TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abdrakhmatov, Kanatbek E.
A1  - Walker, R. T.
A1  - Campbell, G. E.
A1  - Carr, A. S.
A1  - Elliott, A.
A1  - Hillemann, Christian
A1  - Hollingsworth, J.
A1  - Landgraf, Angela
A1  - Mackenzie, D.
A1  - Mukambayev, A.
A1  - Rizza, M.
A1  - Sloan, R. A.
T1  - Multisegment rupture in the 11 July 1889 Chilik earthquake (M-w 8.0-8.3), Kazakh Tien Shan, interpreted from remote sensing, field survey, and paleoseismic trenching
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth
N2  - The 11 July 1889 Chilik earthquake (M-w 8.0-8.3) forms part of a remarkable sequence of large earthquakes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the northern Tien Shan. Despite its importance, the source of the 1889 earthquake remains unknown, though the macroseismic epicenter is sited in the Chilik valley, similar to 100 km southeast of Almaty, Kazakhstan (similar to 2 million population). Several short fault segments that have been inferred to have ruptured in 1889 are too short on their own to account for the estimated magnitude. In this paper we perform detailed surveying and trenching of the similar to 30 km long Saty fault, one of the previously inferred sources, and find that it was formed in a single earthquake within the last 700 years, involving surface slip of up to 10 m. The scarp-forming event, likely to be the 1889 earthquake, was the only surface-rupturing event for at least 5000 years and potentially for much longer. From satellite imagery we extend the mapped length of fresh scarps within the 1889 epicentral zone to a total of similar to 175 km, which we also suggest as candidate ruptures from the 1889 earthquake. The 175 km of rupture involves conjugate oblique left-lateral and right-lateral slip on three separate faults, with step overs of several kilometers between them. All three faults were essentially invisible in the Holocene geomorphology prior to the last slip. The recurrence interval between large earthquakes on any of these faults, and presumably on other faults of the Tien Shan, may be longer than the timescale over which the landscape is reset, providing a challenge for delineating sources of future hazard.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012763
SN  - 2169-9313
SN  - 2169-9356
VL  - 121
SP  - 4615
EP  - 4640
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abon, Catherine Cristobal
A1  - Kneis, David
A1  - Crisologo, Irene
A1  - Bronstert, Axel
A1  - David, Carlos Primo Constantino
A1  - Heistermann, Maik
T1  - Evaluating the potential of radar-based rainfall estimates for streamflow and flood simulations in the Philippines
JF  - GEOMATICS NATURAL HAZARDS & RISK
N2  - This case study evaluates the suitability of radar-based quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) for the simulation of streamflow in the Marikina River Basin (MRB), the Philippines. Hourly radar-based QPEs were produced from reflectivity that had been observed by an S-band radar located about 90 km from the MRB. Radar data processing and precipitation estimation were carried out using the open source library wradlib. To assess the added value of the radar-based QPE, we used spatially interpolated rain gauge observations (gauge-only (GO) product) as a benchmark. Rain gauge observations were also used to quantify rainfall estimation errors at the point scale. At the point scale, the radar-based QPE outperformed the GO product in 2012, while for 2013, the performance was similar. For both periods, estimation errors substantially increased from daily to the hourly accumulation intervals. Despite this fact, both rainfall estimation methods allowed for a good representation of observed streamflow when used to force a hydrological simulation model of the MRB. Furthermore, the results of the hydrological simulation were consistent with rainfall verification at the point scale: the radar-based QPE performed better than the GO product in 2012, and equivalently in 2013. Altogether, we could demonstrate that, in terms of streamflow simulation, the radar-based QPE can perform as good as or even better than the GO product - even for a basin such as the MRB which has a comparatively dense rain gauge network. This suggests good prospects for using radar-based QPE to simulate and forecast streamflow in other parts of the Philippines where rain gauge networks are not as dense.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2015.1058862
SN  - 1947-5705
SN  - 1947-5713
VL  - 7
SP  - 1390
EP  - 1405
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Adhikari, Rishi Ram
A1  - Glombitza, Clemens
A1  - Nickel, Julia C.
A1  - Anderson, Chloe H.
A1  - Dunlea, Ann G.
A1  - Spivack, Arthur J.
A1  - Murray, Richard W.
A1  - D’Hondt, Steven
A1  - Kallmeyer, Jens
T1  - Hydrogen utilization potential in subsurface sediments
T2  - Frontiers in microbiology
N2  - Subsurface microbial communities undertake many terminal electron-accepting processes, often simultaneously. Using a tritium-based assay, we measured the potential hydrogen oxidation catalyzed by hydrogenase enzymes in several subsurface sedimentary environments (Lake Van, Barents Sea, Equatorial Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico) with different predominant electron-acceptors. Hydrogenases constitute a diverse family of enzymes expressed by microorganisms that utilize molecular hydrogen as a metabolic substrate, product, or intermediate. The assay reveals the potential for utilizing molecular hydrogen and allows qualitative detection of microbial activity irrespective of the predominant electron-accepting process. Because the method only requires samples frozen immediately after recovery, the assay can be used for identifying microbial activity in subsurface ecosystems without the need to preserve live material. We measured potential hydrogen oxidation rates in all samples from multiple depths at several sites that collectively span a wide range of environmental conditions and biogeochemical zones. Potential activity normalized to total cell abundance ranges over five orders of magnitude and varies, dependent upon the predominant terminal electron acceptor. Lowest per-cell potential rates characterize the zone of nitrate reduction and highest per-cell potential rates occur in the methanogenic zone. Possible reasons for this relationship to predominant electron acceptor include (i) increasing importance of fermentation in successively deeper biogeochemical zones and (ii) adaptation of H(2)ases to successively higher concentrations of H-2 in successively deeper zones.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 447 
KW  - hydrogenase
KW  - tritium assay
KW  - deep biosphere
KW  - microbial activity
KW  - Lake Van
KW  - Barents Sea
KW  - Equatorial Pacific
KW  - Gulf of Mexico
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407678
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Adhikari, Rishi Ram
A1  - Glombitza, Clemens
A1  - Nickel, Julia C.
A1  - Anderson, Chloe H.
A1  - Dunlea, Ann G.
A1  - Spivack, Arthur J.
A1  - Murray, Richard W.
A1  - Kallmeyer, Jens
T1  - Hydrogen Utilization Potential in Subsurface Sediments
JF  - Frontiers in microbiology
N2  - Subsurface microbial communities undertake many terminal electron-accepting processes, often simultaneously. Using a tritium-based assay, we measured the potential hydrogen oxidation catalyzed by hydrogenase enzymes in several subsurface sedimentary environments (Lake Van, Barents Sea, Equatorial Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico) with different predominant electron-acceptors. Hydrogenases constitute a diverse family of enzymes expressed by microorganisms that utilize molecular hydrogen as a metabolic substrate, product, or intermediate. The assay reveals the potential for utilizing molecular hydrogen and allows qualitative detection of microbial activity irrespective of the predominant electron-accepting process. Because the method only requires samples frozen immediately after recovery, the assay can be used for identifying microbial activity in subsurface ecosystems without the need to preserve live material. We measured potential hydrogen oxidation rates in all samples from multiple depths at several sites that collectively span a wide range of environmental conditions and biogeochemical zones. Potential activity normalized to total cell abundance ranges over five orders of magnitude and varies, dependent upon the predominant terminal electron acceptor. Lowest per-cell potential rates characterize the zone of nitrate reduction and highest per-cell potential rates occur in the methanogenic zone. Possible reasons for this relationship to predominant electron acceptor include (i) increasing importance of fermentation in successively deeper biogeochemical zones and (ii) adaptation of H(2)ases to successively higher concentrations of H-2 in successively deeper zones.
KW  - hydrogenase
KW  - tritium assay
KW  - deep biosphere
KW  - microbial activity
KW  - Lake Van
KW  - Barents Sea
KW  - Equatorial Pacific
KW  - Gulf of Mexico
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00008
SN  - 1664-302X
VL  - 7
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Agarwal, Ankit
A1  - Maheswaran, Rathinasamy
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Khosa, R.
T1  - Wavelet Spectrum and Self-Organizing Maps-Based Approach for Hydrologic Regionalization -a Case Study in the Western United States
JF  - Water Resources Management
N2  - Hydrologic regionalization deals with the investigation of homogeneity in watersheds and provides a classification of watersheds for regional analysis. The classification thus obtained can be used as a basis for mapping data from gauged to ungauged sites and can improve extreme event prediction. This paper proposes a wavelet power spectrum (WPS) coupled with the self-organizing map method for clustering hydrologic catchments. The application of this technique is implemented for gauged catchments. As a test case study, monthly streamflow records observed at 117 selected catchments throughout the western United States from 1951 through 2002. Further, based on WPS of each station, catchments are classified into homogeneous clusters, which provides a representative WPS pattern for the streamflow stations in each cluster.
KW  - Wavelet power spectrum
KW  - Regionalization
KW  - Ungauged catchments
KW  - K-means technique
KW  - Self-organizing map
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1428-1
SN  - 0920-4741
SN  - 1573-1650
VL  - 30
SP  - 4399
EP  - 4413
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Allroggen, Niklas
A1  - Tronicke, Jens
T1  - Attribute-based analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar data
JF  - Geophysics
N2  - Analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can provide information regarding subsurface hydrological processes, such as preferential flow. However, the analysis of time-lapse data is often limited by data quality; for example, for noisy input data, the interpretation of difference images is often difficult. Motivated by modern image-processing tools, we have developed two robust GPR attributes, which allow us to distinguish amplitude (contrast similarity) and time-shift (structural similarity) variations related to differences between individual time-lapse GPR data sets. We tested and evaluated our attributes using synthetic data of different complexity. Afterward, we applied them to a field data example, in which subsurface flow was induced by an artificial rainfall event. For all examples, we identified our structural similarity attribute to be a robust measure for highlighting time-lapse changes also in data with low signal-to-noise ratios. We determined that our new attribute-based workflow is a promising tool to analyze time-lapse GPR data, especially for imaging subsurface hydrological processes.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2015-0171.1
SN  - 0016-8033
SN  - 1942-2156
VL  - 81
SP  - H1
EP  - H8
PB  - Society of Exploration Geophysicists
CY  - Tulsa
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Alsemgeest, Jitse
A1  - Schröder, S.
A1  - Boettger, Ute
A1  - Pavlov, S. G.
A1  - Weber, I.
A1  - Greshake, A.
A1  - Knöfler, H. -R.
A1  - Altenberger, Uwe
A1  - Hübers, H. -W.
T1  - COMBINED RAMAN-LIBS STUDIES ON IRON SULFIDES TO INVESTIGATE THE EFECTS OF THE LIBS PLASMA ON THE MINERAL COMPOSITION.
T2  - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Y1  - 2016
SN  - 1086-9379
SN  - 1945-5100
VL  - 51
SP  - A147
EP  - A147
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baes, Marzieh
A1  - Gerya, Taras V.
A1  - Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir
T1  - 3-D thermo-mechanical modeling of plume-induced subduction initiation
JF  - Earth & planetary science letters
N2  - Here, we study the 3-D subduction initiation process induced by the interaction between a hot thermochemical mantle plume and oceanic lithosphere using thermo-mechanical viscoplastic finite difference marker-in-cell models. Our numerical modeling results show that self-sustaining subduction is induced by plume-lithosphere interaction when the plume is sufficiently buoyant, the oceanic lithosphere is sufficiently old and the plate is weak enough to allow the buoyant plume to. pass through it. Subduction initiation occurs following penetration of the lithosphere by the hot plume and the downward displacement of broken, nearly circular segments of lithosphere (proto-slabs) as a result of partially molten plume rocks overriding the proto-slabs. Our experiments show four different deformation regimes in response to plume-lithosphere interaction: a) self-sustaining subduction initiation, in which subduction becomes self-sustaining; b) frozen subduction initiation, in which subduction stops at shallow depths; c) slab break-off, in which the subducting circular slab breaks off soon after formation; and d) plume underplating, in which the plume does not pass through the lithosphere and instead spreads beneath it (i.e., failed subduction initiation). These regimes depend on several parameters, such as the size, composition, and temperature of the plume, the brittle/plastic strength and age of the oceanic lithosphere, and the presence/absence of lithospheric heterogeneities. The results show that subduction initiates and becomes self-sustaining when the lithosphere is older than 10 Myr and the non dimensional ratio of the plume buoyancy force and lithospheric strength above the plume is higher than approximately 2. The outcomes of our numerical experiments are applicable for subduction initiation in the modern and Precambrian Earth and for the origin of plume-related corona structures on Venus. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - subduction initiation
KW  - mantle plume
KW  - oceanic lithosphere
KW  - numerical models
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.023
SN  - 0012-821X
SN  - 1385-013X
VL  - 453
SP  - 193
EP  - 203
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bande, Alejandro
T1  - The tectonic evolution of the western Tien Shan
T1  - Die tektonische Entwicklung des westlichen Tien Shan
N2  - Intracontinental deformation usually is a result of tectonic forces associated with distant plate collisions. In general, the evolution of mountain ranges and basins in this environment is strongly controlled by the distribution and geometries of preexisting structures. Thus, predictive models usually fail in forecasting the deformation evolution in these kinds of settings. Detailed information on each range and basin-fill is vital to comprehend the evolution of intracontinental mountain belts and basins. In this dissertation, I have investigated the complex Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tien Shan in Central Asia, which is one of the most active intracontinental ranges in the world. The work presented here combines a broad array of datasets, including thermo- and geochronology, paleoenvironmental interpretations, sediment provenance and subsurface interpretations in order to track changes in tectonic deformation. Most of the identified changes are connected and can be related to regional-scale processes that governed the evolution of the western Tien Shan.
The NW-SE trending Talas-Fergana fault (TFF) separates the western from the central Tien Shan and constitutes a world-class example of the influence of preexisting anisotropies on the subsequent structural development of a contractile orogen. While to the east most of ranges and basins have a sub-parallel E-W trend, the triangular-shaped Fergana basin forms a substantial feature in the western Tien Shan morphology with ranges on all three sides. In this thesis, I present 55 new thermochronologic ages (apatite fission track and zircon (U-Th)/He)) used to constrain exhumation histories of several mountain ranges in the western Tien Shan. At the same time, I analyzed the Fergana basin-fill looking for progressive changes in sedimentary paleoenvironments, source areas and stratal geometrical configurations in the subsurface and outcrops.
The data presented in this thesis suggests that low cooling rates (<1°C Myr-1), calm depositional environments, and low depositional rates (<10 m Myr-1) were widely distributed across the western Tien Shan, describing a quiescent tectonic period throughout the Paleogene. Increased cooling rates in the late Cenozoic occurred diachronously and with variable magnitudes in different ranges. This rapid cooling stage is interpreted to represent increased erosion caused by active deformation and constrains the onset of Cenozoic deformation in the western Tien Shan. Time-temperature histories derived from the northwestern Tien Shan samples show an increase in cooling rates by ~25 Ma. This event is correlated with a synchronous pulse
iv
in the South Tien Shan. I suggest that strike-slip motion along the TFF commenced at the Oligo-Miocene boundary, facilitating CCW rotation of the Fergana basin and enabling exhumation of the linked horsetail splays. Higher depositional rates (~150 m Myr-1) in the Oligo-Miocene section (Massaget Fm.) of the Fergana basin suggest synchronous deformation in the surrounding ranges. The central Alai Range also experienced rapid cooling around this time, suggesting that the onset of intramontane basin fragmentation and isolation is coeval. These results point to deformation starting simultaneously in the late Oligocene – early Miocene in geographically distant mountain ranges. I suggest that these early uplifts are controlled by reactivated structures (like the TFF), which are probably the frictionally weakest and most-suitably oriented for accommodating and transferring N-S horizontal shortening along the western Tien Shan.
Afterwards, in the late Miocene (~10 Ma), a period of renewed rapid cooling affected the Tien Shan and most mountain ranges and inherited structures started to actively deform. This episode is widely distributed and an increase in exhumation is interpreted in most of the sampled ranges. Moreover, the Pliocene section in the basin subsurface shows the higher depositional rates (>180 m Myr-1) and higher energy facies. The deformation and exhumation increase further contributed to intramontane basin partitioning. Overall, the interpretation is that the Tien Shan and much of Central Asia suffered a global increase in the rate of horizontal crustal shortening. Previously, stress transfer along the rigid Tarim block or Pamir indentation has been proposed to account for Himalayan hinterland deformation. However, the extent of the episode requires a different and broader geodynamic driver.
N2  - Intra-kontinentale Deformation der Erdkruste ist in der Regel das Ergebnis weitreichender tektonischer Kräfte, die durch Interaktion der Erdplatten an entfernten Kontinentalrändern entstehen. Eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entwicklungsgeschichte der so entstehenden Gebirge, spielt das Vorhandensein und die Orientierung präexistierender Strukturen in der Kruste. Diese Komplexität lässt bekannte Vorhersagemodelle zur Bestimmung der Deformationsgeschichte häufig scheitern. Um die Deformationsprozesse intra-kontinentaler Gebiete dennoch besser zu verstehen, sind detaillierte Informationen über die Entstehungsgeschichte einzelner Bergketten und benachbarter Becken von essentieller Bedeutung.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der känozoischen Entwicklung tektonischer Prozesse in einer der aktivsten intra-kontinentalen Gebirgsketten der Welt, dem westlichen Tian Shan Gebirge in Zentralasien. Um räumliche und zeitliche Veränderungen der tektonischen Deformation besser nachvollziehen zu können, wird in dieser Arbeit ein breites Spektrum an Datensätzen, aus Thermo- und Geochronologie, Paläoumwelt-Interpretation, Sediment-Provenienz und der Interpretationen seismischer Profile, kombiniert. Die somit identifizierten Prozesse deuten auf einen engen Bezug und können mit regional übergreifenden Prozessen in Beziehung gesetzt werden, die für die Entwicklung des westlichen Tian Shan Gebirges verantwortlich sind.
Ein Paradebeispiel des Einflusses präexistierender Krustenanomalien auf die strukturelle Entstehung eines intra-kontinentalen Gebirges wie dem Tian Shan ist die NW-SE streichende Talas-Fergana-Störung, die den westlichen vom zentralen Tian Shan trennt. Während der östlich gelegene Zentralbereich des Orogens durch subparallele, E-W streichende Gebirgszüge und Becken charakterisiert ist, ist das markant dreieckförmige Fergana-Becken im westlichen Tian Shan von allen Seiten durch hohe Gebirgsrücken flankiert.
