TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Maurits
A1 - Gumbsch, Christian
A1 - Butz, Martin V.
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
T1 - The impact of action effects on infants’ predictive gaze shifts for a non-human grasping action at 7, 11, and 18 months
JF - Frontiers in psychology
N2 - During the observation of goal-directed actions, infants usually predict the goal at an earlier age when the agent is familiar (e.g., human hand) compared to unfamiliar (e.g., mechanical claw). These findings implicate a crucial role of the developing agentive self for infants' processing of others' action goals. Recent theoretical accounts suggest that predictive gaze behavior relies on an interplay between infants' agentive experience (top-down processes) and perceptual information about the agent and the action-event (bottom-up information; e.g., agency cues). The present study examined 7-, 11-, and 18-month-old infants' predictive gaze behavior for a grasping action performed by an unfamiliar tool, depending on infants' age-related action knowledge about tool-use and the display of the agency cue of producing a salient action effect. The results are in line with the notion of a systematic interplay between experience-based top-down processes and cue-based bottom-up information: Regardless of the salient action effect, predictive gaze shifts did not occur in the 7-month-olds (least experienced age group), but did occur in the 18-month-olds (most experienced age group). In the 11-month-olds, however, predictive gaze shifts occurred only when a salient action effect was presented. This sheds new light on how the developing agentive self, in interplay with available agency cues, supports infants' action-goal prediction also for observed tool-use actions.
KW - infancy
KW - predictive gaze behavior
KW - eye tracking
KW - tool-use actions
KW - agency cues
KW - developing agentive self
KW - non-human grasping
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695550
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
T1 - The authenticity of simulated patients in psychotherapy training and research
T1 - Die Authentizität von Simulationspatienten in der Psychotherapieausbildung und -forschung
N2 - Mental health problems are highly prevalent worldwide. Fortunately, psychotherapy has proven highly effective in the treatment of a number of mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety disorders. In contrast, psychotherapy training as is practised currently cannot be considered evidence-based. Thus, there is much room for improvement. The integration of simulated patients (SPs) into psychotherapy training and research is on the rise. SPs originate from the medical education and have, in a number of studies, been demonstrated to contribute to effective learning environments. Nevertheless, there has been voiced criticism regarding the authenticity of SP portrayals, but few studies have examined this to date.
Based on these considerations, this dissertation explores SPs’ authenticity while portraying a mental disorder, depression. Altogether, the present cumulative dissertation consists of three empirical papers. At the time of printing, Paper I and Paper III have been accepted for publication, and Paper II is under review after a minor revision.
First, Paper I develops and validates an observer-based rating-scale to assess SP authenticity in psychotherapeutic contexts. Based on the preliminary findings, it can be concluded that the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations scale is a reliable and valid tool that can be used for recruiting, training, and evaluating the authenticity of SPs.
Second, Paper II tests whether student SPs are perceived as more authentic after they receive an in-depth role-script compared to those SPs who only receive basic information on the patient case. To test this assumption, a randomised controlled study design was implemented and the hypothesis could be confirmed. As a consequence, when engaging SPs, an in-depth role-script with details, e.g. on nonverbal behaviour and feelings of the patient, should be provided.
Third, Paper III demonstrates that psychotherapy trainees cannot distinguish between trained SPs and real patients and therefore suggests that, with proper training, SPs are a promising training method for psychotherapy.
Altogether, the dissertation shows that SPs can be trained to portray a depressive patient authentically and thus delivers promising evidence for the further dissemination of SPs.
N2 - Psychotherapie gilt als hoch wirksame Behandlung von psychischen Störungen, wie Depressionen oder Angststörungen. Trotz verpflichtender Psychotherapieausbildung zur Befähigung psychotherapeutischer Behandlungen gibt es wenig Evidenz, welche Methoden dem effektiven Training von angehenden Psychotherapeut*innen dienen. Eine Lösung besteht im Einsatz von Simulationspatient*innen (SPs) in der Psychotherapieausbildung sowie -forschung als nachweislich effektive Lehrmethode. Dabei werden jedoch SPs für ihren Mangel an Authentizität kritisiert, wobei ungenügend Studien diesen Aspekt direkt untersuchten.
Daher war es Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation, die Authentizität von SPs, während sie eine psychische Störung (d.h. Depression) simulieren, zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation basiert auf drei empirischen Arbeiten. Zum Zeitpunkt der Einreichung der Dissertation wurden Paper I und Paper III nach erfolgreichem Peer-Review in Fachzeitschriften zur Veröffentlichung angenommen, Paper II befindet sich nach einer Minor Revision im Peer-Review.
In Paper I wurde die Skala Authentizität von Patientendarstellungen zur Erfassung von Authentizität von SPs, die psychische Störungen darstellen, entwickelt und validiert. Die Ratingskala weist gute psychometrische Gütekriterien auf und ist für den Einsatz in Forschung und Praxis geeignet.
In Paper II wurde mittels einer randomisiert kontrollierten Studie demonstriert, dass die Ausarbeitung von Rollenanleitungen von SPs für deren Darstellung relevant ist: Studierende, die als SPs fungierten, wurden authentischer wahrgenommen, wenn sie eine detaillierte Rollenanleitung erhielten als jene SPs, die eine einfache Rollenanleitung erhielten.
In Paper III konnte gezeigt werden, dass Psychotherapeut*innen in Ausbildung reale Patient*innen von trainierten SPs nicht unterscheiden konnten. Der Einsatz von SPs ist demzufolge eine vielversprechende Trainingsmethode der Psychotherapie.
Insgesamt stellt die vorliegende Dissertation dar, dass SPs trainiert werden können, Patient*innen mit Depressionen authentisch darzustellen. Die Arbeit liefert erfolgsversprechende Ergebnisse für die weitere Dissemination von SPs im Ausbildungskontext der Psychotherapie.
KW - Simulationspatienten
KW - Ausbildungsforschung
KW - Psychotherapieforschung
KW - Authentizität
KW - standardisierte Patienten
KW - simulated patients
KW - training research
KW - psychotherapy research
KW - authenticity
KW - standardised patients
Y1 - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-533735
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bangeow, Petjo
T1 - Zur Abschaffung des Gutachterverfahrens in der Vertragspsychotherapie – ein Qualitätsverlust?
JF - Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
N2 - Objectives: This article investigates whether or not the abolishment of the expertise procedure for an outpatient psychotherapy is a reliable quality feature; and whether or not the elimination of this procedure results in a reduction of quality in outpatient psychotherapy.
Methods: We conducted a literature research that considered articles written between the years 2000 and 2020 dealing with the expertise procedure as a quality standard of outpatient psychotherapy. In order to discuss the different views of the cited authors, we also refer to further literature.
Results: The expertise procedure is not a reliable quality feature of outpatient psychotherapy. The idea that abolishing the expertise procedure results in a reduction of quality in outpatient psychotherapy is not confirmed by the studies summarized.
N2 - Zielsetzung: Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, inwiefern das Gutachterverfahren in der Vertragspsychotherapie ein zuverlässiges Qualitätsinstrument darstellt und ob sich aus der geplanten Abschaffung des Gutachterverfahrens das Risiko einer Qualitätsminderung in der ambulanten Psychotherapie ergibt.
Methodik: Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Arbeiten von den Jahren 2000 bis 2020 wurden berücksichtigt, welche sich mit dem Gutachterverfahren als Qualitätsmerkmal der ambulanten Psychotherapie befassen. Um die unterschiedlichen Standpunkte der zitierten Autor_innen zu diskutieren, wurde auch Bezug auf weiterführende Literatur genommen.
Ergebnisse: Das Gutachterverfahren scheint empirisch nicht sicher als zuverlässiges Qualitätsmerkmal der ambulanten Psychotherapie herangezogen werden zu können. Die Annahme, dass sich durch eine gutachterbefreite Vertragspsychotherapie eine Qualitätsminderung der Psychotherapie ergibt, wird durch die hier zusammengefassten Arbeiten insgesamt nicht gestützt.
T2 - The abolition of the expertise procedure for outpatient psychotherapy - A reduction of quality in the psychotherapy?
KW - psychotherapy
KW - guideline
KW - expertise procedure
KW - quality standards
KW - outpatient psychotherapy
KW - Psychotherapie
KW - Richtlinie
KW - Gutachterverfahren
KW - Qualitätsstandard
KW - ambulante Psychotherapie
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000778
SN - 1422-4917
SN - 1664-2880
VL - 49
IS - 1
SP - 64
EP - 72
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Bern
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Belli, Francesco
A1 - Felisatti, Arianna
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - "BreaThink"
BT - breathing affects production and perception of quantities
JF - Experimental brain research
N2 - Cognition is shaped by signals from outside and within the body. Following recent evidence of interoceptive signals modulating higher-level cognition, we examined whether breathing changes the production and perception of quantities. In Experiment 1, 22 adults verbally produced on average larger random numbers after inhaling than after exhaling. In Experiment 2, 24 further adults estimated the numerosity of dot patterns that were briefly shown after either inhaling or exhaling. Again, we obtained on average larger responses following inhalation than exhalation. These converging results extend models of situated cognition according to which higher-level cognition is sensitive to transient interoceptive states.
KW - breathing
KW - embodied cognition
KW - interoception
KW - numerical cognition
KW - situated cognition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06147-z
SN - 0014-4819
SN - 1432-1106
VL - 239
IS - 8
SP - 2489
EP - 2499
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bertok, Eva
A1 - Meško, Gorazd
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
ED - Schuster, Isabell
ED - Tomaszewska, Paulina
T1 - Physical teen dating violence in high school students in Slovenia
BT - prevalence and correlates
JF - New directions for child and adolescent development
N2 - Although teen dating violence (TDV) is internationally recognized as a serious threat to adolescents' health and well-being, almost no data is available for Slovenian youth. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of TDV among Slovenian adolescents for the first time. Using data from the SPMAD study (Study of Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Delinquency), 330 high school students were asked about physical TDV victimization and perpetration as well as about their dating history, relationship conflicts, peers' antisocial behavior, and informal social control by family and school. A substantial number of female andmale adolescents reported victimization (16.7% of female and 12.7% of male respondents) and perpetration (21.1% of female and 6.0% of male respondents). Furthermore, the results revealed that lower age at the first relationship, relationship conflicts, and school informal social control were associated with victimization, whereas being female, relationship conflicts, having antisocial peers, and family informal social control were linked to perpetration. Implications of the study findings were discussed.
KW - dating aggression
KW - Slovenia
KW - teen dating violence
KW - victimization
KW - youth
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20436
SN - 1534-8687
VL - 178
SP - 59
EP - 77
PB - Jossey-Bass
CY - San Fransisco
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Birke, Joseph
T1 - Links between aggressive sexual fantasies and presumably non-consensual aggressive sexual behavior when controlling for BDSM identity
JF - International journal of conflict and violence
N2 - Recent research provides evidence that aggressive sexual fantasies predict aggressive sexual behavior in the general population. However, sexual fantasies including fantasies about the infliction of pain and humiliation, should be frequent and often consensually acted upon among individuals with sadomasochistic likings. The question arises whether sexual fantasies with aggressive content still predict presumably non-consensual aggressive sexual behavior in individuals with sadomasochistic likings, given that BDSM encounters are generally considered consensual. To investigate this question, we conducted a questionnaire survey of sexual fantasies, as sessing the frequency of seventy sexual fantasies involving non-aggressive, masochistic, and aggressive acts. Our sample (N = 182) contained 99 respondents who self-identified as sadist, masochist, or switcher; 44 reported no such identification. For respondents reporting BDSM identification, we replicated a factor structure for sexual fantasies similar to that previously found in the general population, including three factors reflecting fantasies about increasingly severe aggressive sexual acts. Fantasies about injuring a partner and/or using weapons and fantasies about sexual coercion predicted presumably non-consensual sexual behavior independently of other risk factors for aggressive sexual behavior and irrespective of BDSM identification. Hence, severely aggressive sexual fantasies may predispose to presumably non-consensual sexual behavior in both individuals with and without BDSM identification.
KW - aggressive sexual fantasies
KW - BDSM
KW - sexual aggression
KW - psychopathy
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3777
SN - 1864-1385
VL - 14
IS - 1
PB - Inst. for Interdisciplinary Conflict and Violence Research, Univ. of Bielefeld
CY - Bielefeld
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Birke, Joseph B.
T1 - Aggression-related sexual fantasies
BT - prevalence rates, sex differences, and links with personality, attitudes, and behavior
JF - The journal of sexual medicine : basic research and clinical studies in male and female sexual function and dysfunction
N2 - Background: Aggression-related sexual fantasies (ASF) are considered an important risk factor for sexual aggression, but empirical knowledge is limited, in part because previous research has been based on predominantly male, North-American college samples, and limited numbers of questions.
Aim: The present study aimed to foster the knowledge about the frequency and correlates of ASF, while including a large sample of women and a broad range of ASF.
Method: A convenience sample of N = 664 participants from Germany including 508 (77%) women and 156 (23%) men with a median age of 25 (21-27) years answered an online questionnaire. Participants were mainly recruited via social networks (online and in person) and were mainly students. We examined the frequencies of (aggression-related) sexual fantasies and their expected factor structure (factors reflecting affective, experimental, masochistic, and aggression-related contents) via exploratory factor analysis. We investigated potential correlates (eg, psychopathic traits, attitudes towards sexual fantasies) as predictors of ASF using multiple regression analyses. Finally, we examined whether ASF would positively predict sexual aggression beyond other pertinent risk factors using multiple regression analysis.
Outcomes: The participants rated the frequency of a broad set of 56 aggression-related and other sexual fantasies, attitudes towards sexual fantasies, the Big Five (ie, broad personality dimensions including neuroticism and extraversion), sexual aggression, and other risk factors for sexual aggression.
Results: All participants reported non-aggression-related sexual fantasies and 77% reported at least one ASF in their lives. Being male, frequent sexual fantasies, psychopathic traits, and negative attitudes towards sexual fantasies predicted more frequent ASF. ASF were the strongest predictor of sexual aggression beyond other risk factors, including general aggression, psychopathic traits, rape myth acceptance, and violent pornography consumption.
Clinical Translation: ASF may be an important risk factor for sexual aggression and should be more strongly considered in prevention and intervention efforts.
Strengths and Limitations: The strengths of the present study include using a large item pool and a large sample with a large proportion of women in order to examine ASF as a predictor of sexual aggression beyond important control variables. Its weaknesses include the reliance on cross-sectional data, that preclude causal inferences, and not continuously distinguishing between consensual and non-consensual acts.
Conclusion: ASF are a frequent phenomenon even in in the general population and among women and show strong associations with sexual aggression. Thus, they require more attention by research on sexual aggression and its prevention.
KW - aggressive sexual fantasies
KW - sexual aggression
KW - psychopathic traits
KW - rape myths acceptance
KW - big five
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.006
SN - 1743-6095
SN - 1743-6109
VL - 18
IS - 8
SP - 1383
EP - 1397
PB - Oxford University Press
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Boyadzhieva, Asena
A1 - Kayhan, Ezgi
T1 - Keeping the breath in mind
BT - respiration, neural oscillations, and the free energy principle
JF - Frontiers in neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2 - Scientific interest in the brain and body interactions has been surging in recent years. One fundamental yet underexplored aspect of brain and body interactions is the link between the respiratory and the nervous systems. In this article, we give an overview of the emerging literature on how respiration modulates neural, cognitive and emotional processes. Moreover, we present a perspective linking respiration to the free-energy principle. We frame volitional modulation of the breath as an active inference mechanism in which sensory evidence is recontextualized to alter interoceptive models. We further propose that respiration-entrained gamma oscillations may reflect the propagation of prediction errors from the sensory level up to cortical regions in order to alter higher level predictions. Accordingly, controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation.
KW - interoception
KW - respiration-entrained neural oscillations
KW - controlled
KW - breathing
KW - free-energy principle
KW - self-regulation
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.647579
SN - 1662-453X
VL - 15
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - D'Agostini, Martina
A1 - Burger, Andreas M.
A1 - Franssen, Mathijs
A1 - Claes, Nathalie
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
A1 - Leupoldt, Andreas von
A1 - Van Diest, Ilse
T1 - Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol
JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research
N2 - This study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (i.e., pupil size, cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). We also explored the effect of taVNS on respiratory rate and cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Seventy-one participants received stimulation of either the cymba concha (taVNS) or the earlobe (sham) of the left ear. After learning a series of cue-outcome associations, the stimulation was applied before and throughout a reversal phase in which cue-outcome associations were changed for some (reversal), but not for other (distractor) cues. Tonic pupil size, salivary cortisol, sAA, respiratory rate, and CVA were assessed at different time points. Contrary to our hypothesis, taVNS was not associated with an overall improvement in performance on the reversal task. Compared to sham, the taVNS group performed worse for distractor than reversal cues. taVNS did not increase tonic pupil size and sAA. Only post hoc analyses indicated that the cortisol decline was steeper in the sham compared to the taVNS group. Exploratory analyses showed that taVNS decreased respiratory rate but did not affect CVA. The weak and unexpected effects found in this study might relate to the lack of parameters optimization for taVNS and invite to further investigate the effect of taVNS on cortisol and respiratory rate.
KW - cortisol
KW - noradrenaline
KW - pupillometry
KW - reversal learning
KW - salivary
KW - alpha-amylase
KW - transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13885
SN - 1469-8986
SN - 1540-5958
VL - 58
IS - 10
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.]
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Dech, Silas
A1 - Bittmann, Frank
A1 - Schaefer, Laura
T1 - Muscle oxygenation level might trigger the regulation of capillary venous blood filling during fatiguing isometric muscle actions
T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2 - The regulation of oxygen and blood supply during isometric muscle actions is still unclear. Recently, two behavioral types of oxygen saturation (SvO2) and relative hemoglobin amount (rHb) in venous microvessels were described during a fatiguing holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (type I: nearly parallel behavior of SvO2 and rHb; type II: partly inverse behavior). The study aimed to ascertain an explanation of these two regulative behaviors. Twelve subjects performed one fatiguing HIMA trial with each arm by weight holding at 60% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in a 90° elbow flexion. Six subjects additionally executed one fatiguing PIMA trial by pulling on an immovable resistance with 60% of the MVIC with each side and same position. Both regulative types mentioned were found during HIMA (I: n = 7, II: n = 17) and PIMA (I: n = 3, II: n = 9). During the fatiguing measurements, rHb decreased initially and started to increase in type II at an average SvO2-level of 58.75 ± 2.14%. In type I, SvO2 never reached that specific value during loading. This might indicate the existence of a threshold around 59% which seems to trigger the increase in rHb and could explain the two behavioral types. An approach is discussed to meet the apparent incompatibility of an increased capillary blood filling (rHb) despite high intramuscular pressures which were found by other research groups during isometric muscle actions.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 723
KW - muscle oxygen saturation
KW - hemoglobin amount
KW - isometric muscle action
KW - O2C spectrophotometer
KW - capillary recruitment
KW - blood flow
KW - holding isometric muscle action (HIMA)
KW - pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA)
Y1 - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524078
SN - 1866-8364
IS - 11
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dech, Silas
A1 - Bittmann, Frank
A1 - Schaefer, Laura
T1 - Muscle oxygenation level might trigger the regulation of capillary venous blood filling during fatiguing isometric muscle actions
JF - Diagnostics
N2 - The regulation of oxygen and blood supply during isometric muscle actions is still unclear. Recently, two behavioral types of oxygen saturation (SvO2) and relative hemoglobin amount (rHb) in venous microvessels were described during a fatiguing holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) (type I: nearly parallel behavior of SvO2 and rHb; type II: partly inverse behavior). The study aimed to ascertain an explanation of these two regulative behaviors. Twelve subjects performed one fatiguing HIMA trial with each arm by weight holding at 60% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in a 90° elbow flexion. Six subjects additionally executed one fatiguing PIMA trial by pulling on an immovable resistance with 60% of the MVIC with each side and same position. Both regulative types mentioned were found during HIMA (I: n = 7, II: n = 17) and PIMA (I: n = 3, II: n = 9). During the fatiguing measurements, rHb decreased initially and started to increase in type II at an average SvO2-level of 58.75 ± 2.14%. In type I, SvO2 never reached that specific value during loading. This might indicate the existence of a threshold around 59% which seems to trigger the increase in rHb and could explain the two behavioral types. An approach is discussed to meet the apparent incompatibility of an increased capillary blood filling (rHb) despite high intramuscular pressures which were found by other research groups during isometric muscle actions.
KW - muscle oxygen saturation
KW - hemoglobin amount
KW - isometric muscle action
KW - O2C spectrophotometer
KW - capillary recruitment
KW - blood flow
KW - holding isometric muscle action (HIMA)
KW - pulling isometric muscle action (PIMA)
Y1 - 2021
SN - 2075-4418
VL - 11
IS - 11
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dworkin, Emily R.
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
A1 - Zinzow, Heidi
T1 - The global prevalence of sexual assault
BT - a systematic review of international research since 2010
JF - Psychology of violence
N2 - Objective:
We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010.
Method:
A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted.
