TY - JOUR A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. A1 - Bergelson, Mira A1 - Iskra, Ekaterina A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Mannova, Elena A1 - Skvortsov, Anatoly A1 - Statnikov, Aleksandr T1 - Comprehension of reversible constructions in semantic aphasia JF - Aphasiology : an international, interdisciplinary journal N2 - Background: Impairments in spatial processing show themselves not only in gnosis and praxis, but also in the language domain. Such deficit is a characteristic feature of so-called semantic aphasia. The impaired comprehension of semantically reversible constructions in those patients can be explained by a disorder of the common spatial neuropsychological factor grounded in the temporal-parietal-occipital (TPO) regions of the brain.Aims: The aim of the present study was to experimentally test the possibility that individuals with semantic aphasia experience specific difficulties in extracting spatial relations from a linguistic form and rely instead on basic sensorimotor stereotypes to interpret reversible linguistic constructions.Methods & Procedures: Six individuals with semantic aphasia, 12 people with motor aphasia, 12 people with sensory aphasia, and 12 non-brain-damaged individuals performed a sentence-picture matching task; all participants were native speakers of Russian. Two types of reversible sentences were tested, each representing a direct and an inverted word order: prepositional (The boy is putting the bag in the box vs. The boy is putting in the box the bag) and instrumental (The grandmother is covering the scarf with the hat vs. The grandmother is covering with the hat the scarf). Irreversible sentences (The boy is putting the apple in the bag) served as control stimuli.Outcomes & Results: Each group of participants performed better on irreversible than on reversible sentences. Within reversible sentences, an interaction between word order and construction type was found in individuals with semantic aphasia only. They performed more accurately in prepositional constructions with direct word order and in instrumental constructions with inverted word orderboth are related to sensorimotor stereotypes reflecting interaction with objects in the real world. Although no such clear dissociation was found in other aphasia types, correlation analysis revealed the same effect in some participants with motor and sensory aphasia.Conclusions: The findings confirm the importance of situational context for linguistic processing. First, if knowledge of the real world supports the unique interpretation of grammatical markers, it enhances processing in all tested cohorts of participants. Second, people with semantic aphasia consistently use sensorimotor stereotypes to compensate for their linguistic deficits. Since this was also found in some participants with other aphasia types, such a sensorimotor strategy might depend not on the damage to TPO areas as such, but on the intactness and overuse of left premotor regions suggested to be critical for motor and symbolic sequential processing. KW - semantic aphasia KW - reversible sentences KW - spatial relations KW - sensorimotor stereotype KW - Russian language Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2015.1063582 SN - 0268-7038 SN - 1464-5041 VL - 30 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Springer CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Parshina, Olga A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. T1 - Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL. KW - bilingualism KW - heritage language KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - Russian KW - children KW - L2 learners Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892000019X SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 82 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malyutina, Svetlana A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. A1 - Ivanova, Maria A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Petrushevsky, Alexey A1 - Meindl, Thomas A1 - Pöppel, Ernst A1 - Gutyrchik, Evgeny T1 - Fishing is not wrestling: Neural underpinnings of the verb instrumentality effect JF - Journal of neurolinguistics : an international journal for the study of brain function in language behavior and experience N2 - Previous clinical research has shown a positive effect of instrumentality on verb retrieval in individuals with aphasia. Performance on instrumental verbs incorporating an obligatory tool into their conceptual representation (e.g., to cut) is more accurate compared to non instrumental verbs (e.g., to tear), possibly due to more specific conceptual representations of instrumental verbs. Seeking the neural correlates of the differences between instrumental and non-instrumental verbs, we conducted an fMRI study with 16 German speakers who performed a verb-object matching task with instrumental and non instrumental verbs. We found that an extensive neural network. including but not limited to frontal and temporal language-related areas was more involved