TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, Naemi D. A1 - Becker, Michael A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Brunner, Martin A1 - Kuhl, Poldi A1 - Maaz, Kai T1 - Personality across the lifespan exploring measurement invariance of a short Big Five Inventory from ages 11 to 84 JF - European journal of psychological assessment N2 - Personality is a relevant predictor for important life outcomes across the entire lifespan. Although previous studies have suggested the comparability of the measurement of the Big Five personality traits across adulthood, the generalizability to childhood is largely unknown. The present study investigated the structure of the Big Five personality traits assessed with the Big Five Inventory-SOEP Version (BFI-S; SOEP = Socio-Economic Panel) across a broad age range spanning 11-84 years. We used two samples of N = 1,090 children (52% female, M-age = 11.87) and N = 18,789 adults (53% female, M-age = 51.09), estimating a multigroup CFA analysis across four age groups (late childhood: 11-14 years; early adulthood: 17-30 years; middle adulthood: 31-60 years; late adulthood: 61-84 years). Our results indicated the comparability of the personality trait metric in terms of general factor structure, loading patterns, and the majority of intercepts across all age groups. Therefore, the findings suggest both a reliable assessment of the Big Five personality traits with the BFI-S even in late childhood and a vastly comparable metric across age groups. KW - personality traits KW - measurement invariance KW - ESEM KW - lifespan KW - late KW - childhood Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000490 SN - 1015-5759 SN - 2151-2426 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 162 EP - 173 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate A1 - Henning, Anne A1 - Haake, Tim Woody A1 - Cornetz, Kathrin A1 - Olbrich, Dieter T1 - Mental health problem or workplace problem or something else BT - what contributes to work perception? JF - Disability and rehabilitation : an international, multidisciplinary journal N2 - Purpose: Work perception is an important predictor for work ability and, therefore, of interest for rehabilitation. Until now it is unclear to which extent different psychological aspects explain work perception. This study investigates in which way workplace problems on the one hand, and mental health and coping on the other hand, contribute to work perception. Methods: A heterogeneous sample of 384 persons in working age with and without mental health problems was recruited. Participants gave self-reports on workplace problems, mental health problems, work-coping, work-anxiety, and work perception. Results: Persons with mental health problems and workplace problems (M + W) perceive the highest degree of work demands, followed by persons with workplace problems but without mental health problems (NM + W). Work-anxiety appeared as the strongest factor explaining perception of high work demands, whereas general mental health problems did not contribute significantly to variance explanation. Conclusions: Persons with specific mental health problems in terms of work-anxiety may be expected to perceive higher work demands. They may be detected when asking for work perception, e.g., within the frame of return-to-work interventions in rehabilitation, or in occupational health settings by mental hazard analysis. KW - work ability KW - work anxiety KW - workplace KW - mental disorders KW - rehabilitation KW - work perception Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1501099 SN - 0963-8288 SN - 1464-5165 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 502 EP - 509 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sixtus, Elena A1 - Lindemann, Oliver A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Stimulating numbers BT - signatures of finger counting in numerosity processing JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - Finger counting is one of the first steps in the development of mature number concepts. With a one-to-one correspondence of fingers to numbers in Western finger counting, fingers hold two numerical meanings: one is based on the number of fingers raised and the second is based on their ordinal position within the habitual finger counting sequence. This study investigated how these two numerical meanings of fingers are intertwined with numerical cognition in adults. Participants received tactile stimulation on their fingertips of one hand and named either the number of fingers stimulated (2, 3, or 4 fingers; Experiment 1) or the number of stimulations on one fingertip (2, 3, or 4 stimulations; Experiment 2). Responses were faster and more accurate when the set of stimulated fingers corresponded to finger counting habits (Experiment 1) and when the number of stimulations matched the ordinal position of the stimulated finger (Experiment 2). These results show that tactile numerosity perception is affected by individual finger counting habits and that those habits give numerical meaning to single fingers. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0982-y SN - 0340-0727 SN - 1430-2772 VL - 84 IS - 1 SP - 152 EP - 167 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malesza, Marta A1 - Kaczmarek, Magdalena Claudia T1 - The convergent validity between self- and peer-ratings of the dark triad personality JF - Current psychology N2 - Researchers examining the accuracy of observers ratings of others are devoting increased attention to peer-reported personality traits. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate convergent validity of the three-factor Dark Triad model of personality framework, using two different rating methods: self-ratings and peer-ratings. Each participant (N = 266) was asked to collect three peer ratings (total peers N = 798). First, respondents completed three Dark Triad measures-Mach IV, SRP-III, and NPI-17 instruments. The peer-report forms of these instruments consisted of the same items as in the self-report version, but the rephrasing was appropriate to a third-person perspective. With the exception of one subscale of narcissism, Dark Triad measures demonstrated substantial convergent validity. These findings challenge views that at least two dark personality characteristics, i.e. psychopathy and Machiavellianism, are accurately observable phenomenon. The influences of agreement between self and other raters are discussed in relation to the degree of ratability and social desirability. KW - dark triad KW - sonstruct validity KW - self-rating KW - other-rating Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9906-7 SN - 1046-1310 SN - 1936-4733 VL - 39 IS - 6 SP - 2166 EP - 2173 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Nan A1 - Wang, Suiping A1 - Mo, Luxi A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect BT - evidence from Chinese sentence reading JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down). KW - Semantic preview benefit KW - contextual constraint KW - word process KW - reading Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310914 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 241 EP - 249 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hyona, Jukka A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Vainio, Seppo T1 - Morphological structure influences the initial landing position in words during reading Finnish JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - The preferred viewing location in words [Rayner, K. (1979). Eye guidance in reading: Fixation locations within words. Perception, 8, 21–30] during reading is near the word centre. Parafoveal word length information is utilized to guide the eyes toward it. A recent study by Yan and colleagues [Yan, M., Zhou, W., Shu, H., Yusupu, R., Miao, D., Krügel, A., & Kliegl, R. (2014). Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language. Cognition, 132, 181–215] demonstrated that the word’s morphological structure may also be used in saccadic targeting. The study was conducted in a morphologically rich language, Uighur. The present study aimed at replicating their main findings in another morphologically rich language, Finnish. Similarly to Yan et al., it was found that the initial fixation landed closer to the word beginning for morphologically complex than for monomorphemic words. Word frequency, saccade launch site, and word length were also found to influence the initial landing position. It is concluded that in addition to low-level factors (word length and saccade launch site), also higher level factors related to the word’s morphological structure and frequency may be utilized in saccade programming during reading. KW - Eye movements KW - Morphological structure KW - Reading KW - Saccades KW - Word frequency Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1267233 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 122 EP - 130 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hartmann, Matthias A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - The visual number world BT - a dynamic approach to study the mathematical mind JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - In the domain of language research, the simultaneous presentation of a visual scene and its auditory description (i.e., the visual world paradigm) has been used to reveal the timing of mental mechanisms. Here we apply this rationale to the domain of numerical cognition in order to explore the differences between fast and slow arithmetic performance, and to further study the role of spatial-numerical associations during mental arithmetic. We presented 30 healthy adults simultaneously with visual displays containing four numbers and with auditory addition and subtraction problems. Analysis of eye movements revealed that participants look spontaneously at the numbers they currently process (operands, solution). Faster performance was characterized by shorter latencies prior to fixating the relevant numbers and fewer revisits to the first operand while computing the solution. These signatures of superior task performance were more pronounced for addition and visual numbers arranged in ascending order, and for subtraction and numbers arranged in descending order (compared to the opposite pairings). Our results show that the visual number world-paradigm provides on-line access to the mind during mental arithmetic, is able to capture variability in arithmetic performance, and is sensitive to visual layout manipulations that are otherwise not reflected in response time measurements. KW - Eye movements KW - Mental arithmetic KW - Mental number line KW - Visual world paradigm Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1240812 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 36 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Urbach, Tina A1 - Fay, Doris T1 - When proactivity produces a power struggle BT - how supervisors’ power motivation affects their support for employees’ promotive voice JF - European journal of work and organizational psychology : the official journal of The European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology N2 - Previous research informs us about facilitators of employees’ promotive voice. Yet little is known about what determines whether a specific idea for constructive change brought up by an