Kern dieser Arbeit sind 55 neue thermochronologische Altersdatierungen (aus Apatit-Spaltspuren-Analyse und U-Th/He an Zirkonen), mit deren Hilfe die Exhumationsgeschichte mehrerer Gebirgszüge im westlichen Tian Shan untersucht wurde. Des Weiteren wurde die sedimentäre Beckenfüllung des benachbarten Fergana-Beckens auf sukzessive Veränderungen der Paläoumweltbedingungen, der Sediment-Provenienz und der geometrischen Konfiguration der Sedimente, am Aufschluss und im Untergrund untersucht.
Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen niedrige Abkühlungs- (<1°C Myr-1) und Sedimentationsraten (<10 m Myr-1) im Gebiet des westlichen Tian Shan im Paläogen und deuten auf eine tektonisch ruhige und relativ stabile Region. Demgegenüber stehen erhöhte Abkühlungsraten im späten Känozoikum, die in den verschiedenen Gebirgsketten diachron und mit unterschiedlicher Intensität einsetzen. Diese zweite Phase deutet auf erhöhte Erosionsprozesse, hervorgerufen durch aktive Deformation, und markiert den Beginn der känozoischen Deformation im westlichen Tian Shan Gebirge. Temperaturgeschichten im Gebiet des NW Tian Shan zeigen erhöhte Abkühlungsraten vor ~25 Ma und korrelieren zeitlich mit ähnlichen Ereignissen im südlichen Tian Shan. Ich vermute, dass Horizontalverschiebungen entlang der Talas-Fergana-Störung an der Oligozän-Miozän-Grenze zur Rotation des Fergana-Beckens gegen den Uhrzeigersinn, und darüber hinaus zur Exhumation entlang diverser Nebenstörungen führten. Erhöhte Sedimentationsraten (~150 m Myr-1) der Oligo-Miozänen Einheiten im Fergana Becken (Massaget Fm.) deuten ebenfalls auf eine synchrone Deformationsphase umliegender Gebieten zu dieser Zeit. Dies ist durch erhöhte Abkühlungsraten im zentralen Alai (südlich des Fergana Beckens) gut dokumentiert und impliziert, dass die intra-montane Fragmentierung und Isolierung, der ehemals zusammenhängenden Sedimentbecken, zur gleichen Zeit erfolgte. Diese Beobachtungen deuten auf eine Deformationsgeschichte hin, die zeitgleich ihren Ursprung in zwei voneinander entfernten Regionen hat. Diese frühen Hebungen scheinen durch reaktivierte Strukturen (wie der Talas-Fergana-Störung) gesteuert worden zu sein, deren Orientierung optimal für eine N-S Einengung im Bereich des westlichen Tian Shan geeignet ist.
Eine erneute Phase schneller Abkühlung im späten Miozän (~10 Ma) führte zur Aktivierung der meisten heutigen Gebirgszüge und der Reaktivierung prä-existierender Strukturen. Diese Deformationsphase zeigt eine weite Verbreitung und einen Anstieg der Exhumationsraten in den meisten beprobten Bereichen. Darüberhinaus steigen die pliozänen Sedimentationsraten (>180 m Myr-1) im Fergana-Becken und die Faziesanalyse der Sedimente zeigt hoch-energetische Ablagerungsbedingungen.
Fazit dieser Arbeit ist, dass der Tian Shan und ein Großteil Zentralasiens durch erhöhte Verkürzungsraten der Kruste stark beeinflusst wurden. Früher ging man davon aus, dass Stresstransfer entlang des stabilen Tarim-Blocks oder die Indentation des Pamir-Gebirges zur Deformation im Hinterland des Himalaya führten. Die beobachteten Deformationsmuster deuten jedoch auf einen anderen, viel weitreichenderen geodynamischen Prozess hin.
KW  - tectonics
KW  - Tien Shan
KW  - thermochronology
KW  - Tektonik
KW  - Tien Shan
KW  - Thermochronologie
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-398933
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bartoli, Omar
A1  - Acosta-Vigil, Antonio
A1  - Ferrero, Silvio
A1  - Cesare, Bernardo
T1  - Granitoid magmas preserved as melt inclusions in high-grade metamorphic rocks
JF  - American mineralogist : an international journal of earth and planetary materials
N2  - This review presents a compositional database of primary anatectic granitoid magmas, entirely based on melt inclusions (MI) in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Although MI are well known to igneous petrologists and have been extensively studied in intrusive and extrusive rocks, MI in crustal rocks that have undergone anatexis (migmatites and granulites) are a novel subject of research. They are generally trapped along the heating path by peritectic phases produced by incongruent melting reactions. Primary MI in high-grade metamorphic rocks are small, commonly 5-10 pm in diameter, and their most common mineral host is peritectic garnet. In most cases inclusions have crystallized into a cryptocrystalline aggregate and contain a granitoid phase assemblage (nanogranitoid inclusions) with quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and one or two mica depending on the particular circumstances. After their experimental remelting under high-confining pressure, nanogranitoid MI can be analyzed combining several techniques (EMP, LA-ICP-MS, NanoSIMS, Raman). The trapped melt is granitic and metaluminous to peraluminous, and sometimes granodioritic, tonalitic, and trondhjemitic in composition, in agreement with the different P-T-a(H2o) conditions of melting and protolith composition, and overlap the composition of experimental glasses produced at similar conditions. Being trapped along the up-temperature trajectory as opposed to classic MI in igneous rocks formed during down-temperature magma crystallization fundamental information provided by nanogranitoid MI is the pristine composition of the natural primary anatectic melt for the specific rock under investigation. So far similar to 600 nanogranitoid MI, coming from several occurrences from different geologic and geodynamic settings and ages, have been characterized. Although the compiled MI database should be expanded to other potential sources of crustal magmas, MI data collected so far can be already used as natural "starting-point" compositions to track the processes involved in formation and evolution of granitoid magmas.
KW  - Granitoid magmas
KW  - melt inclusions
KW  - nanogranite
KW  - crustal anatexis
KW  - peritectic phase
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5541CCBYNCND
SN  - 0003-004X
SN  - 1945-3027
VL  - 101
SP  - 1543
EP  - 1559
PB  - Mineralogical Society of America
CY  - Chantilly
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Becerril, Laura
A1  - Ubide, Teresa
A1  - Sudo, Masafumi
A1  - Marti, Joan
A1  - Galindo, Ines
A1  - Gale, Carlos
A1  - Maria Morales, Jose
A1  - Yepes, Jorge
A1  - Lago, Marceliano
T1  - Geochronological constraints on the evolution of El Hierro (Canary Islands)
JF  - Journal of African earth sciences
N2  - New age data have been obtained to time constrain the recent Quaternary volcanism of El Hierro (Canary Islands) and to estimate its recurrence rate. We have carried out Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology on samples spanning the entire volcanostratigraphic sequence of the island and C-14 geochronology on the most recent eruption on the northeast rift of the island: 2280 +/- 30 yr BP. We combine the new absolute data with a revision of published ages onshore, some of which were identified through geomorphological criteria (relative data). We present a revised and updated chronology of volcanism for the last 33 ka that we use to estimate the maximum eruptive recurrence of the island. The number of events per year determined is 9.7 x 10(-4) for the emerged part of the island, which means that, as a minimum, one eruption has occurred approximately every 1000 years. This highlights the need of more geochronological data to better constrain the eruptive recurrence of El Hierro. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW  - Ar-40/Ar-39
KW  - C-14
KW  - Eruptive recurrence
KW  - El Hierro
KW  - Canary Islands
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.012
SN  - 1464-343X
SN  - 1879-1956
VL  - 113
SP  - 88
EP  - 94
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bernhardt, Anne
A1  - Hebbeln, Dierk
A1  - Regenberg, Marcus
A1  - Lueckge, Andreas
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Shelfal sediment transport by an undercurrent forces turbidity-current
activity during high sea level along the Chile continental margin
JF  - Geology
N2  - Terrigenous sediment supply, marine transport, and depositional processes along tectonically active margins are key to decoding turbidite successions as potential archives of climatic and seismic forcings. Sequence stratigraphic models predict coarse-grained sediment delivery to deep-marine sites mainly during sea-level fall and lowstand. Marine siliciclastic deposition during transgressions and highstands has been attributed to sustained connectivity between terrigenous sources and marine sinks facilitated by narrow shelves. To decipher the controls on Holocene highstand turbidite deposition, we analyzed 12 sediment cores from spatially discrete, coeval turbidite systems along the Chile margin (29 degrees-40 degrees S) with changing climatic and geomorphic characteristics but uniform changes in sea level. Sediment cores from intraslope basins in north-central Chile (29 degrees-33 degrees S) offshore a narrow to absent shelf record a shut-off of turbidite deposition during the Holocene due to postglacial aridification. In contrast, core sites in south-central Chile (36 degrees-40 degrees S) offshore a wide shelf record frequent turbidite deposition during highstand conditions. Two core sites are linked to the Biobio river-canyon system and receive sediment directly from the river mouth. However, intraslope basins are not connected via canyons to fluvial systems but yield even higher turbidite frequencies. High sediment supply combined with a wide shelf and an undercurrent moving sediment toward the shelf edge appear to control Holocene turbidite sedimentation and distribution. Shelf undercurrents may play an important role in lateral sediment transport and supply to the deep sea and need to be accounted for in sediment-mass balances.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1130/G37594.1
SN  - 0091-7613
SN  - 1943-2682
VL  - 44
SP  - 295
EP  - 298
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Boulder
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bierkandt, Robert
T1  - Pressure from future sea-level rise on coastal power plants: near-term extremes and long-term commitment
Y1  - 2016
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Biskaborn, Boris
A1  - Subetto, D. A.
A1  - Savelieva, L. A.
A1  - Vakhrameeva, P. S.
A1  - Hansche, A.
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
A1  - Klemm, J.
A1  - Heinecke, L.
A1  - Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna
A1  - Meyer, H.
A1  - Kuhn, G.
A1  - Diekmann, Bernhard
T1  - Late Quaternary vegetation and lake system dynamics in north-eastern Siberia: Implications for seasonal climate variability
JF  - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal
N2  - Although the climate development over the Holocene in the Northern Hemisphere is well known, palaeolimnological climate reconstructions reveal spatiotemporal variability in northern Eurasia. Here we present a multi-proxy study from north-eastern Siberia combining sediment geochemistry, and diatom and pollen data from lake-sediment cores covering the last 38,000 cal. years. Our results show major changes in pyrite content and fragilarioid diatom species distributions, indicating prolonged seasonal lake-ice cover between similar to 13,500 and similar to 8900 cal. years BP and possibly during the 8200 cal. years BP cold event. A pollen-based climate reconstruction generated a mean July temperature of 17.8 degrees C during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) between similar to 8900 and similar to 4500 cal. years BP. Naviculoid diatoms appear in the late Holocene indicating a shortening of the seasonal ice cover that continues today. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the applied terrestrial and aquatic indicators and natural seasonal climate dynamics in the Holocene. Planktonic diatoms show a strong response to changes in the lake ecosystem due to recent climate warming in the Anthropocene. We assess other palaeolimnological studies to infer the spatiotemporal pattern of the HTM and affirm that the timing of its onset, a difference of up to 3000 years from north to south, can be well explained by climatic teleconnections. The westerlies brought cold air to this part of Siberia until the Laurentide ice sheet vanished 7000 years ago. The apparent delayed ending of the HTM in the central Siberian record can be ascribed to the exceedance of ecological thresholds trailing behind increases in winter temperatures and decreases in contrast in insolation between seasons during the mid to late Holocene as well as lacking differentiation between summer and winter trends in paleolimnological reconstructions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW  - Diatoms
KW  - Pollen
KW  - Summer and winter temperature
KW  - Holocene Thermal Maximum
KW  - Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
KW  - Lake-ice cover
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.014
SN  - 0277-3791
VL  - 147
SP  - 406
EP  - 421
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Blayney, Tamsin
A1  - Najman, Yani
A1  - Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume
A1  - Carter, Andrew
A1  - Millar, Ian
A1  - Garzanti, Eduardo
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Rittner, Martin
A1  - Ando, Sergio
A1  - Guo, Zhaojie
A1  - Vezzoli, Giovanni
T1  - Indentation of the Pamirs with respect to the northern margin of Tibet: Constraints from the Tarim basin sedimentary record
JF  - Tectonics
N2  - The Pamirs represent the indented westward continuation of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, dividing the Tarim and Tajik basins. Their evolution may be a key factor influencing aridification of the Asian interior, yet the tectonics of the Pamir Salient are poorly understood. We present a provenance study of the Aertashi section, a Paleogene to late Neogene clastic succession deposited in the Tarim basin to the north of the NW margin of Tibet (the West Kunlun) and to the east of the Pamirs. Our detrital zircon U-Pb ages coupled with zircon fission track, bulk rock Sm-Nd, and petrography data document changes in contributing source terranes during the Oligocene to Miocene, which can be correlated to regional tectonics. We propose a model for the evolution of the Pamir and West Kunlun (WKL), in which the WKL formed topography since at least similar to 200 Ma. By similar to 25 Ma, movement along the Pamir-bounding faults such as the Kashgar-Yecheng Transfer System had commenced, marking the onset of Pamir indentation into the Tarim-Tajik basin. This is coincident with basinward expansion of the northern WKL margin, which changed the palaeodrainage pattern within the Kunlun, progressively cutting off the more southerly WKL sources from the Tarim basin. An abrupt change in the provenance and facies of sediments at Aertashi has a maximum age of 14 Ma; this change records when the Pamir indenter had propagated sufficiently far north that the North Pamir was now located proximal to the Aertashi region.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004222
SN  - 0278-7407
SN  - 1944-9194
VL  - 35
SP  - 2345
EP  - 2369
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Boers, Niklas
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Marwan, Norbert
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
T1  - Spatiotemporal characteristics and synchronization of extreme rainfall in South America with focus on the Andes Mountain range
JF  - Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system
N2  - The South American Andes are frequently exposed to intense rainfall events with varying moisture sources and precipitation-forming processes. In this study, we assess the spatiotemporal characteristics and geographical origins of rainfall over the South American continent. Using high-spatiotemporal resolution satellite data (TRMM 3B42 V7), we define four different types of rainfall events based on their (1) high magnitude, (2) long temporal extent, (3) large spatial extent, and (4) high magnitude, long temporal and large spatial extent combined. In a first step, we analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of these events over the entire South American continent and integrate their impact for the main Andean hydrologic catchments. Our results indicate that events of type 1 make the overall highest contributions to total seasonal rainfall (up to 50%). However, each consecutive episode of the infrequent events of type 4 still accounts for up to 20% of total seasonal rainfall in the subtropical Argentinean plains. In a second step, we employ complex network theory to unravel possibly non-linear and long-ranged climatic linkages for these four event types on the high-elevation Altiplano-Puna Plateau as well as in the main river catchments along the foothills of the Andes. Our results suggest that one to two particularly large squall lines per season, originating from northern Brazil, indirectly trigger large, long-lasting thunderstorms on the Altiplano Plateau. In general, we observe that extreme rainfall in the catchments north of approximately 20 degrees S typically originates from the Amazon Basin, while extreme rainfall at the eastern Andean foothills south of 20 degrees S and the Puna Plateau originates from southeastern South America.
KW  - Extreme rainfall
KW  - Synchronization
KW  - Complex networks
KW  - South American monsoon system
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2601-6
SN  - 0930-7575
SN  - 1432-0894
VL  - 46
SP  - 601
EP  - 617
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Boettle, Markus
A1  - Rybski, Diego
A1  - Kropp, Jürgen
T1  - Quantifying the effect of sea level rise and flood defence-a point process perspective on coastal flood damage
JF  - Natural hazards and earth system sciences
N2  - In contrast to recent advances in projecting sea levels, estimations about the economic impact of sea level rise are vague. Nonetheless, they are of great importance for policy making with regard to adaptation and greenhouse-gas mitigation. Since the damage is mainly caused by extreme events, we propose a stochastic framework to estimate the monetary losses from coastal floods in a confined region. For this purpose, we follow a Peak-over-Threshold approach employing a Poisson point process and the Generalised Pareto Distribution. By considering the effect of sea level rise as well as potential adaptation scenarios on the involved parameters, we are able to study the development of the annual damage. An application to the city of Copenhagen shows that a doubling of losses can be expected from a mean sea level increase of only 11 cm. In general, we find that for varying parameters the expected losses can be well approximated by one of three analytical expressions depending on the extreme value parameters. These findings reveal the complex interplay of the involved parameters and allow conclusions of fundamental relevance. For instance, we show that the damage typically increases faster than the sea level rise itself. This in turn can be of great importance for the assessment of sea level rise impacts on the global scale. Our results are accompanied by an assessment of uncertainty, which reflects the stochastic nature of extreme events. While the absolute value of uncertainty about the flood damage increases with rising mean sea levels, we find that it decreases in relation to the expected damage.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-559-2016
SN  - 1561-8633
VL  - 16
SP  - 559
EP  - 576
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bora, Sanjay Singh
A1  - Scherbaum, Frank
A1  - Kuehn, Nicolas
A1  - Stafford, Peter
T1  - On the Relationship between Fourier and Response Spectra: Implications for the Adjustment of Empirical Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs)
JF  - Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
N2  - The functional form of empirical response spectral ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) is often derived using concepts borrowed from Fourier spectral modeling of ground motion. As these GMPEs are subsequently calibrated with empirical observations, this may not appear to pose any major problems in the prediction of ground motion for a particular earthquake scenario. However, the assumption that Fourier spectral concepts persist for response spectra can lead to undesirable consequences when it comes to the adjustment of response spectral GMPEs to represent conditions not covered in the original empirical data set. In this context, a couple of important questions arise, for example, what are the distinctions and/or similarities between Fourier and response spectra of ground motions? And, if they are different, then what is the mechanism responsible for such differences and how do adjustments that are made to Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) manifest in response spectra? The present article explores the relationship between the Fourier and response spectrum of ground motion by using random vibration theory (RVT). With a simple Brune (1970, 1971) source model, RVT-generated acceleration spectra for a fixed magnitude and distance scenario are used. The RVT analyses reveal that the scaling of low oscillator-frequency response spectral ordinates can be treated as being equivalent to the scaling of the corresponding Fourier spectral ordinates. However, the high oscillator-frequency response spectral ordinates are controlled by a rather wide band of Fourier spectral ordinates. In fact, the peak ground acceleration, counter to the popular perception that it is a reflection of the high-frequency characteristics of ground motion, is controlled by the entire Fourier spectrum of ground motion. Additionally, this article demonstrates how an adjustment made to FAS is similar or different to the same adjustment made to response spectral ordinates. For this purpose, two cases: adjustments to the stress parameter (Delta sigma) (source term), and adjustments to the attributes reflecting site response (V-S - kappa(0)) are considered.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150129
SN  - 0037-1106
SN  - 1943-3573
VL  - 106
SP  - 1235
EP  - 1253
PB  - Seismological Society of America
CY  - Albany
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bougeois, Laurie
A1  - de Rafelis, Marc
A1  - Reichart, Gert-Jan
A1  - de Nooijer, Lennart J.