in the semantic processing of non-instrumental compared to instrumental verbs. We argue that this reflects a greater load associated with the processing of less semantically structured/restricted representations of non-instrumental verbs. The unavailability of additional neural resources needed for the processing of non-instrumental verbs in individuals with aphasia may lead to better behavioral performance on instrumental than non instrumental verbs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Verbs KW - Action verbs KW - Verb retrieval KW - Instrumentality KW - Semantic complexity KW - Neurocognitive load KW - Functional magnetic resonance imaging Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.03.002 SN - 0911-6044 VL - 40 SP - 37 EP - 54 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lopukhina, Anastasiya A1 - Lopukhin, Konstantin A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna T1 - Morphosyntactic but not lexical corpus-based probabilities can substitute for cloze probabilities in reading experiments JF - PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science N2 - During reading or listening, people can generate predictions about the lexical and morphosyntactic properties of upcoming input based on available context. Psycholinguistic experiments that study predictability or control for it conventionally rely on a human-based approach and estimate predictability via the cloze task. Our study investigated an alternative corpus-based approach for estimating predictability via language predictability models. We obtained cloze and corpus-based probabilities for all words in 144 Russian sentences, correlated the two measures, and found a strong correlation between them. Importantly, we estimated how much variance in eye movements registered while reading the same sentences was explained by each of the two probabilities and whether the two probabilities explain the same variance. Along with lexical predictability (the activation of a particular word form), we analyzed morphosyntactic predictability (the activation of morphological features of words) and its effect on reading times over and above lexical predictability. We found that for predicting reading times, cloze and corpus-based measures of both lexical and morphosyntactic predictability explained the same amount of variance. However, cloze and corpus-based lexical probabilities both independently contributed to a better model fit, whereas for morphosyntactic probabilities, the contributions of cloze and corpus-based measures were interchangeable. Therefore, morphosyntactic but not lexical corpus-based probabilities can substitute for cloze probabilities in reading experiments. Our results also indicate that in languages with rich inflectional morphology, such as Russian, when people engage in prediction, they are much more successful in predicting isolated morphosyntactic features than predicting the particular lexeme and its full morphosyntactic markup. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246133 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 16 IS - 1 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malyutina, Svetlana A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Terekhina, Maria A1 - Lapin, Yevgeniy T1 - No evidence for strategic nature of age-related slowing in sentence processing JF - Psychology and aging N2 - Older adults demonstrate a slower speed of linguistic processing, including sentence processing. In nonlinguistic cognitive domains such as memory, research suggests that age-related slowing of processing speed may be a strategy adopted in order to avoid potential error and/or to spare “cognitive resources.” So far, very few studies have tested whether older adults’ slower processing speed in the linguistic domain has a strategic nature as well. To fill this gap, we tested whether older adults can maintain language processing accuracy when a faster processing speed is enforced externally. Specifically, we compared sentence comprehension accuracy in younger and older adults when sentences were presented at the participant’s median self-paced reading speed versus twice as fast. We hypothesized that an external speed increase will cause a smaller accuracy decline in older than younger adults because older adults tend to adopt self-paced processing speeds “further away” from their performance limits. The hypothesis was not confirmed: The decline in accuracy due to faster presentation did not differ by age group. Thus, we found no evidence for strategic nature of age-related slowing of sentence processing. On the basis of our experimental design, we suggest that the age-related slowing of sentence processing is caused not only by motor slowdown, but also by a slowdown in cognitive processing KW - aging KW - processing speed KW - sentence comprehension KW - language and aging KW - processing strategies Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000302 SN - 0882-7974 SN - 1939-1498 VL - 33 IS - 7 SP - 1045 EP - 1059 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Jager, Lena