Results:
The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0% to 59.2% for women, 0.3% to 55.5% for men, and 1.5% to 18.2% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology.
Conclusion:
Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures.
KW - sexual assault
KW - rape
KW - international
KW - review
KW - sexual minority
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374
SN - 2152-0828
SN - 2152-081X
VL - 11
IS - 5
SP - 497
EP - 508
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Eilers, Sarah
T1 - Children's processing of anaphora during reading comprehension
BT - an eye tracking study
N2 - Viele Kinder haben Schwierigkeiten, während des Lesens einen Textinhalt adäquat zu erfassen. Lesen ist eine komplexe kognitive Aufgabe, die verschiedene Unteraufgaben umfasst, darunter zum Beispiel das Dekodieren von Wörtern und das Verknüpfen mehrerer aufeinander folgender Sätze. Einen Teil dieser Verknüpfungen machen referenzielle Ausdrücke aus. Referenzen wie nominale Anaphern (Minky/die Katze) oder Pronomen (Minky/sie) signalisieren den Lesenden, wie die Protagonisten und Protagonistinnen in aufeinander folgenden Sätzen zusammenhängen. Die Lesenden verknüpfen diese Information in einem mentalen Modell des Textes, nachdem sie die Referenz aufgelöst haben. Besonders Personalpronomen (er/sie) können ohne einen solchen Auflösungsprozess nicht verstanden werden. Sie müssen mit einem passenden Antezedenten in Verbindung gebracht werden, oder das mentale Modell bleibt unvollständig. Gelungene Pronomenauflösung ist somit besonders bedeutsam für ein gutes Textverständnis. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Pronomenauflösung von Grundschulkindern im Alter von 8-9 Jahren und geht dabei der grundsätzlichen Frage nach, ob Kinder in diesem Alter Pronomen in natürlichen Lesesituationen spontan auflösen. Zudem wurde am Beispiel der Geschlechtsinformation des Pronomens untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Informationsdichte um die Pronomenregion auf die Blickbewegungen von Kindern hat. Dabei ging es auch um den Einfluss von Leseentwicklung und Lesefertigkeiten auf die Blickbewegungen beim Lesen, sowie auf das Verstehen eines Pronomens.
Die erste Studie untersuchte das Lesen kurzer Texte, die aus jeweils drei Sätzen bestanden. Der erste Satz führte einen Protagonisten mit Namen ein (Mia), auf den sich der zweite oder dritte Satz bezog, entweder mit einer Wiederholung des Namens (Mia) oder einem Pronomen (sie). Die Studie ging der Frage nach, ob Kinder bei solchen salienten Antezedenten ein Pronomen (sie) als referenziellen Ausdruck dem wiederholten Namen (Mia) vorziehen. In der Literatur zum Lesen Erwachsener ist dieser Befund als repeated name penalty effect bekannt: Der Lesefluss von geübten Lesenden wird durch die Wiederholung einer Nominalphrase deutlich beeinträchtigt. Für Kinder dagegen wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass deren Lesefluss durch die Wiederholung verbessert werden könnte, und zwar aufgrund der sich überlappenden Wortform (Mia – Mia) die eine kognitiv aufwändige Auflösung des Pronomens (Mia – sie) überflüssig macht.
Die zweite Studie untersuchte die Verarbeitung von kongruenten und inkongruenten Geschlechtsinformation auf dem Pronomen. Die Kinder bekamen komplexe Sätze zu lesen, bei denen das Pronomen entweder passend zum Antezedenten gewählt war (Mia – sie) oder unpassend (Mia – er). Ergänzend wurden Leseverstehen und Leseflüssigkeit erhoben und mit der Fähigkeit der Kinder, spontan ein inkongruentes Pronomen während des Lesens zu erkennen, in Verbindung gebracht.
Die dritte Studie untersuchte die Blickbewegungen auf dem Pronomen in Abhängigkeit von variierender Geschlechtsinformationen genauer. Sie verglich den Lesefluss und das Leseverstehen von Kindern in Pronomenregionen, in denen das Pronomen anhand von der Geschlechtsinformation eindeutig einem Protagonisten zugeordnet werden kann (Peter und Paula…, er…) mit Lesesituationen, in denen der weitere Satzkontext zur Auflösung herangezogen werden muss (Peter und Paul, … er…). Dabei wurden die Blickbewegungen auf der Pronomenregion mit dem Leseverstehen, insbesondere dem Verstehen des Pronomens, in Verbindung gebracht. Dieses Experiment wurde im Sinne einer Longitudinalstudie in Klasse 3 und Klasse 4 mit der gleichen Gruppe von 70 Kindern durchgeführt.
Zusammengefasst belegen die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation, dass Kinder im Alter zwischen 8 und 9 Jahren noch deutliche Schwierigkeiten mit dem Verstehen von Pronomen in Leseaufgaben haben. Die Antworten auf Verständnisfragen zum Pronomen zeigen insbesondere, dass Kinder die Kontextinformation in Sätzen nur unzureichend für die Pronomenauflösung nutzen, und dass ihr Verständnis eines Pronomens wesentlich davon abhängt, ob das Pronomen anhand der Geschlechtsinformation eindeutig einem Antezedenten zugewiesen werden kann. Dies zeigte sich bei Kindern im 3., aber auch noch im 4. Schuljahr.
Die Ergebnisse der Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten, welche den wesentlichen Beitrag der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Forschungsfeld darstellen, zeigen zunächst, dass Kinder ein Pronomen erwarten, wenn der Antezent salient ist (Studie 1). Anders als angenommen gibt es keinen Beleg dafür, dass der kindliche Lesefluss von einer Wiederholung des Antezedenten profitiert. Der Befund eines repeated name penalty effects bei Kindern dieser Altersgruppe belegt im Gegenteil eine Sensitivität für die Diskursregeln, nach denen Pronomen auf saliente Antezedenten referieren. Allerdings kann daraus nicht abgeleitet werden, dass die Online-Pronomenauflösung von Kindern mit denen von erwachsenen Lesenden vergleichbar ist. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse von Blickbewegungsdaten auf der Pronomenregion (Studien 2 und 3) belegen wichtige Unterschiede zwischen Kindern und Erwachsenen, sowie deutliche interindividuelle Unterschiede in Zusammenhang mit dem Leseverstehen und der Leseflüssigkeit der Kinder.
Die Ergebnisse der Studie 2 belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Leseflüssigkeit eines Kindes und der Fähigkeit, eine Inkongruenz zwischen Pronomen und Antezedenten während des Lesens wahrzunehmen. Während alle Kinder längere gaze durations (erste Verweildauer) auf einem inkongruenten Pronomen hatten, zeigte sich nur bei Kindern mit hoher Leseflüssigkeit eine Tendenz zu regressiven Blickbewegungen aus der fraglichen Pronomenregion. Diese regressiven Blickbewegungen gelten als Signal für eine lokale Verarbeitungsschwierigkeit und werden als Versuch interpretiert, diese Schwierigkeit aufzulösen. Eine hohe Leseflüssigkeit war also korreliert mit dem Erkennen der Inkongruenz. Darüber hinaus war das Blickbewegungsmuster der Kinder, die die Inkongruenz erkannten, vergleichbarer mit dem der erwachsenen Kontrollgruppe. Die Befunde werden so interpretiert, dass Kinder mit einer höheren Leseflüssigkeit mehr kognitive Ressourcen für die Überwachung ihres eigenen Leseprozesses zur Verfügung stehen, und sie diese freien Ressourcen zur Pronomenauflösung auch in schwierigen Satzkontexten nutzen können.
Kinder unterscheiden sich stark in ihrem Leseverstehen, auch innerhalb einer Kohorte. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Dissertation belegen, dass vorwiegend Kinder mit gutem Leseverstehen in der Lage sind, Pronomen während des Lesens anhand derer Geschlechtsinformation aufzulösen. Es lässt sich zeigen, dass sich gute Lesende nachweislich mehr Zeit in einer Pronomenregion nehmen, wenn das Pronomen anhand der Geschlechtsinformation direkt aufgelöst werden kann. Darin unterscheiden sie sich von schlechteren Lesenden, auch wenn diese insgesamt eine längere Lesedauer zeigen. Das Alter der Kinder war dabei weniger entscheidend als ihre individuelle Leistung im Leseverstehens- und Leseflüssigkeitstest.
Zusammengefasst lässt sich sagen, dass gute Lesende unter den Kindern in der Lage sind, Pronomen während des Lesens spontan aufzulösen. Dabei ist das Leseverstehen ein entscheidender Faktor in beiden untersuchten Altersstufen. Für einen Einfluss des Alters der Kinder gab es dagegen kein Indiz.
Der Beitrag der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Forschungsfeld ist die Untersuchung und Darstellung der spezifischen Blickbewegungsmuster im Zusammenhang mit einer erfolgreichen Auflösung von Pronomen bei Kindern. Das Blickbewegungsverhalten in der Pronomenregion ist abhängig vom Leseverstehen und der Leseflüssigkeit der Kinder. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass viele Kinder Pronomen während des Satzverstehens nicht spontan auflösen, was sich negativ auf ihr Leseverstehen auswirkt, und zwar vermutlich umso mehr in komplexeren Textzusammenhängen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verdeutlicht die kognitiven Anforderungen, die erfolgreiche Pronomenauflösung an Kinder stellt. Nicht zuletzt gibt sie wichtige Impulse für die Untersuchung von übergeordneten Leseprozessen in natürlichen Leseumgebungen mittels Eyetracking auch bei jüngeren Kindern.
N2 - Many children struggle with reading for comprehension. Reading is a complex cognitive task depending on various sub-tasks, such as word decoding and building connections across sentences. The task of connecting sentences is guided by referential expressions. References, such as anaphoric noun phrases (Minky/the cat) or pronouns (Minky/she), signal to the reader how the protagonists of adjacent sentences are connected. Readers construct a coherent mental model of the text by resolving these references. Personal pronouns (he/she) in particular need to be resolved towards an appropriate antecedent before they can be fully understood. Pronoun resolution therefore is vital for successful text comprehension. The present thesis investigated children’s resolution of personal pronouns during natural reading as a possible source of reading comprehension difficulty. Three eye tracking studies investigated whether children aged 8-9 (Grade 3-4) resolve pronouns online during reading and how the varying information around the pronoun region influences children’s eye movement behavior.
The first study investigated whether children prefer a pronoun over a noun phrase when the antecedent is highly accessible. Children read three-sentence stories that introduced a protagonist (Mia) in the first sentence and a reference to this protagonist in one of the following sentences using either a repeated name (Mia) or a pronoun (she). For proficient readers, it was repeatedly shown that there is a preference for a pronoun over the name in these contexts, i.e., when the antecedent is salient. The first study tested the repeated name penalty effect in children using eye tracking. It was hypothesized that in contrast to proficient readers, the fluency of children’s reading processing profits from an overlapping word form (i.e., the repeated noun phrase) compared to a pronoun. This is because overlapping word forms allow for direct mapping, whereas pronouns have to be resolved towards their antecedent first.
The second study investigated children’s online processing of pronominal gender in a mismatch paradigm. Children read sentences in which the pronoun either was a gender-match to the antecedent or a gender-mismatch. Reading skill and reading fluency were also tested and related to children’s ability to detect a mismatching pronoun during reading.
The third study investigated the online processing of gender information on the pronoun and whether disambiguating gender information improves the accuracy of pronoun comprehension. Offline comprehension accuracy, that is the comprehension of the pronoun, was related to children’s online eye movement behavior. This study was conducted in a semi-longitudinal paradigm: 70 children were tested in Grade 3 (age 8) and again in Grade 4 (age 9) to investigate effects of age and reading skill on pronoun processing and comprehension.
The results of this thesis clearly show that children aged 8-9, when they are in the second half of primary school, struggle with the comprehension of pronouns in reading tasks. The responses to pronoun comprehension questions revealed that children have difficulties with the comprehension of a pronoun in the absence of a disambiguating gender cue, that is when they have to apply context information. When there is a gender cue to disambiguate the pronoun, children’s accuracy improves significantly. This is true for children in Grade 3, but also in Grade 4, albeit their overall resolution accuracy slightly improves with age.
The results from the analyses of eye movements suggest that the discourse accessibility of an antecedent does play a role in children’s processing of pronouns and repeated names. The repetition of a name does not facilitate children’s reading processing like it was anticipated. Similar to adults, children showed a penalty effect for the repeated name where a pronoun is expected. However, this does not mean that children’s processing of pronouns is always adult-like. The results from eye movement analyses in the pronoun region during sentence reading revealed significant individual differences related to children’s individual reading skill and reading fluency.
The results from the mismatch study revealed that reading fluency is associated with children’s detection of incongruent pronouns. All children had longer gaze durations at mismatching than matching pronouns, but only fluent readers among the children followed this up with a regression out of the pronoun region. This was interpreted as an attempt to gain processing time and “repair” the inconsistency. Reading fluency was therefore associated with detection of the mismatch, while less fluent readers did not see any mismatch between pronoun and antecedent. The eye movement pattern of the “detectors” is more adult-like and was interpreted as reflecting successful monitoring and attempted pronoun resolution.
Children differ considerably in their reading comprehension skill. The results of this thesis show that only skilled readers among the children use gender information online for pronoun resolution. They took more time to read the pronoun when there was disambiguating gender information that was useful to resolve the pronoun, in contrast to the less skilled readers. Age was a less important factor in pronoun resolution processes and comprehension than were reading skill and reading fluency. Taken together, this suggests that the good readers direct cognitive resources towards pronoun resolution when the pronoun can be resolved, which is a successful comprehension strategy. Moreover, there was evidence that reading skill is a relevant factor in this task but not age.
The contribution of the present thesis is a depiction of the specific eye movement patterns that are related to successful and unsuccessful attempts at pronoun resolution in children. Eye movement behavior in the pronoun area is related to children’s reading skill and fluency. The results of this thesis suggest that many children do not resolve pronouns spontaneously during sentence reading, which is likely detrimental to their reading comprehension in more complex reading materials. The present thesis informs our understanding of the challenge that pronoun resolution poses for beginning readers, and gives new impulses for the study of higher-order reading processes in children’s natural reading.
KW - reading development
KW - pronoun resolution
KW - anaphora
KW - Anaphern
KW - Pronomenauflösung
KW - Leseentwicklung
Y1 - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-527141
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ekatushabe, Margaret
A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana
A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba
A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph
A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich
T1 - Relations between perceived teacher’s autonomy support, cognitive appraisals and boredom in physics learning among lower secondary school students
JF - International journal of STEM education
N2 - Background Boredom during learning activities has the potential of impeding attention, motivation, learning and eventually achievement. Yet, research focusing on its possible antecedents seems to have received less attention especially within the physics domain. Based on assumptions of the Control Value Theory of Achievement Emotions (CVTAE), this study aimed at examining gender differences and structural relationships between students' reported perceived teacher autonomy support (PTAS), cognitive appraisals (self-efficacy and task value) and learning-related boredom in physics. A sample of 375 (56% females) randomly selected 9(th) grade students (mean age = 15.03 years; SD = 1.02) from five secondary schools in Masaka district of Uganda took part in the study. Results Data collected from students' self-reports using standardised instruments revealed that higher levels of PTAS, self-efficacy, and task value were significantly associated with lower levels of boredom during physics learning. Females reported significantly greater task value for learning physics than the males. Self-efficacy (beta = - .10, p < .05) and task value (beta = - .09, p < .01) partially mediated the relationship between PTAS and boredom. PTAS showed significant direct negative contributions to boredom (beta = - .34, p < .001). Conclusion These findings provide support for theory and practice about the importance of promoting autonomy among students by adjusting instructional behaviours among teachers of physics. Teacher autonomy supportive behaviours influence formation of students' beliefs about ability, subjective value and learning-related boredom in physics. Implications and suggestions for further research are also discussed in this paper.
KW - Teacher autonomy support
KW - Cognitive appraisals
KW - Self-efficacy
KW - Task
KW - value
KW - Boredom
KW - Gender
KW - Physics
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00272-5
SN - 2196-7822
VL - 8
IS - 1
PB - SpringerOpen
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
A1 - Adam, Maurits
T1 - Infants’ goal prediction for simple action events
BT - the role of experience and agency cues
JF - Topics in cognitive science / Cognitive Science Society
N2 - Looking times and gaze behavior indicate that infants can predict the goal state of an observed simple action event (e.g., object-directed grasping) already in the first year of life. The present paper mainly focuses on infants' predictive gaze-shifts toward the goal of an ongoing action. For this, infants need to generate a forward model of the to-be-obtained goal state and to disengage their gaze from the moving agent at a time when information about the action event is still incomplete. By about 6 months of age, infants show goal-predictive gaze-shifts, but mainly for familiar actions that they can perform themselves (e.g., grasping) and for familiar agents (e.g., a human hand). Therefore, some theoretical models have highlighted close relations between infants' ability for action-goal prediction and their motor development and/or emerging action experience. Recent research indicates that infants can also predict action goals of familiar simple actions performed by non-human agents (e.g., object-directed grasping by a mechanical claw) when these agents display agency cues, such as self-propelled movement, equifinality of goal approach, or production of a salient action effect. This paper provides a review on relevant findings and theoretical models, and proposes that the impacts of action experience and of agency cues can be explained from an action-event perspective. In particular, infants' goal-predictive gaze-shifts are seen as resulting from an interplay between bottom-up processing of perceptual information and top-down influences exerted by event schemata that store information about previously executed or observed actions.
KW - Action events
KW - Infant action‐ goal prediction
KW - Infant gaze
KW - behavior
KW - Eye tracking
KW - Feedforward processes
KW - Perception of
KW - agency cues
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12494
SN - 1756-8765
VL - 13
IS - 1
SP - 45
EP - 62
PB - Wiley
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Engbert, Ralf
A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael
A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1 - Reich, Sebastian
T1 - Sequential data assimilation of the stochastic SEIR epidemic model for regional COVID-19 dynamics
JF - Bulletin of mathematical biology : official journal of the Society for Mathematical Biology
N2 - Newly emerging pandemics like COVID-19 call for predictive models to implement precisely tuned responses to limit their deep impact on society. Standard epidemic models provide a theoretically well-founded dynamical description of disease incidence. For COVID-19 with infectiousness peaking before and at symptom onset, the SEIR model explains the hidden build-up of exposed individuals which creates challenges for containment strategies. However, spatial heterogeneity raises questions about the adequacy of modeling epidemic outbreaks on the level of a whole country. Here, we show that by applying sequential data assimilation to the stochastic SEIR epidemic model, we can capture the dynamic behavior of outbreaks on a regional level. Regional modeling, with relatively low numbers of infected and demographic noise, accounts for both spatial heterogeneity and stochasticity. Based on adapted models, short-term predictions can be achieved. Thus, with the help of these sequential data assimilation methods, more realistic epidemic models are within reach.
KW - Stochastic epidemic model
KW - Sequential data assimilation
KW - Ensemble Kalman
KW - filter
KW - COVID-19
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-020-00834-8
SN - 0092-8240
SN - 1522-9602
VL - 83
IS - 1
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ewert, Christina
A1 - Vater, Annika
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1 - Self-compassion and coping
BT - a meta-analysis
JF - Mindfulness
N2 - Objectives:
Self-compassion, a positive and caring attitude toward oneself, has been identified as an important correlate of coping in stressful situations. High self-compassion is related to higher use of adaptive and less maladaptive coping in demanding or painful situations. However, estimates of these relations in terms of specific adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies have remained inconclusive. Therefore, the present meta-analysis investigates the relation between self-compassion and different forms of adaptive and maladaptive coping. It also takes into account potential moderators such as age, gender, and regional background.
Methods:
A systematic literature search resulted in k = 136 samples with an overall sample size of N = 38,913. Random-effects models were used to integrate the z-transformed Pearson correlation coefficients.
Results:
Analyses yielded a positive correlation between self-compassion and adaptive coping (r = .306) and a negative correlation between self-compassion and maladaptive coping (r = - .500). The association of self-compassion with emotional approach coping was positive (r = .340), as was the association with problem-focused coping (r = .205). Participants' age appeared to be a significant moderator of the relation between self-compassion and coping.
Conclusions:
Self-compassion is important for understanding the mechanisms involved in coping with stress and demanding life events. The size and direction of correlations depend on the coping strategies considered, with protective effects of self-compassion with respect to maladaptive coping being the most pronounced. Further research should examine the relation between self-compassion and coping in more detail and focus on additional moderators.
KW - Meta-analysis
KW - Self-compassion
KW - Coping
KW - Stress regulation
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8
SN - 1868-8527
SN - 1868-8535
VL - 12
IS - 5
SP - 1063
EP - 1077
PB - Springer
CY - Dordrecht
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Felisatti, Arianna
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
A1 - Kulkova, Elena
A1 - Kühne, Katharina
A1 - Michirev, Alexej
T1 - Separation/connection procedures
BT - from cleansing behavior to numerical cognition
JF - Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary
N2 - Lee and Schwarz (L&S) suggest that separation is the grounded procedure underlying cleansing effects in different psychological domains. Here, we interpret L&S's account from a hierarchical view of cognition that considers the influence of physical properties and sensorimotor constraints on mental representations. This approach allows theoretical integration and generalization of L&S's account to the domain of formal quantitative reasoning.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20000461
SN - 1469-1825
VL - 44
PB - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY - New York
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Giraudier, Manon
A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
T1 - A pooled preliminary analysis on the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on salivary alpha-amylase as noradrenergic biomarker
T2 - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research
KW - Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation
KW - Salivary
KW - Alpha-amylase
KW - Pooled Data
Y1 - 2021
SN - 1469-8986
VL - 58
SP - S60
EP - S60
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.]
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Gmeiner, Michaela Silvia
T1 - Gewichtsstigmatisierung und Internalisierung des Gewichtsstigmas im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Einflussfaktoren und Folgen
T1 - Weight stigma and internalization of weight stigma in childhood and adolescence: influencing factors and consequences
N2 - Das Gewichtsstigma und insbesondere das internalisierte Gewichtsstigma sind bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit negativen Folgen für die physische und psychische Gesundheit assoziiert. Da die Befundlage in diesem Altersbereich jedoch noch unzureichend ist, war es das Ziel der Dissertation, begünstigende Faktoren und Folgen von gewichtsbezogener Stigmatisierung und internalisiertem Gewichtsstigma bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu untersuchen. Die Analysen basierten auf zwei großen Stichproben, die im Rahmen der prospektiven PIER-Studie an Schulen rekrutiert wurden. Die erste Publikation bezieht sich auf eine Stichprobe mit Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 9 und 19 Jahren (49.2 % weiblich) und untersuchte den prospektiven bidirektionalen Zusammenhang zwischen erlebter Gewichtsstigmatisierung und Gewichtsstatus anhand eines latenten Strukturgleichungsmodells über drei Messzeitpunkte hinweg. Die anderen beiden Publikationen beziehen sich auf eine Stichprobe mit Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 6 und 11 Jahren (51.1 % weiblich). Die zweite Publikation analysierte anhand einer hierarchischen Regression, welche intrapersonalen Risikofaktoren das internalisierte Gewichtsstigma prospektiv prädizieren. Die dritte Publikation untersuchte anhand von ROC-Kurven, ab welchem Ausmaß das internalisierte Gewichtsstigma mit einem erhöhten Risiko für psychosoziale Auffälligkeit und gestörtes Essverhalten einhergeht. Im Rahmen der ersten Publikation zeigte sich, dass ein höherer Gewichtsstatus mit einer höheren späteren Gewichtsstigmatisierung einhergeht und umgekehrt die Gewichtsstigmatisierung auch den späteren Gewichtsstatus prädiziert. Die zweite Publikation identifizierte Gewichtsstatus, gewichtsbezogene Hänseleien, depressive Symptome, Körperunzufriedenheit, Relevanz der eigenen Figur sowie das weibliche Geschlecht und einen niedrigeren Bildungsabschluss der Eltern als Prädiktoren des internalisierten Gewichtsstigmas. Die dritte Publikation verdeutlichte, dass das internalisierte Gewichtsstigma bereits ab einem geringen Ausmaß mit einem erhöhten Risiko für gestörtes Essverhalten einhergeht und mit weiteren psychosozialen Problemen assoziiert ist. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass sowohl das erlebte als auch das internalisierte Gewichtsstigma bei Kindern und Jugendlichen über alle Gewichtsgruppen hinweg relevante Konstrukte sind, die im Entwicklungsverlauf ein komplexes Gefüge bilden. Es wurde deutlich, dass es essentiell ist, bidirektionale Wirkmechanismen einzubeziehen. Die vorliegende Dissertation liefert erste Ansatzpunkte für die Gestaltung von Präventions- und Interventionsmaßnahmen, um ungünstige Entwicklungsverläufe in Folge von Gewichtsstigmatisierung und internalisiertem Gewichtsstigma zu verhindern.
N2 - Weight stigma and particularly internalized weight stigma are associated with negative consequences for physical and mental health in children and adolescents. However, as there is a lack of empirical evidence in this age group, the aim of this dissertation was to examine facilitating factors and consequences of weight-related stigma and internalized weight stigma in children and adolescents.
Analyses were based on two large samples recruited from schools as part of the prospective PIER study. The first publication refers to a sample with children and adolescents aged 9 to 19 years (49.2% female) and examined the prospective bidirectional relationship between experienced weight stigma and weight status using a latent structural equation model across three points of measurements. The other two publications involved a sample of children and adolescents aged 6 to 11 years (51.1% female). The second publication used hierarchical regression to analyze which intrapersonal risk factors prospectively predicted internalized weight stigma. The third publication used ROC curves to investigate the extent to which internalized weight stigma is associated with an increased risk of psychosocial problems and disordered eating behavior. The first publication revealed that higher weight was associated with higher subsequent weight stigma and, vice versa, that weight stigma also predicted subsequent weight.
The second publication identified weight, weight-related teasing, depressive symptoms, body dissatisfaction, relevance of one's own figure, female gender and lower parental education level as predictors of internalized weight stigma. The third publication illustrated that internalized weight stigma, even at low levels, is associated with an increased risk of disordered eating behaviors and is correlated with additional psychosocial problems. Overall, both experienced and internalized weight stigma were shown to be relevant constructs in children and adolescents across all weight groups, and these were related in a complex manner over the course of development. It was shown that it is essential to incorporate bidirectional mechanisms. This dissertation provides initial starting points for the design of prevention and intervention measures to prevent adverse developmental trajectories as a result of weight stigma and internalized weight stigma.
KW - Stigma
KW - Internalisierung
KW - Gewicht
KW - psychische Gesundheit
KW - Kinder und Jugendliche
KW - stigma
KW - internalization
KW - weight
KW - mental health
KW - children and adolescents
Y1 - 2022
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-530530
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gumbsch, Christian
A1 - Adam, Maurits
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
A1 - Butz, Martin V.
T1 - Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference
JF - Cognitive science
N2 - From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants.
KW - Infancy
KW - Goal-anticipatory gaze
KW - Computational model
KW - Event cognition
KW - Active inference
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13016
SN - 1551-6709
VL - 45
IS - 8
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Malden, Mass.
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hahn, Daniela
A1 - Weck, Florian
A1 - Witthöft, Michael
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
T1 - Assessment of counseling self-efficacy
BT - validation of the German Counselor Activity self-efficacy scales-revised
JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2 - Background:
Many authors regard counseling self-efficacy (CSE) as important in therapist development and training. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales-Revised (CASES-R).
Method:
The sample consisted of 670 German psychotherapy trainees, who completed an online survey. We examined the factor structure by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to the instrument as a whole.
Results:
A bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling model with one general and five specific factors provided the best fit to the data. Omega hierarchical coefficients indicated optimal reliability for the general factor, acceptable reliability for the Action Skills-Revised (AS-R) factor, and insufficient estimates for the remaining factors. The CASES-R scales yielded significant correlations with related measures, but also with therapeutic orientations.
Conclusion:
We found support for the reliability and validity of the German CASES-R. However, the subdomains (except AS-R) should be interpreted with caution, and we do not recommend the CASES-R for comparisons between psychotherapeutic orientations.
KW - counselor activity self-efficacy scales
KW - counseling self-efficacy
KW - psychotherapy training
KW - assessment
KW - factor structure
KW - validation
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780088
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hettinger, Katharina
A1 - Lazarides, Rebecca
A1 - Rubach, Charlott
A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich
T1 - Teacher classroom management self-efficacy
BT - longitudinal relations to perceived teaching behaviors and student enjoyment
JF - Teaching and teacher education : an international journal of research and studies
N2 - This study examined the relations between teacher-reported classroom management self-efficacy, stu-dent-reported teaching quality and students' enjoyment in mathematics. Data were collected from German ninth and tenth-grade students (N = 779) and their teachers (N = 40) at the beginning and the middle of the school year. Multilevel models showed that teachers' self-efficacy at time 1 significantly and positively related to class-level monitoring and relatedness at time 2. Class-level relatedness at time 2 was significantly and positively associated with enjoyment at time 2. Teacher-reported self-efficacy at time 1 was indirectly related to enjoyment at time 2 through relatedness at time 2.
KW - teacher self-efficacy
KW - teaching quality
KW - classroom management
KW - achievement emotions
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103349
SN - 0742-051X
SN - 1879-2480
VL - 103
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hilbert, Anja
A1 - Warschburger, Petra
T1 - Adipositas – Aktuelle Forschung zu Grundlagen und Therapie
JF - Psychotherapeut
T2 - Obesity - Current research on principles and treatment
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00479-x
SN - 0935-6185
SN - 1432-2080
VL - 66
IS - 1-2
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hilton, Matthew
A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
T1 - Kinematic boundary cues modulate 12-month-old infants’ segmentation of action sequences
BT - an ERP study
JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience
N2 - Human infants can segment action sequences into their constituent actions already during the first year of life. However, work to date has almost exclusively examined the role of infants' conceptual knowledge of actions and their outcomes in driving this segmentation. The present study examined electrophysiological correlates of infants' processing of lower-level perceptual cues that signal a boundary between two actions of an action sequence. Specifically, we tested the effect of kinematic boundary cues (pre-boundary lengthening and pause) on 12-month-old infants' (N = 27) processing of a sequence of three arbitrary actions, performed by an animated figure. Using the Event-Related Potential (ERP) approach, evidence of a positivity following the onset of the boundary cues was found, in line with previous work that has found an ERP positivity (Closure Positive Shift, CPS) related to boundary processing in auditory stimuli and action sequences in adults. Moreover, an ERP negativity (Negative Central, Nc) indicated that infants' encoding of the post-boundary action was modulated by the presence or absence of prior boundary cues. We therefore conclude that 12-month-old infants are sensitive to lower-level perceptual kinematic boundary cues, which can support segmentation of a continuous stream of movement into individual action units.
KW - Action segmentation
KW - Kinematic boundary processing
KW - ERPs
KW - Boundary cues
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107916
SN - 0028-3932
SN - 1873-3514
VL - 159
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hodapp, Alice
A1 - Grimm, Sabine
T1 - Neural signatures of temporal regularity and recurring patterns in random tonal sound sequences
JF - European journal of neuroscience : EJN / European Neuroscience Association
N2 - The auditory system is highly sensitive to recurring patterns in the acoustic input - even in otherwise unstructured material, such as white noise or random tonal sequences. Electroencephalography (EEG) research revealed a characteristic negative potential to periodically recurring auditory patterns - a response, which has been interpreted as memory trace-related and specific, rather than as a sign of periodicity-driven entrainment. Here, we aim to disentangle these two possible contributions by investigating the influence of a periodic sound sequence's inherent temporal regularity on event-related potentials. Participants were presented continuous sequences of short tones of random pitch, with some sequences containing a recurring pattern, and asked to indicate whether they heard a repetition. Patterns were either spaced equally across the random sequence (isochronous condition) or with a temporal jitter (jittered condition), which enabled us to differentiate between event-related potentials (and thus processing operations associated with a memory trace for a repeated pattern) and the periodic nature of the repetitions. A negative recurrence-related component could be observed independently of temporal regularity, was pattern-specific, and modulated by across trial repetition of the pattern. Critically, isochronous pattern repetition induced an additional early periodicity-related positive component, which started to build up already before the pattern onset and which was elicited undampedly even when the repeated pattern was occasionally not presented. This positive component likely reflects a sensory driven entrainment process that could be the foundation of a behavioural benefit in detecting temporally regular repetitions.
KW - auditory sensory memory
KW - entrainment
KW - ERP
KW - pattern detection
KW - repetition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15123
SN - 0953-816X
SN - 1460-9568
VL - 53
IS - 8
SP - 2740
EP - 2754
PB - Wiley
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hodapp, Alice
A1 - Rabovsky, Milena
T1 - The N400 ERP component reflects an error-based implicit learning signal during language comprehension
JF - European journal of neuroscience
N2 - The functional significance of the N400 evoked-response component is still actively debated. An increasing amount of theoretical and computational modelling work is built on the interpretation of the N400 as a prediction error. In neural network modelling work, it was proposed that the N400 component can be interpreted as the change in a probabilistic representation of meaning that drives the continuous adaptation of an internal model of the statistics of the environment. These results imply that increased N400 amplitudes should correspond to greater adaptation, which can be measured via implicit memory. To investigate this model derived hypothesis, the current study manipulated expectancy in a sentence reading task to influence N400 amplitudes and subsequently presented the previously expected vs. unexpected words in a perceptual identification task to measure implicit memory. As predicted, reaction times in the perceptual identification task were significantly faster for previously unexpected words that induced larger N400 amplitudes in the previous sentence reading task. Additionally, it could be demonstrated that this adaptation seems to specifically depend on the process underlying N400 amplitudes, as participants with larger N400 differences during sentence reading also exhibited a larger implicit memory benefit in the perceptual identification task. These findings support the interpretation of the N400 as an implicit learning signal driving adaptation in language processing.
KW - adaptation
KW - EEG
KW - expectancy
KW - implicit learning
KW - prediction error
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15462
SN - 0953-816X
SN - 1460-9568
VL - 54
IS - 9
SP - 7125
EP - 7140
PB - Wiley
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hoferichter, Frances
A1 - Kulakow, Stefan
A1 - Hufenbach, Miriam Catrin
T1 - Support from parents, peers, and teachers is differently associated with middle school students’ well-being
JF - Frontiers in psychology
N2 - Parents, peers, and teachers provide a powerful context for school students' well-being. However, a detailed and systematic analysis of how parental, peer, and teacher support relate to students' well-being, measured by the dimensions self-worth, psychological and physical well-being, is still missing. To address this research gap, the following study investigates 733 adolescent German students from grades 7 and 8 (M-age = 13.97, SD = 0.41, 52% girls) with respect to their perceived supportive relationships at home and within the school context. The study considers gender, socioeconomic status, and school form as potential confounders. The results of the structural equation model, analyzed with the statistical software R, indicate that perceived teacher support was positively related to students' self-worth and physical well-being, while peer support was related to psychological well-being. Students who perceived their parents as supportive reported higher well-being with respect to all three dimensions investigated.
KW - social support
KW - teachers
KW - peers
KW - parents
KW - middle school students
KW - well-being
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758226
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hyönä, Jukka
A1 - Heikkilä, Timo T.
A1 - Vainio, Seppo
A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1 - Parafoveal access to word stem during reading
BT - an eye movement study
JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science
N2 - Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, & Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view.
KW - Eye movements
KW - Reading
KW - Morphological complexity
KW - Parafoveal processing
KW - Display change
KW - Initial fixation location
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547
SN - 0010-0277
SN - 1873-7838
VL - 208
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A.
A1 - Schmidt, Hendrikje
T1 - Psychotherapy in the Framework of Embodied Cognition
BT - Does Interpersonal Synchrony Influence Therapy Success?
T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2 - Mental health problems remain among the main generators of costs within and beyond the health care system. Psychotherapy, the tool of choice in their treatment, is qualified by social interaction, and cooperation within the therapist-patient-dyad. Research into the factors influencing therapy success to date is neither exhaustive nor conclusive. Among many others, the quality of the relationship between therapist and patient stands out regardless of the followed psychotherapy school. Emerging research points to a connection between interpersonal synchronization within the sessions and therapy outcome. Consequently, it can be considered significant for the shaping of this relationship. The framework of Embodied Cognition assumes bodily and neuronal correlates of thinking. Therefore, the present paper reviews investigations on interpersonal, non-verbal synchrony in two domains: firstly, studies on interpersonal synchrony in psychotherapy are reviewed (synchronization of movement). Secondly, findings on neurological correlates of interpersonal synchrony (assessed with EEG, fMRI, fNIRS) are summarized in a narrative manner. In addition, the question is asked whether interpersonal synchrony can be achieved voluntarily on an individual level. It is concluded that there might be mechanisms which could give more insights into therapy success, but as of yet remain uninvestigated. Further, the framework of embodied cognition applies more to the current body of evidence than classical cognitivist views. Nevertheless, deeper research into interpersonal physical and neurological processes utilizing the framework of Embodied Cognition emerges as a possible route of investigation on the road to lower drop-out rates, improved and quality-controlled therapeutic interventions, thereby significantly reducing healthcare costs.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 708
KW - psychotherapy
KW - embodied cognition
KW - hyperscanning
KW - motion energy analysis
KW - neurofeedback
KW - EEG
KW - fMRI
KW - fNIRS
Y1 - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-503162
SN - 1866-8364
IS - 708
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A.
A1 - Schmidt, Hendrikje
T1 - Psychotherapy in the Framework of Embodied Cognition
BT - Does Interpersonal Synchrony Influence Therapy Success?
JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry
N2 - Mental health problems remain among the main generators of costs within and beyond the health care system. Psychotherapy, the tool of choice in their treatment, is qualified by social interaction, and cooperation within the therapist-patient-dyad. Research into the factors influencing therapy success to date is neither exhaustive nor conclusive. Among many others, the quality of the relationship between therapist and patient stands out regardless of the followed psychotherapy school. Emerging research points to a connection between interpersonal synchronization within the sessions and therapy outcome. Consequently, it can be considered significant for the shaping of this relationship. The framework of Embodied Cognition assumes bodily and neuronal correlates of thinking. Therefore, the present paper reviews investigations on interpersonal, non-verbal synchrony in two domains: firstly, studies on interpersonal synchrony in psychotherapy are reviewed (synchronization of movement). Secondly, findings on neurological correlates of interpersonal synchrony (assessed with EEG, fMRI, fNIRS) are summarized in a narrative manner. In addition, the question is asked whether interpersonal synchrony can be achieved voluntarily on an individual level. It is concluded that there might be mechanisms which could give more insights into therapy success, but as of yet remain uninvestigated. Further, the framework of embodied cognition applies more to the current body of evidence than classical cognitivist views. Nevertheless, deeper research into interpersonal physical and neurological processes utilizing the framework of Embodied Cognition emerges as a possible route of investigation on the road to lower drop-out rates, improved and quality-controlled therapeutic interventions, thereby significantly reducing healthcare costs.
KW - psychotherapy
KW - embodied cognition
KW - hyperscanning
KW - motion energy analysis
KW - neurofeedback
KW - EEG
KW - fMRI
KW - fNIRS
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.562490
SN - 1664-0640
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kawasaki, Yui
A1 - Akamatsu, Rie
A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko
A1 - Omori, Mika
A1 - Sugawara, Masumi
A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko
A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko
A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru
A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki
T1 - Is mindful eating sustainable and healthy?
BT - a focus on nutritional intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns among lean and normal-weight female university students in Japan
JF - Eating and weight disorders : studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity
N2 - Purpose:
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women.
Methods:
The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index.
Results:
Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern.
Conclusion:
This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully.
Level V:
Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
KW - Mindful eating
KW - Dietary intake
KW - Sustainability
KW - Plant-based diet
KW - Undergraduate students
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01093-1
SN - 1590-1262
VL - 26
IS - 7
SP - 2183
EP - 2199
PB - Springer International Publ.
CY - Cham
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kawasaki, Yui
A1 - Akamatsu, Rie
A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko
A1 - Omori, Mika
A1 - Sugawara, Masumi
A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko
A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko
A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru
A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki
T1 - Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women
JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking
N2 - Background:
Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear.
Purpose:
This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students.
Design:
Cross-sectional.
Participants and setting:
A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan.
Main outcome measures:
Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDIJ), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire.
Statistical analyses performed:
A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics.
Results:
Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (13 = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (13 = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (13 = -0.301, P < 0.001), had a later chronotype (13 = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (13 = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (13 = -0.445, P < 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (13 = -0.172, P = 0.001).
Conclusion:
This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health.
KW - Chronotype
KW - Plant-based diet
KW - Sustainability
KW - University students
KW - Female
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105468
SN - 0195-6663
SN - 1095-8304
VL - 166
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kayser, Daniela Niesta
A1 - Vock, Miriam
A1 - Wojciechowicz, Anna Aleksandra
T1 - Example of best practice
BT - refugee teachers at the University of Potsdam. A requalification program for newly arrived teachers in Germany
JF - Intercultural education
N2 - The Refugee Teachers Program, established at the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg, in 2016, represents a successful model for training and integrating individuals with foreign teaching qualifications through an 18-month teaching and language course. Initially created to help meet the demand for teachers in Germany, the Refugee Teachers Program has been further refined over the course of the last three years in the light of expert meetings, theoretical considerations, and negotiations with the Brandenburg Ministry of Education. This was the first program of its kind in Germany, following an influx of people being forced to migrate from countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq in 2015. The program responded to these international events by providing training, work, and refuge for migrants who already had teaching experience in their home countries. More than 85 participants successfully completed the program and many have taken up newly created positions as teachers and pedagogical assistants in German schools. However, a number of hurdles still remain before most of the program's graduates can be granted full employment as teachers in Germany.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2021.1851513
SN - 1467-5986
SN - 1469-8439
VL - 32
IS - 1
SP - 108
EP - 118
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
T1 - Teen dating violence
BT - from analyzing the problem to finding solutions
T2 - New directions for child and adolescent development
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20441
SN - 1534-8687
SN - 1520-3247
VL - 178
IS - Special Issue: Prevalence and predictors of teen dating violence: a European perspective
SP - 169
EP - 175
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken, New Jersey
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
A1 - Berger, Anja
T1 - Pathways from college students’ cognitive scripts for consensual sex to sexual victimization
BT - a three-wave longitudinal study
JF - The journal of sex research : the publication of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex
N2 - Sexual scripts serve as cognitive representations of typical elements of sexual interactions that guide sexual behavior. To the extent that cognitive scripts for consensual sex comprise elements associated with a risk of experiencing nonconsensual sex, they may be indirectly linked to sexual victimization via risky sexual behavior. A longitudinal study with 2,425 college students in Germany (58% female) examined pathways from sexual scripts for consensual sex, sexual behavior, and sexual victimization over three data waves separated by 12-month intervals. Sexual scripts and behavior were defined as risky to the extent that they include known vulnerability factors for sexual victimization (casual sex, alcohol consumption, ambiguous communication of sexual intentions). Path analyses confirmed that more risky sexual scripts prospectively predicted more risky sexual behavior, which predicted higher odds of sexual victimization. The findings held for men and women and participants with exclusively opposite-sex and both same- and opposite-sex contacts. Moreover, reciprocal influences between risky scripts and risky sexual behavior were found over time, confirming the proposed mutual reinforcement of scripts and behavior. The findings have implications for conceptualizing the role of scripts for consensual sex as vulnerability factors for sexual victimization among women and men and may inform intervention efforts.
KW - sexual scripts
KW - sexual victimization
KW - sexual behavior
KW - college students
KW - Germany
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1972922
SN - 0022-4499
SN - 1559-8519
VL - 58
IS - 9
SP - 1130
EP - 1139
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
T1 - Prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in a German university student sample
JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research
N2 - This study examined the prevalence of sexual aggression perpetration and victimization in a sample of 1,172 students (755 female, 417 male) from four universities in Germany. All participants were asked about both victimization by, and perpetration of, sexual aggression since the age of 14 years, using the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). Prevalence rates were established for different coercive strategies, sexual acts, and victim-perpetrator relationships. Both same-sex and opposite-sex victim-perpetrator constellations were examined. The overall victimization rate was 62.1% for women and 37.5% for men. The overall perpetration rate was 17.7% for men and 9.4% for women. Prevalence rates of both victimization and perpetration were higher for participants who had sexual contacts with both opposite-sex and same-sex partners than for participants with exclusively opposite-sex partners. Significant overlap was found between victim and perpetrator status for men and women as well as for participants with only opposite-sex and both opposite-sex and same-sex partners. A disparity between (higher) victimization and (lower) perpetration reports was found for both men and women, suggesting a general underreporting of perpetration rather than a gendered explanation in terms of social desirability or the perception of consent cues. The findings are placed in the international research literature on the prevalence of sexual aggression before and after the #metoo campaign, and their implications for prevention efforts are discussed.
KW - Sexual aggression
KW - Sexual victimization
KW - Male victims
KW - Female perpetrators
KW - Same-sex relationships
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01963-4
SN - 0004-0002
SN - 1573-2800
VL - 50
IS - 5
SP - 2109
EP - 2121
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
A1 - Uhlmann, Andreas
A1 - Herzberg, Meike
T1 - The voice gives it away
BT - male and female pitch as a cue for gender stereotyping
JF - Social psychology
N2 - Two experiments examined the impact of voice pitch on gender stereotyping. Participants listened to a text read by a female (Study 1; N = 171) or male (Study 2, N = 151) speaker, whose voice pitch was manipulated to be high or low. They rated the speaker on positive and negative facets of masculinity and femininity, competence, and likability. They also indicated their own gendered self-concept. High pitch was associated with the ascription of more feminine traits and greater likability. The high-pitch female speaker was rated as less competent, and the high-pitch male speaker was perceived as less masculine. Text content and participants' gendered self-concept did not moderate the pitch effect. The findings underline the importance of voice pitch for impression formation.
KW - voice pitch
KW - gender stereotypes
KW - masculinity
KW - femininity
KW - likability
KW - competence
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000441
SN - 1864-9335
SN - 2151-2590
VL - 52
IS - 2
SP - 101
EP - 113
PB - Hogrefe & Huber
CY - Bern
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana
A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich
A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph
A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba
T1 - Secondary school students’ motivation profiles for physics learning
BT - Relations with cognitive learning strategies, gender, attitudes and individual interest
JF - African journal of research in mathematics, science and technology education : official journal of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education
N2 - For efficient and effective pedagogical interventions to address Uganda's alarmingly poor performance in Physics, it is vital to understand students' motivation patterns for Physics learning. Latent profile analysis (LPA)-a person-centred approach-can be used to investigate these motivation patterns. Using a three-step approach to LPA, we sought to answer the following research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students' cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students' gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? The sample comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires. Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students, 6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade-introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. Lastly, unlike gender, individual interest and students' attitudes towards Physics learning predicted profile membership. Teachers should provide an interesting autonomous Physics classroom climate and give students clear instructions in self-reliant behaviours that promote intrinsic motivation.
KW - Motivation profiles
KW - physics learning
KW - latent profile analysis
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2021.1956720
SN - 1028-8457
VL - 25
IS - 2
SP - 197
EP - 210
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
T1 - Beurteilung und Aufbau psychotherapeutischer Kompetenzen und die Veränderung von Patientenfertigkeiten
Y1 - 2021
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
A1 - Maaß, Ulrike
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - Einsatz standardisierter Patienten im Psychologiestudium
BT - von der Forschung in die Praxis
JF - Verhaltenstherapie : Praxis, Forschung, Perspektiven
N2 - Hintergrund: Im Rahmen des reformierten Psychotherapeutengesetzes wird eine starkere Praxisorientierung in der klinisch-psychologischen Lehre und in der Prufung psychotherapeutischer Kompetenzen verankert. Hierbei sollen Studierende durch die Interaktion mit standardisierten Patient*innen (SP) therapeutische Kompetenzen erwerben und demonstrieren. Fragestellung: Das Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, eine evidenzbasierte Umsetzung dieser neuen Lehr- und Prufungsformate zu unterstutzen, indem bisherige Forschungsbefunde zum Einsatz von SP dargestellt und Bereiche, in denen weitere Forschung notwendig ist, aufgezeigt werden. Ergebnisse: Empirische Befunde zeigen, dass SP psychische Storungen authentisch darstellen konnen. Voraussetzung dafur sind beispielsweise die Auswahl geeigneter SP, detaillierte Rollenanleitungen, spezifisches Training, Feedback und Nachschulungen. Auch wenn einige Forschungsfragen, wie zur vergleichenden Wirksamkeit des Einsatzes von SP, noch unbeantwortet sind, lassen sich praktische Implikationen fur SP-Programme in Lehre, Prufung und Forschung ableiten, die in einem Ablaufschema dargestellt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Einsatz von SP bietet gro ss es Potenzial fur die klinisch-psychologische Lehre und Ausbildungsforschung. Um den Einsatz von SP an anderen Standorten zu unterstutzen, werden Beispielmaterialien (z.B. Rollenanleitung) in den elektronischen Supplementen (siehe www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000509249 fur alle Supplemente) zum Artikel zur Verfugung gestellt.
N2 - Background: Within the pending reformation of the German law of psychotherapy training, education in clinical psychology and the examination of psychotherapeutic competencies are established as more practice oriented. Students will acquire and demonstrate therapeutic skills through interactions with standardized patients (SPs). The aim of the current paper is to enhance evidence-based implementation of these new methods of education and examination by presenting the current evidence regarding the use of SPs and by pointing out areas for further research. Results: Results of recent studies demonstrate that SPs are able to present mental disorders authentically. Prerequisites are, among others, the selection of suitable SPs, detailed role scripts, specific training, feedback, and corrective training. Although some research questions, including the comparative effectiveness of SPs, remain unanswered, practice implications for using SPs in education, examination, and research can be drawn. These implications are illustrated schematically. Conclusions: The use of SPs has large potential for education in clinical psychology and for research on psychotherapy training. With a view to encouraging the widespread use of SPs, we provide exemplary materials (e.g., role script) within the online supplements (see www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000509249 [Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen] for all online suppl. material).
T2 - Standardized patients in clinical psychology: from research to practice
KW - Training
KW - Ausbildung
KW - Psychotherapie
KW - Evidenzbasierte Versorgung
KW - training
KW - education
KW - psychotherapy
KW - evidence-based care
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000509249
SN - 1016-6262
SN - 1423-0402
VL - 31
IS - 2
SP - 152
EP - 160
PB - Karger
CY - Basel
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
A1 - Paunov, Tatjana
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - Recognizing obsessive-compulsive disorder
BT - How suitable is the German Zohar-Fineberg obsessive-compulsive screen?
JF - BMC psychiatry
N2 - Background
Despite the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), its precise identification remains challenging. With the Zohar-Fineberg Obsessive-Compulsive Screen (ZF-OCS; 5 or 6 items), a brief instrument is widely available mainly in English. As there is a lack of empirical studies on the ZF-OCS, the aim of the present study was to translate the items into German and investigate the instrument in a nonclinical sample.
Methods
In two consecutive online surveys, n = 304 and n = 51 students participated. Besides the ZF-OCS, they answered established measures on OCD, depression, health anxiety, general anxiety and health-related well-being.
Results
Whereas internal consistency was low (α = .53–.72; ω = .55–.69), retest reliability (rt1,t2 = .89) at two weeks was high. As expected, we found high correlations with other OCD instruments (r > .61; convergent validity), and significantly weaker correlations with measures of depression (r = .39), health anxiety (r = .29), and health-related well-being (r = −.28, divergent validity). Nonetheless, the correlations with general anxiety were somewhere in between (r = .52).
Conclusions
Due to heterogeneous OCD subtypes, the ZF-OCS asks diverse questions which probably resulted in the present internal consistency. Nevertheless, the results on retest reliability and validity were promising. As for other OCD instruments, divergent validity regarding general anxiety seems problematic to establish. Even so, the ZF-OCS seems valuable for screening purposes, as it is short and easy to administer, and may facilitate initiating subsequent clinical assessment. Further studies should determine the instrument’s diagnostic accuracy.
KW - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
KW - Psychodiagnostics
KW - Psychometric properties
KW - Screening
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03458-x
SN - 1471-244X
VL - 21
PB - Springer Nature
CY - London
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
A1 - Paunov, Tatjana
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - Recognizing obsessive-compulsive disorder
BT - How suitable is the German Zohar-Fineberg obsessive-compulsive screen?
T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2 - Background
Despite the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), its precise identification remains challenging. With the Zohar-Fineberg Obsessive-Compulsive Screen (ZF-OCS; 5 or 6 items), a brief instrument is widely available mainly in English. As there is a lack of empirical studies on the ZF-OCS, the aim of the present study was to translate the items into German and investigate the instrument in a nonclinical sample.
Methods
In two consecutive online surveys, n = 304 and n = 51 students participated. Besides the ZF-OCS, they answered established measures on OCD, depression, health anxiety, general anxiety and health-related well-being.
Results
Whereas internal consistency was low (α = .53–.72; ω = .55–.69), retest reliability (rt1,t2 = .89) at two weeks was high. As expected, we found high correlations with other OCD instruments (r > .61; convergent validity), and significantly weaker correlations with measures of depression (r = .39), health anxiety (r = .29), and health-related well-being (r = −.28, divergent validity). Nonetheless, the correlations with general anxiety were somewhere in between (r = .52).
Conclusions
Due to heterogeneous OCD subtypes, the ZF-OCS asks diverse questions which probably resulted in the present internal consistency. Nevertheless, the results on retest reliability and validity were promising. As for other OCD instruments, divergent validity regarding general anxiety seems problematic to establish. Even so, the ZF-OCS seems valuable for screening purposes, as it is short and easy to administer, and may facilitate initiating subsequent clinical assessment. Further studies should determine the instrument’s diagnostic accuracy.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 771
KW - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
KW - Psychodiagnostics
KW - Psychometric properties
KW - Screening
Y1 - 2021
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-554473
SN - 1866-8364
IS - 771
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lindborg, Alma
A1 - Andersen, Tobias S.
T1 - Bayesian binding and fusion models explain illusion and enhancement effects in audiovisual speech perception
JF - PLoS one
N2 - Speech is perceived with both the ears and the eyes. Adding congruent visual speech improves the perception of a faint auditory speech stimulus, whereas adding incongruent visual speech can alter the perception of the utterance. The latter phenomenon is the case of the McGurk illusion, where an auditory stimulus such as e.g. "ba" dubbed onto a visual stimulus such as "ga" produces the illusion of hearing "da". Bayesian models of multisensory perception suggest that both the enhancement and the illusion case can be described as a two-step process of binding (informed by prior knowledge) and fusion (informed by the information reliability of each sensory cue). However, there is to date no study which has accounted for how they each contribute to audiovisual speech perception. In this study, we expose subjects to both congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech, manipulating the binding and the fusion stages simultaneously. This is done by varying both temporal offset (binding) and auditory and visual signal-to-noise ratio (fusion). We fit two Bayesian models to the behavioural data and show that they can both account for the enhancement effect in congruent audiovisual speech, as well as the McGurk illusion. This modelling approach allows us to disentangle the effects of binding and fusion on behavioural responses. Moreover, we find that these models have greater predictive power than a forced fusion model. This study provides a systematic and quantitative approach to measuring audiovisual integration in the perception of the McGurk illusion as well as congruent audiovisual speech, which we hope will inform future work on audiovisual speech perception.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246986
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 16
IS - 2
PB - PLoS
CY - San Fransisco
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lohse, Karoline
A1 - Hildebrandt, Andrea
A1 - Hildebrandt, Frauke
T1 - Hypotheses in adult-child interactions stimulate children's reasoning and verbalizations
JF - Early childhood research quarterly
N2 - Adult-child interactions can support children's development and are established as predictors of program quality in early childhood settings. However, the linguistic components that constitute positive interactions have not yet been studied in detail. This study investigates the effects of hypotheses proposed by adults on children's responses in a dyadic picture-book viewing situation. In 2 experiments, adults' use of hypotheses (e.g., "Maybe this is a dwarf's door") was tested against the use of instructive statements ("This is a dwarf's door") and in combination with open questions ("What do you think, why is the door so small?"). In Experiment 1, hypotheses differed from instructions only by the modal marker "maybe". Children's responses to hypotheses were longer and contained more self-generated explanations as compared to responses to instructions. The use of hypotheses also seemed to encourage children to attach more importance to their own explanations. In Experiment 2, combining hypotheses with open-ended why questions elicited longer responses but no more self-generated explanations in children than openended questions alone. Results indicate that subtle differences in adults' utterances can directly influence children's reasoning and children's contributions to dialogues.
KW - adult-child interactions
KW - sustained shared thinking
KW - hypotheses
KW - open
KW - questions
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.09.014
SN - 0885-2006
VL - 58
SP - 254
EP - 263
PB - Elsevier
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maaß, Ulrike
T1 - Rezension zu: Edelmann, Walter, Wittmann, Simone: Lernpsychologie – mit Online-Material. - (8., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage). - Weinheim; Basel: Beltz, 2019. - 264 S. : Illustrationen, Diagramme. - ISBN 978-3-621-28601-5
JF - Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie : Forschung und Praxis ; Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPS), der Sektion Klinische Psychologie im Berufsverband Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen (BDP), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verhaltenstherapie e.V. (DGVT), der Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Gesprächspsychotherapie e.V. (GWG) und der Sektion Klinische Psychologie im Berufsverband Österreichischer Psychologen (B.Ö.P.)
Y1 - 2021
SN - 978-3-621-28601-5
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000604
SN - 1616-3443
SN - 2190-6297
VL - 50
IS - 2
SP - 100
EP - 101
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Malesza, Marta
T1 - The reduced discounting inventory
BT - construction and initial validation
JF - Current psychology
N2 - In two studies, the aim of this research was to develop and validate a Polish version of the reduced Discounting Inventory. In Study 1 (N = 623) items extraction from the 48-item DI was based upon item-total correlation and items with highest coefficients were considered. The reduced Discounting Inventory resulted in sixteen items. Cronbach's a coefficient was .78, and the item-total correlations ranged between .59 and .77. The correlation between Polish versions of reduced Discounting Inventory and longer 48-item Discounting Inventory was .85. Next, the reduced Discounting Inventory was evaluated in terms of factorial and construct validity. The structure of the instrument was analysed by Confirmatory Factor Analyses procedure. It indicated that the four-factor structure had the best fit to the data. Additionally, we show that this reduced Discounting Inventory closely parallels the longer 48-item inventory its relation to traditional discounting measures using pairs of hypothetical choices (expect for the delay discounting subscale). Finally, in study 2, the test-retest reliability of the reduced Discounting Inventory over a 3-month interval was assessed (247 subjects of the 623 individuals who participated in Study 1). Results indicated good stability of the reduced measure (>= .88). It is concluded that the reduced Discounting Inventory has notable psychometric properties and that it can serve as an alternative measure of discounting when situations do not allow the use of longer inventories.
KW - Discounting inventory
KW - Reduced measure
KW - Reliability
KW - Validity
Y1 - 2018
SN - 1046-1310
SN - 1936-4733
VL - 40
IS - 2
SP - 545
EP - 552
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Motor simulation in sentence-picture verification
BT - Beyond Ostarek et al. (2019)
T2 - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science; Abstracts and authors of the 8th International Conference on Spatial Cognition: Cognition and Action in a Plurality of Spaces (ICSC 2021) TALKS: Submission 58
N2 - Background and Aims: Ostarek et al. (2019) claimed a conclusive
demonstration that language comprehension relies profoundly on
visual simulations. They presented participants with visual noise during sentence-picture verification (SPV) and measured lateralized button response speed. The authors selectively eliminated the classical congruency effect (faster yes decisions when pictures match the objects implied by the sentences) with ‘‘high level’’ noise made from images of other objects. However, that visual noise included tool pictures, known to activate lateralized motor affordances. Moreover, some of their sentences described motor actions. This raises the question whether motor simulation may have contaminated their results.
Methods: Replicating Ostarek et al. (2019), 33 right-handed
participants performed SPV but either without visual noise or while viewing (a) only left-handled or (b) only right-handled or (c) alternatingly left- and right-handled tools. Accuracy and reaction times of manual yes responses were analyzed. Additionally, hand-relatedness of sentences was rated.
Results: Replicating Ostarek et al. (2019), the classical SPV congruency effect appeared without noise and vanished when alternatingly handled tools were presented. Crucially, it reappeared when noise objects were consistently either left- or righthandled. Higher hand-relatedness of sentence content reduced SPV performance and accuracy was lower with right-handled noise.
Conclusion: First, we demonstrated an interaction between motor-
related language, visual affordances and motor responses in SPV.
This result supports the embodied view of language processing.
Second, we identified a motor process not previously known in SPV. This extends our understanding of mental simulation and calls for methodological controls in future studies.
Y1 - 2021
UR - https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10339-021-01058-x.pdf
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01058-x
SN - 1612-4782
SN - 1612-4790
VL - 22
IS - Suppl. 1
SP - S32
EP - S33
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex
A1 - Kulkova, Elena
A1 - Michirev, Alexej
A1 - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A.
A1 - Bertonatti, Matias
T1 - Book review to: Raab, Markus: Judgment, decision-making, and embodied choices. -
London ; San Diego ; Cambridge, MA ; Oxford: Academic Press, 2020. - xv, 155 pages. - ISBN: 978-0-12-823523-2
JF - Frontiers in psychology
KW - embodied cognition
KW - decision making
KW - embodied choice
KW - book review
KW - mind-body
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665728
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex
A1 - Lindemann, Oliver
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - The force of numbers
BT - Investigating manual signatures of embodied number processing
JF - Frontiers in human neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2 - The study has two objectives: (1) to introduce grip force recording as a new technique for studying embodied numerical processing; and (2) to demonstrate how three competing accounts of numerical magnitude representation can be tested by using this new technique: the Mental Number Line (MNL), A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM) and Embodied Cognition (finger counting-based) account. While 26 healthy adults processed visually presented single digits in a go/no-go n-back paradigm, their passive holding forces for two small sensors were recorded in both hands. Spontaneous and unconscious grip force changes related to number magnitude occurred in the left hand already 100-140 ms after stimulus presentation and continued systematically. Our results support a two-step model of number processing where an initial stage is related to the automatic activation of all stimulus properties whereas a later stage consists of deeper conscious processing of the stimulus. This interpretation generalizes previous work with linguistic stimuli and elaborates the timeline of embodied cognition. We hope that the use of grip force recording will advance the field of numerical cognition research.
KW - ATOM
KW - embodied cognition
KW - finger counting
KW - grip force
KW - mental number
KW - line
KW - number processing
KW - numerical cognition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.590508
SN - 1662-5161
VL - 14
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -