Folgen des Kumamoto-Erdbebens 2016 (MW 7.1) das im Zentrum von Kyushu, Japan, ca. 1500 Hangrutschungen in einem Gebiet von ~4000 km^2 ausgelöst hat. Die Topographie (Hangneigung und -krümmung) verstärkte schwächte seismische Wellen gleichermaßen ab, wodurch der Auslösemechanismus dieser Hangrutschungen (z.B. progressiv) gesteuert wird. Ich konnte belegen, dass die Topographie die Verteilung und die bevorzugte Ausrichtung der Hangrutsche nach dem Erdbeben nicht erklären kann; stattdessen waren die Hangrutschungen um den Nordosten des Bruchgebiets herum konzentriert und standen meist senkrecht zur Bruchfläche. Diese bevorzugte Lage der Erdrutsche wurde hauptsächlich durch den Richtwirkungseffekt des Blattverschiebung-Erdbebens dominiert. Bei diesem handelt es sich um die Ausbreitung der Wellenenergie entlang des Bruches in Bruchrichtung, während Amplitudenvariationen der seismischen Strahlung die bevorzugte Orientierung ändern. Ich vermute, dass die Richtwirkung des Erdbebens und die Asymmetrie der seismischen Strahlung die Hangneigung an diesen bevorzugten Stellen schädigten und die Anfälligkeit für Hangrutschungen erhöhten. Daher könnte ein zukünftiges schwaches Ereignis wie z.B. ein unbedeutender Niederschlag an diesen beschädigten Hängen weitere Hangrutschungen auslösen. KW - landslides KW - complex networks KW - event synchronization KW - typhoons KW - Kumamoto earthquake KW - Braunsbach flash flood KW - Hangrutschungen KW - komplexes Netzwerk KW - Synchronisation von Ereignissen KW - Taifune KW - Kumamoto Erdbeben KW - Braunsbach Sturzflut Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426439 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zwieback, Simon A1 - Kokelj, Steven V. A1 - Günther, Frank A1 - Boike, Julia A1 - Grosse, Guido A1 - Hajnsek, Irena T1 - Sub-seasonal thaw slump mass wasting is not consistently energy limited at the landscape scale T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Predicting future thaw slump activity requires a sound understanding of the atmospheric drivers and geomorphic controls on mass wasting across a range of timescales. On sub-seasonal timescales, sparse measurements indicate that mass wasting at active slumps is often limited by the energy available for melting ground ice, but other factors such as rainfall or the formation of an insulating veneer may also be relevant. To study the sub-seasonal drivers, we derive topographic changes from single-pass radar interferometric data acquired by the TanDEM-X satellites. The estimated elevation changes at 12m resolution complement the commonly observed planimetric retreat rates by providing information on volume losses. Their high vertical precision (around 30 cm), frequent observations (11 days) and large coverage (5000 km(2)) allow us to track mass wasting as drivers such as the available energy change during the summer of 2015 in two study regions. We find that thaw slumps in the Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, Canada, are not energy limited in June, as they undergo limited mass wasting (height loss of around 0 cm day 1) despite the ample available energy, suggesting the widespread presence of early season insulating snow or debris veneer. Later in summer, height losses generally increase (around 3 cm day 1), but they do so in distinct ways. For many slumps, mass wasting tracks the available energy, a temporal pattern that is also observed at coastal yedoma cliffs on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Russia. However, the other two common temporal trajectories are asynchronous with the available energy, as they track strong precipitation events or show a sudden speed-up in late August respectively. The observed temporal patterns are poorly related to slump characteristics like the headwall height. The contrasting temporal behaviour of nearby thaw slumps highlights the importance of complex local and temporally varying controls on mass wasting. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 926 KW - ground-ice KW - Tandem-X KW - Northeast Siberia KW - thermal regime KW - Peel Plateau KW - permafrost KW - erosion KW - Island KW - delta KW - yedoma Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445688 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 926 SP - 549 EP - 564 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zwickel, Theresa A1 - Kahl, Sandra M. A1 - Rychlik, Michael A1 - Müller, Marina E. H. T1 - Chemotaxonomy of mycotoxigenic small-spored Alternaria fungi BT - do multitoxin mixtures act as an indicator for species differentiation? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Altemaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Altemaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Altemaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. altemata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Altemaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Altemaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. altemata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by alternariol and alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of alternariol, alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Altemaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. altemata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 696 KW - small-spored Alternaria fungi KW - Alternaria species-groups KW - Alternaria mycotoxins KW - chemotaxonomy KW - secondary metabolite profiling KW - LC-MS/MS KW - wheat KW - perylene quinone derivatives Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426623 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 696 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Zivkovic, Velimir T1 - International Rule of Law Through International Investment Law BT - Strengths, Challenges and Opportunities T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - In challenging times for international law, there might be a heightened need for both analysis and prescription. The international rule of law as a connecting thread that goes through the global legal order is a particularly salient topic. By providing a working understanding of the content and contexts of the international rule of law, and by taking the regime of international investment law as a case study, this paper argues that assessing 'rise' or 'decline' motions in this sphere warrants a nuanced approach that should recognise parallel positive and negative developments. Whilst prominent procedural and substantive aspects of international investment law strongly align with the international rule of law requirements, numerous challenges threaten the future existence of the regime and appeal of international rule of law more broadly. At the same time, opportunities exist to adapt the substantive decision-making processes in investor-State disputes so to pursue parallel goals of enhancing rule of law at both international and national levels. Through recognising the specificities of interaction between international and national sphere, arbitrators can further reinvigorate the legitimacy of international rule of law through international investment law - benefitting thus the future of both. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 16 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422181 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 16 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zitzmann, Jana A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Psychometric properties of figure rating scales in children BT - the impact of figure ordering T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This study examined psychometric properties of figure rating scales, particularly the effects of ascending silhouette ordering, in 153 children, 9 to 13 years old. Two versions of Collins’s (1991) figural rating scale were presented: the original scale (figures arranged ascendingly) and a modified version (randomized figure ordering. Ratings of current and ideal figure were elicited and body dissatisfaction was calculated. All children were randomly assigned to one of two subgroups and completed both scale versions in a different sequence. There were no significant differences in figure selection and body dissatisfaction between the two figure orderings. Regarding the selection of the current figure, results showed that girls are more affected by the silhouette ordering than boys. Our results suggest that figure rating scales are both valid and reliable, whereby correlation coefficients reveal greater stability for ideal figure selections and body dissatisfaction ratings when using the scale with ascending figure ordering. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 487 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416871 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 487 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Matthias A1 - Scholz, Jana A1 - Eckardt, Barbara A1 - Kampe, Heike A1 - Görlich, Petra A1 - Horn-Conrad, Antje T1 - Portal Wissen = Language BT - The Research Magazine of the University of Potsdam N2 - Language is perhaps the most universal tool of human beings. It enables us to express ourselves, to communicate and understand, to help and get help, to create and share togetherness. However, that does not completely capture the value of language. “Language belongs to the character of man,” said the English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon. If you believe the poet Johann Gottfried von Herder, a human is “only a human through language”. Ultimately, this means that we live in our world not with, but in, language. We not only describe our reality by means of language, but language is the device through which we open up the world in the first place. It is always there and shapes and influences us and the way we perceive, analyze, describe and ultimately determine everything around us. Since it is so deeply connected with human nature, it is hardly surprising that our language has always been in the center of academic research – and not only in those fields that bear the name linguistics. Philosophy and media studies, neurology and psychology, computer science and semiotics – all of them are based on linguistic structures and their premises and possibilities. Since July 2017, a scientific network at the University of Potsdam has been working on exactly this interface: the Collaborative Research Center “Limits of Variability in Language” (SFB 1287), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Linguists, computer scientists, psychologists, and neurologists examine where language is or is not flexible. They hope to find out more about individual languages and their connections. In this issue of Portal Wissen, we asked SFB spokeswoman Isabell Wartenburger and deputy spokesman Malte Zimmermann to talk about language, its variability and limits, and how they investigate these aspects. We also look over the shoulders of two researchers who are working on sub-projects: Germanist Heike Wiese and her team examine whether the pandemonium of the many different languages spoken at a weekly market in Berlin is creating a new language with its own rules. Linguist Doreen Georgi embarks on a typological journey around the world comparing about 30 languages to find out if they have common limits. We also want to introduce other research projects at the University of Potsdam and the people behind them. We talk to biologists about biodiversity and ecological dynamics, and the founders of the startup “visionYOU” explain how entrepreneurship can be combined with social responsibility. Other discussions center round the effective production of antibodies and the question of whether the continued use of smartphones will eventually make us speechless. But do not worry: we did not run out of words – the magazine is full of them! Enjoy your reading! The Editors T3 - Portal Wissen: The research magazine of the University of Potsdam [Englische Ausgabe] - 01/2018 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-441666 SN - 2198-9974 IS - 01/2018 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zimmermann, Marc T1 - Multifunctional patchy silica particles via microcontact printing T1 - Multifunktionale Patchy Silika Partikel mithilfe des Mikrokontaktdruckverfahrens N2 - This research addressed the question, if it is possible to simplify current microcontact printing systems for the production of anisotropic building blocks or patchy particles, by using common chemicals while still maintaining reproducibility, high precision and tunability of the Janus-balance Chapter 2 introduced the microcontact printing materials as well as their defined electrostatic interactions. In particular polydimethylsiloxane stamps, silica particles and high molecular weight polyethylenimine ink were mainly used in this research. All of these components are commercially available in large quantities and affordable, which gives this approach a huge potential for further up-scaling developments. The benefits of polymeric over molecular inks was described including its flexible influence on the printing pressure. With this alteration of the µCP concept, a new method of solvent assisted particle release mechanism enabled the switch from two-dimensional surface modification to three-dimensional structure printing on colloidal silica particles, without changing printing parameters or starting materials. This effect opened the way to use the internal volume of the achieved patches for incorporation of nano additives, introducing additional physical properties into the patches without alteration of the surface chemistry. The success of this system and its achievable range was further investigated in chapter 3 by giving detailed information about patch geometry parameters including diameter, thickness and yield. For this purpose, silica particles in a size range between 1µm and 5µm were printed with different ink concentrations to change the Janus-balance of these single patched particles. A necessary intermediate step, consisting of air-plasma treatment, for the production of trivalent particles using "sandwich" printing was discovered and comparative studies concerning the patch geometry of single and double patched particles were conducted. Additionally, the usage of structured PDMS stamps during printing was described. These results demonstrate the excellent precision of this approach and opens the pathway for even greater accuracy as further parameters can be finely tuned and investigated, e.g. humidity and temperature during stamp loading. The performance of these synthesized anisotropic colloids was further investigated in chapter 4, starting with behaviour studies in alcoholic and aqueous dispersions. Here, the stability of the applied patches was studied in a