TY  - JOUR
A1  - Falk, Thomas
A1  - Lohmann, Dirk
A1  - Azebaze, Nadege
T1  - Congruence of appropriation and provision in collective water provision in Central Namibia
JF  - International journal of the commons
N2  - Achieving cooperation in natural resource management is always a challenge when incentives exist for an individual to maximise her short term benefits at the cost of a group. We study a public good social dilemma in water infrastructure provision on land reform farms in Namibia. In the context of the Namibian land reform, arbitrarily mixed groups of livestock farmers have to share the operation and maintenance of water infrastructure. Typically, water is mainly used for livestock production, and livestock numbers are subject to high fluctuations due to the given environmental conditions. Our paper assesses how alternative payment systems with differing congruence of provision and appropriation support the cooperation in the group given the ever-changing equilibria. In a first step, we conducted an exploratory overview of the social-ecological system of central Namibian land reform projects. The Social Ecological System (SES) Framework served as a guideline for this assessment (Ostrom 2009). Taking the complexity of the cooperation situation into account, in the second step we designed a role-play that is based on a social-ecological simulation model. The role-play simulates the real-life decision situations of land reform beneficiaries wherein equilibria are permanently changing. This approach helped us to not only better understand the cooperation challenges of Namibian land reform beneficiaries, but also supported stakeholders in their decision making and institution building. Our study provides evidence to support that land reform beneficiaries increase their contributions as they own more livestock and as other group members increase their payments. Nevertheless, only groups with relatively homogeneous livestock endowments manage to agree on payment rules. Interestingly, the dominant rule is an "equal payment per farmer" and not a "payment per head of livestock", though the latter would imply a higher congruence of provision and appropriation.
KW  - Land reform
KW  - Namibia
KW  - participatory ecological-economic modelling
KW  - public good
KW  - role play
KW  - savanna rangeland
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.583
SN  - 1875-0281
VL  - 10
SP  - 71
EP  - 118
PB  - Brill
CY  - Urtrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Falk, Thomas
A1  - Kirk, Michael
A1  - Lohmann, Dirk
A1  - Kruger, Bertus
A1  - Hüttich, Christian
A1  - Kamukuenjandje, Richard
T1  - The profits of excludability and transferability in redistributive land reform in central Namibia
JF  - Development Southern Africa
N2  - Policies which redistribute property rights to land can improve the well-being of rural households and can have overall growth effects. In many cases, however, land reforms are driven mainly by politically justified objectives. Under such circumstances, little emphasis is placed on whether and, if so, how property rights can increase productivity. Following 18 years of land reform implementation in Namibia, we evaluated 65 beneficiaries in Namibia. We assess to which degree land rights affects their farm income. The study focuses on Namibia’s two main commercial land reform instruments, namely the Farm Unit Resettlement Scheme and the Affirmative Action Loan Scheme. We find evidence that the majority of land reform projects are not profitable. Further, our study confirms the importance of the right to restrict land access compared with the right to transfer. The long-term leasehold contract seemingly provides sufficient incentives to make productive use of the land.
KW  - Redistributive land reform
KW  - property rights
KW  - farm productivity
KW  - pastoralism
KW  - Namibia
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2016.1269633
SN  - 0376-835X
SN  - 1470-3637
VL  - 34
SP  - 314
EP  - 329
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  -