employee will be approved or rejected by a supervisor. Drawing on interactionist theories of motivation and personality, we propose that a supervisor will be least likely to support an idea when it threatens the supervisor’s power motive, and when it is perceived to serve the employee’s own striving for power. The prosocial versus egoistic intentions attributed to the idea presenter are proposed to mediate the latter effect. We conducted three scenario-based studies in which supervisors evaluated fictitious ideas voiced by employees that – if implemented – would have power-related consequences for them as a supervisor. Results show that the higher a supervisors’ explicit power motive was, the less likely they were to support a power-threatening idea (Study 1, N = 60). Moreover, idea support was less likely when this idea was proposed by an employee that was described as high (rather than low) on power motivation (Study 2, N = 79); attributed prosocial intentions mediated this effect. Study 3 (N = 260) replicates these results. KW - Promotive voice KW - idea support KW - power motive KW - supervisor support KW - proactivity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1435528 SN - 1359-432X SN - 1464-0643 VL - 27 IS - 2 SP - 280 EP - 295 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - A concept of psychological work capacity demands BT - first evaluation in rehabilitation patients with and without mental disorders JF - Work : a journal of prevention, assessment & rehabilitation N2 - BACKGROUND: Work capacity demands are a concept to describe which psychological capacities are required in a job. Assessing psychological work capacity demands is of specific importance when mental health problems at work endanger work ability. Exploring psychological work capacity demands is the basis for mental hazard analysis or rehabilitative action, e.g. in terms of work adjustment. OBJECTIVE: This is the first study investigating psychological work capacity demands in rehabilitation patients with and without mental disorders. METHODS: A structured interview on psychological work capacity demands (Mini-ICF-Work; Muschalla, 2015; Linden et al., 2015) was done with 166 rehabilitation patients of working age. All interviews were done by a state-licensed socio-medically trained psychotherapist. Inter-rater-reliability was assessed by determining agreement in independent co-rating in 65 interviews. For discriminant validity purposes, participants filled in the Short Questionnaire for Work Analysis (KFZA, Prumper et al., 1994). RESULTS: In different professional fields, different psychological work capacity demands were of importance. The Mini-ICF-Work capacity dimensions reflect different aspects than the KFZA. Patients with mental disorders were longer on sick leave and had worse work ability prognosis than patients without mental disorders, although both groups reported similar work capacity demands. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological work demands - which are highly relevant for work ability prognosis and work adjustment processes - can be explored and differentiated in terms of psychological capacity demands. KW - Mental disorders KW - mental health KW - sick leave KW - work ability KW - work demands Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182691 SN - 1051-9815 SN - 1875-9270 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 375 EP - 386 PB - IOS Press CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balbi, María Alejandra A1 - von Hagen, Alexa A1 - Cuadro, Ariel A1 - Ruiz, Carola T1 - A systematic review on early literacy interventions T1 - Revisión sistemática sobre intervenciones en alfabetización temprana BT - implications for interventions in Spanish BT - implicancias para intervenir en español JF - Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología N2 - An area of increasing interest amongst teachers and researchers is the availability of tools for the design and implementation of literacy interventions with Spanish speaking children. The present systematic literature review contributes to this need by summarizing available findings on evidence-based literacy interventions (EBI) for children from first to third year of primary school. Our results are based on 20 EBI that aimed at improving at least one of the critical components mentioned by the NRP (2000): phonological awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. As 90% of the studies were completed with English-speaking children, we critically discussed the applicability of this evidence to the specific context of Spanish-speaking countries. Although many of the general characteristics of the EBI completed with English speaking children could also guide interventions in Spanish, it remains crucial to take into account structural differences between the orthographies of both languages. Moreover, we identified transversal strategies and implementation techniques that due to their universal character could also be useful for early literacy interventions in Spanish. (c) 2018 Fundacion Universitaria Konrad Lorenz. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/). N2 - Contar con herramientas para el diseño y la implementación de intervenciones en alfabetización con niños hispanohablantes reúne cada vez mayor interés entre docentes e investigadores. Para contribuir a esta demanda, realizamos una revisión sistemática con el objetivo de sintetizar la información disponible sobre intervenciones basadas en la evidencia (IBE) con niños de primero a tercer grado escolar. Nuestros resultados recogen información sobre 20 IBE, que buscaron mejorar al menos uno de los siguientes componentes críticos nombrados por el NRP (2000): conciencia fonológica, principio alfabético, fluidez, vocabulario y comprensión. Dado que el 90% de ellos fue realizado con niños angloparlantes nos dedicamos a discutir críticamente la aplicabilidad de esta evidencia al contexto particular de países hispanohablantes. Si bien muchas de las características generales de las IBE implementadas en inglés podrían servir de guía para intervenir en español, resulta imprescindible tener en cuenta las diferencias estructurales en la ortografía de ambas lenguas. A su vez, identificamos estrategias transversales y técnicas de implementación en las IBE, que por su carácter universal podrían ser de utilidad práctica también para intervenir en el desarrollo lector en español. KW - early literacy KW - evidence-based interventions (EBI) KW - reading KW - systematic review KW - superficial orthography Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2018.v50.n1.4 SN - 0120-0534 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 48 PB - Foundation advancement psychology CY - Bogota ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Su Yeong A1 - Schwartz, Seth J. A1 - Perreira, Krista M. A1 - Juang, Linda P. T1 - Culture's Influence on Stressors, Parental Socialization, and Developmental Processes in the Mental Health of Children of Immigrants JF - Annual Review of clinical psychologgy N2 - Children of immigrants represent one in four children in the United States and will represent one in three children by 2050. Children of Asian and Latino immigrants together represent the majority of children of immigrants in the United States. Children of immigrants may be immigrants themselves, or they may have been born in the United States to foreign-born parents; their status may be legal or undocumented. We review transcultural and culture-specific factors that influence the various ways in which stressors are experienced; we also discuss the ways in which parental socialization and developmental processes function as risk factors or protective factors in their influence on the mental health of children of immigrants. Children of immigrants with elevated risk for mental health problems are more likely to be undocumented immigrants, refugees, or unaccompanied minors. We describe interventions and policies that show promise for reducing mental health problems among children of immigrants in the United States. KW - children of immigrants KW - stressors KW - transcultural KW - culture specific KW - parental socialization KW - mental health Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084925 SN - 1548-5943 VL - 14 SP - 343 EP - 370 PB - Annual Reviews CY - Palo Alto ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Selenko, Eva A1 - Berkers, Hannah A1 - Carter, Angela A1 - Woods, Stephen A. A1 - Otto, Kathleen A1 - Urbach, Tina A1 - De Witte, Hans T1 - On the dynamics of work identity in atypical employment BT - setting out a research agenda JF - European journal of work and organizational psychology : the official journal of The European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology N2 - Starting from the notion that work is an important part of who we are, we extend existing theory making on the interplay of work and identity by applying them to (so called) atypical work situations. Without the contextual stability of a permanent organizational position, the question “who one is” will be more difficult to answer. At the same time, a stable occupational identity might provide an even more important orientation to one’s career attitudes and goals in atypical employment situations. So, although atypical employment might pose different challenges on identity, identity can still be a valid concept to assist the understanding of behaviour, attitudes, and well-being in these situations. Our analysis does not attempt to “reinvent” the concept of identity, but will elaborate how existing conceptualizations of identity as being a multiple (albeit perceived as singular), fluid (albeit perceived as stable), and actively forged (as well as passively influenced) construct that can be adapted to understand the effects of atypical employment contexts. Furthermore, we suggest three specific ways to understand the longitudinal dynamics of the interplay between atypical employment and identity over time: passive incremental, active incremental, and transformative change. We conclude with key learning points and outline a few practical recommendations for more research into identity as an explanatory mechanism for the effects of atypical employment situations. KW - Identity KW - identification KW - atypical work KW - non-normative employment Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1444605 SN - 1359-432X SN - 1464-0643 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - 324 EP - 334 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meixner, Johannes M. A1 - Warner, Greta J. A1 - Lensing, Johanna Nele A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - The relation between executive functions and reading comprehension in primary-school students BT - a cross-lagged-panel analysis JF - Early Childhood Research Quarterly N2 - Higher-order cognitive skills are necessary prerequisites for reading and understanding words, sentences and texts. In particular, research on executive functions in the cognitive domain has shown that good executive functioning in children is positively related to reading comprehension skills and that deficits in executive functioning are related to difficulties with reading comprehension. However, developmental research on literacy and self-regulation in the early school years suggests that the relation