A1  - Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume
T1  - Mg/Ca in fossil oyster shells as palaeotemperature proxy, an example from the Palaeogene of Central Asia
JF  - Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences
N2  - Fossil oyster shells are well-suited to provide palaeotemperature proxies from geologic to seasonal timescales due to their ubiquitous occurrence from Triassic to Quaternary sediments, the seasonal nature of their shell growth and their relative strong resistance to post-mortem alteration. However, the common use to translate calcitic oxygen isotopes into palaeotemperatures is challenged by uncertainties in accounting for past seawater delta O-18, especially in shallow coastal environment where oysters calcify. In principle, the Mg/Ca ratio in oyster shells can provide an alternative palaeothermometer. Several studies provided temperature calibrations for this potential proxy based on modem species, nevertheless their application to palaeo-studies remains hitherto unexplored. Here, we show that past temperature variability in seawater can be obtained from Mg/Ca analyses from selected fossil oyster species and specimens. High-resolution Mg/Ca profiles, combined with delta O-18, were obtained along 41 fossil oyster shells of seven different species from the Palaeogene Proto-Paratethys sea (Central Asia) found in similar as well as different depositional age and environments providing comparison. Suitable Mg/Ca profiles, defined by continuous cyclicity and reproducibility within one shell, are found to be consistent for specimens of the same species but differ systematically between species, implying a dominant species-specific effect on the Mg/Ca signal. Two species studied here (Ostrea (Turkostrea) strictiplicata and Sokolowia buhsii) provide an excellent proxy for palaeoclimate reconstruction from China to Europe in Palaeogene marine sediments. More generally, the protocol developed here can be applied to identify other fossil oyster species suitable for palaeoclimate reconstructions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Palaeoclimate
KW  - Oyster
KW  - Mg/Ca
KW  - Sclerochronology
KW  - Palaeogene
KW  - Central Asia
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.052
SN  - 0031-0182
SN  - 1872-616X
VL  - 441
SP  - 611
EP  - 626
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Brell, Maximilian
A1  - Rogass, Christian
A1  - Segl, Karl
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Guanter, Luis
T1  - Improving Sensor Fusion: A Parametric Method for the Geometric Coalignment of Airborne Hyperspectral and Lidar Data
JF  - IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing
N2  - Synergistic applications based on integrated hyperspectral and lidar data are receiving a growing interest from the remote-sensing community. A prerequisite for the optimum sensor fusion of hyperspectral and lidar data is an accurate geometric coalignment. The simple unadjusted integration of lidar elevation and hyperspectral reflectance causes a substantial loss of information and does not exploit the full potential of both sensors. This paper presents a novel approach for the geometric coalignment of hyperspectral and lidar airborne data, based on their respective adopted return intensity information. The complete approach incorporates ray tracing and subpixel procedures in order to overcome grid inherent discretization. It aims at the correction of extrinsic and intrinsic (camera resectioning) parameters of the hyperspectral sensor. In additional to a tie-point-based coregistration, we introduce a ray-tracing-based back projection of the lidar intensities for area-based cost aggregation. The approach consists of three processing steps. First is a coarse automatic tie-point-based boresight alignment. The second step coregisters the hyperspectral data to the lidar intensities. Third is a parametric coalignment refinement with an area-based cost aggregation. This hybrid approach of combining tie-point features and area-based cost aggregation methods for the parametric coregistration of hyperspectral intensity values to their corresponding lidar intensities results in a root-mean-square error of 1/3 pixel. It indicates that a highly integrated and stringent combination of different coalignment methods leads to an improvement of the multisensor coregistration.
KW  - Airborne laser scanning (ALS)
KW  - coregistration
KW  - direct georeferencing
KW  - imaging spectroscopy
KW  - multisensor
KW  - parametric georeferencing
KW  - preprocessing
KW  - ray tracing
KW  - rigorous geocoding
KW  - sensor alignment
KW  - sensor fusion
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2518930
SN  - 0196-2892
SN  - 1558-0644
VL  - 54
SP  - 3460
EP  - 3474
PB  - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers
CY  - Piscataway
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Bubeck, Philip
A1  - Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H.
A1  - de Moel, Hans
A1  - Kreibich, Heidi
T1  - Preface: Flood-risk analysis and integrated management
T2  - Natural hazards and earth system sciences
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1005-2016
SN  - 1561-8633
VL  - 16
SP  - 1005
EP  - 1010
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bäse, Frank
T1  - Interception loss of changing land covers in the humid tropical lowland of Latin America
T1  - Der Zusammenhang von Interzeptionsverlust und Landnutzungswandel im feucht-tropischen Flachland Latein Amerikas
BT  - A synthesis of experimental and modeling approaches
BT  - Eine Synthese aus experimentellem und modellgestütztem Ansatz
N2  - Das Gebiet der feuchten Tropen ist die am stärksten durch den Landnutzungswandel betroffene Region der Erde. Vor allem die Rodung tropischer Wälder, um Platz für Rinderweiden oder den Anbau von Soja zu schaffen, aber auch seit jüngster Zeit die Bemühungen um Wiederaufforstungen prägen diesen Landnutzungswandel. Dabei beeinflusst die Änderung der Vegetationsbedeckung den regionalen Wasserhaushalt auf vielfältige Weise. Betroffen ist unter anderem die Verdunstung von feuchten Oberflächen. Die so genannte Interzeptionsverdunstung bzw. der Interzeptionsverlust trägt erheblich zum Wasserdampfgehalt in der unteren Atmosphäre und schließlich zur Niederschlagsbildung bei. 
Ziele dieser Dissertation waren (1) die experimentelle Untersuchung der Interzeptionsverlustunterschiede zwischen einem natürlichen, tropischen Wald und einer Sojaplantage im südlichen Amazonasgebiet, (2) die Modellierung des Interzeptionsverlustes dieser beiden Vegetationsformen im Vergleich zu einem jungen Sekundärwald unter dem Aspekt der Unsicherheiten bei der Ableitung notwendiger Modellparameter sowohl im Südamazonas als auch im Einzugsgebietes des Panamakanals sowie (3) die Wasserhaushaltsanalyse eines vom Landnutzungswandel geprägten Teileinzugsgebietes des Panamakanals in Hinblick auf die Veränderung der Interzeptionsverdunstung durch sich verändernde Landnutzung und der Änderung der klimatischen Bedingungen. 
Die Messung des Interzeptionsverlustes zeigte, dass in der Hauptwachstumsphase vom Soja von dessen Oberfläche mehr Wasserverdunstet als von der Oberfläche des Waldes. Allerdings ist in der Jahresbilanz der Interzeptionsverlust vom Wald höher, da diese Studie nur eine Momentaufnahme zur Zeit der vollen Vegetationsentwicklung des Sojas mit einem Zeitfenster von zwei Monaten widerspiegelt. Durch die geringere ganzjährige Verdunstung von den mit Soja bestandenen Flächen, wird hier der Niederschlag schneller dem Abfluss zugeführt und schell aus der Region ausgetragen. Somit trägt der Landnutzungswandel von Wald zu Soja zu einer mittelfristigen Reduktion des in der Region verfügbaren Wassers bei.
Die anschließende Modellierung des Interzeptionsverlustes zeigte Einerseits einen starken Einfluss der Datenqualität auf die Plausibilität der Ergebnisse und Andererseits, dass die Sensitivität der einzelnen Parameter zwischen den Untersuchungsgebieten variiert. Eine Schlüsselrolle nimmt die Wasserspeicherkapazität der Vegetationskrone ein. Dennoch ist die Evaporationsrate die treibende Größe im Interzeptionsprozess, so dass von ihr die größte Unsicherheit ausgeht. Je nach verwendeter Methode zur Ableitung dieses Parameters unterscheiden sich die gewonnenen Parameterwerte erheblich.
Die Wirkungsanalyse der Interzeptionsverdunstung auf den Wasserhaushalt im Wirkungsgeflecht der Änderungen von Temperatur, Niederschlag und Landnutzung im Landschaftsmosaik eines Flusseinzugsgebiets mit Hilfe eines Wasserhaushaltsmodels zeigte den Einfluss der Landnutzungsänderung auf die Abflussbildung mittels verschiedener Landnutzungsszenarien. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Landnutzungsänderung im Gebiet nur einen geringen Einfluss auf den Jahresabfluss hat. Stärker scheint sich der gemessene Temperaturanstieg auf die Verdunstung auszuwirken. Der mit einer höheren Temperatur einhergehende Anstieg der Transpiration und Interzeptionsverdunstung gleicht die gemessene Zunahme des Gebietsniederschlages aus, sodass keine signifikanten Änderungen im Jahresabfluss nachgewiesen werden konnten.
Die Ergebnisse der drei Studien verdeutlichen den Einfluss der Landnutzung auf die Interzeptionsverdunstung. Allerdings veranschaulichten die Resultate der Wasserhaushalts-modellierung, wie sehr dieser Einfluss durch die Veränderung der äußeren Rahmenbedingungen, vor allem durch den Anstieg der Temperatur, überprägt werden kann. Dies belegt, dass eine einfache Übertragung der Ergebnisse zwischen den Untersuchungsgebiet nicht möglich ist. Somit bleibt die experimentelle Erhebung von Vegetationsparametern sowie des Interzeptionsverlustes an den jeweils zu untersuchenden Standort für die Anwendung von Modellen unerlässlich.
N2  - The humid tropics are the region with the highest rate of land-cover change worldwide. Especially prevalent is the deforestation of old-growth tropical forests to create space for cattle pastures and soybean fields. 
The regional water cycle is influenced by vegetation cover in various ways. Especially evapotranspiration considerably contributes to water vapor content in the lower atmosphere. Besides active transpiration by plants, evaporation from wetted plant surfaces further known as interception loss is an important supply of water vapor. Changes in interception loss due to change in land cover and the related consequences on the regional water cycle in the humid tropics of Latin America are the research focus of my thesis. (1) In an experimental setup I assess differences in interception loss between an old-growth tropical forest and a soybean plantation. (2) In a modeling study, I examine interception losses of these two vegetation types compared to a younger secondary forest with the use of the Gash interception model, including an uncertainty analysis for the estimation of the necessary model parameters. (3) Studying the water balance of a 192-km² catchment I disentangle the influences of changes in land cover and climatic factors on interception loss. 
The three different research sites in my thesis represent a currently typical spectrum for land-cover changes in Latin America. In the first example I study the consequences of deforestation of transitional forest, which forms the transition from the Brazilian tree savanna (cerrado) to tropical rain forest, for the establishment of soybean fields in the southern Amazon basin. The second study site is a young secondary forest within the “Agua Salud” project area in Panama as an example of reforestation of former pastures. The third study site is the Cirí Grande river catchment which comprises a mixture of young and old forests as well as pastures, which is typical for the southern sub-catchments of the Panama Canal. 
The experimental approach consists of the indirect estimation of interception loss by measuring throughfall and stem flow. For the first experimental study I measured throughfall as well as stem flow manually. Measurements of the leaf area index of the two land covers do not show distinct differences; hence it could not serve as an explanation for the differences in the measured interception loss. The considerably higher interception loss at the soybean field is attributed to a possible underestimation of stemflow but also to the stronger ventilation within the well-structured plant rows causing higher evaporation rates. This situation is valid only for two months of the rainy season, when soybean plants are fully developed. In the annual balance evapotranspiration at the soybean site is clearly less than at the forest site, accelerating the development of fast runoff components and consequently discharge. In the medium term, a reduction of water availability in the study area can be expected. 
For the modeling study, throughfall in a young secondary forest is sampled automatically. The resulting temporally high-resolution dataset allows the distinction between different precipitation and interception events. The core of this study is the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the Gash interception model parameters and the consequences for its results. Canopy storage capacity plays a key role for the model and parameter uncertainty. With increasing storage capacity uncertainty in parameter delineation also increases. Evaporation rate as the driving component of the interception process incorporates in this context the largest parameter uncertainty. Depending on the selected method for parameter estimation, parameter values may vary tremendously.
In the third study, I analyze the influence of interception loss on the water balance of the Cirí Grande catchment, incorporating the interlinked effects of temperature, precipitation and changes of the land use mosaic using the SWAT (soil water assessment tool) model. Constructing several land-cover scenarios I assess their influence on the catchment’s discharge. The results show that land-cover change exerts only a small influence on annual discharge in the Cirí Grande catchment whereas an increase in temperature markedly influences evapotranspiration. The temperature-induced larger transpiration and interception loss balances the simultaneous increase in annual precipitation, such that the resulting changes in annual discharge are negligible. 
The results of the three studies show the considerable effect of land cover on interception. However, the magnitude of this effect can be masked by changes in local conditions, especially by an increase in temperature. Hence, the results cannot be transferred easily between the different study sites. For modeling purposes, this means that measurements of vegetation characteristics as well as interception loss at the respective sites are indispensable.
KW  - geoecology
KW  - interception
KW  - hydrology
KW  - Geoökologie
KW  - Interzeptionsverdunstung
KW  - Hydrologie
KW  - Lateinamerika
KW  - Latin America
Y1  - 2016
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Candan, O.
A1  - Akal, C.
A1  - Koralay, O. E.
A1  - Okay, A. I.
A1  - Oberhänsli, Roland
A1  - Prelevic, D.
A1  - Mertz-Kraus, R.
T1  - Carboniferous granites on the northern margin of Gondwana, Anatolide-Tauride Block, Turkey - Evidence for southward subduction of Paleotethys
JF  - Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth
N2  - Carboniferous metagranites with U-Pb zircon crystallization ages of 331-315 Ma crop out in the Afyon zone in the northern margin of the Anatolide-Tauride Block, which is commonly regarded as part of Gondwana during the Late Palaeozoic. They are peraluminous, calc-alkaline and are characterized by increase in Rb and Ba, decrease in Nb-Ta, and enrichment in Sr and high LILE/HFSE ratios compatible with a continental arc setting. The metagranites intrude a metasedimentary sequence of phyllite, metaquartzite and marble; both the Carboniferous metagranites and metasedimentary rocks are overlain unconformably by Lower Triassic metaconglomerates, metavolcanics and Upper Triassic to Cretaceous recrystallized limestones. The low-grade metamorphism and deformation occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. There is no evidence for Carboniferous deformation and metamorphism in the region. Carboniferous arc-type granites and previously described Carboniferous subduction-accretion complexes on the northern margin of the Anatolide-Tauride Block suggest southward subduction of Paleotethys under Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Considering the Variscan-related arc granites in Pelagonian and Sakarya zones on the active southern margin of Laurasia, a dual subduction of Paleotethys can be envisaged between Early Carboniferous and Late Permian. However, the southward subduction was short-lived and by the Late Permian the Gondwana margin became passive. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Carboniferous magmatism
KW  - Paleotethys
KW  - Gondwana
KW  - Afyon zone
KW  - Anatolide-Tauride Block
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.030
SN  - 0040-1951
SN  - 1879-3266
VL  - 683
SP  - 349
EP  - 366
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Candan, O.
A1  - Koralay, O. E.
A1  - Topuz, G.
A1  - Oberhänsli, Roland
A1  - Fritz, H.
A1  - Collins, A. S.
A1  - Chen, F.
T1  - Late Neoproterozoic gabbro emplacement followed by early Cambrian eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Menderes Massif (W. Turkey): Implications on the final assembly of Gondwana
JF  - Gondwana research : international geoscience journal ; official journal of the International Association for Gondwana Research
N2  - Numerous (meta-)gabbroic dikes or stocks occur within the latest Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian series of the Menderes Massif (Anatolide-Tauride Block, western Turkey). These well-preserved rocks were locally converted into eclogitic metagabbros and garnet amphibolites along the contacts or shear zones. Both bulk-rock composition and compositions of igneous clinopyroxenes suggest continental tholeiitic affinity. U-Pb dating of igneous zircons from gabbroic rocks yielded a mean age of 563 +/- 1 Ma (2 sigma), indicating emplacement during the latest Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran). On the other hand, rims of zircons from eclogitic metagabbro gave 535 +/- 3 Ma (2 sigma) (early Cambrian), in addition to 558 +/- 3 Ma (2 sigma) obtained from the igneous core of zircons. These ages are interpreted as the time of high-P metamorphism and crystallization age of gabbroic protolith, respectively. Given the estimated paleogeographic position of the Anatolide-Tauride Block during the late Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian, this orogenic event can be spatially and temporally related to the northward continuity of 600-500 Ma orogenic event (Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny) extending from western margin of India, Madagascar, via Arabia up to northern margin of Gondwana beneath thick Phanerozoic cover series in Arabian Peninsula. Therefore, the high-P evolution of the basement of the Menderes Massif and associated basic intrusions can be interpreted to mark the latest stages of consumption of the basin/oceanic branches and final amalgamation of the Gondwana during the late Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian around the Arabian region. (C) 2015 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Gabbro
KW  - Eclogite
KW  - Malagasy/Kuunga orogeny
KW  - Menderes Massif
KW  - Turkey
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.02.015
SN  - 1342-937X
SN  - 1878-0571
VL  - 34
SP  - 158
EP  - 173
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Carus, Jana
A1  - Paul, Maike
A1  - Schroeder, Boris
T1  - Vegetation as self-adaptive coastal protection: Reduction of current velocity and morphologic plasticity of a brackish marsh pioneer
JF  - Ecology and evolution
N2  - By reducing current velocity, tidal marsh vegetation can diminish storm surges and storm waves. Conversely, currents often exert high mechanical stresses onto the plants and hence affect vegetation structure and plant characteristics. In our study, we aim at analysing this interaction from both angles. On the one hand, we quantify the reduction of current velocity by Bolboschoenus maritimus, and on the other hand, we identify functional traits of B. maritimus’ ramets along environmental gradients. Our results show that tidal marsh vegetation is able to buffer a large proportion of the flow velocity at currents under normal conditions. Cross-shore current velocity decreased with distance from the marsh edge and was reduced by more than 50% after 15 m of vegetation. We were furthermore able to show that plants growing at the marsh edge had a significantly larger diameter than plants from inside the vegetation. We found a positive correlation between plant thickness and cross-shore current which could provide an adaptive value in habitats with high mechanical stress. With the adapted morphology of plants growing at the highly exposed marsh edge, the entire vegetation belt is able to better resist the mechanical stress of high current velocities. This self-adaptive effect thus increases the ability of B. maritimus to grow and persist in the pioneer zone and may hence better contribute to ecosystem-based coastal protection by reducing current velocity.
KW  - Adaptive value
KW  - Bolboschoenus maritimus
KW  - brackish marsh
KW  - flow velocity
KW  - mechanical pressure
KW  - morphological adaptation
KW  - phenotypic plasticity
KW  - pioneer zone
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1904
SN  - 2045-7758
VL  - 6
SP  - 1579
EP  - 1589
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Castino, Fabiana
T1  - Climate variability and extreme hydro-meteorological events in the Southern Central Andes, NW Argentina
T1  - Klimavariabilität und extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse in den südlichen Zentralanden, NW Argentinien
N2  - Extreme hydro-meteorological events, such as severe droughts or heavy rainstorms, constitute primary manifestations of climate variability and exert a critical impact on the natural environment and human society. This is particularly true for high-mountain areas, such as the eastern flank of the southern Central Andes of NW Argentina, a region impacted by deep convection processes that form the basis of extreme events, often resulting in floods, a variety of mass movements, and hillslope processes. This region is characterized by pronounced E-W gradients in topography, precipitation, and vegetation cover, spanning low to medium-elevation, humid and densely vegetated areas to high-elevation, arid and sparsely vegetated environments. This strong E-W gradient is mirrored by differences in the efficiency of surface processes, which mobilize and transport large amounts of sediment through the fluvial system, from the steep hillslopes to the intermontane basins and further to the foreland. In a highly sensitive high-mountain environment like this, even small changes in the spatiotemporal distribution, magnitude and rates of extreme events may strongly impact environmental conditions, anthropogenic activity, and the well-being of mountain communities and beyond. However, although the NW Argentine Andes comprise the catchments for the La Plata river that traverses one of the most populated and economically relevant areas of South America, there are only few detailed investigations of climate variability and extreme hydro-meteorological events. 
In this thesis, I focus on deciphering the spatiotemporal variability of rainfall and river discharge, with particular emphasis on extreme hydro-meteorological events in the subtropical southern Central Andes of NW Argentina during the past seven decades. I employ various methods to assess and quantify statistically significant trend patterns of rainfall and river discharge, integrating high-quality daily time series from gauging stations (40 rainfall and 8 river discharge stations) with gridded datasets (CPC-uni and TRMM 3B42 V7), for the period between 1940 and 2015. Evidence for a general intensification of the hydrological cycle at intermediate elevations (~ 0.5 – 3 km asl) at the eastern flank of the southern Central Andes is found both from rainfall and river-discharge time-series analysis during the period from 1940 to 2015. This intensification is associated with the increase of the annual total amount of rainfall and the mean annual discharge. However, most pronounced trends are found at high percentiles, i.e. extreme hydro-meteorological events, particularly during the wet season from December to February.An important outcome of my studies is the recognition of a rapid increase in the amount of river discharge during the period between 1971 and 1977, most likely linked to the 1976-77 global climate shift, which is associated with the North Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature variability. Interestingly, after this rapid increase, both rainfall and river discharge decreased at low and intermediate elevations along the eastern flank of the Andes. In contrast, during the same time interval, at high elevations, extensive areas on the arid Puna de Atacama plateau have recorded increasing annual rainfall totals. This has been associated with more intense extreme hydro-meteorological events from 1979 to 2014. This part of the study reveals that low-, intermediate, and high-elevation sectors in the Andes of NW Argentina respond differently to changing climate conditions. 
Possible forcing mechanisms of the pronounced hydro-meteorological variability observed in the study area are also investigated. For the period between 1940 and 2015, I analyzed modes of oscillation of river discharge from small to medium drainage basins (102 to 104 km2), located on the eastern flank of the orogen. First, I decomposed the relevant monthly time series using the Hilbert-Huang Transform, which is particularly appropriate for non-stationary time series that result from non-linear natural processes. I observed that in the study region discharge variability can be described by five quasi-periodic oscillatory modes on timescales varying from 1 to ~20 years. Secondly, I tested the link between river-discharge variations and large-scale climate modes of variability, using different climate indices, such as the BEST ENSO (Bivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation Time-series) index. This analysis reveals that, although most of the variance on the annual timescale is associated with the South American Monsoon System, a relatively large part of river-discharge variability is linked to Pacific Ocean variability (PDO phases) at multi-decadal timescales (~20 years). To a lesser degree, river discharge variability is also linked to the Tropical South Atlantic (TSA) sea surface temperature anomaly at multi-annual timescales (~2-5 years). 
Taken together, these findings exemplify the high degree of sensitivity of high-mountain environments with respect to climatic variability and change. This is particularly true for the topographic transitions between the humid, low-moderate elevations and the semi-arid to arid highlands of the southern Central Andes. Even subtle changes in the hydro-meteorological regime of these areas of the mountain belt react with major impacts on erosional hillslope processes and generate mass movements that fundamentally impact the transport capacity of mountain streams. Despite more severe storms in these areas, the fluvial system is characterized by pronounced variability of the stream power on different timescales, leading to cycles of sediment aggradation, the loss of agriculturally used land and severe impacts on infrastructure.
N2  - Extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse, wie langanhaltende Dürren oder Starkregen, gelten als Haupterscheinungsform der Klimavariabilität und haben einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf Umwelt und Gesellschaft. Dies gilt im Besonderen für die großen Gebirgsregionen dieser Erde. In einer extrem sensiblen Hochgebirgsregion wie den NW argentinischen Anden haben selbst geringe Veränderungen in der Intensität solcher Extremereignisse, sowie deren Häufigkeit und räumliche Verteilung, nicht nur einen großen Einfluss auf die Landschaftsentwicklung; flussabwärtsliegende Gemeinden sind zudem wirtschaftlich als auch humanitär einem hohen Risiko ausgesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich im Wesentlichen mit der räumlich-zeitlichen Verteilung von Niederschlags- und Abflussmengen über den Zeitraum der letzten sieben Jahrzente, mit besonderem Fokus auf extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse der subtropischen Zentralanden NW-Argentiniens. Um räumliche und zeitliche statistisch signifikante Trends der Niederschlags- und Abflussmengen bestimmen und quantifizieren zu können, finden in dieser Arbeit verschiedene Methoden Anwendung, in denen hochaufgelöste Zeitreihen von Niederschlags- und Abflussmengenstationen mit diversen Rasterdatensätzen von 1940 bis 2015 kombiniert werden. Über den betrachteten Zeitraum hinweg lässt sich eine allgemeine Intensivierung des hydrologischen Kreislaufes auf mittleren Höhen (500 - 3.000 m ü. NN) belegen. Diese Intensivierung steht einerseits im Zusammenhang mit dem Ansteigen von Extremwetterereignissen, besonders während der Regenzeit von Dezember bis Februar. Der beobachtete Anstieg in der Intensität dieser Wetterlagen deutet auf einen Zusammenhang der schweren Regenstürme und der Verlandung der Abflussbecken in der untersuchten, intermontanen Region hin. Ein rapider Anstieg in der Abflussmenge in Flüssen um bis zu 40% ist für den Zeitraum zwischen 1971 und 1977 dokumentiert. Dieser steht höchstwahrscheinlich mit der globalen Klimaverschiebung von 1976-77 in Zusammenhang, welche wiederum durch die Variabilität der Oberflächentemperatur des Pazifischen Ozeans beeinflusst wird. Nach diesem starken Anstieg können jedoch abnehmende Trends in Niederschlags- wie auch Abflussmengen auf niedrigen und mittleren Höhen der Ostflanken der Anden beobachtet werden. Im Gegensatz dazu belegen ein Anstieg der jährlichen Gesamtniederschlagsmenge sowie der Magnitude von extremen hydro-meterologischen Ereignissen in hohen Höhenlagen der trockenen Puna de Atacama Plateaus, dass niedrige, mittlere und hohe Sektoren der NW argentinischen Anden unterschiedlich auf Änderungen des Klimas reagieren. Schlussendlich kann die in der Region beobachtete, stark ausgeprägte Variabilität in der Hydro-meteorologie über jährliche Zeiträume zum größten Teil mit dem Südamerikanischen Monsunsystem erklärt werden. Jedoch sind große Anteile in der Variabilität der Abflussmenge auch stark an die Pazifische Dekaden-Oszillation (PDO) in Zeiträumen über mehrereJahrzehnte (~20 Jahre) gekoppelt und zu einem geringeren Anteil auch an die Meeresoberflächentemperatur-Anomalie des tropischen Südatlantiks (TSA) über mehrjährige Zeiträume hinweg (~2-5 Jahre). Interessanterweise wurden nur weniger stark ausgeprägte Zusammenhänge zwischen der Abflussvariabilität und El Niño-Southern Oscillation in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet gefunden.
KW  - climate variability
KW  - extreme hydrometeorological events
KW  - Central Andes
KW  - Klimavariabilität
KW  - extreme hydro-meteorologische Ereignisse
KW  - Zentralanden
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-396815
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Castino, Fabiana
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - River-discharge dynamics in the Southern Central Andes and the 1976-77 global climate shift
JF  - Geophysical research letters
N2  - Recent studies have shown that the 1976-77 global climate shift strongly affected the South American climate. In our study, we observed a link between this climate shift and river-discharge variability in the subtropical Southern Central Andes. We analyzed the daily river-discharge time series between 1940 and 1999 from small to medium mountain drainage basins (10(2)-10(4) km(2) ) across a steep climatic and topographic gradient. We document that the discharge frequency distribution changed significantly, with higher percentiles exhibiting more pronounced trends. A change point between 1971 and 1977 marked an intensification of the hydrological cycle, which resulted in increased river discharge. In the upper Rio Bermejo basin of the northernmost Argentine Andes, the mean annual discharge increased by 40% over 7 years. Our findings are important for flood risk management in areas impacted by the 1976-77 climate shift; discharge frequency distribution analysis provides important insights into the variability of the hydrological cycle in the Andean realm.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070868
SN  - 0094-8276
SN  - 1944-8007
VL  - 43
SP  - 11679
EP  - 11687
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Caus, Esmeralda
A1  - Frijia, Gianluca
A1  - Parente, Mariano
A1  - Robles-Salcedo, Raquel
A1  - Villalonga, Raquel
T1  - Constraining the age of the last marine sediments in the late Cretaceous of central south Pyrenees (NE Spain): Insights from larger benthic foraminifera and strontium isotope stratigraphy
JF  - Cretaceous research
N2  - The uppermost Cretaceous (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian) marine deposits of the central south Pyrenees host a rich larger benthic foraminiferal fauna and several rudist-rich levels. These marine deposits are directly overlain by the continental facies of the Aren and Tremp Formations, which are famous for their fossil dinosaur remains. Larger benthic foraminiferal distribution documents an important faunal turnover in all the carbonate platform environments within the photic zone, from open marine to littoral areas. Biostratigraphy indicates that this turnover occurred close to the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary. This is also confirmed by strontium isotope stratigraphy which indicates an earliest Maastrichtian age for the appearance of the larger benthic foraminiferal assemblage constituted by Lepidorbitoides socialis, Clypeorbis mammillata, Wannierina cataluniensis, Orbitoides gruenbachensis, Siderolites aff. calcitrapoides, Fascispira colomi, Omphalocyclus macroporus and Laffiteina mengaudi. In particular, a numerical age of 71 Ma is obtained for the Hippurites radiosus level, just a few meters below the first continental deposits of the Aren sensu stricto Formation. The youngest marine sediments of the central south Pyrenees are early Maastrichtian in age. This is also an important constraint for the age of the end-Cretaceous dinosaur fossil localities of the Tremp basin. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW  - Larger benthic foraminifera
KW  - Strontium isotope stratigraphy
KW  - Late Cretaceous
KW  - Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary
KW  - Tremp basin
KW  - Pyrenees
KW  - NE Spain
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.05.012
SN  - 0195-6671
SN  - 1095-998X
VL  - 57
SP  - 402
EP  - 413
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cesca, Simone
A1  - Grigoli, Francesco
A1  - Heimann, Sebastian
A1  - Dahm, Torsten
A1  - Kriegerowski, Marius
A1  - Sobiesiak, M.
A1  - Tassara, C.
A1  - Olcay, M.
T1  - The M-w 8.1 2014 Iquique, Chile, seismic sequence: a tale of foreshocks and aftershocks
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - The 2014 April 1, M-w 8.1 Iquique (Chile) earthquake struck in the Northern Chile seismic gap. With a rupture length of less than 200 km, it left unbroken large segments of the former gap. Early studies were able to model the main rupture features but results are ambiguous with respect to the role of aseismic slip and left open questions on the remaining hazard at the Northern Chile gap. A striking observation of the 2014 earthquake has been its extensive preparation phase, with more than 1300 events with magnitude above M-L 3, occurring during the 15 months preceding the main shock. Increasing seismicity rates and observed peak magnitudes accompanied the last three weeks before the main shock. Thanks to the large data sets of regional recordings, we assess the precursor activity, compare foreshocks and aftershocks and model rupture preparation and rupture effects. To tackle inversion challenges for moderate events with an asymmetric network geometry, we use full waveforms techniques to locate events, map the seismicity rate and derive source parameters, obtaining moment tensors for more than 300 events (magnitudes M-w 4.0-8.1) in the period 2013 January 1-2014 April 30. This unique data set of fore- and aftershocks is investigated to distinguish rupture process models and models of strain and stress rotation during an earthquake. Results indicate that the spatial distributions of foreshocks delineated the shallower part of the rupture areas of the main shock and its largest aftershock, well matching the spatial extension of the aftershocks cloud. Most moment tensors correspond to almost pure double couple thrust mechanisms, consistent with the slab orientation. Whereas no significant differences are observed among thrust mechanisms in different areas, nor among thrust foreshocks and aftershocks, the early aftershock sequence is characterized by the presence of normal fault mechanisms, striking parallel to the trench but dipping westward. These events likely occurred in the shallow wedge structure close to the slab interface and are consequence of the increased extensional stress in this region after the largest events. The overall stress inversion result suggests a minor stress rotation after the main shock, but a significant release of the deviatoric stress. The temporal change in the distribution of focal mechanisms can also be explained in terms of the spatial heterogeneity of the stress field: under such interpretation, the potential of a large megathrust earthquake breaking a larger segment offshore Northern Chile remains high.
KW  - Earthquake source observations
KW  - South America
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv544
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 204
SP  - 1766
EP  - 1780
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cetinkaplan, Mete
A1  - Pourteau, Amaury
A1  - Candan, Osman
A1  - Koralay, O. Ersin
A1  - Oberhänsli, Roland
A1  - Okay, Aral I.
A1  - Chen, Fukun
A1  - Kozlu, Huseyin
A1  - Sengun, Firat
T1  - P-T-t evolution of eclogite/blueschist facies metamorphism in Alanya Massif: time and space relations with HP event in Bitlis Massif, Turkey
JF  - International journal of earth sciences
N2  - The Alanya Massif, which is located to the south of central Taurides in Turkey, presents a typical nappe pile consisting of thrust sheets with contrasting metamorphic histories. In two thrust sheets, Sugozu and GundogmuAY nappes, HP metamorphism under eclogite (550-567 A degrees C/14-18 kbar) and blueschist facies (435-480 A degrees C/11-13 kbar) conditions have been recognized, respectively. Whereas the rest of the Massif underwent MP metamorphism under greenschist to amphibolite facies (525-555 A degrees C/6.5-7.5 kbar) conditions. Eclogite facies metamorphism in Sugozu nappe, which consists of homogeneous garnet-glaucophane-phengite schists with eclogite lenses is dated at 84.8 +/- A 0.8, 84.7 +/- A 1.5 and 82 +/- A 3 Ma (Santonian-Campanian) by Ar-40/Ar-39 phengite, U/Pb zircon and rutile dating methods, respectively. Similarly, phengites in GundogmuAY nappe representing an accretionary complex yield 82-80 Ma (Campanian) ages for blueschist facies metamorphism. During the exhumation, the retrograde overprint of the HP units under greenschist-amphibolite facies conditions and tectonic juxtaposition with the Barrovian units occurred during Campanian (75-78 Ma). Petrological and geochronological data clearly indicate a similar Late Cretaceous tectonometamorphic evolution for both Alanya (84-75 Ma) and Bitlis (84-72 Ma) Massifs. They form part of a single continental sliver (Alanya-Bitlis microcontinent), which was rifted from the southern part of the Anatolide-Tauride platform. The P-T-t coherence between two Massifs suggests that both Massifs have been derived from the closure of the same ocean (Alanya-Bitlis Ocean) located to the south of the Anatolide-Tauride block by a northward subduction. The boundary separating the autochthonous Tauride platform to the north from both the Alanya and Bitlis Massifs to the south represents a suture zone, the Pamphylian-Alanya-Bitlis suture.
KW  - Tauride
KW  - Eclogite
KW  - Alanya
KW  - Blueschist
KW  - Metamorphism
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1092-8
SN  - 1437-3254
SN  - 1437-3262
VL  - 105
SP  - 247
EP  - 281
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Chen, Kejie
T1  - Real-time GNSS for fast seismic source inversion and tsunami early warning
T1  - Echtzeit-GNSS für schnelle seismischen Quelle Inversion und Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem
N2  - Over the past decades, rapid and constant advances have motivated GNSS technology to approach the ability to monitor transient ground motions with mm to cm accuracy in real-time. As a result, the potential of using real-time GNSS for natural hazards prediction and early warning has been exploited intensively in recent years, e.g., landslides and volcanic eruptions monitoring. Of particular note, compared with traditional seismic instruments, GNSS does not saturate or tilt in terms of co-seismic displacement retrieving, which makes it especially valuable for earthquake and earthquake induced tsunami early warning. In this thesis, we focus on the application of real-time GNSS to fast seismic source inversion and tsunami early warning. 

Firstly, we present a new approach to get precise co-seismic displacements using cost effective single-frequency receivers. As is well known, with regard to high precision positioning, the main obstacle for single-frequency GPS receiver is ionospheric delay. Considering that over a few minutes, the change of ionospheric delay is almost linear, we constructed a linear model for each satellite to predict ionospheric delay. The effectiveness of this method has been validated by an out-door experiment and 2011 Tohoku event, which confirms feasibility of using dense GPS networks for geo-hazard early warning at an affordable cost.  

Secondly, we extended temporal point positioning from GPS-only to GPS/GLONASS and assessed the potential benefits of multi-GNSS for co-seismic displacement determination. Out-door experiments reveal that when observations are conducted in an adversary environment, adding a couple of GLONASS satellites could provide more reliable results. The case study of 2015 Illapel Mw 8.3 earthquake shows that the biases between co-seismic displacements derived from GPS-only and GPS/GLONASS vary from station to station, and could be up to 2 cm in horizontal direction and almost 3 cm in vertical direction. Furthermore, slips inverted from GPS/GLONASS co-seismic displacements using a layered crust structure on a curved plane are shallower and larger for the Illapel event.          

Thirdly, we tested different inversion tools and discussed the uncertainties of using real-time GNSS for tsunami early warning. To be exact, centroid moment tensor inversion, uniform slip inversion using a single Okada fault and distributed slip inversion in layered crust on a curved plane were conducted using co-seismic displacements recorded during 2014 Pisagua earthquake. While the inversion results give similar magnitude and the rupture center, there are significant differences in depth, strike, dip and rake angles, which lead to different tsunami propagation scenarios. Even though, resulting tsunami forecasting along the Chilean coast is close to each other for all three models. 
   
Finally, based on the fact that the positioning performance of BDS is now equivalent to GPS in Asia-Pacific area and Manila subduction zone has been identified as a zone of potential tsunami hazard, we suggested a conceptual BDS/GPS network for tsunami early warning in South China Sea. Numerical simulations with two earthquakes (Mw 8.0 and Mw 7.5) and induced tsunamis demonstrate the viability of this network. In addition, the advantage of BDS/GPS over a single GNSS system by source inversion grows with decreasing earthquake magnitudes.
N2  - In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben schnelle und ständige Fortschritte die GNSS Technologie motiviert, die Fähigkeit zu erreichen, vorübergehende Bodenbewegungen mit einer Genauigkeit von mm bis cm in Echtzeit zu überwachen. Als Ergebnis wurde das Potential der Benutzung von Echtzeit GNSS zur Vorhersage von Naturgefährdungen und Frühwarnungen in den letzten Jahren intensiv ausgenutzt, zum Beispiel beim Beobachten von Hangrutschungen und vulkanischen Eruptionen. Besonders im Vergleich mit traditionellen seismischen Instrumenten tritt bei GNSS bei seismischen Verschiebungen keine Sättigung oder Neigung auf, was es für Erdbeben und durch Erdbeben induzierte Tsunamis besonders wertvoll macht. In dieser Arbeit richtet sich der Fokus auf die Anwendung von Echtzeit GNSS auf schnelle seismische Quelleninversion und Tsunami Frühwarnung.
Zuerst präsentieren wir einen neuen Ansatz, um präzise seismische Verschiebungen durch kosteneffiziente Einzelfrequenz-Empfänger zu erhalten. Wie in Bezug auf Hochpräzisions-Positionierung bekannt ist, ist das hauptsächliche Hindernis für Einzelfrequenz-GPS die Verzögerung durch die Ionosphäre. Unter Berücksichtigung der Tatsache, dass die Änderung in der ionosphärischen Verzögerung über mehrere Minuten hinweg linear ist, haben wir ein lineares Modell für jeden Satelliten konstruiert, um die ionosphärische Verzögerung vorherzusagen. Die Effizienz dieser Methode wurde bei einem Freiluft-Experiment und bei dem Tohoku Ereignis 2011 validiert, was die Verwendbarkeit eines dichten GPS Netzwerks für Frühwarnung vor Geo-Gefahren bei vertretbaren Kosten bestätigt.
Als Zweites haben wir die zeitliche Punkt-Positionierung von GPS-only zu GPS/GLONASS erweitert und den potentiellen Nutzen von Multi-GPNSS für die Bestimmung seismischer Verschiebungen bewertet. Freiluft-Experimente zeigen, dass zusätzliche GLONASS Satelliten in feindlicher Umgebung verlässlichere Ergebnisse liefern könnten. Die Fallstudie vom 2015 Illapel Erdbeben mit 8,3 Mw zeigt, dass die mit GPS-only und GPS/GLONASS abgeleiteten seismischen Verschiebungen von Station zu Station variieren und bis zu 2 cm in horizontaler Richtung und beinahe 3 cm in vertikaler Richtung betragen könnten. Zudem sind Verwerfungen, die durch GPS/GLONASS seismische Verschiebungen umgekehrt sind und eine geschichtete Krustenstruktur benutzen, auf einer gekrümmten Ebene flacher und größer für das Illapel Ereignis.
Als Drittes haben wir verschiedene Inversionstools getestet und die Unsicherheiten der Benutzung von Echtzeit GNSS zur Tsunami Frühwarnung diskutiert. Um genau zu sein, wurden eine Schwerpunkts Momenten-Tensoren-Inversion, eine gleichmäßige Verwerfungsinversion bei Benutzung einer einzelnen Okada Verwerfung und eine verteilte Verwerfungs-Inversion in geschichteter Kruste auf einer gekrümmten Ebene durchgeführt. Dafür wurden seismische Verschiebungen genutzt, die beim Pisagua Erdbeben 2014 aufgezeichnet wurden. Während die Inversionsergebnisse ähnliche Magnituden und Bruchstellen liefern, gibt es signifikante Unterschiede bei Tiefe, Streichen, Einfalls- und Spanwinkel, was zu verschiedenen Tsunami Ausbreitungs-Szenarien führt. Trotzdem ist die resultierende Tsunami Vorhersage entlang der chilenischen Küste allen drei Modellen ähnlich.
Schlussendlich und basierend auf der Tatsache, dass die Positionierungsleistung von BDS nun äquivalent zu GPS im Asia-Pazifischen Raum ist und die Manila Subduktionszone als potentielle Tsunami Gefährdungszone identifiziert wurde, schlagen wir ein Konzept für ein BDS/GPS Netzwerk für die Tsunami Frühwarnung im Südchinesischen Meer vor. Numerische Simulationen mit zwei Erdbeben (Mw 8.0 und Mw 7.5) und induzierten Tsunamis demonstrieren die Realisierbarkeit dieses Netzwerks. Zusätzlich wächst der Vorteil von BDS/GPS gegenüber einem einzelnen GNSS Sytem bei steigender Quelleninversion mit abnehmender Erdbebenmagnitude.
KW  - global navigation satellite systems
KW  - seismic source inversion
KW  - tsunami early warning
KW  - GNSS
KW  - Quelle Inversion
KW  - Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-93174
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cohen, Andrew
A1  - Campisano, C.
A1  - Arrowsmith, J. Ramón
A1  - Asrat, Asfawossen
A1  - Behrensmeyer, A. K.
A1  - Deino, A.
A1  - Feibel, C.
A1  - Hill, A.
A1  - Johnson, R.
A1  - Kingston, J.
A1  - Lamb, Henry F.
A1  - Lowenstein, T.
A1  - Noren, A.
A1  - Olago, D.
A1  - Owen, R. B.
A1  - Potts, R.
A1  - Reed, Kate
A1  - Renaut, R.
A1  - Schäbitz, Frank
A1  - Tiercelin, J. -J.
A1  - Trauth, Martin H.
A1  - Wynn, J.
A1  - Ivory, S.
A1  - Brady, K.
A1  - Rodysill, J.
A1  - Githiri, J.
A1  - Russell, J.
A1  - Förster, Verena
A1  - Dommain, René
A1  - Rucina, S.
A1  - Deocampo, D.
A1  - Russell, J.
A1  - Billingsley, A.
A1  - Beck, C.
A1  - Dorenbeck, G.
A1  - Dullo, L.
A1  - Feary, D.
A1  - Garello, D.
A1  - Gromig, R.
A1  - Johnson, T.
A1  - Junginger, A.
A1  - Karanja, M.
A1  - Kimburi, E.
A1  - Mbuthia, A.
A1  - McCartney, T.
A1  - McNulty, E.
A1  - Muiruri, V.
A1  - Nambiro, E.
A1  - Negash, E. W.
A1  - Njagi, D.
A1  - Wilson, J. N.
A1  - Rabideaux, N.
A1  - Raub, T.
A1  - Sier, M. J.
A1  - Smith, P.
A1  - Urban, J.
A1  - Warren, M.
A1  - Yadeta, M.
A1  - Yost, C.
A1  - Zinaye, B.
T1  - The Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project: inferring the environmental context of human evolution from eastern African rift lake deposits
JF  - Scientific Drilling
N2  - The role that climate and environmental history may have played in influencing human evolution has been the focus of considerable interest and controversy among paleoanthropologists for decades. Prior attempts to understand the environmental history side of this equation have centered around the study of outcrop sediments and fossils adjacent to where fossil hominins (ancestors or close relatives of modern humans) are found, or from the study of deep sea drill cores. However, outcrop sediments are often highly weathered and thus are unsuitable for some types of paleoclimatic records, and deep sea core records come from long distances away from the actual fossil and stone tool remains. The Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project (HSPDP) was developed to address these issues. The project has focused its efforts on the eastern African Rift Valley, where much of the evidence for early hominins has been recovered. We have collected about 2 km of sediment drill core from six basins in Kenya and Ethiopia, in lake deposits immediately adjacent to important fossil hominin and archaeological sites. Collectively these cores cover in time many of the key transitions and critical intervals in human evolutionary history over the last 4 Ma, such as the earliest stone tools, the origin of our own genus Homo, and the earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens. Here we document the initial field, physical property, and core description results of the 2012-2014 HSPDP coring campaign.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-21-1-2016
SN  - 1816-8957
SN  - 1816-3459
VL  - 21
SP  - 1
EP  - 16
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Comber, Alexis
A1  - Mooney, Peter
A1  - Purves, Ross S.
A1  - Rocchini, Duccio
A1  - Walz, Ariane
T1  - Crowdsourcing: It Matters Who the Crowd Are. The Impacts of between Group Variations in Recording Land Cover
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - Volunteered geographical information (VGI) and citizen science have become important sources data for much scientific research. In the domain of land cover, crowdsourcing can provide a high temporal resolution data to support different analyses of landscape processes. However, the scientists may have little control over what gets recorded by the crowd, providing a potential source of error and uncertainty. This study compared analyses of crowdsourced land cover data that were contributed by different groups, based on nationality (labelled Gondor and Non-Gondor) and on domain experience (labelled Expert and Non-Expert). The analyses used a geographically weighted model to generate maps of land cover and compared the maps generated by the different groups. The results highlight the differences between the maps how specific land cover classes were under-and over-estimated. As crowdsourced data and citizen science are increasingly used to replace data collected under the designed experiment, this paper highlights the importance of considering between group variations and their impacts on the results of analyses. Critically, differences in the way that landscape features are conceptualised by different groups of contributors need to be considered when using crowdsourced data in formal scientific analyses. The discussion considers the potential for variation in crowdsourced data, the relativist nature of land cover and suggests a number of areas for future research. The key finding is that the veracity of citizen science data is not the critical issue per se. Rather, it is important to consider the impacts of differences in the semantics, affordances and functions associated with landscape features held by different groups of crowdsourced data contributors.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158329
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 11
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cristiano, L.
A1  - Meier, T.
A1  - Krüger, F.
A1  - Keers, H.
A1  - Weidle, C.
T1  - Teleseismic P-wave polarization analysis at the Grafenberg array
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - P-wave polarization at the Grafenberg array (GRF) in southern Germany is analysed in terms of azimuthal deviations and deviations in the vertical polarization using 20 yr of broad-band recordings. An automated procedure for estimating P-wave polarization parameters is suggested, based on the definition of a characteristic function, which evaluates the polarization angles and their time variability as well as the amplitude, linearity and the signal-to-noise ratio of the P wave. P-wave polarization at the GRF array is shown to depend mainly on frequency and backazimuth and only slightly on epicentral distance indicating depth-dependent local anisotropy and lateral heterogeneity. A harmonic analysis is applied to the azimuthal anomalies to analyse their periodicity as a function of backazimuth. The dominant periods are 180A degrees A and 360A degrees. At low frequencies, between 0.03 and 0.1 Hz, the observed fast directions of azimuthal anisotropy inferred from the 180A degrees A periodicity are similar across the array. The average fast direction of azimuthal anisotropy at these frequencies is N20A degrees E with an uncertainty of about 8A degrees A and is consistent with fast directions of Pn-wave propagation. Lateral velocity gradients determined for the low-frequency band are compatible with the Moho topography of the area. A more complex pattern in the horizontal fast axis orientation beneath the GRF array is observed in the high-frequency band between 0.1 and 0.5 Hz, and is attributed to anisotropy in the upper crust. A remarkable rotation of the horizontal fast axis orientation across the suture between the geological units Moldanubicum and Saxothuringicum is observed. In contrast, the 360A degrees A periodicity at high frequencies is rather consistent across the array and may either point to lower velocities in the upper crust towards the Bohemian Massif and/or to anisotropy dipping predominantly in the NE-SW direction. Altogether, P-wave polarization analysis indicates the presence of layered lithospheric anisotropy in the area of the GRF array. Seismic anisotropy is more variable in the brittle upper crust compared to lower crustal and subcrustal depths.
KW  - Body waves
KW  - Seismic anisotropy
KW  - Wave propagation
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw339
SN  - 0956-540X
SN  - 1365-246X
VL  - 207
SP  - 1456
EP  - 1471
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Dannberg, Juliane
T1  - Dynamics of mantle plumes
T1  - Dynamik von Mantelplumes
BT  - linking scales and coupling physics
BT  - gekoppelte und skalenübergreifende Modelle
N2  - Mantle plumes are a link between different scales in the Earth’s mantle: They are an important part of large-scale mantle convection, transporting material and heat from the core-mantle boundary to the surface, but also affect processes on a smaller scale, such as melt generation and transport and surface magmatism. When they reach the base of the lithosphere, they cause massive magmatism associated with the generation of large igneous provinces, and they can be related to mass extinction events (Wignall, 2001) and continental breakup (White and McKenzie, 1989).
Thus, mantle plumes have been the subject of many previous numerical modelling studies (e.g. Farnetani and Richards, 1995; d’Acremont et al., 2003; Lin and van Keken, 2005; Sobolev et al., 2011; Ballmer et al., 2013). However, complex mechanisms, such as the development and implications of chemical heterogeneities in plumes, their interaction with mid-ocean ridges and global mantle flow, and melt ascent from the source region to the surface are still not very well understood; and disagreements between observations and the predictions of classical plume models have led to a challenge of the plume concept in general (Czamanske et al., 1998; Anderson, 2000; Foulger, 2011). Hence, there is a need for more sophisticated models that can explain the underlying physics, assess which properties and processes are important, explain how they cause the observations visible at the Earth’s surface and provide a link between the different scales. 
In this work, integrated plume models are developed that investigate the effect of dense recycled oceanic crust on the development of mantle plumes, plume–ridge interaction under the influence of global mantle flow and melting and melt migration in form of two-phase flow.
The presented analysis of these models leads to a new, updated picture of mantle plumes: Models considering a realistic depth-dependent density of recycled oceanic crust and peridotitic mantle material show that plumes with excess temperatures of up to 300 K can transport up to 15% of recycled oceanic crust through the whole mantle. However, due to the high density of recycled crust, plumes can only advance to the base of the lithosphere directly if they have high excess temperatures, high plume volumes and the lowermost mantle is subadiabatic, or plumes rise from the top or edges of thermo-chemical piles. They might only cause minor surface uplift, and instead of the classical head–tail structure, these low-buoyancy plumes are predicted to be broad features in the lower mantle with much less pronounced plume heads. They can form a variety of shapes and regimes, including primary plumes directly advancing to the base of the lithosphere, stagnating plumes, secondary plumes rising from the core–mantle boundary or a pool of eclogitic material in the upper mantle and failing plumes. In the upper mantle, plumes are tilted and deflected by global mantle flow, and the shape, size and stability of the melting region is influenced by the distance from nearby plate boundaries, the speed of the overlying plate and the movement of the plume tail arriving from the lower mantle. Furthermore, the structure of the lithosphere controls where hot material is accumulated and melt is generated. In addition to melting in the plume tail at the plume arrival position, hot plume material flows upwards towards opening rifts, towards mid-ocean ridges and towards other regions of thinner lithosphere, where it produces additional melt due to decompression. This leads to the generation of either broad ridges of thickened magmatic crust or the separation into multiple thinner lines of sea mount chains at the surface. Once melt is generated within the plume, it influences its dynamics, lowering the viscosity and density, and while it rises the melt volume is increased up to 20% due to decompression. Melt has the tendency to accumulate at the top of the plume head, forming diapirs and initiating small-scale convection when the plume reaches the base of the lithosphere. Together with the introduced unstable, high-density material produced by freezing of melt, this provides an efficient mechanism to thin the lithosphere above plume heads.
In summary, this thesis shows that mantle plumes are more complex than previously considered, and linking the scales and coupling the physics of different processes occurring in mantle plumes can provide insights into how mantle plumes are influenced by chemical heterogeneities, interact with the lithosphere and global mantle flow, and are affected by melting and melt migration. Including these complexities in geodynamic models shows that plumes can also have broad plume tails, might produce only negligible surface uplift, can generate one or several volcanic island chains in interaction with a mid–ocean ridge, and can magmatically thin the lithosphere.
N2  - Mantelplumes verbinden Prozesse auf verschiedenen Skalen im Erdmantel: Sie sind ein wichtiger Teil der globalen Mantelkonvektion, sie transportieren Material und Wärmeenergie von der Kern-Mantel-Grenze zur Erdoberfläche, aber beeinflussen auch kleinskaligere Prozesse wie Schmelzbildung und -transport und die damit verbundenen magmatischen Ereignisse. Wenn Plumes die Unterseite der Lithosphäre erreichen, entstehen große Mengen partiell geschmolzenen Gesteins, was zu großräumigen Vulkaneruptionen sowie der Entstehung von Plateaubasaltprovinzen führt, und auch mit Massenaussterbeereignissen und dem Auseinanderbrechen von Kontinenten in Zusammenhang stehen kann.
Aufgrund dieser erdgeschichtlichen Bedeutung wurde bereits eine große Anzahl an Studien über Plumes durchgeführt (z.B. Farnetani und Richards, 1995; d’Acremont u. a., 2003; Lin und van Keken, 2005; Sobolev u. a., 2011; Ballmer u. a., 2013). Trotzdem ist unser Verständnis komplexerer Vorgänge und Interaktionen in Plumes noch nicht vollständig: Beispiele sind die Entwicklung von chemisch heterogenen Plumes, der Einfluss dieses chemisch andersartigen Materials auf die Aufstiegsdynamik, die Wechselwirkung zwischen Plumes und mittelozeanischen Rücken sowie den globalen Konvektionsströmungen und das Aufsteigen von Schmelze von ihrer Entstehungsregion bis hin zur Erdoberfläche. Unterschiede zwischen Beobachtungen und den Aussagen klassischer Modelle werden als Argumente gegen das Plumekonzept insgesamt angeführt (Czamanske u. a., 1998; Anderson, 2000; Foulger, 2011). Daher gibt es weiterhin einen Bedarf für ausgereiftere Modelle, welche die Skalen verschiedener Prozesse verbinden, den Einfluss dieser Prozesse sowie der Material- und Strömungseigenschaften berücksichtigen und quantifizieren, ihre Auswirkungen an der Erdoberfläche erklären und diese mit Beobachtungen vergleichen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Plume-Modelle erstellt, welche den Einfluss dichter, recycelter ozeanischer Kruste auf die Entwicklung van Mantelplumes, die Interaktion von Plumes und mittelozeanischen Rücken und den Einfluss globaler Mantelkonvektion sowie Aufschmelzung und Schmelzaufstieg in Form von Zweiphasenströmung (“two-phase flow”) untersuchen.
Die vorgestellte Analyse dieser Modelle ergibt ein neues, aktualisiertes Konzept von Mantelplumes: Wenn ein realistischer Dichteunterschied zwischen recycelter ozeanischer Kruste und peridotitischem Mantel angenommen wird, kann ein Plume bis zu 15% recyceltes Material durch den gesamten Mantel transportieren. Durch die hohe Dichte der recycelten Kruste können Plumes aber nur bis zur Lithosphäre aufsteigen, wenn ihre Temperatur und ihr Volumen hoch genug sind, und wenn die Temperatur im unteren Mantel subadiabatisch ist oder die Plumes von aufgewölbten thermo-chemischen “Piles” aufsteigen. Es ist durchaus möglich, dass diese Plumes nur eine geringe Hebung der Oberfläche verursachen, und anstatt der klassischen pilzförmigen Kopf-Tail-Struktur bilden sie breite Strukturen im unteren Mantel mit weitaus weniger ausgeprägtem Plumekopf. Dafür können sie in verschiedenen Formen und Regimes auftreten: Primäre Plumes, welche direkt von der Kern-Mantel-Grenze zur Lithosphäre aufsteigen, stagnierende Plumes, sekundäre Plumes von der Kernmantelgrenze oder einer Ansammlung eklogitischen Materials im oberen Mantel und scheiternde Plumes, die die Lithosphäre nicht erreichen. Im oberen Mantel werden Plumes durch globale Konvektion abgelenkt und geneigt, und die Form, Größe und Stabilität der Schmelzregion wird durch den Abstand zu nahen Plattengrenzen, der Geschwindigkeit der sich darüber bewegenden Platte und der Bewegung des aus dem unteren Mantel ankommenden Plume-Tails bestimmt. Weiterhin beeinflusst auch die Struktur der Lithosphäre wo sich warmes Material sammeln kann und Schmelze entsteht. Zusätzlich zur Aufschmelzung beim Erreichen der Untergrenze der Lithosphäre strömt heißes Plumematerial auch lateral und weiter nach oben zu sich öffnenden Rifts, zu mittelozeanischen Rücken sowie zu anderen Regionen dünnerer Lithosphäre, wo durch die Druckentlastung weitere Schmelze generiert wird. Diese führt an der Erdoberfläche zur Entwicklung von entweder breiten Rücken verdickter magmatischer Kruste oder der Aufteilung in mehrere ozeanischen Inselketten. Sobald Schmelze generiert wurde, beeinflusst diese auch die Dynamik des Plumes, indem sie Viskosität und Dichte verringert. Während des Plumeaufstiegs kann sich das Schmelzvolumen dabei durch die Dekompression um bis zu 20% vergrößern. Schmelze hat die Tendenz sich an der Oberseite des Plumes anzusammeln, wo sie Diapire formt und kleinräumige Konvektion auslöst, wenn der Plume die Lithosphäre erreicht. Zusammen mit dem dichten, instabilen Material, das entsteht, wenn die Schmelze wieder erstarrt, bildet dies einen effektiven Mechanismus zur Erosion der Lithosphäre durch Plume-Heads.
Zusammenfassend zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit, dass Mantelplumes komplexer sind als bisher angenommen, und dass die Verbindung von Skalen und die Kombination verschiedener in Mantelplumes auftretender physikalischer Prozesse Erkenntnisse liefern kann, wie Mantelplumes durch chemische Heterogenität beeinflusst werden, wie sie mit mittelozeanischen Rücken und globaler Mantelkonvektion interagieren und wie sie durch Aufschmelzung und Schmelzmigraiton beeinflusst werden. Die Einbindung dieser Prozesse in geodynamische Modelle zeigt, dass Plumes breite Tails haben können, potentiell nur geringe Oberflächenhebung verursachen, in Interaktion mit einem mittelozeanischen Rücken eine oder mehrere vulkanische Inselketten erzeugen können und magmatisch die Lithosphäre erodieren können.
KW  - mantle plumes
KW  - numerical modelling
KW  - Mantelplumes
KW  - numerische Modellierung
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-91024
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - de Araujo, Jose Carlos
A1  - Bronstert, Axel
T1  - A method to assess hydrological drought in semi-arid environments and its application to the Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil
JF  - Water International
N2  - This manuscript proposes a method to assess hydrological drought in semi-arid environments under high impoundment rate and applies it to the semi-arid Jaguaribe River basin in Brazil. It analyzes droughts (1) in the largest reservoir systems; (2) in the Upper Basin, considering 4744 reservoirs, 800 wells and almost 18,000 cisterns; and (3) in reservoirs of different sizes during multiyear droughts. Results show that the water demand is constrained in the basin; hydrological and meteorological droughts are often out of phase; there is a negative correlation between storage level and drought severity; and the small systems cannot cope with long-term droughts.
KW  - Reservoirs
KW  - Brazil
KW  - multiyear drought
KW  - water management
KW  - impoundment rate
KW  - water demand
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1113077
SN  - 0250-8060
SN  - 1941-1707
VL  - 41
SP  - 213
EP  - 230
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - de Figueiredo, Jose Vidal
A1  - de Araujo, Jose Carlos
A1  - Medeiros, Pedro Henrique Augusto
A1  - Costa, Alexandre C.
T1  - Runoff initiation in a preserved semiarid Caatinga small watershed, Northeastern Brazil
JF  - Hydrological processes
N2  - This study analyses some hydrological driving forces and their interrelation with surface-flow initiation in a semiarid Caatinga basin (12km(2)), Northeastern Brazil. During the analysis period (2005 - 2014), 118 events with precipitation higher than 10mm were monitored, providing 45 events with runoff, 25 with negligible runoff and 49 without runoff. To verify the dominant processes, 179 on-site measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were conducted. The results showed that annual runoff coefficient lay below 0.5% and discharge at the outlet has only occurred four days per annum on average, providing an insight to the surface-water scarcity of the Caatinga biome. The most relevant variables to explain runoff initiation were total precipitation and maximum 60-min rainfall intensity (I-60). Runoff always occurred when rainfall surpassed 31mm, but it never occurred for rainfall below 14mm or for I-60 below 12mmh(-1). The fact that the duration of the critical intensity is similar to the basin concentration time (65min) and that the infiltration threshold value approaches the river-bank saturated hydraulic conductivity support the assumption that Hortonian runoff prevails. However, none of the analysed variables (total or precedent precipitation, soil moisture content, rainfall intensities or rainfall duration) has been able to explain the runoff initiation in all monitored events: the best criteria, e.g. failed to explain 27% of the events. It is possible that surface-flow initiation in the Caatinga biome is strongly influenced by the root-system dynamics, which changes macro-porosity status and, therefore, initial abstraction. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KW  - hydraulic conductivity
KW  - soil moisture
KW  - root system
KW  - semi-arid
KW  - Caatinga
KW  - connectivity
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10801
SN  - 0885-6087
SN  - 1099-1085
VL  - 30
SP  - 2390
EP  - 2400
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Derras, Boumediene
A1  - Bard, Pierre-Yves
A1  - Cotton, Fabrice Pierre
T1  - Site-Condition Proxies, Ground Motion Variability, and Data-Driven GMPEs: Insights from the NGA-West2 and RESORCE Data Sets
JF  - Earthquake spectra : the professional journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
N2  - We compare the ability of various site-condition proxies (SCPs) to reduce the aleatory variability of ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Three SCPs (measured V-S30, inferred V-S30, local topographic slope) and two accelerometric databases (RESORCE and NGA-West2) are considered. An artificial neural network (ANN) approach including a random-effect procedure is used to derive GMPEs setting the relationship between peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), pseudo-spectral acceleration [PSA(T)], and explanatory variables (M-w, R-JB, and V-S30 or Slope). The analysis is performed using both discrete site classes and continuous proxy values. All "non-measured" SCPs exhibit a rather poor performance in reducing aleatory variability, compared to the better performance of measured V-S30. A new, fully data-driven GMPE based on the NGA-West2 is then derived, with an aleatory variability value depending on the quality of the SCP. It proves very consistent with previous GMPEs built on the same data set. Measuring V-S30 allows for benefit from an aleatory variability reduction up to 15%.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1193/060215EQS082M
SN  - 8755-2930
SN  - 1944-8201
VL  - 32
SP  - 2027
EP  - 2056
PB  - Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
CY  - Oakland
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Dey, Saptarshi
T1  - Tectonic and climatic control on the evolution of the Himalayan mountain front
T1  - Tektonische und klimatische Kontrolle über die Entwicklung der Himalaya-Gebirgsfront
BT  - a case study from the Kangra intermontane basin and the Dhauladhar range in the Northwestern Himalaya
N2  - Variations in the distribution of mass within an orogen may lead to transient sediment storage, which in turn might affect the state of stress and the level of fault activity. Distinguishing between different forcing mechanisms causing variations of sediment flux and tectonic activity, is therefore one of the most challenging tasks in understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of active mountain belts.
The Himalayan mountain belt is one of the most significant Cenozoic collisional mountain belt, formed due to collision between northward-bound Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate during the last 55-50 Ma. Ongoing convergence of these two tectonic plates is accommodated by faulting and folding within the Himalayan arc-shaped orogen and the continued lateral and vertical growth of the Tibetan Plateau and mountain belts adjacent to the plateau as well as regions farther north. Growth of the Himalayan orogen is manifested by the development of successive south-vergent thrust systems. These thrust systems divide the orogen into different morphotectonic domains. From north to south these thrusts are the Main Central Thrust (MCT), the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The growing topography interacts with moisture-bearing monsoonal winds, which results in pronounced gradients in rainfall, weathering, erosion and sediment transport toward the foreland and beyond. However, a fraction of this sediment is trapped and transiently stored within the intermontane valleys or ‘dun’s within the lower-elevation foothills of the range. Improved understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of these sediment archives could provide a unique opportunity to decipher the triggers of variations in sediment production, delivery and storage in an actively deforming mountain belt and support efforts to test linkages between sediment volumes in intermontane basins and changes in the shallow crustal stress field. As sediment redistribution in mountain belts on timescales of 102-104 years can effect cultural characteristics and infrastructure in the intermontane valleys and may even impact the seismotectonics of a mountain belt, there is a heightened interest in understanding sediment-routing processes and causal relationships between tectonism, climate and topography. It is here at the intersection between tectonic processes and superposed climatic and sedimentary processes in the Himalayan orogenic wedge, where my investigation is focused on. The study area is the intermontane Kangra Basin in the northwestern Sub-Himalaya, because the characteristics of the different Himalayan morphotectonic provinces are well developed, the area is part of a region strongly influenced by monsoonal forcing, and the existence of numerous fluvial terraces provides excellent strain markers to assess deformation processes within the Himalayan orogenic wedge. In addition, being located in front of the Dhauladhar Range the region is characterized by pronounced gradients in past and present-day erosion and sediment processes associated with repeatedly changing climatic conditions. In light of these conditions I analysed climate-driven late Pleistocene-Holocene sediment cycles in this tectonically active region, which may be responsible for triggering the tectonic re-organization within the Himalayan orogenic wedge, leading to out-of-sequence thrusting, at least since early Holocene.
The Kangra Basin is bounded by the MBT and the Sub-Himalayan Jwalamukhi Thrust (JMT) in the north and south, respectively and transiently stores sediments derived from the Dhauladhar Range. The Basin contains ~200-m-thick conglomerates reflecting two distinct aggradation phases; following aggradation, several fluvial terraces were sculpted into these fan deposits. 10Be CRN surface exposure dating of these terrace levels provides an age of 53.4±3.2 ka for the highest-preserved terrace (AF1); subsequently, this surface was incised until ~15 ka, when the second fan (AF2) began to form. AF2 fan aggradation was superseded by episodic Holocene incision, creating at least four terrace levels. We find a correlation between variations in sediment transport and ∂18O records from regions affected by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). During strengthened ISMs sand post-LGM glacial retreat, aggradation occurred in the Kangra Basin, likely due to high sediment flux, whereas periods of a weakened ISM coupled with lower sediment supply coincided with renewed re-incision.
However, the evolution of fluvial terraces along Sub-Himalayan streams in the Kangra sector is also forced by tectonic processes. Back-tilted, folded terraces clearly document tectonic activity of the JMT. Offset of one of the terrace levels indicates a shortening rate of 5.6±0.8 to 7.5±1.0 mm.a-1 over the last ~10 ka. Importantly, my study reveals that late Pleistocene/Holocene out-of-sequence thrusting accommodates 40-60% of the total 14±2 mm.a-1 shortening partitioned throughout the Sub-Himalaya. Importantly, the JMT records shortening at a lower rate over longer timescales hints towards out-of-sequence activity within the Sub-Himalaya. Re-activation of the JMT could be related to changes in the tectonic stress field caused by large-scale sediment removal from the basin. I speculate that the deformation processes of the Sub-Himalaya behave according to the predictions of critical wedge model and assume the following: While >200m of sediment aggradation would trigger foreland-ward propagation of the deformation front, re-incision and removal of most of the stored sediments (nearly 80-85% of the optimum basin-fill) would again create a sub-critical condition of the wedge taper and trigger the retreat of the deformation front.
While tectonism is responsible for the longer-term processes of erosion associated with steepening hillslopes, sediment cycles in this environment are mainly the result of climatic forcing. My new 10Be cosmogenic nuclide exposure dates and a synopsis of previous studies show the late Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial fills and fluvial terraces studied here record periodic fluctuations of sediment supply and transport capacity on timescales of 1000-100000 years. To further evaluate the potential influence of climate change on these fluctuations, I compared the timing of aggradation and incision phases recorded within remnant alluvial fans and terraces with continental climate archives such as speleothems in neighboring regions affected by monsoonal precipitation. Together with previously published OSL ages yielding the timing of aggradation, I find a correlation between variations in sediment transport with oxygen-isotope records from regions affected by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). Accordingly, during periods of increased monsoon intensity (transitions from dry and cold to wet and warm periods – MIS4 to MIS3 and MIS2 to MIS1) (MIS=marine isotope stage) and post-Last Glacial Maximum glacial retreat, aggradation occurred in the Kangra Basin, likely due to high sediment flux. Conversely, periods of weakened monsoon intensity or lower sediment supply coincide with re-incision of the existing basin-fill.
Finally, my study entails part of a low-temperature thermochronology study to assess the youngest exhumation history of the Dhauladhar Range. Zircon helium (ZHe) ages and existing low-temperature data sets (ZHe, apatite fission track (AFT)) across this range, together with 3D thermokinematic modeling (PECUBE) reveals constraints on exhumation and activity of the range-bounding Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) since at least mid-Miocene time. The modeling results indicate mean slip rates on the MBT-fault ramp of ~2 – 3 mm.a-1 since its activation. This has lead to the growth of the >5-km-high frontal Dhauladhar Range and continuous deep-seated exhumation and erosion. The obtained results also provide interesting constraints of deformation patterns and their variation along strike. The results point towards the absence of the time-transient ‘mid-crustal ramp’ in the basal decollement and
duplexing of the Lesser Himalayan sequence, unlike the nearby regions or even the central Nepal domain. A fraction of convergence (~10-15%) is accommodated along the deep-seated MBT-ramp, most likely merging into the MHT. This finding is crucial for a rigorous assessment of the overall level of tectonic activity in the Himalayan morphotectonic provinces as it contradicts recently-published geodetic shortening estimates. In these studies, it has been proposed that the total Himalayan shortening in the NW Himalaya is accommodated within the Sub-Himalaya whereas no tectonic activity is assigned to the MBT.
N2  - Die sich verändernde Massenverteilung in einem Gebirge kann zu einer variierenden Sedimentablagerung führen, welche in Folge die Spannungszustände und Verwerfungsaktivitäten beeinflusst. Eine der herausforderndsten Aufgaben im Verständnis der Evolution aktiver Gebirge wie dem Himalaja, ist die Unterscheidung der verschiedenen treibenden Mechanismen wie der Variation im Sedimentfluss und der tektonischen Aktivitäten in Raum und Zeit. 
Der Himalaja ist einer der bedeutendsten känozoischen Gebirgszüge, der durch die Kollision zwischen der nordwärts wandernden indischen Platte und der eurasischen Kontinentalplatte vor 55-50 Ma entstand. Die anhaltende Konvergenz der beiden tektonischen Platten wird durch Verwerfungen und Auffaltungen innerhalb des bogenförmigen Gebirges aufgenommen, aber auch durch das fortwährende laterale und vertikale Wachstum des Tibetischen Plateaus, der angegliederten Gebirgszüge und den Gebirgsregionen weiter nördlich. Das Gebirgswachstum zeigt sich durch die Entwicklung von aufeinanderfolgenden in südlicher Richtung verkippten Verwerfungssystemen. Von Norden nach Süden unterteilen die Hauptstörungen Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) und Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) den Himalaja in verschiedene morphotektonische Bereiche. Die anwachsende Topographie interagiert mit den feuchten Monsunwinden was zu einem ausgeprägten Regen-, Verwitterung-, Erosion- und Sedimenttransportgradienten zum Vorland hin und darüber hinaus führt. In den intermontanen Tälern, der tiefgelegenen Ausläufern des Himalajas ist ein Teil dieser Sedimente eingeschlossen und vorübergehend gelagert. Das verbesserte Verständnis über die Entwicklung dieser Sedimentarchive bietet eine einmalige Möglichkeit die Auslöser der veränderlichen Sedimentproduktion, -anlieferung und -lagerung in einem sich aktiv deformierenden Gebirge über Raum und Zeit zu entschlüsseln und unterstützt dabei die Anstrengungen eine Verbindung zwischen Sedimentvolumen in intermontanen Becken und den Veränderungen des Spannungszustandes in geringfügiger Krustentiefe zu untersuchen. Die Sedimentumverteilung in Gebirgen kann, über einen Zeitraum von 102-104 Jahren, kulturelle Eigenheiten, die Infrastruktur in den intermontanen Tälern und sogar die Seismotektonik eines Gebirgsgürtels, beeinflussen. Es besteht ein verstärktes Interesse die Prozesse über die Sedimentführung und den kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen Tektonik, Klima und Topographie zu verstehen. An dieser Schnittstelle zwischen den tektonischen Prozessen und den überlagernden klimatischen und sedimentären Prozessen im Gebirgskeil setzten meine Untersuchungen an. Das Untersuchungsgebiet umfasst das intermontane Kangra-Becken im nordwestlichen Sub-Himalaja, da hier die Eigenschaften der verschiedenen morphotektonischen Gebieten des Himalajas gut ausgeprägt sind. Dieses Gebiet gehört zu einer Region, die stark durch den Monsun geprägt wird. Zahlreiche Flussterrassen bieten hervorragende Markierungen für die Beurteilung der Deformationsprozesse innerhalb des Himalajischen Gebirgskeils. Durch ihre Situation direkt vor der Dhauladhar-Kette ist die Region sowohl früher als auch heute durch ausgeprägte Erosionsgradienten und Sedimentprozessen charakterisiert, die den wiederholend wechselnden Klimabedingungen zugeordnet werden können. Angesichts dieser Bedingungen untersuchte ich in dieser tektonisch aktiven Region, klimatisch gesteuerte jungpleistozäne-holozäne Sedimentzyklen, welche sich möglicherweise als Auslöser für die tektonische Umorganisation innerhalb himalajischen Gebirgskeils verantwortlich zeichnen und zumindest seit dem frühen Holozän zu out-of-sequence Aufschiebungen führen.
	Das Kangra-Becken ist durch die MBT und den Jwalamukhi Thrust (JMT) im Sub-Himalaja nach Norden und Süden begrenzt und lagert vorübergehend aus der Dhauladhar-Kette angelieferte Sedimente. Im Becken sind ~200-m dicke Konglomerate abgelagert, welche zwei ausgeprägte Aggradationsphasen wiederspiegeln. Nachfolgend auf die Aggradationsphasen wurden mehrere Flussterrassen in die Schuttfächerablagerungen eingeschnitten. Die Datierung der Terrassenoberflächen mittels kosmogener 10Beryllium Nuklide ergab für die höchste erhaltene Terrasse ein Alter von 53.4±3.2 ka (AF1). Diese Oberfläche wurde daraufhin bis ~15 ka fortwährend eingeschnitten, bis sich ein zweiter Schuttfächer (AF2) zu bilden begann. Die Aufschüttung des AF2 wurde durch episodische holozäne Einschneidungen verdrängt, wobei sich mindestens vier Terrassenebenen bildeten. Wir haben eine Korrelation zwischen dem variierenden Sedimenttransport und ∂18O Aufzeichnungen aus Regionen, die vom indischen Sommermonsun (ISM) betroffen sind, gefunden. Die Aggradation fand wohl durch einen erhöhten Sedimentfluss während verstärkten Phasen des ISM und der Enteisung nach dem letzteiszeitlichen Maximum statt, wobei Perioden eines geschwächten ISM mit einem tieferen Sedimentzufluss verbunden sind und auch mit erneuten Einschneidungen zusammentreffen. 
Die Evolution fluvialer Terrassen entlang von sub-himaljischen Flüssen im Kangra-Sektor wurde auch durch tektonische Prozesse erzwungen. Rückwärts gekippte und gefaltete Terrassen dokumentieren deutlich die tektonische Aktivität der JMT. Der Versatz einer der Terrassenebenen weist auf eine Verkürzungsrate von 5.6±0.8 bis 7.5±1.0 mm.a-1 über die letzten ~10 ka hin. Darüber hinaus zeigt meine Studie, dass jungpleistozäne/holozäne out-of-sequence Aufschiebungen 40-60 % der gesamten 14.2±2 mm.a-1 Verkürzung aufgeteilt über den ganzen Sub-Himalaja hinweg aufnehmen. Die Aufzeichnungen an der JMT dokumentieren niedrigere Verkürzungsraten über längere Zeiträume, was auf out-of-sequence Aktivität im Sub-Himalaja hindeutet. Die erneute Aktivierung der JMT kann mit Veränderungen im tektonischen Spannungsfeld durch großflächigen Sedimenttransport aus dem Becken in Verbindung gebracht werden. Ich spekuliere daher darauf, dass die Deformationsprozesse im Sub-Himalaja sich entsprechend der Voraussagen des Modelles der kritischen Keilform verhalten und treffe folgende Annahmen: >200 m Sedimentaggradation würde eine gegen das Vorland gerichtete Ausbreitung der Deformationsfront, eine Wiedereinschneidung und die Beseitigung der meisten gelagerten Sedimente (beinahe 80-85 % der optimalen Beckenfüllung) auslösen. Daraus folgten wiederum sub-kritische Bedingungen der kritischen Keilformtheorie und der Rückzug der Deformationsfront würde somit ausgelöst. 
Während Erosionsproszesse und die damit verbundene Versteilung der Hänge über einen längeren Zeitraum der Tektonik zuzuschreiben sind, sind Sedimentzyklen in diesem Umfeld hauptsächlich das Resultat aus klimatischen Zwängen. Meine neuen Oberflächenexpositionsdaten aus kosmogenen Nukliden 10Be und die Zusammenstellung bisheriger Studien jungpleistozäner bis holozäner Flussterrassen und sowie alluviale Verfüllungen zeigen periodische Fluktuationen in der Sedimentanlieferung und der Transportkapazität in einem Zeitraum von 10³ bis 10⁵ Jahren. Um den möglichen Einfluss des Klimawandels auf diese Fluktuationen zu bewerten, habe ich den in den Schuttfächern und Terrassen aufgezeichneten zeitlichen Ablauf der Aggradations- und Einschneidungsphasen mit kontinentalen Klimaarchiven wie z. B. Speläotheme (stalagmiten) aus Monsun beeinflussten Nachbarregionen verglichen. Zusammen mit bisherigen publizierten OSL Altern, welche den Zeitpunkt der Aggradation anzeigen, finde ich eine Korrelation zwischen Variationen des Sedimenttransportes durch Sauerstoff-Isotopen Aufzeichnungen aus den von ISM betroffenen Gebieten. Dementsprechend kam es im Kangra-Becken während Zeiten der verstärkten Monsunintensität (Wechsel von trockenen, kalten und feuchten, warmen Perioden – MIS4 bis MIS3 und MIS2 bis MIS1) (MIS = marines Isotopenstadium) und der Enteisung des letzteiszeitlichen Maximums wahrscheinlich durch erhöhten Sedimentfluss zur Aggradation. Im Gegenzug stimmen schwache Perioden der Monsunintensität oder niedrigeren Sedimentlieferung mit der Wiedereinschneidung der bestehenden Becken überein. 
Zum Schluss enthält meine Studie einen Teil einer Tieftemperatur-Thermochronologie Studie, welche die jüngste Exhumationsgeschichte der Dhauladhar-Kette beurteilt. Zirkon-Helium (ZHe) Alter und publizierte Tieftemperatur-Daten (ZHe, Apatit-Spaltspuren (AFT)) dieses Höhenzuges belegen zusammen mit einer 3D thermokinematischen Modellierung (PECUBE) die Einschränkungen der Exhumation und der an die Gebirgskette gebundene MBT-Aktivität mindestens seit dem mittleren Miozän. Die Resultate der Modellierung deuten auf mittlere Gleitraten auf der MBT-Überschiebungsrampe von ~2–3 mm/yr seit ihrer Aktivierung hin. Dies führte zum Wachstum der >5-km hohen Front der Dhauladhar-Kette und einer kontinuierlichen, tiefsitzenden Exhumation und Erosion. Die erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen die Einschränkungen der Deformationsmuster und ihrer Variation entlang des Streichens. Die Resultate deuten auf eine Abwesenheit einer über die zeit-veränderlichen Rampe des basalen Abscherhorizontes in der mittleren Krustentiefe und einer Duplexbildung des Niederen Himalajas hin, dies im Gegensatz zu den nahegelegenen Gebieten oder sogar zu Zentralnepal. Ein Bruchteil der Konvergenz (~10-15%) wird entlang der tiefsitzenden MBT-Rampe aufgenommen, die aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach in die MHT übergeht. Diese Erkenntnis ist maßgeblich für eine gründliche Beurteilung der Gesamtgröße der tektonischen Aktivitäten in den morphotektonischen Provinzen des Himalajas, da sie kürzlich publizierten geodätischen Schätzungen von Verkürzungsraten widerspricht. In jenen Studien wurde vorgeschlagen, dass die gesamte Verkürzung des Gebirges im nordwestlichen Himalaja innerhalb des Sub-Himalajas aufgenommen wird, wobei der MBT keine tektonische Aktivität zugeschrieben werden wird.
KW  - tectonic geomorphology
KW  - cosmogenic radionuclide-based dating
KW  - neotectonics
KW  - tektonische Geomorphologie
KW  - kosmogene Radionuklid-basierte Datierung
KW  - Neotektonik
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-103390
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dey, Saptarshi
A1  - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph
A1  - Schildgen, Taylor F.
A1  - Wittmann, Hella
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Scherler, Dirk
A1  - Jain, Vikrant
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Climate-driven sediment aggradation and incision since the late Pleistocene in the NW Himalaya, India
JF  - Earth & planetary science letters
N2  - Deciphering the response of sediment routing systems to climatic forcing is fundamental for understanding the impacts of climate change on landscape evolution. In the Kangra Basin (northwest Sub-Himalaya, India), upper Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial fills and fluvial terraces record periodic fluctuations of sediment supply and transport capacity on timescales of 10(3) to 10(5) yr. To evaluate the potential influence of climate change on these fluctuations, we compare the timing of aggradation and incision phases recorded within remnant alluvial fans and terraces with climate archives. New surface-exposure dating of six terrace levels with in-situ cosmogenic Be-10 indicates the onset of incision phases. Two terrace surfaces from the highest level (T1) sculpted into the oldest preserved alluvial fan (AF1) date back to 53.4 +/- 3.2 ka and 43.0 +/- 2.7 ka (1 sigma). T2 surfaces sculpted into the remnants of AF1 have exposure ages of 18.6 +/- 1.2 ka and 15.3 +/- 0.9 ka, while terraces sculpted into the upper Pleistocene-Holocene fan (AF2) provide ages of 9.3 +/- 0.4 ka (T3), 7.1 +/- 0.4 ka (T4), 5.2 +/- 0.4 ka (T5) and 3.6 +/- 0.2 ka (T6). Together with previously published OSL ages yielding the timing of aggradation, we find a correlation between variations in sediment transport with oxygen-isotope records from regions affected by the Indian Summer Monsoon. During periods of increased monsoon intensity and post-Last Glacial Maximum glacial retreat, aggradation occurred in the Kangra Basin, likely due to high sediment flux, whereas periods of weakened monsoon intensity or lower sediment supply coincide with incision. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - alluvial-fan sedimentation
KW  - terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides
KW  - Indian Summer Monsoon
KW  - Last Glacial Maximum
KW  - paleo-erosion rate
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.050
SN  - 0012-821X
SN  - 1385-013X
VL  - 449
SP  - 321
EP  - 331
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dey, Saptarshi
A1  - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph
A1  - Schildgen, Taylor F.
A1  - Wittmann, Hella
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Scherler, Dirk
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Holocene internal shortening within the northwest Sub-Himalaya: Out-of-sequence faulting of the Jwalamukhi Thrust, India
JF  - Tectonics
N2  - The southernmost thrust of the Himalayan orogenic wedge that separates the foreland from the orogen, the Main Frontal Thrust, is thought to accommodate most of the ongoing crustal shortening in the Sub-Himalaya. Steepened longitudinal river profile segments, terrace offsets, and back-tilted fluvial terraces within the Kangra reentrant of the NW Sub-Himalaya suggest Holocene activity of the Jwalamukhi Thrust (JMT) and other thrust faults that may be associated with strain partitioning along the toe of the Himalayan wedge. To assess the shortening accommodated by the JMT, we combine morphometric terrain analyses with in situ Be-10-based surface-exposure dating of the deformed terraces. Incision into upper Pleistocene sediments within the Kangra Basin created two late Pleistocene terrace levels (T1 and T2). Subsequent early Holocene aggradation shortly before similar to 10ka was followed by episodic reincision, which created four cut-and-fill terrace levels, the oldest of which (T3) was formed at 10.10.9ka. A vertical offset of 445m of terrace T3 across the JMT indicates a shortening rate of 5.60.8 to 7.51.1mma(-1) over the last similar to 10ka. This result suggests that thrusting along the JMT accommodates 40-60% of the total Sub-Himalayan shortening in the Kangra reentrant over the Holocene. We speculate that this out-of-sequence shortening may have been triggered or at least enhanced by late Pleistocene and Holocene erosion of sediments from the Kangra Basin.
KW  - fluvial terrace
KW  - cosmogenic nuclides
KW  - steepness index
KW  - Jwalamukhi Thrust
KW  - shortening
KW  - orogenic wedge
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC004002
SN  - 0278-7407
SN  - 1944-9194
VL  - 35
SP  - 2677
EP  - 2697
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Di Capua, Giorgia
A1  - Coumou, Dim
T1  - Changes in meandering of the Northern Hemisphere circulation
JF  - Environmental research letters
N2  - Strong waves in the mid-latitude circulation have been linked to extreme surface weather and thus changes in waviness could have serious consequences for society. Several theories have been proposed which could alter waviness, including tropical sea surface temperature anomalies or rapid climate change in the Arctic. However, so far it remains unclear whether any changes in waviness have actually occurred. Here we propose a novel meandering index which captures the maximum waviness in geopotential height contours at any given day, using all information of the full spatial position of each contour. Data are analysed on different time scale (from daily to 11 day running means) and both on hemispheric and regional scales. Using quantile regressions, we analyse how seasonal distributions of this index have changed over 1979-2015. The most robust changes are detected for autumn which has seen a pronounced increase in strongly meandering patterns at the hemispheric level as well as over the Eurasian sector. In summer for both the hemisphere and the Eurasian sector, significant downward trends in meandering are detected on daily timescales which is consistent with the recently reported decrease in summer storm track activity. The American sector shows the strongest increase in meandering in the warm season: in particular for 11 day running mean data, indicating enhanced amplitudes of quasi-stationary waves. Our findings have implications for both the occurrence of recent cold spells and persistent heat waves in the mid-latitudes.
KW  - Rossby waves
KW  - climate change
KW  - extreme events
KW  - mid-latitudes flow
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094028
SN  - 1748-9326
VL  - 11
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dietrich, Ottfried
A1  - Fahle, Marcus
A1  - Seyfarth, Manfred
T1  - Behavior of water balance components at sites with shallow groundwater tables: Possibilities and limitations of their simulation using different ways to control weighable groundwater lysimeters
JF  - Agricultural water management : an international journal
N2  - The water cycle of sites with shallow groundwater tables is characterized by complex interactions of hydrological and ecological processes. The water balance components, which are subject to diurnal fluctuations, are best measured with groundwater lysimeters. However, the lower boundary condition of such lysimeters affects most of the hydrological variables, particularly when considering short time scales, and has to be defined in such a way as to facilitate realistic simulations. In this paper, different means of controlling the lower boundary condition of groundwater lysimeters were compared with respect to their ability to simulate the behavior of the water balance components properly. Measurements of rain-free periods from a lysimeter station installed in the Spreewald wetland in north-east Germany were evaluated. The most common groundwater lysimeter type is controlled using a Mariotte bottle and sets the groundwater level in the soil monolith to a constant level, which here caused an alteration of the inflow to the lysimeter, with respect to both its value and diurnal behavior. Still, daily evapotranspiration values were realistic and this simple and robust approach may be used for time intervals not shorter than one day. High-resolution measurements can be gained from lysimeters that automatically adjust the groundwater level by a system of pumps and valves on an hourly basis. Still, reliable results were only obtained when the conditions in the lysimeter and the surrounding field, where the target groundwater level was measured, were in accordance. Otherwise (e.g., when the groundwater level differed) an unrealistic inflow behavior evolved. Reasonable results, even for slightly diverging conditions, were gained with a new approach that defined the lower boundary conditions by controlling the inflows and outflows of the lysimeter. This approach further enabled the groundwater level itself to be the study subject, thereby enlarging the field of possible applications of groundwater lysimeters. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Diurnal fluctuations
KW  - Evapotranspiration
KW  - Water storage
KW  - Inflow and outflow
KW  - Lysimeter control systems
KW  - Spreewald wetland
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.09.005
SN  - 0378-3774
SN  - 1873-2283
VL  - 163
SP  - 75
EP  - 89
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Dietrich, Ottfried
A1  - Schweigert, Susanne
A1  - Steidl, Jörg
A1  - Lischeid, Gunnar
T1  - Effects of data and model simplification on the results of a wetland water resource management model
T2  - Water
N2  - This paper presents the development of a wetland water balance model for use in a large river basin with many different wetlands. The basic model was primarily developed for a single wetland with a complex water management system involving large amounts of specialized input data and water management details. The aim was to simplify the model structure and to use only commonly available data as input for the model, with the least possible loss of accuracy. Results from different variants of the model and data adaptation were tested against results from a detailed model. This shows that using commonly available data and unifying and simplifying the input data is tolerable up to a certain level. The simplification of the model has greater effects on the evaluated water balance components than the data adaptation. Because this simplification was necessary for large-scale use, we suggest that, for reasons of comparability, simpler models should always be applied with uniform data bases for large regions, though these should only be moderately simplified. Further, we recommend using these simplified models only for large-scale comparisons and using more specific, detailed models for investigations on smaller scales.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 442 
KW  - wetland
KW  - water balance
KW  - water balance model
KW  - evapotranspiration
KW  - groundwater level
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407579
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dietrich, Ottfried
A1  - Schweigert, Susanne
A1  - Steidl, Jörg
A1  - Lischeid, Gunnar
T1  - Effects of Data and Model Simplification on the Results of a Wetland Water Resource Management Model
JF  - Water
N2  - This paper presents the development of a wetland water balance model for use in a large river basin with many different wetlands. The basic model was primarily developed for a single wetland with a complex water management system involving large amounts of specialized input data and water management details. The aim was to simplify the model structure and to use only commonly available data as input for the model, with the least possible loss of accuracy. Results from different variants of the model and data adaptation were tested against results from a detailed model. This shows that using commonly available data and unifying and simplifying the input data is tolerable up to a certain level. The simplification of the model has greater effects on the evaluated water balance components than the data adaptation. Because this simplification was necessary for large-scale use, we suggest that, for reasons of comparability, simpler models should always be applied with uniform data bases for large regions, though these should only be moderately simplified. Further, we recommend using these simplified models only for large-scale comparisons and using more specific, detailed models for investigations on smaller scales.
KW  - wetland
KW  - water balance
KW  - water balance model
KW  - evapotranspiration
KW  - groundwater level
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060252
SN  - 2073-4441
VL  - 8
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dietze, Elisabeth
A1  - Slowinski, Michal
A1  - Zawiska, Izabela
A1  - Veh, Georg
A1  - Brauer, Achim
T1  - Multiple drivers of Holocene lake level changes at a lowland lake in northeastern Germany
JF  - Boreas
N2  - Many German lakes experienced significant water level declines in recent decades that are not fully understood due to the short observation period. At a typical northeastern German groundwater-fed lake with a complex basin morphology, an acoustic sub-bottom profile was analysed together with a transect of five sediment cores, which were correlated using multiple proxies (sediment facies, -XRF, macrofossils, subfossil Cladocera). Shifts in the boundary between sand and mud deposition were controlled by lake level changes, and hence, allowed the quantification of an absolute lake level amplitude of similar to 8m for the Holocene. This clearly exceeded observed modern fluctuations of 1.3m (AD 1973-2010). Past lake level changes were traced continuously using the calcium-record. During high lake levels, massive organic muds were deposited in the deepest lake basin, whereas lower lake levels isolated the sub-basins and allowed carbonate deposition. During the beginning of the Holocene (>9700cal. a BP), lake levels were high, probably due to final melting of permafrost and dead-ice remains. The establishment of water-use intensive Pinus forests caused generally low (3-4m below modern) but fluctuating lake levels (9700-6400cal. a BP). Afterwards, the lake showed an increasing trend and reached a short-term highstand at c.5000cal. a BP (4m above modern). At the transition towards a cooler and wetter late Holocene, forests dominated by Quercus and Fagus and initial human impact probably contributed more positively to groundwater recharge. Lake levels remained high between 3800 and 800cal. a BP, but the lake system was not sensitive enough to record short-term fluctuations during this period. Lake level changes were recorded again when humans profoundly affected the drainage system, land cover and lake trophy. Hence, local Holocene water level changes reflect feedbacks between catchment and vegetation characteristics and human impact superimposed by climate change at multiple temporal scales.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12190
SN  - 0300-9483
SN  - 1502-3885
VL  - 45
SP  - 828
EP  - 845
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Do Thi Chinh, 
A1  - Bubeck, Philip
A1  - Nguyen Viet Dung, 
A1  - Kreibich, Heidi
T1  - The 2011 flood event in the Mekong Delta: preparedness, response, damage and recovery of private households and small businesses
JF  - Disasters : the journal of disaster studies, policy and management
N2  - Floods frequently cause substantial economic and human losses, particularly in developing countries. For the development of sound flood risk management schemes that reduce flood consequences, detailed insights into the different components of the flood risk management cycle, such as preparedness, response, flood impact analyses and recovery, are needed. However, such detailed insights are often lacking: commonly, only (aggregated) data on direct flood damage are available. Other damage categories such as losses owing to the disruption of production processes are usually not considered, resulting in incomplete risk assessments and possibly inappropriate recommendations for risk management. In this paper, data from 858 face-to-face interviews among flood-prone households and small businesses in Can Tho city in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta are presented to gain better insights into the damage caused by the 2011 flood event and its management by households and businesses.
KW  - Can Tho
KW  - floods
KW  - flood damage
KW  - flood loss
KW  - flood risk management
KW  - Mekong Delta
KW  - Vietnam
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12171
SN  - 0361-3666
SN  - 1467-7717
VL  - 40
SP  - 753
EP  - 778
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Doetterl, Sebastian
A1  - Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw
A1  - Nadeu, Elisabet
A1  - Wang, Zhengang
A1  - Sommer, Michael
A1  - Fiener, Peter
T1  - Erosion, deposition and soil carbon: A review of process-level controls, experimental tools and models to address C cycling in dynamic landscapes
JF  - Earth science reviews : the international geological journal bridging the gap between research articles and textbooks
N2  - The role of soil erosion in terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration and release remains one of the most important uncertainties in our attempts to determine the potential of soils to mediate climate change. Despite its widely recognized importance for terrestrial C sequestration, to date, no Earth System Model (ESM) implements soil erosion effects on carbon cycling in sufficient detail. So far, available studies have mostly investigated the magnitude of erosional C transport and in-situ measurements of vertical C fluxes on the catchment or regional scale. Recognizing the need to adequately represent C erosion processes and controls in ESMs, we provide a comprehensive cross-disciplinary review on lateral C redistribution in the landscape and discuss the implications for bio-geochemical cycling of carbon. We present current knowledge on the role of erosional C distribution in controlling the stabilization and release of C in soils, taking into consideration the important geomorphic, ecological, hydrologic, pedologic and micro-climatic processes and controls that affect soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, fluxes, and persistence in dynamic landscapes. Further, we provide an overview on latest experimental and modelling approaches that are being used to investigate the role of erosion in the carbon cycle. Finally, to advance our understanding of the role of soil redistribution in biogeochemical cycles of essential elements, we discuss the most promising topics for future research in this field. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Soil erosion
KW  - Soil deposition
KW  - Carbon redistribution
KW  - Terrestrial C sink
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.12.005
SN  - 0012-8252
SN  - 1872-6828
VL  - 154
SP  - 102
EP  - 122
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Donges, Jonathan Friedemann
A1  - Schleussner, C. -F.
A1  - Siegmund, Jonatan F.
A1  - Donner, Reik Volker
T1  - Event coincidence analysis for quantifying statistical interrelationships between event time series
JF  - European physical journal special topics
N2  - Studying event time series is a powerful approach for analyzing the dynamics of complex dynamical systems in many fields of science. In this paper, we describe the method of event coincidence analysis to provide a framework for quantifying the strength, directionality and time lag of statistical interrelationships between event series. Event coincidence analysis allows to formulate and test null hypotheses on the origin of the observed interrelationships including tests based on Poisson processes or, more generally, stochastic point processes with a prescribed inter-event time distribution and other higher-order properties. Applying the framework to country-level observational data yields evidence that flood events have acted as triggers of epidemic outbreaks globally since the 1950s. Facing projected future changes in the statistics of climatic extreme events, statistical techniques such as event coincidence analysis will be relevant for investigating the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on human societies and ecosystems worldwide.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2015-50233-y
SN  - 1951-6355
SN  - 1951-6401
VL  - 225
SP  - 471
EP  - 487
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Dräger, Nadine
T1  - Holocene climate and environmental variability in NE Germany inferred from annually laminated lake sediments
T1  - Rekonstruktion Holozäner Klima- und Umweltveränderungen in NO Deutschland anhand von jährlich geschichteten Seesedimenten
N2  - Understanding the role of natural climate variability under the pressure of human induced changes of climate and landscapes, is crucial to improve future projections and adaption strategies. This doctoral thesis aims to reconstruct Holocene climate and environmental changes in NE Germany based on annually laminated lake sediments. The work contributes to the ICLEA project (Integrated CLimate and Landscape Evolution Analyses). ICLEA intends to compare multiple high-resolution proxy records with independent chronologies from the N central European lowlands, in order to disentangle the impact of climate change and human land use on landscape development during the Lateglacial and Holocene. In this respect, two study sites in NE Germany are investigated in this doctoral project, Lake Tiefer See and palaeolake Wukenfurche. While both sediment records are studied with a combination of high-resolution sediment microfacies and geochemical analyses (e.g. µ-XRF, carbon geochemistry and stable isotopes), detailed proxy understanding mainly focused on the continuous 7.7 m long sediment core from Lake Tiefer See covering the last ~6000 years. Three main objectives are pursued at Lake Tiefer See: (1) to perform a reliable and independent chronology, (2) to establish microfacies and geochemical proxies as indicators for climate and environmental changes, and (3) to trace the effects of climate variability and human activity on sediment deposition.
Addressing the first aim, a reliable chronology of Lake Tiefer See is compiled by using a multiple-dating concept. Varve counting and tephra findings form the chronological framework for the last ~6000 years. The good agreement with independent radiocarbon dates of terrestrial plant remains verifies the robustness of the age model. The resulting reliable and independent chronology of Lake Tiefer See and, additionally, the identification of nine tephras provide a valuable base for detailed comparison and synchronization of the Lake Tiefer See data set with other climate records. The sediment profile of Lake Tiefer See exhibits striking alternations between well-varved and non-varved sediment intervals. The combination of microfacies, geochemical and microfossil (i.e. Cladocera and diatom) analyses indicates that these changes of varve preservation are caused by variations of lake circulation in Lake Tiefer See. An exception is the well-varved sediment deposited since AD 1924, which is mainly influenced by human-induced lake eutrophication. Well-varved intervals before the 20th century are considered to reflect phases of reduced lake circulation and, consequently, stronger anoxic conditions. Instead, non-varved intervals indicate increased lake circulation in Lake Tiefer See, leading to more oxygenated conditions at the lake ground. Furthermore, lake circulation is not only influencing sediment deposition, but also geochemical processes in the lake. As, for example, the proxy meaning of δ13COM varies in time in response to changes of the oxygen regime in the lake hypolinion. During reduced lake circulation and stronger anoxic conditions δ13COM is influenced by microbial carbon cycling. In contrast, organic matter degradation controls δ13COM during phases of intensified lake circulation and more oxygenated conditions. The varve preservation indicates an increasing trend of lake circulation at Lake Tiefer See after ~4000 cal a BP. This trend is superimposed by decadal to centennial scale variability of lake circulation intensity. Comparison to other records in Central Europe suggests that the long-term trend is probably related to gradual changes in Northern Hemisphere orbital forcing, which induced colder and windier conditions in Central Europe and, therefore, reinforced lake circulation. Decadal to centennial scale periods of increased lake circulation coincide with settlement phases at Lake Tiefer See, as inferred from pollen data of the same sediment record. Deforestation reduced the wind shelter of the lake, which probably increased the sensitivity of lake circulation to wind stress. However, results of this thesis also suggest that several of these phases of increased lake circulation are additionally reinforced by climate changes. A first indication is provided by the comparison to the Baltic Sea record, which shows striking correspondence between major non-varved intervals at Lake Tiefer See and bioturbated sediments in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, a preliminary comparison to the ICLEA study site Lake Czechowskie (N central Poland) shows a coincidence of at least three phases of increased lake circulation in both lakes, which concur with periods of known climate changes (2.8 ka event, ’Migration Period’ and ’Little Ice Age’). These results suggest an additional over-regional climate forcing also on short term increased of lake circulation in Lake Tiefer See.
In summary, the results of this thesis suggest that lake circulation at Lake Tiefer See is driven by a combination of long-term and short-term climate changes as well as of anthropogenic deforestation phases. Furthermore, the lake circulation drives geochemical cycles in the lake affecting the meaning of proxy data. Therefore, the work presented here expands the knowledge of climate and environmental variability in NE Germany. Furthermore, the integration of the Lake Tiefer See multi-proxy record in a regional comparison with another ICLEA side, Lake Czechowskie, enabled to better decipher climate changes and human impact on the lake system. These first results suggest a huge potential for further detailed regional comparisons to better understand palaeoclimate dynamics in N central Europe.
N2  - Es ist von großer Bedeutung die natürliche Klimavariabilität unter dem Einfluss menschlich verursachter Klimaänderungen zu verstehen, um Zukunftsprognosen und Adaptionsstrategien zu verbessern. Die Hauptzielsetzung der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit ist die Rekonstruktion von Klima- und Umweltveränderungen während des Holozäns in NO Deutschland anhand von jährlich geschichteten Seesedimenten. Diese Arbeit ist ein Beitrag zum ICLEA Projekt (integrierte Klima- und Landschaftsentwicklungsanalyse). ICLEA strebt den Vergleich von mehreren hochaufgelösten Proxy- Archiven aus dem Nord-zentral europäischen Tiefland an, um Einflüsse von Mensch und Klima auf die Landschaftsentwicklung auseinander zu dividieren. Demnach werden in diesem Doktorprojekt zwei Gebiete untersucht: der Tiefe See und der verlandete See Wukenfurche. Während beide Sedimentarchive mit einer Kombination aus hochaufgelösten sedimentmikrofaziellen und -geochemischen Methoden untersucht werden, konzentriert sich die detaillierte Untersuchung der Proxy-Bedeutung auf den kontinuierlichen 7,7mlangen Sedimentkern vom Tiefer See, der die letzten 6000 Jahre abdeckt. Drei Hauptziele werden am Tiefen See verfolgt: (1) das Erstellen einer robusten und unabhängigen Chronologie (2) das Etablieren von mikrofaziellen und geochemischen Proxies als Indikatoren für Klima- und Landschaftsveränderungen und (3) das Ableiten von Klimaveränderungen und menschlichem Einfluss auf die Sedimentablagerung. 
Zum Erreichen des ersten Zieles wurde eine robuste Chronologie mit Hilfe eines multiplen Datierungsansatzes erstellt. Das Zusammenführen der Warvenzählung und Tephra-Funden bildet dabei das Gerüst für die Chronologie der letzten 6000 Jahre, deren Stabilität durch die gute Übereinstimmung mit unabhängigen Radiokarbondatierungen bestätigt wird. Diese robuste und unabhängige Chronologie und die zusätzlichen neun Tephra-Funde bieten die Basis für den detaillierten Vergleich und die Synchronisation des Tiefen See Datensatzes mit anderen Klimaarchiven. Das Sedimentprofil vom Tiefen See zeigt markante Wechsel zwischen gut warvierten und nicht warvierten Sedimentabschnitten auf. Die kombinierte Untersuchung der Mikrofazies, der Geochemie und von Mikrofossilien (d.h. Cladoceren und Diatomeen) zeigte, dass diese Veränderungen der Warvenerhaltung auf Änderungen der Seezirkulation zurückzuführen sind. Ausgenommen ist der rezente warvierte Abschnitt ab AD 1924, der hauptsächlich durch menschlich verursachte Seeeutrophierung beeinflusst ist. Warvierte Abschnitte vor dem 20. Jahrhundert sind durch verringerte Seezirkulation und die damit verbundenen stärkeren anoxischen Bedingungen im See hervorgerufen worden. Die Ablagerung von nicht warvierten Sedimenten weist auf stärkere Seezirkulation und sauerstoffreichere Bedingungen am Seegrund hin. Die Seezirkulation beeinflusst zusätzlich zum Sedimentmuster auch geochemische Prozesse im See. Zum Beispiel verändert sich die Proxy-Bedeutung der stabilen Kohlenstoffisotope von organischem Material (δ13COM) in Reaktion auf das veränderte Sauerstoffregime. Während geringer Seezirkulation und stärkeren anoxischen Bedingungen werden stark negative δ13COM Werte durch mikrobielle Aktivität hervorgerufen. Im Gegensatz verursachen Phasen mit verstärkter Seezirkulation positivere δ13COM Werte, was vermutlich auf stärkeren Abbau von organischem Material im sauerstoffangereicherten Milieu am Seegrund zurückzuführen ist. Die Warvenerhaltung zeigt einen ansteigenden Trend der Seezirkulation im Tiefen See nach ungefähr 4000 Jahre vor heute an. Dieser Trend ist überlagert mit kurzzeitigen Seezirkulationsveränderungen auf dekadischen Zeitskalen. Der Vergleich mit anderen Archiven in Zentral-Europa lässt darauf schließen, dass der Langzeittrend wahrscheinlich auf graduelle Veränderungen der orbitalen Parameter zurückzuführen ist, was kühlere und windigere Bedingungen in Zentral-Europa hervorgerufen hatte und damit die Seezirkulation im Tiefen See verstärkt hat. Die kurzzeitigen Phasen von verstärkter Seezirkulation fallen mit Siedlungsperioden am Tiefen See zusammen, die mit Pollendaten vom selben Sedimentkern rekonstruiert wurden. Die Waldrodung verringerte den Windschutz des Sees, was möglicherweise zu einer erhöhten Sensitivität der Seezirkulation zu Windstress geführt hat. Ein erster Vergleich des Tiefen Sees zu dem ICLEA Untersuchungsgebiet des Czechowskie See zeigt, dass in beiden Seen drei gemeinsame Phasen verstärkter Seezirkulation auftreten, die auch mit bekannten Zeiten veränderter Klimabedingungen zusammenfallen (2.8 ka event, Migrationsperiode und die Kleine Eiszeit). Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Seezirkulation von einer Kombination aus Klimaveränderung auf langen und kurzen Zeitskalen und der Abholzung des Menschen angetrieben wird.
Zusammengefasst erweitert die hier vorliegende Arbeit das Wissen von Klima und Umweltveränderungen in NO Deutschland. Zudem wird gezeigt, dass ein regionaler Vergleich verschiedener Untersuchungsgebieten mit unabhängigen Chronologien ein verbessertes Auseinanderhalten von Klimaeinflüssen und menschlichen Einflüssen auf die Seesysteme ermöglicht. Damit kann ein verbessertes Verständnis der Paläoklimadynamik in Zentral-Europa gewonnen werden.
KW  - palaeoclimate
KW  - Paläoklima
KW  - Holocene
KW  - Holozän
KW  - varved lake sediments
KW  - warvierte Seesedimente
KW  - Tiefer See
KW  - Tiefer See
KW  - human impact
KW  - menschliche Einflüsse
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-103037
ER  -