broad pH range, discovering a release mechanism by disabling the electrostatic bonding between particle surface and polyelectrolyte ink. Furthermore, the absence of strong attractive forces between divalent particles in water was investigated using XPS measurements. These results lead to the conclusion that the transfer of small PDMS oligomers onto the patch surface is shielding charges, preventing colloidal agglomeration. However, based on this knowledge, further patch modifications for particle self-assembly were introduced including physical approaches using magnetic nano additives, chemical patch functionalization with avidin-biotin or the light responsive cyclodextrin-arylazopyrazoles coupling as well as particle surface modification for the synthesis of highly amphiphilic colloids. The successful coupling, its efficiency, stability and behaviour in different solvents were evaluated to find a suitable coupling system for future assembly experiments. Based on these results the possibility of more sophisticated structures by colloidal self-assembly is given. Certain findings needed further analysis to understand their underlying mechanics, including the relatively broad patch diameter distribution and the decreasing patch thickness for smaller silica particles. Mathematical assumptions for both effects are introduced in chapter 5. First, they demonstrate the connection between the naturally occurring particle size distribution and the broadening of the patch diameter, indicating an even higher precision for this µCP approach. Second, explaining the increase of contact area between particle and ink surface due to higher particle packaging, leading to a decrease in printing pressure for smaller particles. These calculations ultimately lead to the development of a new mechanical microcontact printing approach, using centrifugal forces for high pressure control and excellent parallel alignment of printing substrates. First results with this device and the comparison with previously conducted by-hand experiments conclude this research. It furthermore displays the advantages of such a device for future applications using a mechanical printing approach, especially for accessing even smaller nano particles with great precision and excellent yield. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the successful adjustment of the µCP approach using commercially available and affordable silica particles and polyelectrolytes for high flexibility, reduced costs and higher scale-up value. Furthermore, its was possible to increase the modification potential by introducing three-dimensional patches for additional functionalization volume. While keeping a high colloidal stability, different coupling systems showed the self-assembly capabilities of this toolbox for anisotropic particles. N2 - Diese Forschungsarbeit befasste sich mit der Frage, ob es möglich ist, bekannte Mikrokontaktdruckverfahren, zur Herstellung von anisotropen Bausteinen (Patchy Partikel), weiter zu vereinfachen. Dabei sollten gängige Chemikalien verwendet werden ohne einen Verlust in Reproduzierbarkeit, hoher Präzision und Feineinstellung der Janus-Balance zu erleiden. In Kapitel 2 wurden die verwendeten Mikrokontaktdruckmaterialien sowie deren elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen vorgestellt. Insbesondere handelte es sich dabei um Polydimethylsiloxan Stempel, Silikapartikel und hoch molekulare Polyethylenimin Tinte. All diese Produkte sind kommerziel in großen und bezahlbaren Mengen erhältlich. Nicht nur die Vorteile von polymeren Tinten im Gegensatz zu molekularen Tinten wurde beschrieben, sondern auch die hohe Flexibilität dieses Verfahrens bezüglich der verwendeten Druckkraft. Mit dieser Anpassung des Mikrokontaktdrucks, wurde eine neue Methode der Lösungsmittel unterstützten Partikelablösung ermöglicht, mit deren Hilfe ein einfaches Schalten zwischen zwei dimensionaler Oberflächenfunktionalisierung und drei dimensionalem Strukturdrucks möglich war, ohne Druckparameter oder Startchemikalien zu verändern. Dadurch konnte neu erschaffenes internes Volumen verwendet werden um Nanoadditive einzuführen und so zusätzliche physikalische Eigenschaften zu integrieren, ohne die Oberflächenchemie der Patches verändert wurde. Der Erfolg dieses Systems und seine erreichbaren Grenzen wurde gründlichst in Kapitel 3 erforscht, indem detaillierte Geometrieparameter der Patches einschließlich Durchmesser, Dicke und Ausbeute, erworben wurden. Hierfür wurden Silikapartikel in einem Größenbereich von 1µm bis 5µm mit unterschiedlichen Tintenkonzentrationen bedruckt, um Veränderungen erforschen zu können. Ein notwendiger Luftplasma Ätzschritt für die Produktion von trivalenten Partikeln, mit Hilfe des sogenannten ,,Sandwich‘‘-Drucks, wurde erläutert und vergleichende Untersuchen von einfach und zweifach modifizierten Bausteinen wurden durchgeführt. Zusätzlich dazu, wurde die Verwendung von strukturierten Stempel beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die exzellente Genauigkeit dieser Methode und öffnet den Weg um eine hoch höhere Präzision zu erreichen da weitere Parametere genau eingestellt und untersucht werden können, z.B. Luftfeuchtigkeit und Temperature während der Stempelbeladung. Die Performance der herstellten anisotropen Partikel wurde in Kapitel 4 mit Verhaltensstudien in alkoholischen und wässrigen Dispersionen getestet. Dabei wurde die Stabilität der Oberflächenfunktionalisierungen in einem breiten pH Bereich untersucht. Dadurch wurde ein Ablösungsmechanismus bei sehr hohen bzw. niedrigen pH-Werten entdeckt, der zur Deaktivierung elektrostatischer Wechselwirkungen zwischen Partikeloberfläche und Polyelektrolyte Tinte führte. Desweitern wurden die Abwesenheit starker Wechselwirkung der divalenten Partikel in Wasser mit Hilfe von XPS untersucht. Das Resultat zeigte, dass der Transfer kleinster PDMS Oligomere auf die Patchoberfläche zu einer Ladungsabschirmung führte. Dadurch konnte Agglomeration verhindert werden. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wurden weitere Modifikationen für Partikelassemblierung durchgeführt. Hierfür wurde die Einführung von magnetischen Nanoadditiven, die Funktionalisierung mit Avidin-Biotin sowie dem Lichtschaltbaren Cyclodextrin-Arylazopyrazol Komplexen und die Partikeloberflächenfunktionalisierung zur Herstellung amphiphiler Teilchen untersucht. Die Effizienz der Kopplung, deren Stabilität sowie das Verhalten in unterschiedlichen Lösungsmittel wurde beschrieben. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen können noch anspruchsvollere Strukturen durch kolloidale Selbstassemblierung erzeugt werden. Einige Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit benötigten zusätzlicher Analyse um die zugrundeliegenden Mechaniken verstehen zu können. Dazu gehörte die relative hohe Streuung des Durchmessers für unterschiedliche Partikelsysteme, sowie das Ausdünnen des Patches mit kleineren Silikapartikeln. Mathematische Modelle in Kapitel 5 beschreiben beide Effekte. Dadurch war es möglich einen Zusammenhang zwischen der natürlichen Partikelgrößenverteilung sowie der Verbreitung des Patchdurchmessers festzustellen. Des Weiteren konnte eine Verkleinerung der Druckkraft durch eine Erhöhung der Packungsdichte für kleine Partikel beschrieben werden, wodurch eine Erklärung der Ausdünnung möglich war. All diese Berechnung führten schlussendlich zur Entwicklung eines neuen mechanischen Mikrokontaktdruckverfahrens, welches mit Hilfe von Zentrifugalkräften eine hohe Druckkontrolle und eine exzellente parallele Ausrichtung zwischen den Substraten ermöglicht. Erste Ergebnisse, sowie deren Vergleich mit bisher erhaltenen Resultaten schließen diese Forschung ab. Des Weiteren zeigt es die Vorteile einer solchen Vorrichtung für kommende Applikationen, besonders um noch kleinere Nanopartikel mit einer hohen Präzision modifizieren zu können. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass diese Forschung die erfolgreiche Anpassung des Mikrokontaktdruckverfahrens mit kommerziell erhältlichen und bezahlbaren Silikapartikeln und Polyelektrolyten demonstriert, um hohe Flexibilität, reduzierte Kosten und ein erweitertes Skalierungspotential zu bieten. Zusätzlich ist es gelungen, die Funktionalisierungsdichte zu erhöhen, indem drei dimensionaler Strukturdruck bisher ungenutztes Volumen schaffen konnte. Während eine hohe kolloidale Stabilität erhalten blieb, ist es gelungen unterschiedliche Kopplungssysteme zu nutzen, um das Selbstorganisationspotential dieser Toolbox für anisotrope Partikel aufzuzeigen. KW - patchy particles KW - microcontact printing KW - silica particles KW - anisotropic colloids KW - polyelectrolytes KW - Patchy Partikel KW - Mikrokontaktdruck KW - Silika Partikel KW - Anisotrope Kolloide KW - Polyelektrolyte Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427731 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Boos, Felix T1 - Bringing States to Justice for Crimes against Humanity BT - The Compromissory Clause in the ILC Draft Convention on Crimes against Humanity T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - Draft Art. 15 CCAH attempts to strike a balance between State autonomy and robust judicial supervision. It largely follows Article 22 CERD conditioning the jurisdiction of the ICJ on prior negotiations. Hence, the substance of the clause is interpreted in light of the Court’s recent case law, especially Georgia v. Russia. Besides, several issues regarding the scope ratione temporis of the compromissory clause are discussed. The article advances several proposals to further improve the current draft, addressing the missing explicit reference to State responsibility, as well as the relationship between the Court and a possible treaty body, It also proposes to recalibrate the interplay of a requirement of prior negotiations respectively the seizing of a future treaty body on the one hand and provisional measures to be indicated by the Court on the other. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 12 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422035 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 12 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Zhuchok, Anatolii V. T1 - Relatively free doppelsemigroups N2 - A doppelalgebra is an algebra defined on a vector space with two binary linear associative operations. Doppelalgebras play a prominent role in algebraic K-theory. We consider doppelsemigroups, that is, sets with two binary associative operations satisfying the axioms of a doppelalgebra. Doppelsemigroups are a generalization of semigroups and they have relationships with such algebraic structures as interassociative semigroups, restrictive bisemigroups, dimonoids, and trioids. In the lecture notes numerous examples of doppelsemigroups and of strong doppelsemigroups are given. The independence of axioms of a strong doppelsemigroup is established. A free product in the variety of doppelsemigroups is presented. We also construct a free (strong) doppelsemigroup, a free commutative (strong) doppelsemigroup, a free n-nilpotent (strong) doppelsemigroup, a free n-dinilpotent (strong) doppelsemigroup, and a free left n-dinilpotent doppelsemigroup. Moreover, the least commutative congruence, the least n-nilpotent congruence, the least n-dinilpotent congruence on a free (strong) doppelsemigroup and the least left n-dinilpotent congruence on a free doppelsemigroup are characterized. The book addresses graduate students, post-graduate students, researchers in algebra and interested readers. N2 - Eine Doppelalgebra ist eine auf einem Vektorraum definierte Algebra mit zwei binären linearen assoziativen Operationen. Doppelalgebren spielen eine herausragende Rolle in der algebraischen K-Theorie. Wir betrachten Doppelhalbgruppen, d.h Mengen mit zwei binären assoziativen Operationen, welche die Axiome der Doppelhalbgruppe erfüllen. Doppelhalbgruppen sind Veralgemeinerungen von Halbgruppen und sie stehen in Beziehung zu solchen algebraischen Strukturen wie interassoziative Halbgruppen, restriktive Bihalbgruppen, Dimonoiden und Trioden. In dieser Lecture Notes werden eine Vielzahl von Beispielen für Doppelhalbgruppen und strong Doppelhalbgruppen gegeben. Die Unabhängigkeit der Axiome für Doppelhalbgruppen wird nachgewiesen. Ein freies Produkt in der Varietät der Doppelhalbgruppen wird vorgestellt. Wir konstruieren auch eine freie (kommutative) strong Doppelhalbgruppe, eine freie n-dinilpotent (strong) Doppelhalbgruppe und eine freie Links n-dinilpotent Doppelhalbgruppe. Darüber hinaus werden die kleinste n-nilpotente Kogruenz, die kleinste n-dinilpotente Kongruenz auf der freien (strong) Doppelhalbgruppe und die kleinste n-dinilpotente Kongruenz auf einer freien Doppelhalbgruppe charakterisiert. Das Buch richtet sich an Graduierte, Doktoranden, Forscher in Algebra und interessierte Leser. T3 - Lectures in pure and applied mathematics - 5 KW - doppelsemigroup KW - interassociativity KW - free algebra KW - semigroup KW - congruence Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407719 SN - 978-3-86956-427-2 SN - 2199-4951 SN - 2199-496X IS - 5 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zemella, Anne A1 - Thoring, Lena A1 - Hoffmeister, Christian A1 - Šamalíková, Mária A1 - Ehren, Patricia A1 - Wüstenhagen, Doreen Anja A1 - Kubick, Stefan T1 - Cell-free protein synthesis as a novel tool for directed glycoengineering of active erythropoietin T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - As one of the most complex post-translational modification, glycosylation is widely involved in cell adhesion, cell proliferation and immune response. Nevertheless glycoproteins with an identical polypeptide backbone mostly differ in their glycosylation patterns. Due to this heterogeneity, the mapping of different glycosylation patterns to their associated function is nearly impossible. In the last years, glycoengineering tools including cell line engineering, chemoenzymatic remodeling and site-specific glycosylation have attracted increasing interest. The therapeutic hormone erythropoietin (EPO) has been investigated in particular by various groups to establish a production process resulting in a defined glycosylation pattern. However commercially available recombinant human EPO shows batch-to-batch variations in its glycoforms. Therefore we present an alternative method for the synthesis of active glycosylated EPO with an engineered O-glycosylation site by combining eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis and site-directed incorporation of non-canonical amino acids with subsequent chemoselective modifications. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 824 KW - recombinat-human-erythropoietin KW - glycosylation KW - expression KW - site KW - anemia KW - CDNA KW - glycoprotein KW - purification KW - cloning KW - growth Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427017 IS - 824 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zakariás, Lilla T1 - Transfer effects after working memory training in post-stroke aphasia T1 - Transfereffekte nach Arbeitsgedächtnistraining bei Aphasie nach Schlaganfall N2 - Background: Individuals with aphasia after stroke (IWA) often present with working memory (WM) deficits. Research investigating the relationship between WM and language abilities has led to the promising hypothesis that treatments of WM could lead to improvements in language, a phenomenon known as transfer. Although recent treatment protocols have been successful in improving WM, the evidence to date is scarce and the extent to which improvements in trained tasks of WM transfer to untrained memory tasks, spoken sentence comprehension, and functional communication is yet poorly understood. Aims: We aimed at (a) investigating whether WM can be improved through an adaptive n-back training in IWA (Study 1–3); (b) testing whether WM training leads to near transfer to unpracticed WM tasks (Study 1–3), and far transfer to spoken sentence comprehension (Study 1–3), functional communication (Study 2–3), and memory in daily life in IWA (Study 2–3); and (c) evaluating the methodological quality of existing WM treatments in IWA (Study 3). To address these goals, we conducted two empirical studies – a case-controls study with Hungarian speaking IWA (Study 1) and a multiple baseline study with German speaking IWA (Study 2) – and a systematic review (Study 3). Methods: In Study 1 and 2 participants with chronic, post-stroke aphasia performed an adaptive, computerized n-back training. ‘Adaptivity’ was implemented by adjusting the tasks’ difficulty level according to the participants’ performance, ensuring that they always practiced at an optimal level of difficulty. To assess the specificity of transfer effects and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of transfer on spoken sentence comprehension, we included an outcome measure testing specific syntactic structures that have been proposed to involve WM processes (e.g., non-canonical structures with varying complexity). Results: We detected a mixed pattern of training and transfer effects across individuals: five participants out of six significantly improved in the n-back training. Our most important finding is that all six participants improved significantly in spoken sentence comprehension (i.e., far transfer effects). In addition, we also found far transfer to functional communication (in two participants out of three in Study 2) and everyday memory functioning (in all three participants in Study 2), and near transfer to unpracticed n-back tasks (in four participants out of six). Pooled data analysis of Study 1 and 2 showed a significant negative relationship between initial spoken sentence comprehension and the amount of improvement in this ability, suggesting that the more severe the participants’ spoken sentence comprehension deficit was at the beginning of training, the more they improved after training. Taken together, we detected both near far and transfer effects in our studies, but the effects varied across participants. The systematic review evaluating the methodological quality of existing WM treatments in stroke IWA (Study 3) showed poor internal and external validity across the included 17 studies. Poor internal validity was mainly due to use of inappropriate design, lack of randomization of study phases, lack of blinding of participants and/or assessors, and insufficient sampling. Low external validity was mainly related to incomplete information on the setting, lack of use of appropriate analysis or justification for the suitability of the analysis procedure used, and lack of replication across participants and/or behaviors. Results in terms of WM, spoken sentence comprehension, and reading are promising, but further studies with more rigorous methodology and stronger experimental control are needed to determine the beneficial effects of WM intervention. Conclusions: Results of the empirical studies suggest that WM can be improved with a computerized and adaptive WM training, and improvements can lead to transfer effects to spoken sentence comprehension and functional communication in some individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. The fact that improvements were not specific to certain syntactic structures (i.e., non-canonical complex sentences) in spoken sentence comprehension suggest that WM is not involved in the online, automatic processing of syntactic information (i.e., parsing and interpretation), but plays a more general role in the later stage of spoken sentence comprehension (i.e., post-interpretive comprehension). The individual differences in treatment outcomes call for future research to clarify how far these results are generalizable to the population level of IWA. Future studies are needed to identify a few mechanisms that may generalize to at least a subpopulation of IWA as well as to investigate baseline non-linguistic cognitive and language abilities that may play a role in transfer effects and the maintenance of such effects. These may require larger yet homogenous samples. N2 - Patienten mit einer Aphasie nach einem Schlaganfall weisen häufig auch Beeinträchtigungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auf. Studien, die das Zusammenspiel von Arbeitsgedächtnis und Sprachfähigkeit untersuchen führten zu der Hypothese, dass ein Training des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auch zu Verbesserungen der Sprache führen könnten (sogenannte Transfer-Effekte). Obwohl jüngste Therapiestudien nachweislich die Leistung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses verbessern konnten, gibt es derzeitig nur wenig Evidenzen, ob und in welchem Ausmaß sich Verbesserungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses auch auf ungeübte Gedächtnisaufgaben, das auditive Satzverständnis und die Kommunikationsfähigkeit im Alltag auswirken können. Das vorliegende Dissertationsprojekt untersucht, ob (a) das Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Patienten mit einer Aphasie über ein adaptiertes N-Back-Training verbessert werden kann (Studie 1–3) und (b) das Arbeitsgedächtnistraining zu einem nahen Transfer auf ungeübte Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgaben (Studie 1–3) und zu einem weiten Transfer auf auditive Satzverständnisaufgaben (Studie 1–3), auf die Alltagskommunikation (Studie 2–3) und auf das Alltagsgedächtnis (Studie 2–3) bei Patienten mit einer Aphasie führt. Zudem evaluiert das vorliegende Projekt (c) die methodische Qualität bereits existierender Arbeitsgedächtnistrainings bei Patienten mit einer Aphasie (Studie 3). Zur Beantwortung der vorliegenden Studienfragen wurden zwei empirische Studien (Studie 1 und 2) sowie ein systematisches Review (Studie 3) durchgeführt. In Studie 1 und 2 durchliefen Studienteilnehmer mit einer chronischen Aphasie nach einem Schlaganfall ein adaptiertes N-Back-Training. Es zeigte sich ein sehr gemischtes Trainingsmuster und Transfereffekte bei den Studienteilnehmern: Fünf von sechs Probanden verbesserten sich signifikant beim N-Back-Training. Alle sechs Probanden zeigten zudem signifikante weite Transfereffekte auf das auditive Satzverständnis. Darüber hinaus konnte ein weiter Transfereffekt auf die Kommunikationsfähigkeit und das Gedächtnis im Alltag sowie ein naher Transfer auf ungeübte N-Back-Aufgaben nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings schwankte das Transferverhalten innerhalb der Probanden stark. Das systematische Review (Studie 3) zeigte eine schwache interne und externe Validität über die 17 eingeschlossenen Studien. Obwohl die Ergebnisse bezüglich des Arbeitsgedächtnisses, des auditiven Satzverständnisses und des Lesens trotz der methodischen Einschränkungen der untersuchten Studien vielversprechend sind, sollten Schlussfolgerungen über die positiven Transfereffekte von Arbeitsgedächtnistrainings dennoch mit Vorsicht betrachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Studien zeigten, dass sich mit Hilfe eines computergestützten und adaptiven Trainings das Arbeitsgedächtnis verbessert und zudem ein Transfer auf das auditive Satzverständnis und die Kommunikationsfähigkeit im Alltag bei einigen Patienten mit einer chronischen Aphasie nach einem Schlaganfall erzielt werden konnte. Es sind jedoch weitere Studien notwendig, um den Einfluss individueller Unterschiede auf die individuellen Transfermaße aufzudecken und eine Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf Untergruppen aphasischer Teilnehmer zu beleuchten. Darüber hinaus werden zukünftige Studien benötigt, die die Rolle der Baseline nicht-linguistischer kognitiver Fähigkeiten und der Sprachproduktion sowie die Aufrechterhaltung von Transfereffekte weiter untersuchen. KW - aphasia KW - working memory KW - treatment KW - Aphasie KW - Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - Therapie Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423600 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Young, Linda A1 - Ueda, Kiyoshi A1 - Gühr, Markus A1 - Bucksbaum, Philip H. A1 - Simon, Marc A1 - Mukamel, Shaul A1 - Rohringer, Nina A1 - Prince, Kevin C. A1 - Masciovecchio, Claudio A1 - Meyer, Michael A1 - Rudenko, Artem A1 - Rolles, Daniel A1 - Bostedt, Christoph A1 - Fuchs, Matthias A1 - Reis, David A. A1 - Santra, Robin A1 - Kapteyn, Henry A1 - Murnane, Margaret A1 - Ibrahim, Heide A1 - Légaré, François A1 - Vrakking, Marc A1 - Isinger, Marcus A1 - Kroon, David A1 - Gisselbrecht, Mathieu A1 - L'Huillier, Anne A1 - Wörner, Hans Jakob A1 - Leone, Stephen R. T1 - Roadmap of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and molecular physics, largely due to an explosive growth in capabilities in the past decade. XFELs now provide unprecedented intensity (1020 W cm−2) of x-rays at wavelengths down to ~1 Ångstrom, and HHG provides unprecedented time resolution (~50 attoseconds) and a correspondingly large coherent bandwidth at longer wavelengths. For context, timescales can be referenced to the Bohr orbital period in hydrogen atom of 150 attoseconds and the hydrogen-molecule vibrational period of 8 femtoseconds; wavelength scales can be referenced to the chemically significant carbon K-edge at a photon energy of ~280 eV (44 Ångstroms) and the bond length in methane of ~1 Ångstrom. With these modern x-ray sources one now has the ability to focus on individual atoms, even when embedded in a complex molecule, and view electronic and nuclear motion on their intrinsic scales (attoseconds and Ångstroms). These sources have enabled coherent diffractive imaging, where one can image non-crystalline objects in three dimensions on ultrafast timescales, potentially with atomic resolution. The unprecedented intensity available with XFELs has opened new fields of multiphoton and nonlinear x-ray physics where behavior of matter under extreme conditions can be explored. The unprecedented time resolution and pulse synchronization provided by HHG sources has kindled fundamental investigations of time delays in photoionization, charge migration in molecules, and dynamics near conical intersections that are foundational to AMO physics and chemistry. This roadmap coincides with the year when three new XFEL facilities, operating at Ångstrom wavelengths, opened for users (European XFEL, Swiss-FEL and PAL-FEL in Korea) almost doubling the present worldwide number of XFELs, and documents the remarkable progress in HHG capabilities since its discovery roughly 30 years ago, showcasing experiments in AMO physics and other applications. Here we capture the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organize the contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies; high-intensity x-ray phenomena; attosecond x-ray science. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 668 KW - ultrafast molecular dynamics KW - x-ray spectroscopies and phenomena KW - table-top sources KW - x-ray free-electron lasers KW - attosecond phenomena Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-424238 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 668 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yedidya, Asaf T1 - Enlisted History BT - Zeev Jawitz (1847–1924) and the Making of a National Orthodox Wissenschaft des Judentums JF - PaRDES : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e. V. N2 - Zeev Jawitz (1847–1924) was active in all spheres of culture: history, language, literature and pedagogy, all the while striving for harmonization with the Orthodox outlook. He understood that a people returning to its homeland needed a national culture, one that was both broad and deep, and that the narrow world of the Halakhah would no longer suffice. His main work was the multi-volume Toldot Israel (History of Israel, published 1895–1924) which encompasses Jewish history from its beginning – Patriarchs – until the end of the 19th century. His historical writing, with its emphasis on internal religious Jewish sources, the unity and continuity of Jewish history, and respect of Orthodox principles, comes as an alternative to the historiography of the celebrated historian Heinrich Graetz. The alternative that Jawitz tried to substitute for Wissenschaft des Judentums, was influenced not only by Orthodox ideology, which he supported, but also by his nationalist ideology. He saw himself and his disciples as the “priests of memory,” presenting the true and immanent history and character of the Jewish nation as a platform to the Jewish future in the land of Israel. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417808 SP - 79 EP - 101 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yadavalli, Nataraja Sekhar A1 - Loebner, Sarah A1 - Papke, Thomas A1 - Sava, Elena A1 - Hurduc, Nicolae A1 - Santer, Svetlana T1 - A comparative study of photoinduced deformation in azobenzene containing polymer films T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In this paper two groups supporting different views on the mechanism of light induced polymer deformation argue about the respective underlying theoretical conceptions, in order to bring this interesting debate to the attention of the scientific community. The group of Prof. Nicolae Hurduc supports the model claiming that the cyclic isomerization of azobenzenes may cause an athermal transition of the glassy azobenzene containing polymer into a fluid state, the so-called photo-fluidization concept. This concept is quite convenient for an intuitive understanding of the deformation process as an anisotropic flow of the polymer material. The group of Prof. Svetlana Santer supports the re-orientational model where the mass-transport of the polymer material accomplished during polymer deformation is stated to be generated by the light-induced re-orientation of the azobenzene side chains and as a consequence of the polymer backbone that in turn results in local mechanical stress, which is enough to irreversibly deform an azobenzene containing material even in the glassy state. For the debate we chose three polymers differing in the glass transition temperature, 32 °C, 87 °C and 95 °C, representing extreme cases of flexible and rigid materials. Polymer film deformation occurring during irradiation with different interference patterns is recorded using a homemade set-up combining an optical part for the generation of interference patterns and an atomic force microscope for acquiring the kinetics of film deformation. We also demonstrated the unique behaviour of azobenzene containing polymeric films to switch the topography in situ and reversibly by changing the irradiation conditions. We discuss the results of reversible deformation of three polymers induced by irradiation with intensity (IIP) and polarization (PIP) interference patterns, and the light of homogeneous intensity in terms of two approaches: the re-orientational and the photo-fluidization concepts. Both agree in that the formation of opto-mechanically induced stresses is a necessary prerequisite for the process of deformation. Using this argument, the deformation process can be characterized either as a flow or mass transport. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 458 KW - light-induced deformation KW - surface-relief gratings KW - optical near-field KW - chromophore orientations KW - atomic-force; nano-objects KW - brushes KW - raman KW - elastomers KW - microscopy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-413510 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 458 ER - TY - THES A1 - Xiong, Tao T1 - Vibrationally resolved absorption, emission, resonance Raman and photoelectron spectra of selected organic molecules, associated radicals and cations T1 - Schwingungsaufgelöste Absorptions-, Emissions-, Resonanz-Raman- und Photoelektronenspektren ausgewählter organischer Moleküle, assoziierter Radikale und Kationen BT - a time-dependent approach BT - ein zeitabhängiger Ansatz N2 - Time-dependent correlation function based methods to study optical spectroscopy involving electronic transitions can be traced back to the work of Heller and coworkers. This intuitive methodology can be expected to be computationally efficient and is applied in the current work to study the vibronic absorption, emission, and resonance Raman spectra of selected organic molecules. Besides, the "non-standard" application of this approach to photoionization processes is also explored. The application section consists of four chapters as described below. In Chapter 4, the molar absorptivities and vibronic absorption/emission spectra of perylene and several of its N-substituted derivatives are investigated. By systematically varying the number and position of N atoms, it is shown that the presence of nitrogen heteroatoms has a negligible effect on the molecular structure and geometric distortions upon electronic transitions, while spectral properties are more sensitive: In particular the number of N atoms is important while their position is less decisive. Thus, N-substitution can be used to fine-tune the optical properties of perylene-based molecules. In Chapter 5, the same methods are applied to study the vibronic absorption/emission and resonance Raman spectra of a newly synthesized donor-acceptor type molecule. The simulated absorption/emission spectra agree fairly well with experimental data, with discrepancies being attributed to solvent effects. Possible modes which may dominate the fine-structure in the vibronic spectra are proposed by analyzing the correlation function with the aid of Raman and resonance Raman spectra. In the next two chapters, besides the above types of spectra, the methods are extended to study photoelectron spectra of several small diamondoid-related systems (molecules, radicals, and cations). Comparison of the photoelectron spectra with available experimental data suggests that the correlation function based approach can describe ionization processes reasonably well. Some of these systems, cationic species in particular, exhibit somewhat peculiar optical behavior, which presents them as possible candidates for functional devices. Correlation function based methods in a more general sense can be very versatile. In fact, besides the above radiative processes, formulas for non-radiative processes such as internal conversion have been derived in literature. Further implementation of the available methods is among our next goals. N2 - Molekülsysteme bestehen aus Kernen und Elektronen, deren viel kleinere Masse sie in die Lage versetzten, sich der Bewegung des ersteren augenblicklich anzupassen. Daher ist die Bewegung der Elektronen und Kerne in einer guten ersten Annäherung "unabhängig", und die Energie der Elektronen kann zuerst berechnet werden, vorausgesetzt, die Kerne sind stationär. Die so gewonnene elektronische Energie wird zur Abstoßungsenergie zwischen den Kernen addiert, um ein Potential zu erhalten, das die Bewegung der Kerne bestimmt. Quantenmechanisch können sowohl die Elektronen als auch die Kerne nur bestimmte Energieniveaus haben. Die molekulare vibronische (= Schwingung + Elektronik) Absorptionsspektroskopie beinhaltet den Übergang der Elektronen und Kerne von ihrem Anfangs- in ihren Endzustand durch Photonenabsorption. Die größere elektronische Übergangsenergie bestimmt die Position des Absorptionsmaximums, während die kleinere nukleare Schwingungsübergangsenergie (ohne Berücksichtigung von Translation und Rotation) die Position der Teilmaxima innerhalb des Absorptionsbereichs bestimmt, wodurch die vibronische Feinstruktur entsteht. Ähnliche Ideen gelten auch für die vibronische Emissionsspektroskopie. Die Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie untersucht die Energieänderung des einfallenden Photons (dessen Energie ausreichend ist, um die Elektronen in einen höheren elektronischen Zustand anzuregen), nachdem es mit dem Molekül wechselwirkt. Der Energiegewinn oder -verlust des einfallenden Photons bewirkt eine Änderung des Schwingungszustandes. Die Photoelektronenspektroskopie ist ähnlich wie die vibronische Absorption, benötigt aber in der Regel mehr Energie des einfallenden Photons, da neben der Anregung des Moleküls in einen höheren vibronischen Zustand zusätzliche Energie benötigt wird, um ein Elektron aus dem Molekül zu entfernen. Diese spektroskopischen Techniken liefern wertvolle Informationen über die elektronische und nukleare Bewegung des Moleküls. Theoretisch können wir eine zeitabhängige Korrelationsfunktion verwenden, um die Spektren zu simulieren. Die Korrelationsfunktion für die Absorption ist beispielsweise eine Funktion der Zeit, deren Entwicklung Informationen über die elektronischen Energien und die nukleare Bewegung enthält. Um das Absorptionsspektrum in Form von Energie zu erhalten, wird ein mathematisches Verfahren, die so genannte Fourier-Transformation, auf die zeitabhängige Korrelationsfunktion angewendet, um ein energieabhängiges Spektrum zu erhalten. Diese Methode wird auf ausgewählte organische Moleküle, darunter einige Radikale und Kationen, angewandt, um deren elektronisches und optisches Verhalten unter dem Einfluss von einfallendem Licht zu untersuchen und Einblicke in das Design neuer optoelektronischer Bauelemente zu gewinnen. Bei einigen Molekülen/Systemen wird die vibronische Feinstruktur durch Faktoren wie molekulare Zusammensetzung und Umgebung wie Lösungsmittel beeinflusst, was darauf hindeutet, dass diese Systeme zur Feinabstimmung der gewünschten Eigenschaften verwendet werden können. Für andere Systeme gibt es fast keine sichtbare vibronische Feinstruktur, was bedeutet, dass sich die nukleare Bewegung solcher Systeme im Allgemeinen von derjenigen der vorherigen Kategorie unterscheidet. KW - vibrationally resolved electronic spectroscopy KW - photoelectron spectroscopy KW - resonance Raman spectroscopy KW - correlation function KW - ionization potential KW - time-dependent density functional theory KW - perylene KW - diamondoid KW - Schwingungsaufgelöste UV/VIS-Spektroskopie KW - Photoelektronenspektroskopie KW - Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie KW - Korrelationsfunktion KW - Ionisationspotential KW - Zeitabhängige Dichtefunktionaltheorie KW - Perylen KW - Diamondoide Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-418105 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xiong, Chao A1 - Stolle, Claudia A1 - Park, Jaeheung T1 - Climatology of GPS signal loss observed by Swarm satellites T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - By using 3-year global positioning system (GPS)measurements from December 2013 to November 2016, we provide in this study a detailed survey on the climatology of the GPS signal loss of Swarm onboard receivers. Our results show that the GPS signal losses prefer to occur at both low latitudes between ±5 and ±20 ◦ magnetic latitude (MLAT) and high latitudes above 60 ◦ MLAT in both hemispheres. These events at all latitudes are observed mainly during equinoxes and December solstice months, while totally absent during June solstice months. At low latitudes the GPS signal losses are caused by the equatorial plasma irregularities shortly after sunset, and at high latitude they are also highly related to the large density gradients associated with ionospheric irregularities. Additionally, the high-latitude events are more often observed in the Southern Hemisphere, occurring mainly at the cusp region and along nightside auroral latitudes. The signal losses mainly happen for those GPS rays with elevation angles less than 20 ◦ , and more commonly occur when the line of sight between GPS and Swarm satellites is aligned with the shell structure of plasma irregularities. Our results also confirm that the capability of the Swarm receiver has been improved after the bandwidth of the phase-locked loop (PLL) widened, but the updates cannot radically avoid the interruption in tracking GPS satellites caused by the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Additionally, after the PLL bandwidth increased larger than 0.5 Hz, some unexpected signal losses are observed even at middle latitudes, which are not related to the ionospheric plasma irregularities. Our results suggest that rather than 1.0 Hz, a PLL bandwidth of 0.5 Hz is a more suitable value for the Swarm receiver. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 712 KW - Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities) KW - radio science (radio wave propagation) Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427391 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 712 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wulff, Alexander T1 - Essays in macroeconomics and financial market imperfections N2 - This dissertation consists of four self-contained papers that deal with the implications of financial market imperfections and heterogeneity. The analysis mainly relates to the class of incomplete-markets models but covers different research topics. The first paper deals with the distributional effects of financial integration for developing countries. Based on a simple heterogeneous-agent approach, it is shown that capital owners experience large welfare losses while only workers moderately gain due to higher wages. The large welfare losses for capital owners contrast with the small average welfare gains from representative-agent economies and indicate that a strong opposition against capital market opening has to be expected. The second paper considers the puzzling observation of capital flows from poor to rich countries and the accompanying changes in domestic economic development. Motivated by the mixed results from the literature, we employ an incomplete-markets model with different types of idiosyncratic risk and borrowing constraints. Based on different scenarios, we analyze under what conditions the presence of financial market imperfections contributes to explain the empirical findings and how the conditions may change with different model assumptions. The third paper deals with the interplay of incomplete information and financial market imperfections in an incomplete-markets economy. In particular, it analyzes the impact of incomplete information about idiosyncratic income shocks on aggregate saving. The results show that the effect of incomplete information is not only quantitatively substantial but also qualitatively ambiguous and varies with the influence of the income risk and the borrowing constraint. Finally, the fourth paper analyzes the influence of different types of fiscal rules on the response of key macroeconomic variables to a government spending shock. We find that a strong temporary increase in public debt contributes to stabilizing consumption and leisure in the first periods following the change in government spending, whereas a non-debt-intensive fiscal rule leads to a faster recovery of consumption, leisure, capital and output in later periods. Regarding optimal debt policy, we find that a debt-intensive fiscal rule leads to the largest aggregate welfare benefit and that the individual welfare gain is particularly high for wealth-poor agents. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus vier eigenständigen Papieren, die sich mit den Auswirkungen von Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten und Heterogenität beschäftigen. Die Analyse bezieht sich dabei vorwiegend auf die Klasse heterogener-Agenten Modelle mit Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten, greift aber verschiedene Fragestellungen auf. Das erste Papier beschäftigt sich mit den Verteilungseffekten finanzieller Integration in sich entwickelnden Volkswirtschaften. Mit Hilfe eines einfachen heterogene-Agenten Ansatzes wird gezeigt, dass inländische Kapitalbesitzer massiv durch finanzielle Integration verlieren, während ausschließlich Arbeitnehmer moderat durch Lohnanstiege gewinnen. Die erheblichen Wohlfahrtsverluste für Kapitalbesitzer stehen dabei im Kontrast zu den geringen durchschnittlichen Wohlfahrtseffekten und zeigen, dass eine starke Opposition gegenüber der Öffnung von Kapitalmärkten in sich entwickelnde Länder zu erwarten ist. Der zweite Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem neueren Phänomen von Kapitalflüssen von armen zu reichen Ländern sowie mit den einhergehenden inländischen Entwicklungen. Ausgehend von den stark divergierenden Ergebnissen der Literatur wird ein umfassendes heterogene-Agenten Modell mit nicht versicherbaren idiosynkratischen Risiken und Verschuldungsrestriktionen betrachtet. Anhand verschiedener Szenarien wird gezeigt, unter welchen Bedingungen Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten zur Klärung der empirischen Befunde beitragen können und inwiefern sich die Parameterrestriktionen unter verschiedenen Modellannahmen ändern. Der dritte Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen unvollständiger Informationen im Rahmen eines heterogene-Agenten Modells. Insbesondere werden die Auswirkungen unvollständiger Informationen bezüglich idiosynkratischer Einkommensschocks auf die aggregierte Ersparnisbildung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Einfluss unvollständiger Information nicht nur quantitativ bedeutsam, sondern auch qualitativ verschieden ist und stark mit der konkreten Ausprägung der Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten variiert. Der vierte Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Ausgestaltung staatlicher Verschuldungspolitik. Insbesondere wird die Finanzierung einer vorübergehenden Erhöhung von Staatsausgaben unter verschiedenen Fiskalregeln analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine verschuldungsintensive Fiskalregel einen kurzfristig stabilisierenden Effekt auf Konsum und Freizeit aufweist, von dem insbesondere vermögensarme Haushalte profitieren, die besonders stark von den Verschuldungsrestriktionen betroffen sind. KW - incomplete markets KW - heterogeneous agents KW - financial integration KW - incomplete information KW - fiscal policy KW - unvollständige Märkte KW - heterogene Agenten KW - finanzielle Integration KW - unvollständige Information KW - Fiskalpolitik Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429956 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Harper, Bridgette D. T1 - The moderation of empathy in the longitudinal association between witnessing cyberbullying, depression, and anxiety T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - While the role of and consequences of being a bystander to face-to-face bullying has received some attention in the literature, to date, little is known about the effects of being a bystander to cyberbullying. It is also unknown how empathy might impact the negative consequences associated with being a bystander of cyberbullying. The present study focused on examining the longitudinal association between bystander of cyberbullying depression, and anxiety, and the moderating role of empathy in the relationship between bystander of cyberbullying and subsequent depression and anxiety. There were 1,090 adolescents (M-age = 12.19; 50% female) from the United States included at Time 1, and they completed questionnaires on empathy, cyberbullying roles (bystander, perpetrator, victim), depression, and anxiety. One year later, at Time 2, 1,067 adolescents (M-age = 13.76; 51% female) completed questionnaires on depression and anxiety. Results revealed a positive association between bystander of cyberbullying and depression and anxiety. Further, empathy moderated the positive relationship between bystander of cyberbullying and depression, but not for anxiety. Implications for intervention and prevention programs are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 689 KW - bystander KW - cyberbullying KW - empathy KW - depression KW - anxiety KW - longitudinal Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470505 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 689 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian T1 - Does parental mediation moderate the longitudinal association among bystanders and perpetrators and victims of cyberbullying? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The purpose of the present study was to examine the moderation of parental mediation in the longitudinal association between being a bystander of cyberbullying and cyberbullying perpetration and cyberbullying victimization. Participants were 1067 7th and 8th graders between 12 and 15 years old (51% female) from six middle schools in predominantly middle-class neighborhoods in the Midwestern United States. Increases in being bystanders of cyberbullying was related positively to restrictive and instructive parental mediation. Restrictive parental mediation was related positively to Time 2 (T2) cyberbullying victimization, while instructive parental mediation was negatively related to T2 cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Restrictive parental mediation was a moderator in the association between bystanders of cyberbullying and T2 cyberbullying victimization. Increases in restrictive parental mediation strengthened the positive relationship between these variables. In addition, instructive mediation moderated the association between bystanders of cyberbullying and T2 cyberbullying victimization such that increases in this form of parental mediation strategy weakened the association between bystanders of cyberbullying and T2 cyberbullying victimization. The current findings indicate a need for parents to be aware of how they can impact adolescents’ involvement in cyberbullying as bullies and victims. In addition, greater attention should be given to developing parental intervention programs that focus on the role of parents in helping to mitigate adolescents’ likelihood of cyberbullying involvement. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 679 KW - cyberbullying KW - bystander KW - bystanding KW - victimization KW - perpetration KW - bully KW - parental mediation Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-472303 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 679 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Woodfield, Emma E. A1 - Horne, Richard B. A1 - Glauert, Sarah A. A1 - Menietti, John D. A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Kurth, William S. T1 - Formation of electron radiation belts at Saturn by Z-mode wave acceleration T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - At Saturn electrons are trapped in the planet's magnetic field and accelerated to relativistic energies to form the radiation belts, but how this dramatic increase in electron energy occurs is still unknown. Until now the mechanism of radial diffusion has been assumed but we show here that in-situ acceleration through wave particle interactions, which initial studies dismissed as ineffectual at Saturn, is in fact a vital part of the energetic particle dynamics there. We present evidence from numerical simulations based on Cassini spacecraft data that a particular plasma wave, known as Z-mode, accelerates electrons to MeV energies inside 4 R-S (1 R-S = 60,330 km) through a Doppler shifted cyclotron resonant interaction. Our results show that the Z-mode waves observed are not oblique as previously assumed and are much better accelerators than O-mode waves, resulting in an electron energy spectrum that closely approaches observed values without any transport effects included. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1032 KW - astrophysical plasmas KW - giant planets KW - magnetospheric physics KW - diffusion KW - pitch angle KW - plasma KW - radio KW - region Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-468342 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1032 ER - TY - THES A1 - Witt, Tanja Ivonne T1 - Camera Monitoring at volcanoes T1 - Kameramonitoring an Vulkanen BT - Identification and characterization of lava fountain activity and near-vent processes and their relevance for early warning systems BT - Identifikation und Charakterizierung der Aktivität von Lavafontänen und Near-Vent Prozesse und deren Relevanz für Frühwarnsysteme N2 - Basaltic fissure eruptions, such as on Hawai'i or on Iceland, are thought to be driven by the lateral propagation of feeder dikes and graben subsidence. Associated solid earth processes, such as deformation and structural development, are well studied by means of geophysical and geodetic technologies. The eruptions themselves, lava fountaining and venting dynamics, in turn, have been much less investigated due to hazardous access, local dimension, fast processes, and resulting poor data availability. This thesis provides a detailed quantitative understanding of the shape and dynamics of lava fountains and the morphological changes at their respective eruption sites. For this purpose, I apply image processing techniques, including drones and fixed installed cameras, to the sequence of frames of video records from two well-known fissure eruptions in Hawai'i and Iceland. This way I extract the dimensions of multiple lava fountains, visible in all frames. By putting these results together and considering the acquisition times of the frames I quantify the variations in height, width and eruption velocity of the lava fountains. Then I analyse these time-series in both time and frequency domains and investigate the similarities and correlations between adjacent lava fountains. Following this procedure, I am able to link the dynamics of the individual lava fountains to physical parameters of the magma transport in the feeder dyke of the fountains. The first case study in this thesis focuses on the March 2011 Pu'u'O'o eruption, Hawai'i, where a continuous pulsating behaviour at all eight lava fountains has been observed. The lava fountains, even those from different parts of the fissure that are closely connected, show a similar frequency content and eruption behaviour. The regular pattern in the heights of lava fountain suggests a controlling process within the magma feeder system like a hydraulic connection in the underlying dyke, affecting or even controlling the pulsating behaviour. The second case study addresses the 2014-2015 Holuhraun fissure eruption, Iceland. In this case, the feeder dyke is highlighted by the surface expressions of graben-like structures and fault systems. At the eruption site, the activity decreases from a continuous line of fire of ~60 vents to a limited number of lava fountains. This can be explained by preferred upwards magma movements through vertical structures of the pre-eruptive morphology. Seismic tremors during the eruption reveal vent opening at the surface and/or pressure changes in the feeder dyke. The evolving topography of the cinder cones during the eruption interacts with the lava fountain behaviour. Local variations in the lava fountain height and width are controlled by the conduit diameter, the depth of the lava pond and the shape of the crater. Modelling of the fountain heights shows that long-term eruption behaviour is controlled mainly by pressure changes in the feeder dyke. This research consists of six chapters with four papers, including two first author and two co-author papers. It establishes a new method to analyse lava fountain dynamics by video monitoring. The comparison with the seismicity, geomorphologic and structural expressions of fissure eruptions shows a complex relationship between focussed flow through dykes, the morphology of the cinder cones, and the lava fountain dynamics at the vents of a fissure eruption. N2 - Basaltische Spalteneruptionen, wie auf Hawaii oder Island, werden vermutlich durch die laterale Ausbreitung von Förderdikes und damit verbundener Grabenbildung verursacht. Prozesse der festen Erde sind mittels geophysikalischer und geodätischer Technologien gut erforscht. Die Ausbrüche selbst, d.h. die Lavafontä}nen und die Ventdynamik wiederum wurden aufgrund des gefährlichen Zugangs, der lokalen Dimension, der schnellen Prozesse und der daraus resultierenden schlechten Datenverfügbarkeit kaum untersucht. Diese Arbeit liefert ein detailliertes quantitatives Verständnis über Form und Dynamik von Lavafontänen und der morphologischen Veränderungen an ihren jeweiligen Eruptionsstellen. Mittels Bildverarbeitungstechniken, einschließlich Dronen und festen Kameras, wurden von mir die Videoframes von zwei bekannten Spaltausbrüchen auf Hawaii und Island ausgewertet. Auf diese Weise extrahiere ich die Dimensionen mehrerer Lavafontänen, die in allen Frames sichtbar sind. Durch die Zusammenstellung dieser Ergebnisse und unter Berücksichtigung der Erfassungszeiten quantifiziere ich die Schwankungen in Höhe, Breite und Eruptionsgeschwindigkeit. Dann analysiere ich diese Zeitreihen im Zeit- und Frequenzbereich und untersuche die Ähnlichkeiten und Zusammenhänge zwischen benachbarten Lavafontänen. Anschließend verknüpfte ich die Dynamik der einzelnen Lavafontänen mit den physikalischen Parametern des Magmatransports im Förderdike. Die erste Fallstudie dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Pu'u'O'o Ausbruch, Hawaii im März 2011, bei der ein kontinuierliches pulsierendes Verhalten an allen Lavafontänen beobachtet werden konnte. Lavafontänen verschiedener Teilsegmenten der Spalte sind eng miteinander verbunden, sie weisen Ähnlichkeiten im Frequenzgehalt und Ausbruchsverhalten auf. Das regelmäßige Muster in den Lavafontänenhöhen deutet auf eine hydraulische Verbindung im darunter liegenden Dike als steuernden Prozess innerhalb des Magma-Fördersystems hin. Die zweite Fallstudie befasst sich mit dem Holuhraun-Ausbruch 2014/2015. In diesem Fall wird der horizontale Förderdike durch grabenartige Strukturen und Bruchsysteme an der Oberfläche hervorgehoben. An der Ausbruchsstelle nimmt die Aktivität von einer kontinuierlichen Feuerlinie auf einzelne Lavafontänen ab. Dies lässt sich durch eine bevorzugte Aufwärtsbewegung des Magmas durch vertikale Strukturen der prä-eruptiven Morphologie erklären. Seismische Erschütterungen während des Ausbruchs zeigen Ventöffnungen an der Oberfläche und/oder Druckveränderungen im Förderdike. Die sich während des Ausbruchs entwickelnde Topographie der Schlackenkegel interagiert mit dem Verhalten der Lavafontänen. Lokale Schwankungen in Höhe und Breite der Lavafontäne werden jedoch durch den Schlotdurchmesser, die Tiefe des Lavaponds und die Form des Kraters gesteuert. Die Modellierung der Fontänenhöhe zeigt, dass das langfristige Ausbruchsverhalten vor allem durch Druckänderungen im Förderdike gesteuert wird. Diese Forschungsarbeit besteht aus sechs Kapiteln mit je zwei Papern als Erst- bzw. Co-Autor. Es etabliert eine neue Methode zur Analyse der Dynamik von Lavafontänen durch Videoüberwachung. Der Vergleich mit der Seismizität, den geomorphologischen und strukturellen Ausprägungen von Spalteneruptionen zeigt einen komplexen Zusammenhang zwischen der Dikeströmung, der Vulkanmorphologie und der Dynamik der Lavafontänen an einer Spalteneruption. KW - volcanology KW - Spalteneruption KW - fissure eruption KW - Vulkanologie KW - lava fountains KW - video analysis KW - basaltic volcanoes KW - Lavafontänen KW - Videoanalyse KW - Basalt-Vulkane Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421073 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Wiebking, Christine T1 - Stress and Alterations in the Pain Matrix BT - A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Back Pain and Its Prevention and Treatment T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The genesis of chronic pain is explained by a biopsychosocial model. It hypothesizes an interdependency between environmental and genetic factors provoking aberrant long-term changes in biological and psychological regulatory systems. Physiological effects of psychological and physical stressors may play a crucial role in these maladaptive processes. Specifically, long-term demands on the stress response system may moderate central pain processing and influence descending serotonergic and noradrenergic signals from the brainstem, regulating nociceptive processing at the spinal level. However, the underlying mechanisms of this pathophysiological interplay still remain unclear. This paper aims to shed light on possible pathways between physical (exercise) and psychological stress and the potential neurobiological consequences in the genesis and treatment of chronic pain, highlighting evolving concepts and promising research directions in the treatment of chronic pain. Two treatment forms (exercise and mindfulness-based stress reduction as exemplary therapies), their interaction, and the dose-response will be discussed in more detail, which might pave the way to a better understanding of alterations in the pain matrix and help to develop future prevention and therapeutic concepts T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 438 KW - stress KW - allostatic load KW - relaxation KW - back pain KW - chronic pain KW - physical activity KW - exercise KW - neuroplasticity KW - pain matrix Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412058 IS - 438 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Puschmann, Anne-Katrin A1 - Arampatzis, Adamantios A1 - Schiltenwolf, Marcus A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Diagnosis of psychosocial risk factors in prevention of low back pain in athletes (MiSpEx) N2 - Background Low back pain (LBP) is a common pain syndrome in athletes, responsible for 28% of missed training days/year. Psychosocial factors contribute to chronic pain development. This study aims to investigate the transferability of psychosocial screening tools developed in the general population to athletes and to define athlete-specific thresholds. Methods Data from a prospective multicentre study on LBP were collected at baseline and 1-year follow-up (n=52 athletes, n=289 recreational athletes and n=246 non-athletes). Pain was assessed using the Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire. The psychosocial Risk Stratification Index (RSI) was used to obtain prognostic information regarding the risk of chronic LBP (CLBP). Individual psychosocial risk profile was gained with the Risk Prevention Index – Social (RPI-S). Differences between groups were calculated using general linear models and planned contrasts. Discrimination thresholds for athletes were defined with receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Results Athletes and recreational athletes showed significantly lower psychosocial risk profiles and prognostic risk for CLBP than non-athletes. ROC curves suggested discrimination thresholds for athletes were different compared with non-athletes. Both screenings demonstrated very good sensitivity (RSI=100%; RPI-S: 75%–100%) and specificity (RSI: 76%–93%; RPI-S: 71%–93%). RSI revealed two risk classes for pain intensity (area under the curve (AUC) 0.92(95% CI 0.85 to 1.0)) and pain disability (AUC 0.88(95% CI 0.71 to 1.0)). Conclusions Both screening tools can be used for athletes. Athlete-specific thresholds will improve physicians’ decision making and allow stratified treatment and prevention. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 376 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407391 SN - 1866-8364 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wilhelm, Jan Lorenz T1 - Atmosphere in the home stadium of Hertha BSC (German Bundesliga) T1 - Atmosphère au stade de Hertha BSC (Bundesliga allemande) T1 - El ambiente en el estadio de Hertha BSC (Bundesliga alemana) BT - melodies of moods, collective bodies, and the relevance of space BT - mélodies d’atmosphères, corps collectifs et pertinence de l’espace BT - melodías de estados de ánimo, cuerpos colectivos y la relevancia del espacio T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - German football stadiums are well known for their atmosphere. It is often described as ‘electrifying,’ or ‘cracking.’ This article focuses on this atmosphere. Using a phenomenological approach, it explores how this emotionality can be understood and how geography matters while attending a match. Atmosphere in this context is conceptualized based on work by as a mood-charged space, neither object- nor subject-centered, but rather a medium of perception which cannot not exist. Based on qualitative research done in the home stadium of Hertha BSC in the German Bundesliga, this article shows that the bodily sensations experienced by spectators during a visit to the stadium are synchronized with events on the pitch and with the more or less imposing scenery. The analysis of in situ diaries reveals that spectators experience a comprehensive sense of collectivity. The study presents evidence that the occurrence of these bodily sensations is strongly connected with different aspects of spatiality. This includes sensations of constriction and expansion within the body, an awareness of one’s location within the stadium, the influence of the immediate surroundings and cognitive here/there and inside/outside distinctions. N2 - Les stades de foot allemands sont bien connus pour leur atmosphère. Elle est souvent décrite comme « électrique » ou « géniale ». Cet article se concentre sur cette atmosphère. Utilisant une approche phénoménologique, il explore comment cette affectivité peut être comprise et comment la géographie a son importance quand on est à un match. L’atmosphère dans ce contexte est conceptualisée à partir des travaux de Gemot Böhme, comme un espace chargé d’atmosphère, ni centré sur le sujet, ni centré sur l’objet, mais plutôt comme un moyen de perception qui ne peut pas exister. A partir de recherche qualitative faite sur le stade de Hertha BSC de la Bundesliga allemande, cet article montre que les sensations corporelles ressenties par les spectateurs pendant une visite au stade sont synchronisées avec les événements sur le terrain et avec le paysage plus ou moins imposant. L’analyse de journaux intimes sur place révèle que les spectateurs font l’expérience d’une notion totale de collectivité. L’étude présente la preuve que la présence de ces sensations corporelles est fortement liée aux différents aspects de la spatialité. Cela inclut les sensations de compression et d’expansion dans le corps, une conscience de sa position dans le stade, l’influence de l’entourage immédiat et les distinctions cognitives de l’ici/là-bas et de l’intérieur/extérieur. N2 - Los estadios de fútbol alemanes son bien conocidos por su ambiente. A menudo se lo describe como ‘electrizante’ o ‘estupendo’. Este artículo se centra en este ambiente. Usando un enfoque fenomenológico, explora cómo se puede entender esta emotividad y la importancia de la geografía mientras se asiste a un partido. El ambiente en este contexto se conceptualiza a partir del trabajo de Gernot Böhme como un espacio cargado de emociones, no centrado en objetos ni en sujetos, sino en un medio de percepción que no puede no existir. Basado en investigaciones cualitativas realizadas en el estadio de Hertha BSC durante la Bundesliga alemana, este artículo muestra que las sensaciones corporales experimentadas por los espectadores durante una visita al estadio se sincronizan con los eventos en la cancha y con el escenario más o menos imponente. El análisis de experiencias in situ revela que los espectadores experimentan un sentido integral de colectividad. El estudio presenta evidencia de que la ocurrencia de estas sensaciones corporales está fuertemente relacionada con diferentes aspectos de la espacialidad. Esto incluye sensaciones de constricción y expansión dentro del cuerpo, una conciencia de su ubicación dentro del estadio, la influencia del entorno inmediato y las distinciones cognitivas aquí/allá y dentro/fuera. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 486 KW - atmosphere KW - corporeality KW - emotion KW - affect KW - stadium KW - football KW - phenomenology Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420639 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 486 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weyrich, Alexandra A1 - Jeschek, Marie A1 - Schrapers, Katharina T. A1 - Lenz, Dorina A1 - Chung, Tzu Hung A1 - Ruebensam, Kathrin A1 - Yasar, Sermin A1 - Schneemann, Markus A1 - Ortmann, Sylvia A1 - Jewgenow, Katarina A1 - Fickel, Jörns T1 - Diet changes alter paternally inherited epigenetic pattern in male Wild guinea pigs T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Epigenetic modifications, of which DNA methylation is the most stable, are a mechanism conveying environmental information to subsequent generations via parental germ lines. The paternal contribution to adaptive processes in the offspring might be crucial, but has been widely neglected in comparison to the maternal one. To address the paternal impact on the offspring's adaptability to changes in diet composition, we investigated if low protein diet (LPD) in F0 males caused epigenetic alterations in their subsequently sired sons. We therefore fed F0 male Wild guinea pigs with a diet lowered in protein content (LPD) and investigated DNA methylation in sons sired before and after their father's LPD treatment in both, liver and testis tissues. Our results point to a 'heritable epigenetic response' of the sons to the fathers' dietary change. Because we detected methylation changes also in the testis tissue, they are likely to be transmitted to the F2 generation. Gene-network analyses of differentially methylated genes in liver identified main metabolic pathways indicating a metabolic reprogramming ('metabolic shift'). Epigenetic mechanisms, allowing an immediate and inherited adaptation may thus be important for the survival of species in the context of a persistently changing environment, such as climate change. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1065 KW - DNA methylation KW - exposure KW - wild mammal species KW - inheritance KW - plasticity KW - adaptation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-460031 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1065 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wetzel, Maria A1 - Kempka, Thomas A1 - Kühn, Michael T1 - Quantifying rock weakening due to decreasing calcite mineral content by numerical simulations T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The quantification of changes in geomechanical properties due to chemical reactions is of paramount importance for geological subsurface utilisation, since mineral dissolution generally reduces rock stiffness. In the present study, the effective elastic moduli of two digital rock samples, the Fontainebleau and Bentheim sandstones, are numerically determined based on micro-CT images. Reduction in rock stiffness due to the dissolution of 10% calcite cement by volume out of the pore network is quantified for three synthetic spatial calcite distributions (coating, partial filling and random) using representative sub-cubes derived from the digital rock samples. Due to the reduced calcite content, bulk and shear moduli decrease by 34% and 38% in maximum, respectively. Total porosity is clearly the dominant parameter, while spatial calcite distribution has a minor impact, except for a randomly chosen cement distribution within the pore network. Moreover, applying an initial stiffness reduced by 47% for the calcite cement results only in a slightly weaker mechanical behaviour. Using the quantitative approach introduced here substantially improves the accuracy of predictions in elastic rock properties compared to general analytical methods, and further enables quantification of uncertainties related to spatial variations in porosity and mineral distribution. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1092 KW - digital rock physics KW - micro-CT KW - elastic properties KW - numerical simulation KW - chemical-mechanical interaction KW - Code_Aster KW - composite properties Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473089 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1092 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Westbury, Michael V. A1 - Hartmann, Stefanie A1 - Barlow, Axel A1 - Wiesel, Ingrid A1 - Leo, Viyanna A1 - Welch, Rebecca A1 - Parker, Daniel M. A1 - Sicks, Florian A1 - Ludwig, Arne A1 - Dalen, Love A1 - Hofreiter, Michael T1 - Extended and continuous decline in effective population size results in low genomic diversity in the world's rarest hyena species, the brown hyena T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Hyenas (family Hyaenidae), as the sister group to cats (family Felidae), represent a deeply diverging branch within the cat-like carnivores (Feliformia). With an estimated population size of <10,000 individuals worldwide, the brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) represents the rarest of the four extant hyena species and has been listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Here, we report a high-coverage genome from a captive bred brown hyena and both mitochondrial and low-coverage nuclear genomes of 14 wild-caught brown hyena individuals from across southern Africa. We find that brown hyena harbor extremely low genetic diversity on both the mitochondrial and nuclear level, most likely resulting from a continuous and ongoing decline in effective population size that started similar to 1 Ma and dramatically accelerated towards the end of the Pleistocene. Despite the strikingly low genetic diversity, we find no evidence of inbreeding within the captive bred individual and reveal phylogeographic structure, suggesting the existence of several potential subpopulations within the species. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 589 KW - evolution KW - hyena KW - genomics KW - population genomics KW - diversity Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-414132 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 589 ER - TY - THES A1 - Westbury, Michael V. T1 - Unraveling evolution through Next Generation Sequencing T1 - Entschlüsselung von Evolution durch Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation N2 - The sequencing of the human genome in the early 2000s led to an increased interest in cheap and fast sequencing technologies. This interest culminated in the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS). A number of different NGS platforms have arisen since then all promising to do the same thing, i.e. produce large amounts of genetic information for relatively low costs compared to more traditional methods such as Sanger sequencing. The capabilities of NGS meant that researchers were no longer bound to species for which a lot of previous work had already been done (e.g. model organisms and humans) enabling a shift in research towards more novel and diverse species of interest. This capability has greatly benefitted many fields within the biological sciences, one of which being the field of evolutionary biology. Researchers have begun to move away from the study of laboratory model organisms to wild, natural populations and species which has greatly expanded our knowledge of evolution. NGS boasts a number of benefits over more traditional sequencing approaches. The main benefit comes from the capability to generate information for drastically more loci for a fraction of the cost. This is hugely beneficial to the study of wild animals as, even when large numbers of individuals are unobtainable, the amount of data produced still allows for accurate, reliable population and species level results from a small selection of individuals. The use of NGS to study species for which little to no previous research has been carried out on and the production of novel evolutionary information and reference datasets for the greater scientific community were the focuses of this thesis. Two studies in this thesis focused on producing novel mitochondrial genomes from shotgun sequencing data through iterative mapping, bypassing the need for a close relative to serve as a reference sequence. These mitochondrial genomes were then used to infer species level relationships through phylogenetic analyses. The first of these studies involved reconstructing a complete mitochondrial genome of the bat eared fox (Otocyon megalotis). Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial genome confidently placed the bat eared fox as sister to the clade consisting of the raccoon dog and true foxes within the canidae family. The next study also involved reconstructing a mitochondrial genome but in this case from the extinct Macrauchenia of South America. As this study utilised ancient DNA, it involved a lot of parameter testing, quality controls and strict thresholds to obtain a near complete mitochondrial genome devoid of contamination known to plague ancient DNA studies. Phylogenetic analyses confidently placed Macrauchenia as sister to all living representatives of Perissodactyla with a divergence time of ~66 million years ago. The third and final study of this thesis involved de novo assemblies of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from brown and striped hyena and focussed on demographic, genetic diversity and population genomic analyses within the brown hyena. Previous studies of the brown hyena hinted at very low levels of genomic diversity and, perhaps due to this, were unable to find any notable population structure across its range. By incorporating a large number of genetic loci, in the form of complete nuclear genomes, population structure within the brown hyena was uncovered. On top of this, genomic diversity levels were compared to a number of other species. Results showed the brown hyena to have the lowest genomic diversity out of all species included in the study which was perhaps caused by a continuous and ongoing decline in effective population size that started about one million years ago and dramatically accelerated towards the end of the Pleistocene. The studies within this thesis show the power NGS sequencing has and its utility within evolutionary biology. The most notable capabilities outlined in this thesis involve the study of species for which no reference data is available and in the production of large amounts of data, providing evolutionary answers at the species and population level that data produced using more traditional techniques simply could not. N2 - Die Sequenzierung des ersten menschlichen Genoms Anfang der 2000er Jahre förderte das Interesse an kostengünstigen und gleichzeitig schnelleren Sequenziertechniken. Dieses Interesse erreichte seinen derzeitigen Höhepunkt in der Einführung des sogenannten Next Generation Sequencings (NGS). Seitdem wurden zahlreiche NGS-Plattformen entwickelt, die alle dem gleichen Prinzip folgen, nämlich das Erzeugen großer Mengen genetischer Information zu relativ geringen Preisen verglichen mit herkömmlichen Methoden wie der Sanger-Sequenzierung. Die neue Leistungsfähigkeit von NGS bedeutete, dass Forscher nicht mehr länger an Organismen gebunden waren an denen bereits seit Jahren geforscht wurde (bspw. Modellorganismen oder der Mensch), sondern ermöglichte eine Verschiebung in Richtung neuerer und unterschiedlicher Arten von Interesse. Dieses Potential hat viele Wissenschaftsfelder positiv beeinflusst innerhalb der Biowissenschaften, u.a. das Feld der Evolutionsbiologie. Forscher haben angefangen sich zunehmend von Modellorganismen in Laboratorien wegzubewegen hinzu wildlebenden, natürlich vorkommenden Populationen und Arten, was unser Verständnis von Evolution maßgeblich erweitert hat. NGS hat mehrere Vorteile aufzuweisen gegenüber den herkömmlichen Sequenziermethoden. Der wohl größte Vorteil ist die Gewinnung genetischer Daten für mehrere Genorte (Loci) gleichzeitig zu einem Bruchteil der bisherigen Kosten. Das ist besonders nützlich für die Untersuchung wildlebender Tiere da, selbst wenn nicht ausreichend viele Individuen vorliegen, die gewonnene Menge an Daten genaue und verlässliche Ergebnisse auf Populations- sowie Artebene für eine kleine Auswahl an Individuen liefert. Die Verwendung von NGS zur Untersuchung von Arten, für die bisher wenig oder gar keine vorherigen Forschungsergebnisse vorliegen sowie die Gewinnung neuartiger Informationen im Bereich Evolution ebenso wie die Erstellung eines Referenzdatensatzes, der der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann, waren der Fokus dieser Arbeit. Zwei Studien in dieser Arbeit setzten ihren Fokus in der Gewinnung noch nicht publizierter, mitochondrialer Genome, die mittels iterative mapping erstellt wurden und so das Vorhandensein einer Referenzsequenz eines nahen Verwandten der untersuchten Art unnötig machten. In beiden Fällen wurden Shotgun Sequenzierungsdaten verwendet. Die so gewonnenen mitochondrialen Genome wurden dann genutzt, um innerartliche Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse mit hilfe von phylogenetischen Analysen zu klären. Die erste Studie befasste sich mit der Rekonstruktion des kompletten mitochondrialen Genoms des Löffelhundes (Otocyon megalotis). Die phylogenetische Analyse des mitochondrialen Genoms positionierten den Löffelhund sicher als Schwestergruppe der Klade bestehend aus Marderhund und echten Füchsen innerhalb der Familie Canidae. Die zweite Studie hat sich ebenfalls mit der Rekonstruktion eines mitochondrialen Genoms auseinandergesetzt, diesmal von einer bereits ausgestorbenen Art Südamerikas, dem Macrauchenia. Da diese Studie auf sehr alter DNA (ancient DNA) basiert, schließt sie viele Parametertests, Qualitätskontrollen sowie strenge Filterkriterien ein um ein fast vollständiges mitochondriales Genom erhalten zu können, frei von den für ancient DNA typischen Kontaminationen. Phylogenetische Analysen positionieren Macrauchenia als Schwestergruppe zu allen anderen lebenden Vertretern der Perissodactyla mit einer Abspaltung vor ~66 Millionen Jahren. Die dritte und letzte Studie dieser Arbeit beinhaltet die de novo Konstruktionen von nukleären und mitochondrialen Genomen der Schabracken- und Streifenhyäne mit Fokus auf demographische, genetische Diversität sowie Populationsgenomische Analysen innerhalb der Schabrackenhyänen. Vorausgehende Studien an der Schabrackenhyäne gaben Hinweise für einen geringen Grad an genomischer Diversität und, waren vielleicht deshalb, bisher nicht in der Lage eine nennenswerte Populationsstruktur der Schabrackenhyäne aufzudecken. Zusätzlich wurde die genomische Diversität mit der von einer Reihe anderer Arten verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Schabrackenhyäne die niedrigste genomische Diversität aufweist im Vergleich zu den in dieser Studie verwendeten Arten, was vielleicht mit einem kontinuierlichen und fortschreitenden Rückgang der effektiven Populationsgröße dieser Spezies zu erklären ist, der vor ca. einer Million Jahre eingesetzt hat und dramatisch zugenommen hat zum Ende des Pleistozän. Die Studien dieser Arbeit zeigen das Potential von NGS Sequenzierung und ihren Nutzen innerhalb der Evolutionsbiologie. Die nennenswertesten Anwendungen von NGS, die in dieser Arbeit hervorgehoben wurden, sind zum Einen der Nutzen für Organismen bzw. Arten für die es keine verfügbaren Referenzdaten gibt sowie zum Anderen die Gewinnung von großen Datenmengen, die die Grundlage bilden zur Beantwortung evolutionsbiologischer Fragestellungen auf Art- und Populationsebene, was vorhergegangene, traditionelle Methoden bisher nicht leisten konnten. KW - Next generation sequencing KW - Evolution KW - Hyena KW - Evolution KW - Hyäne KW - Sequenzierung der nächsten Generation Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409981 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werner, Karsten A1 - Raab, Markus A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Moving arms BT - the effects of sensorimotor information on the problem-solving process T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Embodied cognition postulates a bi-directional link between the human body and its cognitive functions. Whether this holds for higher cognitive functions such as problem solving is unknown. We predicted that arm movement manipulations performed by the participants could affect the problem-solving solutions. We tested this prediction in quantitative reasoning tasks that allowed two solutions to each problem (addition or subtraction). In two studies with healthy adults (N=53 and N=50), we found an effect of problem-congruent movements on problem solutions. Consistent with embodied cognition, sensorimotor information gained via right or left arm movements affects the solution in different types of problem-solving tasks. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 488 KW - embodied cognition KW - eye movements KW - problem solving Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420579 UR - urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420579 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 488 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wendi, Dadiyorto T1 - Recurrence Plots and Quantification Analysis of Flood Runoff Dynamics T1 - Rekurrenzplot und quantitativen Analyse von Hochwasserabflüssen Dynamik N2 - This paper introduces a novel measure to assess similarity between event hydrographs. It is based on Cross Recurrence Plots and Recurrence Quantification Analysis which have recently gained attention in a range of disciplines when dealing with complex systems. The method attempts to quantify the event runoff dynamics and is based on the time delay embedded phase space representation of discharge hydrographs. A phase space trajectory is reconstructed from the event hydrograph, and pairs of hydrographs are compared to each other based on the distance of their phase space trajectories. Time delay embedding allows considering the multi-dimensional relationships between different points in time within the event. Hence, the temporal succession of discharge values is taken into account, such as the impact of the initial conditions on the runoff event. We provide an introduction to Cross Recurrence Plots and discuss their parameterization. An application example based on flood time series demonstrates how the method can be used to measure the similarity or dissimilarity of events, and how it can be used to detect events with rare runoff dynamics. It is argued that this methods provides a more comprehensive approach to quantify hydrograph similarity compared to conventional hydrological signatures. N2 - Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Methode und einen umfassenden Index, die die Quantifizierung von Veränderungen in Hochwasserabflüssen über die Zeit ermöglichen, zu entwickeln. Als Proxydaten zur Detektion von Veränderungen dienen Abflusszeitreihen, da diese räumlich-zeitliche Änderungen von Prozessen im Einzugsgebiet integrieren. Einhergehend mit Veränderungen in den Rahmenbedingungen hydrologischer Systeme, beispielsweise Klimaänderungen, Veränderungen im Flussnetzwerk oder der Bodenbedeckung, sind Veränderungen in der Abflussdynamik zu erwarten. Urbanisierung, Klimawandel und veränderte wasserwirtschaftliche Nutzung können erheblichen Einfluss auf Hochwassercharakteristika haben, sodass die auf die abflussverursachenden Prozesse bezogene Hochwassertypologie obsolet wird. Außerdem kann es zur Überlagerung verschiedener Prozesse und der Bildung präzedenzloser Hochwasserdynamiken kommen. Üblicherweise wird seltenen Hochwasserereignissen eine über einen langen Zeitraum bestimmte Wiederkehrwahrscheinlichkeit zugewiesen. Allerdings wird die assoziierte Wiederkehrdauer häufig nur auf der Grundlage des Höchstwasserstandes ermittelt und ist nicht umfassend genug, um die unterschiedlichen Prozesstypen zu erfassen. Um umfassendere Abflussmerkmale in die Hochwassercharakterisierung aufzunehmen, wird die Charakterisierung der Abflussdynamik mittels der kontinuierlichen Gestalt des Hydrographen und als Kurve im Phasenraum empfohlen. Durch die Berücksichtigung des Taken‘schen Satzes zur Einbettung der Zeitverzögerung können ereignisbasierte Hydrographen weiter unterschieden werden. Dieser Ansatz nutzt die zeitliche Abfolge gemessener Abflusswerte, sodass der Einfluss der anfänglichen Werte auf das Hochwasserereignis als charakteristischer Vektor im multidimensionalen Phasenraum interpretiert werden kann. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden, erstmals im Bereich der Hydrologie, ‚Recurrence Plot‘ (RP) und ‚Recurrence Quantification Analysis‘ RQA eingesetzt, um die Seltenheit bzw. Ähnlichkeit von Abflussdynamiken zu visualisieren und identifizieren. Ebenso werden Anwendungsbeispiele im Bereich der Hydrologie, die das Konzept der Charakterisierung von Abflussdynamiken und den Nutzen des eingeführten Ähnlichkeitsindex verdeutlichen, vorgestellt. Außerdem wurde die Methodik weiterentwickelt und zeichnet sich nun durch erhöhte Robustheit gegenüber Störeinflüssen und eine bessere Anpassung an Abflussmessungen aus. Ein abschließendes Anwendungsbeispiel untersucht den in Dresden gemessenen Abfluss des ostdeutschen Elbe-Einzugsgebietes im Zeitraum von 1901 bis 2010. In dieser Studie werden Beispiele seltener und saisonunabhängiger Hochwasserereignisse, die durch ihre ungewöhnliche Abflussdynamik herausstechen, gezeigt und mit zugrundeliegenden abflussbildenden Prozessen in Verbindung gebracht. KW - Hydrograph Analysis KW - Time Embedded Phase Space KW - Rare and Unseasonal Flood KW - Non-stationary Flood Risk KW - Chaos Theory KW - Recurrence Plots KW - Flood Risk Big Data Mining KW - Flood Change KW - Non-linear Geoscience KW - Chaostheorie KW - Änderungen des Hochwassers KW - Big data mining zu Hochwasserrisiken KW - Analyse von Abflussganglinien KW - nichtlineare Geowissenschaften KW - nichtstationäres Hochwasserrisiko KW - seltenes und saisonunübliches Hochwasser KW - Rekurrenzplot KW - Phasenraum des Time Delay Embedding Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431915 ER - TY - THES A1 - Weiß, Katharina T1 - Three Essays on EFRAG T1 - Drei Studien zu EFRAG N2 - This cumulative doctoral thesis consists of three papers that deal with the role of one specific European accounting player in the international accounting standard-setting, namely the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG). The first paper examines whether and how EFRAG generally fulfills its role in articulating Europe’s interests toward the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The qualitative data from the conducted interviews reveal that EFRAG influences the IASB’s decision making at a very early stage, long before other constituents are officially asked to comment on the IASB’s proposals. The second paper uses quantitative data and investigates the formal participation behavior of European constituents that seek to determine EFRAG’s voice. More precisely, this paper analyzes the nature of the constituents’ participation in EFRAG’s due process in terms of representation (constituent groups and geographical distribution) and the drivers of their participation behavior. EFRAG’s official decision making process is dominated by some specific constituent groups (such as preparers and the accounting profession) and by constituents from some specific countries (e.g. those with effective enforcement regimes). The third paper investigates in a first step who of the European constituents choose which lobbying channel (participation only at IASB, only at EFRAG, or at both institutions) and unveils in a second step possible reasons for their lobbying choices. The paper comprises quantitative and qualitative data. It reveals that English skills, time issues, the size of the constituent, and the country of origin are factors that can explain why the majority participates only in the IASB’s due process. N2 - Die vorliegende kumulative Doktorarbeit umfasst drei Arbeiten, die sich mit der Rolle der Europäischen Beratungsgruppe zur Rechnungslegung (European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG)) beschäftigen. Die erste Arbeit untersucht, ob EFRAG ihre Rolle bei der Beteiligung am Standardsetzungsprozess des International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) erfüllt. Da EFRAG konkret Europäische Sichtweisen beim IASB nicht nur vertreten, sondern auch dafür Sorge tragen soll, dass diese beim IASB berücksichtigt werden, ist die zweite Fragestellung dieser Arbeit wie EFRAG ihre Rolle erfüllt. Die qualitativen Daten aus den durchgeführten Interviews zeigen, dass EFRAG den Standardsetzungsprozess des IASB in einer sehr frühen Phase beeinflusst, lange bevor die interessierte Öffentlichkeit offiziell zur Stellungnahme aufgefordert wird. Die zweite Arbeit untersucht mit quantitativen Daten das formale Teilnahmeverhalten von Europäern am Meinungsbildungsprozess der EFRAG. Hier wird insbesondere untersucht, welche Interessengruppen und welche Länder in dem Konsultationsverfahren der EFRAG vertreten sind und was jeweils Gründe für ein intensives (bzw. weniger intensives) Teilnahmeverhalten sind. EFRAG’s offizieller Meinungsbildungsprozess ist von Teilnehmern bestimmter Interessengruppen (wie z.B. Erstellern von Jahresabschlüssen und Vertretern aus der Wirtschaftsprüfungsbranche) und von Teilnehmers aus bestimmten Ländern (z.B. solche mit effektivem Enforcement-Systemen) dominiert. Die dritte Arbeit untersucht zunächst die Nutzung verschiedener Lobbyingkanäle der Europäischen interessierten Öffentlichkeit (Teilnahme nur beim IASB, nur bei der EFRAG oder an beiden Kanälen) und im zweiten Schritt werden mögliche Gründe für deren Wahl ergründet. Diese Arbeit umfasst quantitative und qualitative Daten. Sie zeigt, dass Sprachdefizite, zeitliche Engpässe, die Größe bzw. Sichtbarkeit eines Teilnehmers sowie das Herkunftsland erklärende Faktoren sind, warum der Großteil der Europäer nur am Due Prozess des IASB teilnimmt. KW - EFRAG KW - IASB KW - lobbying KW - standard-setting KW - EFRAG KW - IASB KW - Lobbying KW - Standardsetzungsverfahren Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415355 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiss, Aleš T1 - Buddhism as a Tool of Polemic and Self-definition among German Rabbis in the 19th and early 20th Century JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien [23 (2017)] = JewBus, Jewish Hindus & other Jewish Encounters with East Asian Religions JF - PaRDeS : Zeitschrift der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien [23 (2017)] = JewBus, Jewish Hindus & other Jewish Encounters with East Asian Religions N2 - This paper describes an almost forgotten chapter in the relatively short history of Jewish- Buddhist interactions. The popularization of Buddhism in Germany in the second half of 19th century, effected mainly by its positive appraisal in the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, made it a common referent for both critics of Judaism and Christianity as well as their defenders. At the same time, Judaism was viewed by many as a historically antiquated religion and Jewish elements in Christianity were regarded as impediments to the progress of European religiosity and culture. Schopenhauerian conception of “pessimistic” Buddhism and “optimistic” Judaism as the two most distant religious ideas was proudly appropriated by many Jewish thinkers. These Jews portrayed Buddhism as an anti-worldly and anti-social religion of egoistic individuals who seek their own salvation (i. e. annihilation into Nothingness), the most extreme form of pessimism and asceticism which negates every being, will, work, social structures and transcendence. Judaism, in contrast, represented direct opposites of all the aforementioned characteristics. In comparisons to Buddhism, Judaism stood out as a religion which carried the most needed social and psychological values for a healthy modern society: decisive affirmation of the world, optimism, social activity, co-operation with others, social egalitarianism, true charitability, and religious purity free from all remnants of polytheism, asceticism, and the inefficiently excessive moral demands ascribed to both Buddhism and Christianity. Through the analysis of texts by Ludwig Philippson, Ludwig Stein, Leo Baeck, Max Eschelbacher, Juda Bergmann, Fritz-Leopold Steinthal, Elieser David and others, this paper tries to show how the image of Buddhism as an antithesis to Judaism helped the German Jewish reform thinkers in defining the “essence of Judaism” and in proving to both Jewish and Christian audiences its enduring meaningfulness and superiority for the modern society. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-408918 SN - 978-3-86956-418-0 SN - 1614-6492 SN - 1862-7684 IS - 23 SP - 73 EP - 93 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weber, Stephanie A1 - Puta, Christian A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Gabriel, Brunhild A1 - Steidten, Thomas A1 - Bär, Karl-Jürgen A1 - Herbsleb, Marco A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Gabriel, Holger H. W. T1 - Symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Elite young athletes have to cope with multiple psychological demands such as training volume, mental and physical fatigue, spatial separation of family and friends or time management problems may lead to reduced mental and physical recovery. While normative data regarding symptoms of anxiety and depression for the general population is available (Hinz and Brahler, 2011), hardly any information exists for adolescents in general and young athletes in particular. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess overall symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes as well as possible sex differences. The survey was carried out within the scope of the study "Resistance Training in Young Athletes" (KINGS-Study). Between August 2015 and September 2016, 326 young athletes aged (mean +/- SD) 14.3 +/- 1.6 years completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD Scale). Regarding the analysis of age on the anxiety and depression subscales, age groups were classified as follows: late childhood (12-14 years) and late adolescence (15-18 years). The participating young athletes were recruited from Olympic weight lifting, handball, judo, track and field athletics, boxing, soccer, gymnastics, ice speed skating, volleyball, and rowing. Anxiety and depression scores were (mean +/- SD) 4.3 +/- 3.0 and 2.8 +/- 2.9, respectively. In the subscale anxiety, 22 cases (6.7%) showed subclinical scores and 11 cases (3.4%) showed clinical relevant score values. When analyzing the depression subscale, 31 cases (9.5%) showed subclinical score values and 12 cases (3.7%) showed clinically important values. No significant differences were found between male and female athletes (p >= 0.05). No statistically significant differences in the HADS scores were found between male athletes of late childhood and late adolescents (p >= 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing questionnaire based indicators of symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes. Our data implies the need for sports medical as well as sports psychiatric support for young athletes. In addition, our results demonstrated that the chronological classification concerning age did not influence HAD Scale outcomes. Future research should focus on sports medical and sports psychiatric interventional approaches with the goal to prevent anxiety and depression as well as teaching coping strategies to young athletes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 638 KW - youth athletes KW - anxiety KW - depression KW - gender differences KW - late childhood KW - adolescents Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445602 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 638 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Guang A1 - Li, Pei-zhi A1 - Zhang, Shi-yao A1 - Zhong, Shan A1 - Chu, Chang A1 - Zeng, Shufei A1 - Yan, Yu A1 - Cheng, Xin A1 - Chuai, Manli A1 - Hocher, Berthold A1 - Yang, Xuesong T1 - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) Induced Angiogenesis During Chicken Embryogenesis is Abolished by Combined ETA/ETB Receptor Blockade T2 - Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry N2 - Background/Aims: Angiogenesis plays a key role during embryonic development. The vascular endothelin (ET) system is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) could induce angiogenesis. The effects of ET blockers on baseline and LPS-stimulated angiogenesis during embryonic development remain unknown so far. Methods: The blood vessel density (BVD) of chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs), which were treated with saline (control), LPS, and/or BQ123 and the ETB blocker BQ788, were quantified and analyzed using an IPP 6.0 image analysis program. Moreover, the expressions of ET-1, ET-2, ET3, ET receptor A (ETRA), ET receptor B (ETRB) and VEGFR2 mRNA during embryogenesis were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results: All components of the ET system are detectable during chicken embryogenesis. LPS increased angiogenesis substantially. This process was completely blocked by the treatment of a combination of the ETA receptor blockers-BQ123 and the ETB receptor blocker BQ788. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in ETRA, ETRB, and VEGFR2 gene expression. However, the baseline angiogenesis was not affected by combined ETA/ETB receptor blockade. Conclusion: During chicken embryogenesis, the LPS-stimulated angiogenesis, but not baseline angiogenesis, is sensitive to combined ETA/ETB receptor blockade. (C) 2018 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 615 KW - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) KW - Angiogenesis KW - Chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) KW - Endothelin (ET) Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-424552 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 615 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Walther, Sophia A1 - Guanter, Luis A1 - Heim, Birgit A1 - Jung, Martin A1 - Duveiller, Gregory A1 - Wolanin, Aleksandra A1 - Sachs, Torsten T1 - Assessing the dynamics of vegetation productivity in circumpolar regions with different satellite indicators of greenness and photosynthesis T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - High-latitude treeless ecosystems represent spatially highly heterogeneous landscapes with small net carbon fluxes and a short growing season. Reliable observations and process understanding are critical for projections of the carbon balance of the climate-sensitive tundra. Space-borne remote sensing is the only tool to obtain spatially continuous and temporally resolved information on vegetation greenness and activity in remote circumpolar areas. However, confounding effects from persistent clouds, low sun elevation angles, numerous lakes, widespread surface inundation, and the sparseness of the vegetation render it highly challenging. Here, we conduct an extensive analysis of the timing of peak vegetation productivity as shown by satellite observations of complementary indicators of plant greenness and photosynthesis. We choose to focus on productivity during the peak of the growing season, as it importantly affects the total annual carbon uptake. The suite of indicators are as follows: (1) MODIS-based vegetation indices (VIs) as proxies for the fraction of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) that is absorbed (fPAR), (2) VIs combined with estimates of PAR as a proxy of the total absorbed radiation (APAR), (3) sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) serving as a proxy for photosynthesis, (4) vegetation optical depth (VOD), indicative of total water content and (5) empirically upscaled modelled gross primary productivity (GPP). Averaged over the pan-Arctic we find a clear order of the annual peak as APAR ≦ GPP