between higher-order cognitive skills and reading might not be unidirectional, but mutually interdependent in nature. Therefore, the present longitudinal study explored the bidirectional relations between executive functions and reading comprehension during primary school across a 1-year period. At two time points (T1, T2), we assessed reading comprehension at the word, sentence, and text levels as well as three components of executive functioning, that is, updating, inhibition, and attention shifting. The sample consisted of three sequential cohorts of German primary school students (N = 1657) starting in first, second, and third grade respectively (aged 6-11 years at T1). Using a latent cross-lagged-panel design, we found bidirectional longitudinal relations between executive functions and reading comprehension for second and third graders. However, for first graders, only the path from executive functioning at T1 to reading comprehension at T2 attained significance. Succeeding analyses revealed updating as the crucial component of the effect from executive functioning on later reading comprehension, whereas text reading comprehension was most predictive of later executive functioning. The potential processes underlying the observed bidirectional relations are discussed with respect to developmental changes in reading comprehension across the primary years. KW - Reading Comprehension KW - Executive Functions KW - Longitudinal Study KW - Latent Variable Analysis KW - Cross-Lagged-Panel Design KW - Bidirectional Relations Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.010 SN - 0885-2006 SN - 1873-7706 VL - 46 SP - 62 EP - 74 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - The impact of violent media on aggression JF - The Routledge International Handbook of Human Aggression : Current Issues and Perspectives Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-315-61877-7 SN - 978-1-138-66818-8 SP - 319 EP - 330 PB - Routledge CY - Abingdon ER - TY - GEN A1 - Geirhos, Robert A1 - Temme, Carlos R. Medina A1 - Rauber, Jonas A1 - Schütt, Heiko Herbert A1 - Bethge, Matthias A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. T1 - Generalisation in humans and deep neural networks T2 - Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems N2 - We compare the robustness of humans and current convolutional deep neural networks (DNNs) on object recognition under twelve different types of image degradations. First, using three well known DNNs (ResNet-152, VGG-19, GoogLeNet) we find the human visual system to be more robust to nearly all of the tested image manipulations, and we observe progressively diverging classification error-patterns between humans and DNNs when the signal gets weaker. Secondly, we show that DNNs trained directly on distorted images consistently surpass human performance on the exact distortion types they were trained on, yet they display extremely poor generalisation abilities when tested on other distortion types. For example, training on salt-and-pepper noise does not imply robustness on uniform white noise and vice versa. Thus, changes in the noise distribution between training and testing constitutes a crucial challenge to deep learning vision systems that can be systematically addressed in a lifelong machine learning approach. Our new dataset consisting of 83K carefully measured human psychophysical trials provide a useful reference for lifelong robustness against image degradations set by the human visual system. Y1 - 2018 SN - 1049-5258 VL - 31 SP - 7549 EP - 7561 PB - Curran Associates Inc. CY - Red Hook ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Isabell Ann-Cathrin A1 - Gilles, Maria A1 - Peus, Verena A1 - Scharnholz, Barbara A1 - Seibert, Julia A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Krumm, Bertram A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Deuschle, Michael A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Impact of prenatal stress on mother-infant dyadic behavior during the still-face paradigm JF - Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation : the official journal of the National Education Alliance for Borderline Personality Disorder (NEA.BPD) and Dachverband Dialektisch Behaviorale Therapie (DDBT) N2 - Background: Mother-infant interaction provides important training for the infant’s ability to cope with stress and the development of resilience. Prenatal stress (PS) and its impact on the offspring’s development have long been a focus of stress research, with studies highlighting both harmful and beneficial effects. The aim of the current study was to examine the possible influence of both psychological stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity during pregnancy with mother-child dyadic behavior following stress exposure. Methods: The behavior of 164 mother-infant dyads during the still-face situation was filmed at six months postpartum and coded into three dyadic patterns: 1) both positive, 2) infant protesting-mother positive, and 3) infant protesting-mother negative. PS exposure was assessed prenatally according to psychological measures (i.e., psychopathological, perceived and psychosocial PS; n = 164) and HPA axis activity measures (maternal salivary cortisol, i.e., cortisol decline and area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg); n = 134). Results: Mother-infant dyads in both the high- and low-stress groups showed decreasing positive and increasing negative dyadic behavior in the reunion episode, which is associated with the well-known “still-face” and “carry-over” effect. Furthermore, mother-infant dyads with higher psychosocial PS exhibited significantly more positive dyadic behavior than the low psychosocial PS group in the first play episode, but not in the reunion episode. Similarly, mother-infant dyads with high HPA axis activity (i.e. high AUCg) but steeper diurnal cortisol decline (i.e. cortisol decline) displayed significantly less negative behavior in the reunion episode than dyads with low HPA axis activity. No significant results were found for psychopathological stress and perceived stress. Conclusions: The results suggest a beneficial effect of higher psychosocial PS and higher prenatal maternal HPA axis activity in late gestation, which is in line with “stress inoculation” theories. KW - Prenatal stress KW - Face-to-face still-face paradigm KW - Resilience KW - Psychosocial stress KW - Cortisol Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-018-0078-8 SN - 2051-6673 VL - 5 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vater, Aline A1 - Moritz, Steffen A1 - Roepke, Stefan T1 - Does a narcissism epidemic exist in modern western societies? BT - Comparing narcissism and self-esteem in East and West Germany JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Narcissism scores are higher in individualistic cultures compared with more collectivistic cultures. However, the impact of sociocultural factors on narcissism and self-esteem has not been well described. Germany was formerly divided into two different social systems, each with distinct economic, political and national cultures, and was reunified in 1989/90. Between 1949 and 1989/90, West Germany had an individualistic culture, whereas East Germany had a more collectivistic culture. The German reunification provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the impact of sociocultural and generational differences on narcissism and self-esteem. In this study, we used an anonymous online survey to assess grandiose narcissism with the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) to assess grandiose and vulnerable aspects of narcissism, and self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) in 1,025 German individuals. Data were analyzed according to age and place of birth. Our results showed that grandiose narcissism was higher and self-esteem was lower in individuals who grew up in former West Germany compared with former East Germany. Further analyses indicated no significant differences in grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism or self-esteem in individuals that entered school after the German reunification (≤ 5 years of age in 1989). In the middle age cohort (6–18 years of age in 1989), significant differences in vulnerable narcissism, grandiose narcissism and self-esteem were observed. In the oldest age cohort (> 19 years of age in 1989), significant differences were only found in one of the two scales assessing grandiose narcissism (NPI). Our data provides empirical evidence that sociocultural factors are associated with differences in narcissism and self-esteem. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188287 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Public Library of Science CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among Polish University Students BT - a Longitudinal Study JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research N2 - This two-wave study investigated predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a convenience sample of 318 Polish university students (214 women), considering males and females from the perspective of both victims and perpetrators. At T1, we assessed participants’ risky sexual scripts (defined as cognitive representations of consensual sexual interactions containing elements related to sexual aggression), risky sexual behavior, pornography use, religiosity, sexual self-esteem, and attitudes toward sexual coercion. These variables were used to predict sexual aggression perpetration and victimization reports obtained 12 months later (T2) for two time windows: (a) since the age of 15 until a year ago and (b) in the past year. As expected, risky sexual scripts were linked to risky sexual behavior and indirectly increased the likelihood of victimization in both time windows. Lower sexual self-esteem predicted sexual victimization since age 15, but not in the past 12 months. Pornography use and religiosity indirectly predicted victimization via risky scripts and behavior. Attitudes toward sexual coercion were a prospective predictor of sexual aggression perpetration. The results extend the international literature on sexual aggression and have implications for sexual education and sexual aggression prevention programs. KW - Youth sexual aggression KW - Sexual scripts KW - Pornography KW - Religiosity KW - Poland Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0823-2 SN - 0004-0002 SN - 1573-2800 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - 493 EP - 505 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Hambach, Anna A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Neurophysiological correlates of attentional bias for emotional faces in socially anxious individuals BT - Evidence from a visual search task and N2pc JF - Biological psychology N2 - Visual search paradigms have provided evidence for the enhanced capture of attention by threatening faces. Especially in social anxiety, hypervigilance for threatening faces has been found repeatedly across behavioral paradigms, whose reliability however have been questioned recently. In this EEG study, we sought to determine whether the detection of threat (angry faces) is specifically enhanced in individuals with high (HSA) compared to low social anxiety (LSA). In a visual search paradigm, the N2pc component of