Ann A1 - Akinina, Yulia A1 - Roß, Jennifer A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. T1 - Retrieval and Encoding Interference: Cross-Linguistic Evidence from Anaphor Processing JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - encoding interference KW - retrieval interference KW - German KW - Russian KW - comprehension KW - reflexive processing KW - anaphor Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00965 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. A1 - Alexeeva, Svetlana A1 - Bagdasaryan, Kristine A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Russian Sentence Corpus: Benchmark measures of eye movements in reading in Russian JF - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - This article introduces a new corpus of eye movements in silent readingthe Russian Sentence Corpus (RSC). Russian uses the Cyrillic script, which has not yet been investigated in cross-linguistic eye movement research. As in every language studied so far, we confirmed the expected effects of low-level parameters, such as word length, frequency, and predictability, on the eye movements of skilled Russian readers. These findings allow us to add Slavic languages using Cyrillic script (exemplified by Russian) to the growing number of languages with different orthographies, ranging from the Roman-based European languages to logographic Asian ones, whose basic eye movement benchmarks conform to the universal comparative science of reading (Share, 2008). We additionally report basic descriptive corpus statistics and three exploratory investigations of the effects of Russian morphology on the basic eye movement measures, which illustrate the kinds of questions that researchers can answer using the RSC. The annotated corpus is freely available from its project page at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/x5q2r/. KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Russian KW - Ambiguity KW - Part of speech KW - Corpus Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1051-6 SN - 1554-351X SN - 1554-3528 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 1161 EP - 1178 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus T1 - Semantic attraction in sentence comprehension JF - Cognitive science N2 - Agreement attraction is a cross-linguistic phenomenon where a verb occasionally agrees not with its subject, as required by grammar, but instead with an unrelated noun ("The key to the cabinets were horizontal ellipsis "). Despite the clear violation of grammatical rules, comprehenders often rate these sentences as acceptable. Contenders for explaining agreement attraction fall into two broad classes: Morphosyntactic accounts specifically designed to explain agreement attraction, and more general sentence processing models, such as the Lewis and Vasishth model, which explain attraction as a consequence of how linguistic structure is stored and accessed in content-addressable memory. In the present research, we disambiguate between these two classes by testing a surprising prediction made by the Lewis and Vasishth model but not by the morphosyntactic accounts, namely, that attraction should not be limited to morphosyntax, but that semantic features of unrelated nouns equally induce attraction. A recent study by Cunnings and Sturt provided initial evidence that this may be the case. Here, we report three single-trial experiments in English that compared semantic and agreement attraction and tested whether and how the two interact. All three experiments showed strong semantically induced attraction effects closely mirroring agreement attraction effects. We complement these results with computational simulations which confirmed that the Lewis and Vasishth model can faithfully reproduce the observed results. In sum, our findings suggest that attraction is a more general phenomenon than is commonly believed, and therefore favor more general sentence processing models, such as the Lewis and Vasishth model. KW - agreement attraction KW - computational modeling KW - sentence processing; KW - similarity-based interference KW - semantic attraction Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13086 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 46 IS - 2 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Yadav, Himanshu A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Share the code, not just the data BT - a case study of the reproducibility of articles published in the Journal of Memory and Language under the open data policy JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - In 2019 the Journal of Memory and Language instituted an open data and code policy; this policy requires that, as a rule, code and data be released at the latest upon publication. How effective is this policy? We compared 59 papers published before, and 59 papers published after, the policy took effect. After the policy was in place, the rate of data sharing increased by more than 50%. We further looked at whether papers published under the open data policy were reproducible, in the sense that the published results should be possible to regenerate given the data, and given the code, when code was provided. For 8 out of the 59 papers, data sets were inaccessible. The reproducibility rate ranged from 34% to 56%, depending on the reproducibility criteria. The strongest predictor of whether an attempt to reproduce would be successful is the presence of the analysis code: it increases the probability of reproducing reported results by almost 40%. We propose two simple steps that can increase the reproducibility of published papers: share the analysis code, and attempt to reproduce one's own analysis using only the shared materials. KW - Open data KW - Reproducible statistical analyses KW - Reproducibility KW - Open KW - science KW - Meta-research KW - Journal policy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2022.104332 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 125 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - THES A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna T1 - Similarity-based interference and faulty encoding accounts of sentence processing T1 - Interferenzmodelle vs. fehlerhafte Enkodierungsansätze von Satzverarbeitung N2 - The goal of this dissertation is to empirically evaluate the predictions of two classes of models applied to language processing: the similarity-based interference models (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005; McElree, 2000) and the group of smaller-scale accounts that we will refer to as faulty encoding accounts (Eberhard, Cutting, & Bock, 2005; Bock & Eberhard, 1993). Both types of accounts make predictions with regard to processing the same class of structures: sentences containing a non-subject (interfering) noun in addition to a subject noun and a verb. Both accounts make the same predictions for processing ungrammatical sentences with a number-mismatching interfering noun, and this prediction finds consistent support in the data. However, the similarity-based interference accounts predict similar effects not only for morphosyntactic, but also for the semantic level of language organization. We verified this prediction in three single-trial online experiments, where we found consistent support for the predictions of the similarity-based interference account. In addition, we report computational simulations further supporting the similarity-based interference accounts. The combined evidence suggests that the faulty encoding accounts are not required to explain comprehension of ill-formed sentences. For the processing of grammatical sentences, the accounts make conflicting predictions, and neither the slowdown predicted by the similarity-based interference account, nor the complementary slowdown predicted by the faulty encoding accounts were systematically observed. The majority of studies found no difference between the compared configurations. We tested one possible explanation for the lack of predicted difference, namely, that both slowdowns are present simultaneously and thus conceal each other. We decreased the amount of similarity-based interference: if the effects were concealing each other, decreasing one of them should allow the other to surface. Surprisingly, throughout three larger-sample single-trial online experiments, we consistently found the slowdown predicted by the faulty encoding accounts, but no effects consistent with the presence of inhibitory interference. The overall pattern of the results observed across all the experiments reported in this dissertation is consistent with previous findings: predictions of the interference accounts for the processing of ungrammatical sentences receive consistent support, but the predictions for the processing of grammatical sentences are not always met. Recent proposals by Nicenboim et al. (2016) and Mertzen et al. (2020) suggest that interference might arise only in people with high working memory capacity or under deep processing mode. Following these proposals, we tested whether interference effects might depend on the depth of processing: we manipulated the complexity of the training materials preceding the grammatical experimental sentences while making no changes to the experimental materials themselves. We found that the slowdown predicted by the faulty encoding accounts disappears in the deep processing mode, but the effects consistent with the predictions of the similarity-based interference account do not arise. Independently of whether similarity-based interference arises under deep processing mode or not, our results suggest that the faulty encoding accounts cannot be dismissed since they make unique predictions with regard to processing grammatical sentences, which are supported by data. At the same time, the support is not unequivocal: the slowdowns are present only in the superficial processing mode, which is not predicted by the faulty encoding accounts. Our results might therefore favor a much simpler system that superficially tracks number features and is distracted by every plural feature. N2 - Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die Vorhersagen zweier Klassen von Modellen, die in der Sprachverarbeitung Anwendung finden, empirisch zu evaluieren: die Interferenzmodelle (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005; McElree, 2000) und die Gruppe der Ansätze, die wir als fehlerhafte Enkodierungsansätze bezeichnen werden (Eberhard, Cutting, & Bock, 2005; Bock & Eberhard, 1993). Beide Arten von Modellen machen Vorhersagen bezüglich der Verarbeitung derselben Klassen von Strukturen: Sätze, die neben einem Subjekt und einem Verb auch ein (interferierendes) Substantiv, das aber kein Subjekt ist, enthalten. Beide Ansätze machen die gleiche Vorhersage für die Verarbeitung von ungrammatischen Sätzen, in denen ein zusätzliches, nicht im Numerus übereinstimmendes Substantiv interferiert. Diese Vorhersage findet konsistente Unterstützung in den Daten. Die Interferenzmodelle sagen jedoch ähnliche Effekte nicht nur für die morphosyntaktische, sondern auch für die semantische Ebene der Sprachorganisation voraus. Wir überprüften diese Vorhersage in drei Online-Experimenten, in denen wir konsistente Unterstützung für die Vorhersagen des Interferenzmodells fanden. Darüber hinaus berichten wir über computergestützte Simulationen, die Interferenzansätze weiter unterstützen. Die kombinierte Evidenz deutet darauf hin, dass die fehlerhaften Enkodierungsansätze nicht erforderlich sind, um das Verständnis von schlecht geformten Sätzen zu erklären. Für die Verarbeitung von grammatikalischen Sätzen machen die Modelle widersprüchliche Vorhersagen. Weder die Verlangsamung, die von dem Interferenzmodell vorhergesagt wird, noch die komplementäre Verlangsamung, die von den fehlerhaften Enkodierungsansätzen vorhergesagt wird, wurden systematisch beobachtet. Die Mehrheit der Studien fand keinen Unterschied zwischen den verglichenen Konfigurationen. Wir haben eine mögliche Erklärung für das Fehlen des vorhergesagten Unterschieds getestet, nämlich, dass beide Verlangsamungen gleichzeitig vorhanden sind und sich somit gegenseitig verdecken. Wir haben die Stärke der ähnlichkeitsbasierten Interferenz verringert: Wenn sich die Effekte gegenseitig verdecken, sollte die Verringerung eines der Effekte den anderen an die Oberfläche kommen lassen. Überraschenderweise fanden wir in drei Online-Experimenten mit einer größeren Stichprobe durchweg die Verlangsamung, die durch die fehlerhaften Enkodierungsansätze vorhergesagt wurde, aber keine Effekte, die mit dem Vorhandensein von inhibitorischer Interferenz übereinstimmen. Das Gesamtmuster der Ergebnisse, das über alle in dieser Dissertation berichteten Experimente hinweg beobachtet wurde, stimmt mit früheren Erkenntnissen überein: Vorhersagen der Interferenzmodelle für die Verarbeitung von ungrammatischen Sätzen erhalten konsistente Unterstützung, aber die Vorhersagen für die Verarbeitung von grammatischen Sätzen sind nicht immer zutreffend. Aktuelle Vorschläge von Nicenboim et al. (2016) und Mertzen et al. (2020) legen nahe, dass Interferenzen nur bei Personen mit hoher Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität oder im tiefen Verarbeitungsmodus auftreten könnten. Diesen Vorschlägen folgend, testeten wir, ob Interferenzeffekte von der Verarbeitungstiefe abhängen könnten: wir manipulierten die Komplexität der Trainingssätze, die den grammatikalischen Experimentalsätzen vorausgingen, während wir an den Experimentalsätzen selbst keine Änderungen vornahmen. Wir fanden heraus, dass die Verlangsamung, die von den fehlerhaften Enkodierungsansätzen vorhergesagt wurde, im tiefen Verarbeitungsmodus verschwindet, aber die Effekte, die mit den Vorhersagen des Interferenzansatzes übereinstimmen, treten nicht auf. Unabhängig davon, ob ähnlichkeitsbasierte Interferenzen im tiefen Verarbeitungsmodus auftreten oder nicht, legen unsere Ergebnisse nahe, dass die fehlerhaften Enkodierungsansätzen nicht verworfen werden können, da sie einzigartige Vorhersagen in Bezug auf die Verarbeitung grammatikalischer Sätze machen, die von den Daten unterstützt werden. Gleichzeitig ist die Unterstützung nicht eindeutig: Die Verlangsamungen sind nur im oberflächlichen Verarbeitungsmodus vorhanden, was von den fehlerhaften Enkodierungsansätzen nicht vorhergesagt wird. Unsere Ergebnisse könnten daher für ein viel einfacheres System sprechen, das vordergründig Numerusmerkmale berücksichtigt und von jedem Pluralmerkmal abgelenkt wird. KW - morphosyntactic agreement KW - similarity-based interference KW - sentence comprehension KW - sentence processing KW - agreement attraction KW - ACT-R KW - cognitive modeling KW - ACT-R KW - fehlerhafte Vereinbarung KW - Kognitive Modellierung KW - Vereinbarung KW - Satzverarbeitung KW - die Interferenzmodelle Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-509669 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lopukhina, Anastasiya A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Lopukhin, Konstantin A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. T1 - The Mental Representation of Polysemy across Word Classes JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Experimental studies on polysemy have come to contradictory conclusions on whether words with multiple senses are stored as separate or shared mental representations. The present study examined the semantic relatedness and semantic similarity of literal and non-literal (metonymic and metaphorical) senses of three word classes: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Two methods were used: a psycholinguistic experiment and a distributional analysis of corpus data. In the experiment, participants were presented with 6-12 short phrases containing a polysemous word in literal, metonymic, or metaphorical senses and were asked to classify them so that phrases with the same perceived sense were grouped together. To investigate the impact of professional background on their decisions, participants were controlled for linguistic vs. non-linguistic education. For nouns and verbs, all participants preferred to group together phrases with literal and metonymic senses, but not any other pairs of senses. For adjectives, two pairs of senses were often grouped together: literal with metonymic, and metonymic with metaphorical. Participants with a linguistic background were more accurate than participants with non-linguistic backgrounds, although both groups shared principal patterns of sense classification. For the distributional analysis of corpus data, we used a semantic vector approach to quantify the similarity of phrases with literal, metonymic, and metaphorical senses in the corpora. We found that phrases with literal and metonymic senses had the highest degree of similarity for the three word classes, and that metonymic and metaphorical senses of adjectives had the highest degree of similarity among all word classes. These findings are in line with the experimental results. Overall, the results suggest that the mental representation of a polysemous word depends on its word class. In nouns and verbs, literal and metonymic senses are stored together, while metaphorical senses are stored separately; in adjectives, metonymic senses significantly overlap with both literal and metaphorical senses. KW - polysemy KW - lexical representation KW - metaphor KW - metonymy KW - semantic vectors KW - word classes Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00192 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lopukhina, Anastasiya A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Lopukhin, Konstantin A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. T1 - The mental representation of polysemy across word classes T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Experimental studies on polysemy have come to contradictory conclusions on whether words with multiple senses are stored as separate or shared mental representations. The present study examined the semantic relatedness and semantic similarity of literal and non-literal (metonymic and metaphorical) senses of three word classes: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Two methods were used: a psycholinguistic experiment and a distributional analysis of corpus data. In the experiment, participants were presented with 6-12 short phrases containing a polysemous word in literal, metonymic, or metaphorical senses and were asked to classify them so that phrases with the same perceived sense were grouped together. To investigate the impact of professional background on their decisions, participants were controlled for linguistic vs. non-linguistic education. For nouns and verbs, all participants preferred to group together phrases with literal and metonymic senses, but not any other pairs of senses. For adjectives, two pairs of senses were often grouped together: literal with metonymic, and metonymic with metaphorical. Participants with a linguistic background were more accurate than participants with non-linguistic backgrounds, although both groups shared principal patterns of sense classification. For the distributional analysis of corpus data, we used a semantic vector approach to quantify the similarity of phrases with literal, metonymic, and metaphorical senses in the corpora. We found that phrases with literal and metonymic senses had the highest degree of similarity for the three word classes, and that metonymic and metaphorical senses of adjectives had the highest degree of similarity among all word classes. These findings are in line with the experimental results. Overall, the results suggest that the mental representation of a polysemous word depends on its word class. In nouns and verbs, literal and metonymic senses are stored together, while metaphorical senses are stored separately; in adjectives, metonymic senses significantly overlap with both literal and metaphorical senses. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 637 KW - polysemy KW - lexical representation KW - metaphor KW - metonymy KW - semantic vectors KW - word classes Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-445637 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 637 ER -