the event-related brain potential was measured as an electrophysiological indicator of attentional selection. Twenty-one HSA and twenty-one LSA participants were investigated while searching for threatening or friendly targets within an array of neutral faces, or neutral targets within threatening or friendly distractors. Whereas no differences were found in reaction times, HSA showed significant higher detection rates for angry faces, whereas LSA showed a clear ‘happiness bias’. HSA also showed enhanced N2pc amplitudes in response to emotional facial expressions (angry and happy), indicating a general attentional bias for emotional faces. Overall, the results show that social anxiety may be characterized not only by a spatial attentional bias for threatening faces, but for emotional faces in general. In addition, the results further demonstrate the utility of the N2pc component in capturing subtle attentional biases. KW - N2pc KW - EEG KW - Social anxiety KW - Facial expression KW - Threat Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.004 SN - 0301-0511 SN - 1873-6246 VL - 132 SP - 192 EP - 201 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Yuefang A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Mimicking non-verbal emotional expressions and empathy development in simulated consultations BT - an experimental feasibility study JF - Patient education and counseling N2 - Objective: To explore the feasibility of applying an experimental design to study the relationship between non-verbal emotions and empathy development in simulated consultations. Method: In video-recorded simulated consultations, twenty clinicians were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (instructed to mimic non-verbal emotions of a simulated patient, SP) or a control group (no such instruction). Baseline empathy scores were obtained before consultation, relational empathy was rated by SP after consultation. Multilevel logistic regression modelled the probability of mimicry occurrence, controlling for baseline empathy and clinical experience. ANCOVA compared group differences on relational empathy and consultation smoothness. Results: Instructed mimicry lasted longer than spontaneous mimicry. Mimicry was marginally related to improved relational empathy. SP felt being treated more like a whole person during consultations with spontaneous mimicry. Clinicians who displayed spontaneous mimicry felt consultations went more smoothly. Conclusion: The experimental approach improved our understanding of how non-verbal emotional mimicry contributed to relational empathy development during consultations. Further work should ascertain the potential of instructed mimicry to enhance empathy development. Practice implications: Understanding how non-verbal emotional mimicry impacts on patients’ perceived clinician empathy during consultations may inform training and intervention programme development. KW - Mimicry KW - Non-verbal emotion KW - Empathy KW - Experimental design Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.08.016 SN - 0738-3991 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 304 EP - 309 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Clare ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göbel, Silke M. A1 - McCrink, Koleen A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Observation of directional storybook reading influences young children’s counting direction JF - Journal of experimental child psychology N2 - Even before formal schooling, children map numbers onto space in a directional manner. The origin of this preliterate spatial–numerical association is still debated. We investigated the role of enculturation for shaping the directionality of the association between numbers and space, focusing on counting behavior in 3- to 5-year-old preliterate children. Two studies provide evidence that, after observing reading from storybooks (left-to-right or right-to-left reading) children change their counting direction in line with the direction of observed reading. Just observing visuospatial directional movements had no such effect on counting direction. Complementarily, we document that book illustrations, prevalent in children’s cultures, exhibit directionality that conforms to the direction of a culture’s written language. We propose that shared book reading activates spatiotemporal representations of order in young children, which in turn affect their spatial representation of numbers. KW - Counting direction KW - Cross-cultural KW - Mental number line KW - Reading KW - Spatial-numerical association KW - Preschool children Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.08.001 SN - 0022-0965 SN - 1096-0457 VL - 166 SP - 49 EP - 66 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kluge, Annette A1 - Gronau, Norbert T1 - Intentional forgetting in organizations BT - the Importance of Eliminating Retrieval Cues for Implementing New Routines JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - To cope with the already large, and ever increasing, amount of information stored in organizational memory, "forgetting," as an important human memory process, might be transferred to the organizational context. Especially in intentionally planned change processes (e.g., change management), forgetting is an important precondition to impede the recall of obsolete routines and adapt to new strategic objectives accompanied by new organizational routines. We first comprehensively review the literature on the need for organizational forgetting and particularly on accidental vs. intentional forgetting. We discuss the current state of the art of theory and empirical evidence on forgetting from cognitive psychology in order to infer mechanisms applicable to the organizational context. In this respect, we emphasize retrieval theories and the relevance of retrieval cues important for forgetting. Subsequently, we transfer the empirical evidence that the elimination of retrieval cues leads to faster forgetting to the forgetting of organizational routines, as routines are part of organizational memory. We then propose a classification of cues (context, sensory, business process-related cues) that are relevant in the forgetting of routines, and discuss a meta-cue called the "situational strength" cue, which is relevant if cues of an old and a new routine are present simultaneously. Based on the classification as business process-related cues (information, team, task, object cues), we propose mechanisms to accelerate forgetting by eliminating specific cues based on the empirical and theoretical state of the art. We conclude that in intentional organizational change processes, the elimination of cues to accelerate forgetting should be used in change management practices. KW - change management KW - multi-actor routines KW - business processes KW - knowledge management KW - organizational memory KW - situational strength Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00051 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lopukhina, Anastasiya A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Lopukhin, Konstantin A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. T1 - The Mental Representation of Polysemy across Word Classes JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Experimental studies on polysemy have come to contradictory conclusions on whether words with multiple senses are stored as separate or shared mental representations. The present study examined the semantic relatedness and semantic similarity of literal and non-literal (metonymic and metaphorical) senses of three word classes: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Two methods were used: a psycholinguistic experiment and a distributional analysis of corpus data. In the experiment, participants were presented with 6-12 short phrases containing a polysemous word in literal, metonymic, or metaphorical senses and were asked to classify them so that phrases with the same perceived sense were grouped together. To investigate the impact of professional background on their decisions, participants were controlled for linguistic vs. non-linguistic education. For nouns and verbs, all participants preferred to group together phrases with literal and metonymic senses, but not any other pairs of senses. For adjectives, two pairs of senses were often grouped together: literal with metonymic, and metonymic with metaphorical. Participants with a linguistic background were more accurate than participants with non-linguistic backgrounds, although both groups shared principal patterns of sense classification. For the distributional analysis of corpus data, we used a semantic vector approach to quantify the similarity of phrases with literal, metonymic, and metaphorical senses in the corpora. We found that phrases with literal and metonymic senses had the highest degree of similarity for the three word classes, and that metonymic and metaphorical senses of adjectives had the highest degree of similarity among all word classes. These findings are in line with the experimental results. Overall, the results suggest that the mental representation of a polysemous word depends on its word class. In nouns and verbs, literal and metonymic senses are stored together, while metaphorical senses are stored separately; in adjectives, metonymic senses significantly overlap with both literal and metaphorical senses. KW - polysemy KW - lexical representation KW - metaphor KW - metonymy KW - semantic vectors KW - word classes Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00192 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A. A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Rezension zu: Varma, Sashank ; Schwartz, Daniel L.: The mental representation of integers : an abstract-to-concrete shift in the understanding of mathematical concepts. - Cognition. - 121 (2011), 3. - S. 363 - 385 T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - cognitive development KW - mental number line KW - negative numbers KW - embodied cognition KW - abstract concepts Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00209 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sebold, Miriam Hannah A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Nebe, S. A1 - Sundmacher, L. A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Sören A1 - Wittchen, H. U. A1 - Smolka, M. A1 - Zimmermann, U. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Q. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, A. T1 - From goals to habits in alcohol dependence BT - association with treatment outcome and cognitive bias modification training T2 - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists Y1 - 2018 SN - 0924-9338 SN - 1778-3585 VL - 48 SP - S274 EP - S274 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris ER - TY - GEN A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Sommer, C. A1 - Nebe, S. A1 - Sebold, Miriam Hannah A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Sören A1 - Wittchen, H. U. A1 - Smolka, M. A1 - Zimmermann, U. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Q. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, A. T1 - Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in the course of alcohol use disorder T2 - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists N2 - Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping on- going thought and behavior. The influence of Pavlovian stimuli on on-going behavior is paradigmatically measured by Pavlovian-to-instrumental-transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent, and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer. Methods: 32 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age and gender matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviours. The task involved both Pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol- dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT. Y1 - 2018 SN - 0924-9338 SN - 1778-3585 VL - 48 SP - S546 EP - S546 PB - Elsevier CY - ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Park, Irene A1 - Kim, Su Yeong A1 - Lee, Richard M. A1 - Qin, Desiree A1 - Okazaki, Sumie A1 - Swartz, Teresa Toguchi A1 - Lau, Anna T1 - Reactive and Proactive Ethnic-Racial Socialization Practices of Second-Generation Asian American Parents JF - Asian American journal of psychology N2 - Studies of Asian American parenting have primarily focused on first-generation immigrant parents. Few studies have examined the experiences of second-generation Asian American adults who now have children of their own. The purpose of this qualitative study, then, is to better understand the values, practices, and concerns of second-generation Asian American parents regarding ethnic and racial socialization. The sample included 34 Asian American parents from seven different cities across the United States. Using interviews and a focus group, the results show that (a) place, specific contexts, and transitions were important to second-generation parents’ motivation behind ethnic and racial socialization, (b) parents are reactive and proactive, especially with regard to promoting an awareness of discrimination, in the racial socialization of their children, (c) parents engage in predominantly proactive ethnic socialization when passing on heritage culture, which they believe is important, but also difficult to do, (d) in contrast to ethnic socialization, passing on American culture and passing on important values (that they did not see as solely “American” or “Asian”) came easily, and (e) parents consider the intersection of race and culture with religion and disability when socializing their children. Our findings highlight unique aspects of how second-generation Asian American parents engage in ethnic and racial socialization in an increasingly socially diverse world. KW - second-generation parenting KW - Asian American KW - ethnic-racial socialization Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000101 SN - 1948-1985 SN - 1948-1993 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 4 EP - 16 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miller, Jeff A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Implications of Individual Differences in On-Average Null Effects JF - Journal of experimental psychology : General N2 - Most psychological models are intended to describe processes that operate within each individual. In many research areas, however, models are tested by looking at results averaged across many individuals, despite the fact that such averaged results may give a misleading picture of what is true for each one. We consider this conundrum with respect to the interpretation of on-average null effects. Specifically, even though an experimental manipulation might have no effect on average across individuals, it might still have demonstrable effects-albeit in opposite directions-for many or all of the individuals tested. We discuss several examples of research questions for which it would be theoretically crucial to determine whether manipulations really have no effect at the individual level, and we present a method of testing for individual-level effects. KW - null effects KW - individual differences KW - hypothesis testing KW - psychological models Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000367 SN - 0096-3445 SN - 1939-2222 VL - 147 IS - 3 SP - 377 EP - 397 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schachner, Maja Katharina A1 - Van de Vijver, Fons J. R. A1 - Noack, Peter T1 - Acculturation and School Adjustment of Early-Adolescent Immigrant Boys and Girls in Germany BT - Conditions in School, Family, and Ethnic Group JF - The Journal of Early Adolescence N2 - Navigating between cultures in addition to developmental changes and challenges in early adolescence can be difficult. We investigated school, family, and ethnic group as conditions for acculturation and school adjustment among early-adolescent boys and girls. Analyses were based on 860 mostly second- and third-generation immigrant students from 71 countries (50% male; M-age = 11.59 years), attending German secondary schools. Perceived support for inclusion and integration in school and family were associated with a stronger orientation toward both cultures (integration) and better adjustment (e.g., higher school marks, more well-being). Perceived cultural distance and ethnic discrimination were associated with a stronger ethnic and weaker mainstream orientation (separation), and lower adjustment. Boys perceived contextual conditions more negatively, had a weaker mainstream orientation, and showed more behavioral problems but did not differ from girls in the associations between contextual conditions and acculturation and adjustment. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed. KW - acculturation KW - school adjustment KW - context KW - gender differences Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670991 SN - 0272-4316 SN - 1552-5449 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 352 EP - 384 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lischke, Alexander A1 - Junge, Martin A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Enhanced processing of untrustworthiness in natural faces with neutral expressions JF - Emotion : a new journal from the American Psychological Association N2 - During social interactions, individuals rapidly and automatically judge others’ trustworthiness on the basis of subtle facial cues. To investigate the behavioral and neural correlates of these judgments, we conducted 2 studies: 1 study for the construction and evaluation of a set of natural faces differing in trustworthiness (Study 1: n = 30) and another study for the investigation of event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to this set of natural faces (Study 2: n = 30). Participants of both studies provided highly reliable and nearly identical trustworthiness ratings for the selected faces, supporting the notion that the discrimination of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces depends on distinct facial cues. These cues appear to be processed in an automatic and bottom-up-driven fashion because the free viewing of these faces was sufficient to elicit trustworthiness-related differences in late positive potentials (LPPs) as indicated by larger amplitudes to untrustworthy as compared with trustworthy faces. Taken together, these findings suggest that natural faces contain distinct cues that are automatically and rapidly processed to facilitate the discrimination of untrustworthy and trustworthy faces across various contexts, presumably by enhancing the elaborative processing of untrustworthy as compared with trustworthy faces. ( KW - face perception KW - emotion KW - trustworthiness KW - event-related potentials KW - amygdala Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000318 SN - 1528-3542 SN - 1931-1516 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 189 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sallen, Jeffrey A1 - Hirschmann, Florian A1 - Herrmann, Christian T1 - Evaluation and Adaption of the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS) for Assessment in Competitive Sports JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - The demands of a career in competitive sports can lead to chronic stress perception among athletes if there is a non-conformity of requirements and available coping resources. The Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS) (Schulz et al., 2004) is said to be thoroughly validated. Nevertheless, it has not yet been subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The present study aims (1) to evaluate the factorial validity of the TICS within the context of competitive sports and (2) to adapt a short version (TICS-36). The total sample consisted of 564 athletes (age in years: M = 19.1, SD = 3.70). The factor structure of the original TICS did not adequately fit the present data, whereas the short version presented a satisfactory fit. The results indicate that the TICS-36 is an economical instrument for gathering interpretable information about chronic stress. For assessment in competitive sports with TICS-36, we generated overall and gender-specific norm values. KW - chronic stressors KW - mental health KW - athletes KW - stress measurement KW - Olympic sports KW - factor analysis KW - measurement invariance Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00308 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witt, Stephanie H. A1 - Frank, Josef A1 - Gilles, Maria A1 - Lang, Maren A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Streit, Fabian A1 - Wolf, Isabell A. C. A1 - Peus, Verena A1 - Scharnholz, Barbara A1 - Send, Tabea S. A1 - Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie A1 - Sivalingam, Sugirthan A1 - Dukal, Helene A1 - Strohmaier, Jana A1 - Sütterlin, Marc A1 - Arloth, Janine A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Nöthen, Markus M. A1 - Deuschle, Michael A1 - Rietschel, Marcella T1 - Impact on birth weight of maternal smoking throughout pregnancy mediated by DNA methylation JF - BMC genomics N2 - Background: Cigarette smoking has severe adverse health consequences in adults and in the offspring of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. One of the most widely reported effects of smoking during pregnancy is reduced birth weight which is in turn associated with chronic disease in adulthood. Epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that smokers show a characteristic "smoking methylation pattern", and recent authors have proposed that DNA methylation mediates the impact of maternal smoking on birth weight. The aims of the present study were to replicate previous reports that methylation mediates the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, and for the first time to investigate whether the observed mediation effects are sex-specific in order to account for known sex-specific differences in methylation levels. Methods: Methylation levels in the cord blood of 313 newborns were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K Beadchip. A total of 5,527 CpG sites selected on the basis of evidence from the literature were tested. To determine whether the observed association between maternal smoking and birth weight was attributable to methylation, mediation analyses were performed for significant CpG sites. Separate analyses were then performed in males and females. Results: Following quality control, 282 newborns eventually remained in the analysis. A total of 25 mothers had smoked consistently throughout the pregnancy. The birthweigt of newborns whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy was reduced by >200g. After correction for multiple testing, 30 CpGs showed differential methylation in the maternal smoking subgroup including top "smoking methylation pattern" genes AHRR, MYO1G, GFI1, CYP1A1, and CNTNAP2. The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight was partly mediated by the methylation of cg25325512 (PIM1); cg25949550 (CNTNAP2); and cg08699196 (ITGB7). Sex-specific analyses revealed a mediating effect for cg25949550 (CNTNAP2) in male newborns. Conclusion: The present data replicate previous findings that methylation can mediate the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight. The analysis of sex-dependent mediation effects suggests that the sex of the newborn may have an influence. Larger studies are warranted to investigate the role of both the identified differentially methylated loci and the sex of the newborn in mediating the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight. KW - DNA methylation KW - Smoking KW - Birth weight KW - Mediation analysis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4652-7 SN - 1471-2164 VL - 19 PB - BMC CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Svenja A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Patterns of body image concerns in adolescence and early adulthood BT - a latent profile analysis JF - Eating Behaviors N2 - The present study aimed at identifying latent profiles of body image concerns in adolescents and young adults. Subsequently, associations between these profiles and potentially harmful behaviors are examined. Self-report data of 758 male and female adolescents, aged 14 to 22 years, were analyzed. Participants provided demographic and anthropometric data and completed surveys on weight/shape and muscularity concern as well as on disturbed eating behaviors and dysfunctional exercise. Latent profile analyses of weight/shape concern and muscularity concern were performed separately for each gender. The analyses indicated three-class solutions in men and women. In both genders, the inconspicuous class, characterized by small amounts of weight/shape and muscularity concerns, was the largest one (86% in men, 68% in women). Whereas 10% of the men and 23% of the women were assigned to the borderline class, 4% of the men and 8% of the women formed the conspicuous class (marked weight/shape and muscularity concerns). Between genders, the degrees of muscularity concern differed in the borderline and inconspicuous classes, while the degrees of weight/shape concern differed in the inconspicuous class only. The comparable degrees of weight/shape and muscularity concerns in men and women in the affected classes underline the relevance of both aspects in both genders. Classes could be distinguished by harmful behaviors, like restrained eating or emotional exercise, proving the clinical significance of body image concerns. KW - Weight concern KW - Shape concern KW - Muscularity concern KW - Adolescent KW - Young adult KW - Latent profile analysis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.02.002 SN - 1471-0153 SN - 1873-7358 VL - 29 SP - 28 EP - 34 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Probst, Thomas A1 - Jakob, Marion A1 - Kaufmann, Yvonne Marie A1 - Müller-Neng, Julia M. B. A1 - Bohus, Martin A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - Patients’ and therapists’ experiences of general change mechanisms during bug-in-the-eye and delayed video-based supervised cognitive-behavioral therapy BT - a randomized controlled trial JF - Journal of clinical psychology N2 - ObjectiveThis secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial investigated whether bug-in-the-eye (BITE) supervision (live computer-based supervision during a psychotherapy session) affects the manner in which patients and therapists experience general change mechanisms (GCMs) during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). MethodA total of 23 therapists were randomized either to the BITE condition or the control condition (delayed video-based [DVB] supervision). After each session, both patients (BITE: n=19; DVB: n=23) and therapists (BITE: n=11; DVB: n=12) completed the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Bernese Post Session Report (BPSR). The HAQ total score and the 3 secondary factors of the BPSR (interpersonal experiences, intrapersonal experiences, problem actuation) functioned as GCMs. Multilevel models were performed. ResultsFor patients, GCMs did not develop differently between BITE and DVB during CBT. Therapists rated the alliance as well as interpersonal and intrapersonal experiences not significantly different between BITE and DVB during CBT, but they perceived problem actuation to increase significantly more in BITE than in DVB (p<.05). ConclusionBITE supervision might be helpful in encouraging CBT therapists to apply interventions, which focus on the activation of relevant problems and related emotions. KW - alliance KW - general change mechanisms KW - live supervision KW - randomized controlled trial Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22519 SN - 0021-9762 SN - 1097-4679 VL - 74 IS - 4 SP - 509 EP - 522 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewert, Christina A1 - Gaube, Benjamin A1 - Geisler, Fay Caroline Mary T1 - Dispositional self-compassion impacts immediate and delayed reactions to social evaluation JF - Personality and individual differences : an international journal of research into the structure and development of personality, and the causation of individual differences N2 - In the present study, we investigated the beneficial effects of trait self-compassion (SC) on perceived stress, shame, and the use of coping strategies in reaction to a socio-evaluative stressor while controlling for the effects of neuroticism (N) and conscientiousness (C). Participants (N = 105) performed a mental-arithmetic task with immediate in-person feedback. SC predicted less perceived stress and shame immediately after the stressor. Additionally, SC predicted less shame after a short recovery phase. This effect was fully mediated by less use of denial. Furthermore, SC buffered the effect of N on the use of denial, and C on shame after recovery. SC also predicted more use of positive reframing. Thus, SC may make a socio-evaluative stressor less threatening and may thwart a shame-inducing conception of the stressor by promoting clearer processing. Furthermore, SC may be especially beneficial for those vulnerable to dysfunctional coping and negative self-conscious emotions. This study contributes to the understanding of how trait self-compassion beneficially influences the processing of stressful situations. KW - Self-compassion KW - Stress KW - Coping KW - Shame KW - Social evaluation KW - Denial KW - Acceptance KW - Positive refraining Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.037 SN - 0191-8869 VL - 125 SP - 91 EP - 96 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Zuber, Isabelle A1 - Kohn, Juliane A1 - Poltz, Nadine A1 - Wyschkon, Anne A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Relation Between Mathematical Performance, Math Anxiety, and Affective Priming in Children With and Without Developmental Dyscalculia JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Many children show negative emotions related to mathematics and some even develop mathematics anxiety. The present study focused on the relation between negative emotions and arithmetical performance in children with and without developmental dyscalculia (DD) using an affective priming task. Previous findings suggested that arithmetic performance is influenced if an affective prime precedes the presentation of an arithmetic problem. In children with DD specifically, responses to arithmetic operations are supposed to be facilitated by both negative and mathematics-related primes (= negative math priming effect). We investigated mathematical performance, math anxiety, and the domain-general abilities of 172 primary school children (76 with DD and 96 controls). All participants also underwent an affective priming task which consisted of the decision whether a simple arithmetic operation (addition or subtraction) that was preceded by a prime (positive/negative/neutral or mathematics-related) was true or false. Our findings did not reveal a negative math priming effect in children with DD. Furthermore, when considering accuracy levels, gender, or math anxiety, the negative math priming effect could not be replicated. However, children with DD showed more math anxiety when explicitly assessed by a specific math anxiety interview and showed lower mathematical performance compared to controls. Moreover, math anxiety was equally present in boys and girls, even in the earliest stages of schooling, and interfered negatively with performance. In conclusion, mathematics is often associated with negative emotions that can be manifested in specific math anxiety, particularly in children with DD. Importantly, present findings suggest that in the assessed age group, it is more reliable to judge math anxiety and investigate its effects on mathematical performance explicitly by adequate questionnaires than by an affective math priming task. KW - developmental dyscalculia KW - mathematics KW - affective priming KW - calculation KW - arithmetic KW - anxiety KW - gender KW - children Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00263 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farhy, Yael A1 - Veríssimo, Joao Marques A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Universal and particular in morphological processing BT - evidence from Hebrew JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Do properties of individual languages shape the mechanisms by which they are processed? By virtue of their non-concatenative morphological structure, the recognition of complex words in Semitic languages has been argued to rely strongly on morphological information and on decomposition into root and pattern constituents. Here, we report results from a masked priming experiment in Hebrew in which we contrasted verb forms belonging to two morphological classes, Paal and Piel, which display similar properties, but crucially differ on whether they are extended to novel verbs. Verbs from the open-class Piel elicited familiar root priming effects, but verbs from the closed-class Paal did not. Our findings indicate that, similarly to other (e.g., Indo-European) languages, down-to-the-root decomposition in Hebrew does not apply to stems of non-productive verbal classes. We conclude that the Semitic word processor is less unique than previously thought: Although it operates on morphological units that are combined in a non-linear way, it engages the same universal mechanisms of storage and computation as those seen in other languages. KW - Language universals KW - morphology KW - priming KW - Semitic Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310917 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 1125 EP - 1133 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyer, Vera A1 - Kornishova, Dana T1 - Semantic transparency affects morphological priming ... eventually JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Semantic transparency has been in the focus of psycholinguistic research for decades, with the controversy about the time course of the application of morpho-semantic information during the processing of morphologically complex words not yet resolved. This study reports two masked priming studies with English -ness and Russian -ost’ nominalisations, investigating how semantic transparency modulates native speakers’ morphological priming effects at short and long stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In both languages, we found increased morphological priming for nominalisations at the transparent end of the scale (e.g. paleness – pale) in comparison to items at the opaque end of the scale (e.g. business – busy) but only at longer prime durations. The present findings are in line with models that posit an initial phase of morpho-orthographic (semantically blind) decomposition. KW - Semantic transparency KW - masked priming KW - derivation KW - morpho-orthographic versus morpho-semantic Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310915 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 5 SP - 1112 EP - 1124 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lautenbach, Franziska A1 - Antoniewicz, Franziska T1 - Ambivalent implicit attitudes towards inclusion in preservice PE teachers BT - the need for assessing both implicit and explicit attitudes towards inclusion JF - Teaching and Teacher Education N2 - Explicit attitudes towards inclusion are increasingly investigated in (preservice) teachers. However, few studies examine implicit attitudes towards inclusion, despite the advantage of being less sensitive to social desirability. Since inclusion is a sensitive topic, we aimed to investigate implicit and explicit attitudes towards inclusion as well as interactions between these attitudes. Using the Single-Target Implicit Association Test, early semester preservice teachers exhibited ambivalent implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes. Implicit attitudes were negatively correlated with explicit attitudes. Methodological and contentual explanations for these findings are discussed and theory-based implications for university education are suggested. KW - ST-IAT KW - Inclusion KW - Physical education KW - Associate propositional evaluation model KW - Dual-process Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.01.003 SN - 0742-051X VL - 72 SP - 24 EP - 32 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gropalis, Maria A1 - Bailer, Josef A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael T1 - Optimierung von Expositionstherapie bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten T1 - Optimization of exposure therapy for pathological health anxiety BT - Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Implikationen BT - Theoretical principles and practical implications JF - Psychotherapeut N2 - Pathologische Krankheitsängste wurden bislang nach ICD und DSM primär als somatoforme Störung bzw. als somatische Belastungsstörung klassifiziert. Theoretische Erwägungen und empirische Befunde legen jedoch nahe, dass es sich bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten eigentlich um eine Angststörung handelt. Innerhalb des vorliegenden Beitrags wird dafür argumentiert, dass Defizite in der aktuellen Behandlungspraxis und in der Wahrnehmung von Patienten mit Hypochondrie als „schwierige Patienten“ teilweise auf Unklarheit in der Nosologie sowie bezüglich der entscheidenden Mechanismen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung zurückzuführen sind. Ausgehend von innovativen theoretischen Ansätzen zur Erklärung pathologischer Krankheitsängste werden Vorschläge für eine verbesserte therapeutische Praxis skizziert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf einem verstärken Einsatz expositionsbasierter Behandlungselemente, die sich am „Inhibitory-learning“-Ansatz orientieren und sich bei anderen Angststörungen bereits bewährt haben. N2 - Up to now pathological health anxiety has been classified primarily as a somatoform disorder or a somatic symptom disorder in ICD and DSM. Theoretical and empirical evidence, however, suggest that pathological health anxiety basically represents an anxiety disorder. In this paper, it is argued that deficits in the treatment and perception of patients with pathological health anxiety as "difficult patients" are partly attributable to a lack of clarity in terms of nosology and with respect to central mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis. Based on novel theoretical approaches for the explanation of pathological health anxiety, suggestions for an improved therapeutic practice are outlined. This approach focuses on a more intensive use of exposure-based treatment elements that are oriented to the inhibitory learning approach, which has already proven its effectiveness for other anxiety disorders. KW - Hypochondriasis KW - Anxiety disorders KW - Inhibition KW - Learning KW - Cognitive behavior therapy KW - Hypochondrie KW - Angststörungen KW - Inhibition KW - Lernen KW - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-018-0285-1 SN - 0935-6185 SN - 1432-2080 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 188 EP - 193 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Patzwald, Christiane A1 - Curley, Charlotte A. A1 - Hauf, Petra A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Differential effects of others' emotional cues on 18-month-olds' preferential reproduction of observed actions JF - Infant behavior & development : an international and interdisciplinary journal N2 - Infants use others' emotional signals to regulate their own object-directed behavior and action reproduction, and they typically produce more actions after having observed positive as compared to negative emotional cues. This study explored infants' understanding of the referential specificity of others' emotional cues when being confronted with two actions that are accompanied by different emotional displays. Selective action reproduction was measured after 18-month-olds (N = 42) had observed two actions directed at the same object, one of which was modeled with a positive emotional expression and the other with a negative emotional expression. Across four trials with different objects, infants' first actions matched the positively-emoted actions more often than the negatively-emoted actions. In comparison with baseline-level, infants' initial performance changed only for the positively-emoted actions, in that it increased during test. Latencies to first object-touch during test did not differ when infants reproduced the positively- or negatively-emoted actions, respectively, indicating that infants related the cues to the respective actions rather than to the object. During demonstration, infants looked relatively longer at the object than at the model's face, with no difference in positive or negative displays. Infants during their second year of life thus capture the action-related referential specificity of others' emotional cues and seem to follow positive signals more readily when actively selecting which of two actions to reproduce preferentially. KW - Emotion KW - Action KW - Infancy KW - Social cues KW - Social learning Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.04.002 SN - 0163-6383 SN - 1879-0453 VL - 51 SP - 60 EP - 70 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malesza, Marta A1 - Kaczmarek, Magdalena Claudia T1 - Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism and impulsivity JF - Personality and individual differences : an international journal of research into the structure and development of personality, and the causation of individual differences N2 - Correlations between the grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism with two self-report personality measures (i.e., BIS-11 and I-7) and two behavioral tasks (i.e., Stop-Signal Task and Delay-Discounting task) of impulsivity in 338 students were examined. As one of the first studies to apply a two-dimensional approach to narcissism (i.e. grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism) in different self-report and behavioral impulsivity measures, the present results have reported that both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism showed a significant positive correlations with the self-reported impulsivity. Moreover, the grandiose narcissism has shown significant associations with both behavioral tasks of impulsivity. Contrary, vulnerable narcissism was negatively related to the stop reaction time people high in vulnerable narcissism scored shorter stop reaction time values and, consequently, presented less impulsive responding. KW - Grandiose narcissism KW - Vulnerable narcissism KW - Self-report impulsivity KW - Behavioral impulsivity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.021 SN - 0191-8869 VL - 126 SP - 61 EP - 65 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zuba, Anna A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Weight bias internalization across weight categories among school-aged children BT - validation of the weight bias internalization scale for children JF - Body image : an international journal of research N2 - Anti-fat bias is widespread and is linked to the internalization of weight bias and psychosocial problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the internalization of weight bias among children across weight categories and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale for Children (WBIS-C). Data were collected from 1484 primary school children and their parents. WBIS-C demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha = .86) after exclusion of Item 1. The unitary factor structure was supported using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (factorial validity). Girls and overweight children reported higher WBIS-C scores in comparison to boys and non-overweight peers (known-groups validity). Convergent validity was shown by significant correlations with psychosocial problems. Internalization of weight bias explained additional variance in different indicators of psychosocial well-being. The results suggest that the WBIS-C is a psychometrically sound and informative tool to assess weight bias internalization among children. KW - Internalization of weight bias KW - Weight stigma KW - Psychological functioning KW - Psychometric properties KW - Children Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.02.008 SN - 1740-1445 SN - 1873-6807 VL - 25 SP - 56 EP - 65 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fatfouta, Ramzi A1 - Schröder-Abe, Michela T1 - Agentic to the core? BT - facets of narcissism and positive implicit self-views in the agentic domain JF - Journal of research in personality N2 - Researchers are still divided over whether narcissists possess positive or negative implicit self-views. Seemingly resolving this issue, Campbell et al. (2007) have demonstrated that narcissism is in fact related to higher implicit self-esteem as long as the implicit measure reflects agency. The present study used a large (N = 730) sample, carefully controlled stimuli, improved statistical analyses, and examined narcissism at the facet-level, but results did not replicate those of Campbell et al. In fact, the latent correlation between narcissism and implicit agency was close to zero, whereas the positive correlation between narcissism and explicit agency was replicated. We conclude that narcissists’ implicit self-views may be more neutral than positive or may depend on other contextual factors. KW - Narcissism KW - Agency KW - Communion KW - Implicit self-esteem KW - IAT Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.02.006 SN - 0092-6566 SN - 1095-7251 VL - 74 SP - 78 EP - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Landwehr-Kenzel, Sybille A1 - Zobel, Anne A1 - Hoffmann, Henrike A1 - Landwehr, Niels A1 - Schmueck-Henneresse, Michael A1 - Schachtner, Thomas A1 - Roemhild, Andy A1 - Reinke, Petra T1 - Ex vivo expanded natural regulatory T cells from patients with end-stage renal disease or kidney transplantation are useful for autologous cell therapy JF - Kidney international : official journal of the International Society of Nephrology N2 - Novel concepts employing autologous, ex vivo expanded natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) for adoptive transfer has potential to prevent organ rejection after kidney transplantation. However, the impact of dialysis and maintenance immunosuppression on the nTreg phenotype and peripheral survival is not well understood, but essential when assessing patient eligibility. The current study investigates regulatory T-cells in dialysis and kidney transplanted patients and the feasibility of generating a clinically useful nTreg product from these patients. Heparinized blood from 200 individuals including healthy controls, dialysis patients with end stage renal disease and patients 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 years after kidney transplantation were analyzed. Differentiation and maturation of nTregs were studied by flow cytometry in order to compare dialysis patients and kidney transplanted patients under maintenance immunosuppression to healthy controls. CD127 expressing CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3(+) nTregs were detectable at increased frequencies in dialysis patients with no negative impact on the nTreg end product quality and therapeutic usefulness of the ex vivo expanded nTregs. Further, despite that immunosuppression mildly altered nTreg maturation, neither dialysis nor pharmacological immunosuppression or previous acute rejection episodes impeded nTreg survival in vivo. Accordingly, the generation of autologous, highly pure nTreg products is feasible and qualifies patients awaiting or having received allogenic kidney transplantation for adoptive nTreg therapy. Thus, our novel treatment approach may enable us to reduce the incidence of organ rejection and reduce the need of long-term immunosuppression. KW - adoptive T-cell transfer KW - autologous cell therapy KW - end-stage renal disease KW - kidney transplantation KW - regulatory T cells Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.021 SN - 0085-2538 SN - 1523-1755 VL - 93 IS - 6 SP - 1452 EP - 1464 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Zitzmann, Jana T1 - The efficacy of a universal school-based prevention program for eating disorders among German adolescents BT - results from a randomized-controlled trial JF - Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication N2 - Disordered eating is highly prevalent during adolescence and has a detrimental effect on further development. Effective prevention programs are needed to prevent unhealthy developmental trajectories. This study evaluated the efficacy of the POPS-program (POtsdam Prevention at Schools), a universal school-based eating disorder prevention program for adolescents. In a cluster-randomized design, we compared the intervention group receiving the prevention program to a waiting control group. Outcomes included indicators of disordered eating and relevant risk factors for eating disorders (body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal, perceived media pressure, perfectionism, emotional element of exercise, social comparison, and perceived teasing). Questionnaires were administered at the start of the intervention, 3 and 12 months post intervention. At baseline, 1112 adolescents aged 10 to 16 years participated (49% girls; 51% intervention group). Intention-to-treat analyses with the complete data set and per-protocol analyses as a completer analysis were performed. The intervention group showed a more favorable course compared to the control group regarding all observed risk factors for eating disorders except for perceived teasing. Effect sizes were small but comparable to other primary prevention programs. At 1-year follow-up, a small but significant effect on disordered eating was observed. Results of the per-protocol analyses were mostly confirmed by the intention-to-treat analyses. Results were promising for both genders although girls benefited more regarding disordered eating and internalization of the thin ideal. Further studies are warranted examining successful program elements and whether gender-specific programs are needed. KW - Eating disorders KW - Evaluation KW - Primary prevention KW - Adolescents KW - School-based KW - RCT Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0852-3 SN - 0047-2891 SN - 1573-6601 VL - 47 IS - 6 SP - 1317 EP - 1331 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Deconstructing spatial-numerical associations JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - Spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been studied extensively in the past two decades, always requiring either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing. This means that the typical finding of an association of small numbers with left or bottom space and of larger numbers with right or top space could be due to these requirements and not the conceptual representation of numbers. The present study compares explicit and implicit magnitude processing in an implicit spatial-directional task and identifies SNAs as artefacts of either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing; they do not reveal spatial conceptual links. This finding requires revision of current accounts of the relationship between numbers and space. KW - Go/no-go task KW - Implicit association task KW - Numerical cognition KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.022 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 175 SP - 109 EP - 113 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wirkner, Janine A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Schulz, Paul A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Event-related potentials of emotional and neutral memories BT - the role of encoding position and delayed testing JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research N2 - Previous research found that memory is not only better for emotional information but also for neutral information that has been encoded in the context of an emotional event. In the present ERP study, we investigated two factors that may influence memory for neutral and emotional items: temporal proximity between emotional and neutral items during encoding, and retention interval (immediate vs. delayed). Forty-nine female participants incidentally encoded 36 unpleasant and 108 neutral pictures (36 neutral pictures preceded an unpleasant picture, 36 followed an unpleasant picture, and 36 neutral pictures were preceded and followed by neutral pictures) and participated in a recognition memory task either immediately (N=24) or 1 week (N=25) after encoding. Results showed better memory for emotional pictures relative to neutral pictures. In accordance, enhanced centroparietal old/new differences (500-900 ms) during recognition were observed for unpleasant compared to neutral pictures, most pronounced for the 1-week interval. Picture position effects, however, were only subtle. During encoding, late positive potentials for neutral pictures were slightly lower for neutral pictures following unpleasant ones, but only at trend level. To summarize, we could replicate and extend previous ERP findings showing that emotionally arousing events are better recollected than neutral events, particularly when memory is tested after longer retention intervals. Picture position during encoding, however, had only small effects on elaborative processing and no effects on memory retrieval. KW - attention KW - emotion KW - ERPs KW - memory KW - old KW - new effect KW - serial position effect Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13069 SN - 0048-5772 SN - 1469-8986 VL - 55 IS - 7 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Word segmentation by alternating colors facilitates eye guidance in Chinese reading JF - Memory & cognition N2 - During sentence reading, low spatial frequency information afforded by spaces between words is the primary factor for eye guidance in spaced writing systems, whereas saccade generation for unspaced writing systems is less clear and under debate. In the present study, we investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) influences saccade-target selection in Chinese. In Experiment 1, as compared to a baseline (i.e., uniform color) condition, word segmentation with alternating color shifted fixation location towards the center of words. In contrast, incorrect word segmentation shifted fixation location towards the beginning of words. In Experiment 2, we used a gaze-contingent paradigm to restrict the color manipulation only to the upcoming parafoveal words and replicated the results, including fixation location effects, as observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that Chinese readers are capable of making use of parafoveal word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, even if such information is unfamiliar to them. The present study provides novel support for the hypothesis that word segmentation is involved in the decision about where to fixate next during Chinese reading. KW - Chinese KW - Word segmentation KW - Fixation location KW - Parafoveal KW - Color Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0797-5 SN - 0090-502X SN - 1532-5946 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 729 EP - 740 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andree, Kai A1 - Heywood, John S. A1 - Schwan, Mike A1 - Wang, Zheng T1 - A spatial model of cartel stability BT - the influence of production cost convexity JF - Bulletin of economic research N2 - We uniquely introduce convex production costs into a cartel model involving spatial price discrimination. We demonstrate that greater convexity improves cartel stability and that for sufficient convexity first best locations will be adopted. We show that allowing locations to vary over the game reduces cartel stability but that greater convexity continues to improve that stability. Moreover, when the degree of convexity does not support the first best collusive locations, other collusive locations exist that require less stability and these may either increase or decrease social welfare relative to competition. Critically, these locations that require less stability are more dispersed in sharp contrast to the known result assuming linear production costs. KW - cartel stability KW - convex costs KW - delivered pricing Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/boer.12149 SN - 0307-3378 SN - 1467-8586 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 298 EP - 311 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER -