TY  - GEN
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Assessing Patient Preferences
BT  - Examination of the German Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Despite the positive effects of including patients’ preferences into therapy on psychotherapy outcomes, there are still few thoroughly validated assessment tools at hand. We translated the 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) into German and aimed at replicating its factor structure. Further, we investigated the reliability of the questionnaire and its convergence with trait measures. A heterogeneous sample of N = 969 participants took part in our online survey. Performing ESEM models, we found acceptable model fit for a four-factor structure similar to the original factor structure. Furthermore, we propose an alternative model following the adjustment of single items. The German C-NIP showed acceptable to good reliability, as well as small correlations with Big-Five personality traits, trait and attachment anxiety, locus of control, and temporal focus. However, we recommend further replication of the factor structure and further validation of the C-NIP.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 753 
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - preference
KW  - activity preference
KW  - preference assessment
KW  - validation study
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-544140
SN  - 1866-8364
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Assessing patient preferences
BT  - examination of the german cooper-norcross inventory of preferences
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Despite the positive effects of including patients' preferences into therapy on psychotherapy outcomes, there are still few thoroughly validated assessment tools at hand. We translated the 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) into German and aimed at replicating its factor structure. Further, we investigated the reliability of the questionnaire and its convergence with trait measures. A heterogeneous sample of N = 969 participants took part in our online survey. Performing ESEM models, we found acceptable model fit for a four-factor structure similar to the original factor structure. Furthermore, we propose an alternative model following the adjustment of single items. The German C-NIP showed acceptable to good reliability, as well as small correlations with Big-Five personality traits, trait and attachment anxiety, locus of control, and temporal focus. However, we recommend further replication of the factor structure and further validation of the C-NIP.
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - preference
KW  - activity preference
KW  - preference assessment
KW  - validation study
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795776
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Assessing Patient Preferences
BT  - Examination of the German Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences
JF  - Frontiers in Psychology
N2  - Despite the positive effects of including patients’ preferences into therapy on psychotherapy outcomes, there are still few thoroughly validated assessment tools at hand. We translated the 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) into German and aimed at replicating its factor structure. Further, we investigated the reliability of the questionnaire and its convergence with trait measures. A heterogeneous sample of N = 969 participants took part in our online survey. Performing ESEM models, we found acceptable model fit for a four-factor structure similar to the original factor structure. Furthermore, we propose an alternative model following the adjustment of single items. The German C-NIP showed acceptable to good reliability, as well as small correlations with Big-Five personality traits, trait and attachment anxiety, locus of control, and temporal focus. However, we recommend further replication of the factor structure and further validation of the C-NIP.
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - preference
KW  - activity preference
KW  - preference assessment
KW  - validation study
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795776
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Junga, Yvonne Marie
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Assessing therapist development: Reliability and validity of the Supervisee Levels Questionnaire (SLQ-R)
JF  - Journal of clinical psychology
KW  - clinical supervision
KW  - exploratory structural equation modeling
KW  - psychotherapy training
KW  - Supervisee Levels Questionnaire
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22794
SN  - 0021-9762
SN  - 1097-4679
VL  - 75
IS  - 9
SP  - 1658
EP  - 1672
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hahn, Daniela
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Assessment of counseling self-efficacy
BT  - validation of the German Counselor Activity self-efficacy scales-revised
JF  - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2  - Background: 
Many authors regard counseling self-efficacy (CSE) as important in therapist development and training. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales-Revised (CASES-R).

Method:
The sample consisted of 670 German psychotherapy trainees, who completed an online survey. We examined the factor structure by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to the instrument as a whole.

Results:
A bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling model with one general and five specific factors provided the best fit to the data. Omega hierarchical coefficients indicated optimal reliability for the general factor, acceptable reliability for the Action Skills-Revised (AS-R) factor, and insufficient estimates for the remaining factors. The CASES-R scales yielded significant correlations with related measures, but also with therapeutic orientations.

Conclusion:
We found support for the reliability and validity of the German CASES-R. However, the subdomains (except AS-R) should be interpreted with caution, and we do not recommend the CASES-R for comparisons between psychotherapeutic orientations.
KW  - counselor activity self-efficacy scales
KW  - counseling self-efficacy
KW  - psychotherapy training
KW  - assessment
KW  - factor structure
KW  - validation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780088
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Lang, Thomas
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Can psychotherapy trainees distinguish standardized patients from real patients?
T1  - Können Psychotherapeut*innen in Ausbildung standardisierte Patient*innen von realen Patient*innen unterscheiden?
BT  - a pilot study
BT  - Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie
JF  - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
N2  - Background:
Under the new psychotherapy law in Germany, standardized patients (SPs) are to become a standard component inpsychotherapy training, even though little is known about their authenticity.Objective:The present pilot study explored whether, followingan exhaustive two-day SP training, psychotherapy trainees can distinguish SPs from real patients.

Methods:
Twenty-eight psychotherapytrainees (M= 28.54 years of age,SD= 3.19) participated as blind raters. They evaluated six video-recorded therapy segments of trained SPsand real patients using the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations Scale.

Results:
The authenticity scores of real patients and SPs did notdiffer (p= .43). The descriptive results indicated that the highest score of authenticity was given to an SP. Further, the real patients did notdiffer significantly from the SPs concerning perceived impairment (p= .33) and the likelihood of being a real patient (p= .52).

Conclusions:
The current results suggest that psychotherapy trainees were unable to distinguish the SPs from real patients. We therefore stronglyrecommend incorporating training SPs before application. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
N2  - Theoretischer Hintergrund:
Mit dem neu eingeführten Direktstudium für zukünftige Psychotherapeut_innen (PiA) wirdder Einsatz von standardisierten Patient_innen (SP) in der Lehre zunehmen, obwohl die Authentizität der Rollendarstellungen durch SPempirisch bislang kaum untersucht wurde. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher zu untersuchen, ob SP trainiert werden können, dassPsychotherapeut_innen in Ausbildung (PiA) SP von realen Patient_innen nicht unterscheiden können.

Methode:
Insgesamt nahmen 28 PiA(M= 28.54 Jahre,SD= 3.19) als verblindete Rater teil. Sie haben sechs Therapiesitzungen von trainierten SP und realen Patient_innen mitder Skala Authentizität von Patientendarstellungen bewertet.

Ergebnisse:
Die Authentizitätswerte von SP unterschieden sich nicht signifi-kant von realen Patient_innen (p= .43). Deskriptive Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein SP im Schnitt am authentischsten bewertet wurde.Darüber hinaus unterschieden sich SP und reale Patient_innen nicht hinsichtlich der wahrgenommenen Beeinträchtigung (p= .33) sowie derWahrscheinlichkeit, als reale/r Patient_in bewertet zu werden (p= .52).

Fazit:
Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass PiA SP vonrealen Patient_innen nicht unterscheiden konnten. Daher legen wir ein ausführliches Training der SP nahe, bevor sie für Studium und Lehreeingesetzt werden. Die Limitationen sowie zukünftige Forschungsideen werden diskutiert.
KW  - evidence-based training
KW  - learning
KW  - simulated patients
KW  - simulation-based
KW  - education
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - evidenzbasiertes Training
KW  - Lernen
KW  - Simulationspatient_innen
KW  - simulationsbasierte Lehre
KW  - therapeutische
KW  - Kompetenz
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000594
SN  - 1616-3443
SN  - 2190-6297
VL  - 49
IS  - 3
SP  - 182
EP  - 190
PB  - Hogrefe
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Can simulated patient encounters appear authentic?
BT  - development and pilot results of a rating instrument based on the portrayal of depressive patients
JF  - Training and education in professional psychology
N2  - Public Significance Statement This study demonstrates that simulated patients (SPs) can authentically portray a depressive case. The results provide preliminary evidence of psychometrically sound properties of the rating scale that contributes to distinguishing between authentic and unauthentic SPs and may thus foster SPs' dissemination into evidence-based training. <br /> For training purposes, simulated patients (SPs), that is, healthy people portraying a disorder, are disseminating more into clinical psychology and psychotherapy. In the current study, we developed an observer-based rating instrument for the evaluation of SP authenticity-namely, it not being possible to distinguish them from real patients-so as to foster their use in evidence-based training. We applied a multistep inductive approach to develop the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations (APD) scale. Ninety-seven independent psychotherapy trainees, 77.32% female, mean age of 31.49 (SD = 5.17) years, evaluated the authenticity of 2 independent SPs, each of whom portrayed a depressive patient. The APD demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .83) and a strong correlation (r = .82) with an established tool for assessing SP performance in medical contexts. The APD scale distinguished significantly between an authentic and unauthentic SP (d = 2.35). Preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of the APD indicates that the APD could be a viable tool for recruiting, training, and evaluating the authenticity of SPs. Strengths, limitations, and future directions are also discussed in detail.
KW  - authenticity
KW  - evidence-based training
KW  - standardized patients
KW  - role-play
KW  - mental disorders
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000349
SN  - 1931-3918
SN  - 1931-3926
VL  - 16
IS  - 1
SP  - 20
EP  - 27
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schwind, Julia
A1  - Neng, Julia M. B.
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Changes in Free Symptom Attributions in Hypochondriasis after Cognitive Therapy and Exposure Therapy
JF  - Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy : ournal of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies
KW  - Attribution
KW  - hypochondriasis
KW  - free association
KW  - cognitive-behavioural therapy
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465816000163
SN  - 1352-4658
SN  - 1469-1833
VL  - 44
SP  - 601
EP  - 614
PB  - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Schwind, Julia
A1  - Neng, Julia M. B.
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Changes in free symptom attributions in hypochondriasis after cognitive therapy and exposure therapy
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Background: Cognitive-behavioural therapy can change dysfunctional symptom attributions in patients with hypochondriasis. Past research has used forced-choice answer formats, such as questionnaires, to assess these misattributions; however, with this approach, idiosyncratic attributions cannot be assessed. Free associations are an important complement to existing approaches that assess symptom attributions. Aims: With this study, we contribute to the current literature by using an open-response instrument to investigate changes in freely associated attributions after exposure therapy (ET) and cognitive therapy (CT) compared with a wait list (WL). Method: The current study is a re-examination of a formerly published randomized controlled trial (Weck, Neng, Richtberg, Jakob and Stangier, 2015) that investigated the effectiveness of CT and ET. Seventy-three patients with hypochondriasis were randomly assigned to CT, ET or a WL, and completed a 12-week treatment (or waiting period). Before and after the treatment or waiting period, patients completed an Attribution task in which they had to spontaneously attribute nine common bodily sensations to possible causes in an open-response format. Results: Compared with the WL, both CT and ET reduced the frequency of somatic attributions regarding severe diseases (CT: Hedges's g = 1.12; ET: Hedges's g = 1.03) and increased the frequency of normalizing attributions (CT: Hedges's g = 1.17; ET: Hedges's g = 1.24). Only CT changed the attributions regarding moderate diseases (Hedges's g = 0.69). Changes in somatic attributions regarding mild diseases and psychological attributions were not observed. Conclusions: Both CT and ET are effective for treating freely associated misattributions in patients with hypochondriasis. This study supplements research that used a forced-choice assessment.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 457 
KW  - attribution
KW  - hypochondriasis
KW  - free association
KW  - cognitive-behavioural therapy
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-414169
IS  - 457
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Nagel, Laura Carlotta
A1  - Hoefling, Volkmar
A1  - Neng, Julia M. B.
T1  - Cognitive Therapy and Exposure Therapy for Hypochondriasis (Health Anxiety): A 3-Year Naturalistic Follow-Up
JF  - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology
N2  - Objective: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in treating hypochondriasis. However, there are doubts regarding the long-term effectiveness of CBT for hypochondriasis, in particular for follow-up periods longer than 1 year. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of cognitive therapy (CT) and exposure therapy (ET) for the treatment of hypochondriasis. Method: Seventy-five patients with a diagnosis of hypochondriasis who were previously treated with CT or ET were contacted 3 years after treatment. Fifty (67%) patients participated and were interviewed by an independent and blinded diagnostician using standardized interviews. Results: We found further improvements after therapy in primary outcome measures (d = .37), general functioning (d = .38), and reduced doctor visits (d = .30) during the naturalistic follow-up period. At the 3-year follow-up, 72% of the patients no longer fulfilled the diagnosis of hypochondriasis. Based on the main outcome measure, we found response rates of 76% and remission rates of 68%. At follow-up, only 4% of patients were taking antidepressant medication. Additional psychological treatment was utilized by 18% of the patients during the follow-up period (only 8% because of health anxiety). We found no overall differences between CT and ET. Only a trend for a greater deterioration rate in CT (13%) in comparison to ET (0%) was found. Conclusions: Our results suggest that 2/3 of the patients with hypochondriasis were remitted in the long term. Thus, remission rates after CBT were twice as high as in untreated samples.
KW  - hypochondriasis
KW  - cognitive therapy
KW  - exposure therapy
KW  - illness anxiety disorder
KW  - long-term follow-up
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000239
SN  - 0022-006X
SN  - 1939-2117
VL  - 85
SP  - 1012
EP  - 1017
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Fauth, Henriette
A1  - Destina Sevde, Ay-Bryson
A1  - Visser, Leonie N.C.
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Communicating the diagnosis of cancer or depression: Results of a randomized controlled online study using video vignettes
JF  - Cancer Medicine
N2  - Background
Communicating a diagnosis is highly important, yet complex, especially in the context of cancer and mental disorders. The aim was to explore the communication style of an oncologist vs. psychotherapist in an online study.

Methods
Patients (N = 136: 65 cancer, 71 depression) were randomly assigned to watch a standardized video vignette with one of two communication styles (empathic vs. unempathic). Outcome measures of affectivity, information recall, communication skills, empathy and trust were applied.

Results
Regardless of diagnosis, empathic communication was associated with the perception of a significantly more empathic (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.08) and trustworthy practitioner (p = 0.014, η2partial = 0.04) with better communication skills (p = 0.013, η2partial = 0.05). Cancer patients reported a larger decrease in positive affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.15) and a larger increase in negative affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.14) from pre- to post-video than depressive patients. Highly relevant information was recalled better in both groups (p < 0.001, d = 0.61–1.06). 

Conclusions
The results highlight the importance of empathy while communicating both a diagnosis of cancer and a mental disorder. Further research should focus on the communication of a mental disorder in association with cancer.
KW  - consultation
KW  - mental health
KW  - oncology
KW  - psycho-oncology
KW  - skills
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.4396
SN  - 2045-7634
VL  - 10
SP  - 9012
EP  - 9021
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
ET  - 24
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Fauth, Henriette
A1  - Destina Sevde, Ay-Bryson
A1  - Visser, Leonie N.C.
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Communicating the diagnosis of cancer or depression: Results of a randomized controlled online study using video vignettes
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Background
Communicating a diagnosis is highly important, yet complex, especially in the context of cancer and mental disorders. The aim was to explore the communication style of an oncologist vs. psychotherapist in an online study.

Methods
Patients (N = 136: 65 cancer, 71 depression) were randomly assigned to watch a standardized video vignette with one of two communication styles (empathic vs. unempathic). Outcome measures of affectivity, information recall, communication skills, empathy and trust were applied.

Results
Regardless of diagnosis, empathic communication was associated with the perception of a significantly more empathic (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.08) and trustworthy practitioner (p = 0.014, η2partial = 0.04) with better communication skills (p = 0.013, η2partial = 0.05). Cancer patients reported a larger decrease in positive affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.15) and a larger increase in negative affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.14) from pre- to post-video than depressive patients. Highly relevant information was recalled better in both groups (p < 0.001, d = 0.61–1.06). 

Conclusions
The results highlight the importance of empathy while communicating both a diagnosis of cancer and a mental disorder. Further research should focus on the communication of a mental disorder in association with cancer.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 817 
KW  - consultation
KW  - mental health
KW  - oncology
KW  - psycho-oncology
KW  - skills
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-582286
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 817
SP  - 9012
EP  - 9021
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
T1  - Context effects in the evaluation of bodily symptoms
BT  - comparing three versions of the health norms sorting task
JF  - Journal of experimental psychopathology
N2  - The illness-related evaluation of bodily symptoms is considered to be an important maintaining factor in somatoform disorders. However, little is known about context variables that could influence this evaluation process. In the current study, participants completed three versions of the Health Norms Sorting Task (HNST) and evaluated bodily symptoms in different contexts (i.e., different evaluation perspectives and time frames of evaluation). Additionally, the three HNST versions were presented in different orders. Bodily symptoms were evaluated more often as a sign of illness when a specific time frame (i.e., one week) was given. However, this context effect was only large when participants had previously evaluated symptoms existing without a concrete duration. Thus, previously completed symptom evaluations appear to represent an important frame of reference in terms of a cue that makes specific context variables salient. The results further suggested that these cueing effects might be less relevant for participants with elevated somatic symptom reports.
KW  - context effects
KW  - Health Norms Sorting Task
KW  - somatic symptom disorder
KW  - symptom evaluation
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.054216
SN  - 2043-8087
VL  - 8
SP  - 241
EP  - 251
PB  - Sage Publishing
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Hahn, Daniela
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Differences in psychotherapy preferences between psychotherapy trainees and laypeople
JF  - Psychotherapy research : the official journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research
N2  - Objective: Despite increasing research on psychotherapy preferences, the preferences of psychotherapy trainees are largely unknown. Moreover, differences in preferences between trainees and their patients could (a) hinder symptom improvement and therapy success for patients and (b) represent significant obstacles in the early career and development of future therapists. Method: We compared the preferences of n = 466 psychotherapy trainees to those of n = 969 laypersons using the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences. Moreover, we compared preferences between trainees in cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic trainees. Results: We found significant differences between both samples in 13 of 18 items, and three of four subscales. Psychotherapy trainees preferred less therapist directiveness (d = 0.58), more emotional intensity (d = 0.74), as well as more focused challenge (d = 0.35) than laypeople. CBT trainees preferred more therapist directiveness (d = 2.00), less emotional intensity (d = 0.51), more present orientation (d = 0.76) and more focused challenge (d = 0.33) than trainees in psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy. Conclusion: Overall, the results underline the importance of implementing preference assessment and discussion during psychotherapy training. Moreover, therapists of different orientations seem to cover a large range of preferences for patients, in order to choose the right fit.
KW  - psychotherapy process
KW  - psychotherapy training
KW  - activity preference;
KW  - C-NIP
KW  - assessment
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2022.2098076
SN  - 1050-3307
SN  - 1468-4381
VL  - 33
IS  - 3
SP  - 374
EP  - 386
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Lesser, Hannah
A1  - Petri, Franziska
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Do mental health patients learn what their cognitive-behaviour therapists think they do?
BT  - a short report on qualitative interviews comparing perspectives
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Purpose: The acquisition of skills is essential to the conceptualization of cognitive-behavioural therapy. Yet, what experiences are encountered and what skills actually learned during therapy, and whether patients and therapists have concurrent views hereof, remains poorly understood.
Method: An explorative pilot study with semi-structured, corresponding interview guides was conducted. Pilot data from our outpatient unit were transcribed and content-analyzed following current guidelines.
Results: The responses of 18 participants (patients and their psychotherapists) were assigned to six main categories. Educational and cognitive aspects were mentioned most frequently and consistently by both groups. Having learned Behavioural alternatives attained the second highest agreement between perspectives.
Conclusions: Patients and therapists valued CBT as an opportunity to learn new skills, which is an important prerequisite also for the maintenance of therapeutic change. We discuss limitations to generalizability but also theoretical and therapy implications.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 490 
KW  - cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - interview study
KW  - learning
KW  - skills
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420607
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 490
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Lesser, Hannah
A1  - Petri, Franziska
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Do mental health patients learn what their cognitive-behaviour therapists think they do?
BT  - A short report on qualitative interviews comparing perspectives
JF  - International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being
N2  - Purpose: The acquisition of skills is essential to the conceptualization of cognitive-behavioural therapy. Yet, what experiences are encountered and what skills actually learned during therapy, and whether patients and therapists have concurrent views hereof, remains poorly understood. Method: An explorative pilot study with semi-structured, corresponding interview guides was conducted. Pilot data from our outpatient unit were transcribed and content-analyzed following current guidelines. Results: The responses of 18 participants (patients and their psychotherapists) were assigned to six main categories. Educational and cognitive aspects were mentioned most frequently and consistently by both groups. Having learned Behavioural alternatives attained the second highest agreement between perspectives. Conclusions: Patients and therapists valued CBT as an opportunity to learn new skills, which is an important prerequisite also for the maintenance of therapeutic change. We discuss limitations to generalizability but also theoretical and therapy implications.
KW  - cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - interview study
KW  - learning
KW  - skills
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2018.1527598
SN  - 1748-2631
SN  - 1748-2623
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
PB  - Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Junga, Yvonne Marie
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Hahn, Daniela
A1  - Brucker, Katharina
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
T1  - Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome
BT  - a randomized controlled trial
JF  - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology
N2  - Objective:
Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome.

Method:
Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions.

Results:
(a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy.

Conclusion:
Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. 
What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.
KW  - feedback
KW  - outcome
KW  - major depression
KW  - therapeutic alliance
KW  - therapeutic
KW  - competencies
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000686
SN  - 0022-006X
SN  - 1939-2117
VL  - 89
IS  - 11
SP  - 885
EP  - 897
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Maas, Jana
A1  - Wiesenthal, Sophia
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Empirical research in clinical supervision
BT  - a systematic review and suggestions for future studies
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Background: Although clinical supervision is considered to be a major component of the development and maintenance of psychotherapeutic competencies, and despite an increase in supervision research, the empirical evidence on the topic remains sparse.

Methods: Because most previous reviews lack methodological rigor, we aimed to review the status and quality of the empirical literature on clinical supervision, and to provide suggestions for future research. MEDLINE, PsycInfo and the Web of Science Core Collection were searched and the review was conducted according to current guidelines. From the review results, we derived suggestions for future research on clinical supervision.

Results: The systematic literature search identified 19 publications from 15 empirical studies. Taking into account the review results, the following suggestions for further research emerged: Supervision research would benefit from proper descriptions of how studies are conducted according to current guidelines, more methodologically rigorous empirical studies, the investigation of active supervision interventions, from taking diverse outcome domains into account, and from investigating supervision from a meta-theoretical perspective.

Conclusions: In all, the systematic review supported the notion that supervision research often lags behind psychotherapy research in general. Still, the results offer detailed starting points for further supervision research.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 580 
KW  - Supervision
KW  - Clinical supervision
KW  - Systematic review
KW  - Evidence-based psychotherapy
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-438721
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 580
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Maas, Jana
A1  - Wiesenthal, Sophia
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Empirical research in clinical supervision
BT  - a systematic review and suggestions for future studies
JF  - BMC Psychology
N2  - Background: Although clinical supervision is considered to be a major component of the development and maintenance of psychotherapeutic competencies, and despite an increase in supervision research, the empirical evidence on the topic remains sparse.

Methods: Because most previous reviews lack methodological rigor, we aimed to review the status and quality of the empirical literature on clinical supervision, and to provide suggestions for future research. MEDLINE, PsycInfo and the Web of Science Core Collection were searched and the review was conducted according to current guidelines. From the review results, we derived suggestions for future research on clinical supervision.

Results: The systematic literature search identified 19 publications from 15 empirical studies. Taking into account the review results, the following suggestions for further research emerged: Supervision research would benefit from proper descriptions of how studies are conducted according to current guidelines, more methodologically rigorous empirical studies, the investigation of active supervision interventions, from taking diverse outcome domains into account, and from investigating supervision from a meta-theoretical perspective.

Conclusions: In all, the systematic review supported the notion that supervision research often lags behind psychotherapy research in general. Still, the results offer detailed starting points for further supervision research.
KW  - Supervision
KW  - Clinical supervision
KW  - Systematic review
KW  - Evidence-based psychotherapy
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0327-7
SN  - 2050-7283
VL  - 7
PB  - BioMed Central
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Meister, Ramona
A1  - Maass, Ulrike
A1  - Paunov, Tatjana
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - How reliable are therapeutic competence ratings?
BT  - results of a systematic review and meta-analysis
JF  - Cognitive therapy and research
N2  - Assessments of psychotherapeutic competencies play a crucial role in research and training. However, research on the reliability and validity of such assessments is sparse. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence and to provide an average interrater reliability (IRR) of psychotherapeutic competence ratings. A systematic review was conducted, and 20 studies reported in 32 publications were collected. These 20 studies were included in a narrative synthesis, and 20 coefficients were entered into the meta-analysis. Most primary studies referred to cognitive-behavioral therapies and the treatment of depression, used the Cognitive Therapy Scale, based ratings on videos, and trained the raters. Our meta-analysis revealed a pooled ICC of 0.82, but at the same time severe heterogeneity. The evidence map highlighted a variety of variables related to competence assessments. Further aspects influencing the reliability of competence ratings and regarding the considerable heterogeneity are discussed in detail throughout the manuscript.
KW  - competency
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - adherence
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - assessment
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10056-5
SN  - 0147-5916
SN  - 1573-2819
VL  - 44
IS  - 2
SP  - 241
EP  - 257
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Maaß, Ulrike
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Poltz, Nadine
A1  - Lorenz, Anna
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Live supervision in psychotherapy training
BT  - a systematic review
JF  - Training and education in professional psychology
N2  - There is increasing interest in improving psychotherapy training using evidence-based supervision. One approach is live supervision (LS), in which the supervisor offers immediate feedback to the trainee (e.g., via microphone, text messages) during the session. This review summarizes the research on LS and its main results. The databases Web of Science Core Collection, PsycArticles, PsycBooks, PsycInfo, PSYNDEX, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, and PubMed were searched from inception to January 23, 2020 (including a backward search) and updated November 15, 2020. The inclusion criteria (i.e., main focus on LS, immediate feedback from a present supervisor, psychological setting) were met by k = 138 publications, including k = 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs; N = 339). Two reviewers independently evaluated the RCTs' risk of bias using the revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool. Most publications had a family therapy background (59%), were categorized as nonempirical (55%), aimed primarily at describing or comparing specific LS methods (35%), and displayed positive views on LS (87%). Based on the RCTs, LS was superior to no-supervision in 78% of all comparisons, but only in 13% of the cases compared to a delayed supervision (DS) condition (i.e., regarding trainee skills, patient outcomes, or other variables). These results somewhat contradict the overall favorable views in the literature. However, the generalizability is limited due to a lack of high-quality studies and substantial heterogeneity in terms of LS methods, concepts, outcomes, and measurements. Ideas for more systematic research on LS regarding objectives and methods are proposed. <br /> Public Significance Statement This review summarizes research on live supervision (LS). LS is a form of supervision in psychotherapy training in which the supervisor observes the trainee's therapy session and provides immediate feedback. The review concludes that LS is probably as effective as delayed supervision (DS), although more high-quality research is needed.
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - feedback
KW  - bug-in-the-eye
KW  - training
KW  - therapist competence
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000390
SN  - 1931-3918
SN  - 1931-3926
VL  - 16
IS  - 2
SP  - 130
EP  - 142
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gropalis, Maria
A1  - Bailer, Josef
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
T1  - Optimierung von Expositionstherapie bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten
T1  - Optimization of exposure therapy for pathological health anxiety
BT  - Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Implikationen
BT  - Theoretical principles and practical implications
JF  - Psychotherapeut
N2  - Pathologische Krankheitsängste wurden bislang nach ICD und DSM primär als somatoforme Störung bzw. als somatische Belastungsstörung klassifiziert. Theoretische Erwägungen und empirische Befunde legen jedoch nahe, dass es sich bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten eigentlich um eine Angststörung handelt. Innerhalb des vorliegenden Beitrags wird dafür argumentiert, dass Defizite in der aktuellen Behandlungspraxis und in der Wahrnehmung von Patienten mit Hypochondrie als „schwierige Patienten“ teilweise auf Unklarheit in der Nosologie sowie bezüglich der entscheidenden Mechanismen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung zurückzuführen sind. Ausgehend von innovativen theoretischen Ansätzen zur Erklärung pathologischer Krankheitsängste werden Vorschläge für eine verbesserte therapeutische Praxis skizziert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf einem verstärken Einsatz expositionsbasierter Behandlungselemente, die sich am „Inhibitory-learning“-Ansatz orientieren und sich bei anderen Angststörungen bereits bewährt haben.
N2  - Up to now pathological health anxiety has been classified primarily as a somatoform disorder or a somatic symptom disorder in ICD and DSM. Theoretical and empirical evidence, however, suggest that pathological health anxiety basically represents an anxiety disorder. In this paper, it is argued that deficits in the treatment and perception of patients with pathological health anxiety as "difficult patients" are partly attributable to a lack of clarity in terms of nosology and with respect to central mechanisms of etiology and pathogenesis. Based on novel theoretical approaches for the explanation of pathological health anxiety, suggestions for an improved therapeutic practice are outlined. This approach focuses on a more intensive use of exposure-based treatment elements that are oriented to the inhibitory learning approach, which has already proven its effectiveness for other anxiety disorders.
KW  - Hypochondriasis
KW  - Anxiety disorders
KW  - Inhibition
KW  - Learning
KW  - Cognitive behavior therapy
KW  - Hypochondrie
KW  - Angststörungen
KW  - Inhibition
KW  - Lernen
KW  - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-018-0285-1
SN  - 0935-6185
SN  - 1432-2080
VL  - 63
IS  - 3
SP  - 188
EP  - 193
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Richtberg, Samantha
A1  - Jakob, Marion
A1  - Hoefling, Volkmar
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Patient Characteristics and Patient Behavior as Predictors of Outcome in Cognitive Therapy and Exposure Therapy for Hypochondriasis
JF  - Journal of clinical psychology
N2  - ObjectivePsychotherapy for hypochondriasis has greatly improved over the last decades and cognitive-behavioral treatments are most promising. However, research on predictors of treatment outcome for hypochondriasis is rare. Possible predictors of treatment outcome in cognitive therapy (CT) and exposure therapy (ET) for hypochondriasis were investigated. MethodCharacteristics and behaviors of 75 patients were considered as possible predictors: sociodemographic variables (sex, age, and cohabitation); psychopathology (pretreatment hypochondriacal symptoms, comorbid mental disorders, and levels of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms); and patient in-session interpersonal behavior. ResultsSeverity of pretreatment hypochondriacal symptoms, comorbid mental disorders, and patient in-session interpersonal behavior were significant predictors in multiple hierarchical regression analyses. Interactions between the predictors and the treatment (CT or ET) were not found. ConclusionsIn-session interpersonal behavior is an important predictor of outcome. Furthermore, there are no specific contraindications to treating hypochondriasis with CT or ET.
KW  - cognitive-behavioral therapy
KW  - hypochondriasis
KW  - illness anxiety disorder
KW  - interpersonal behavior
KW  - predictors of outcome
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22356
SN  - 0021-9762
SN  - 1097-4679
VL  - 73
IS  - 6
SP  - 612
EP  - 625
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Probst, Thomas
A1  - Jakob, Marion
A1  - Kaufmann, Yvonne Marie
A1  - Müller-Neng, Julia M. B.
A1  - Bohus, Martin
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Patients’ and therapists’ experiences of general change mechanisms during bug-in-the-eye and delayed video-based supervised cognitive-behavioral therapy
BT  - a randomized controlled trial
JF  - Journal of clinical psychology
N2  - ObjectiveThis secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial investigated whether bug-in-the-eye (BITE) supervision (live computer-based supervision during a psychotherapy session) affects the manner in which patients and therapists experience general change mechanisms (GCMs) during cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). MethodA total of 23 therapists were randomized either to the BITE condition or the control condition (delayed video-based [DVB] supervision). After each session, both patients (BITE: n=19; DVB: n=23) and therapists (BITE: n=11; DVB: n=12) completed the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Bernese Post Session Report (BPSR). The HAQ total score and the 3 secondary factors of the BPSR (interpersonal experiences, intrapersonal experiences, problem actuation) functioned as GCMs. Multilevel models were performed. ResultsFor patients, GCMs did not develop differently between BITE and DVB during CBT. Therapists rated the alliance as well as interpersonal and intrapersonal experiences not significantly different between BITE and DVB during CBT, but they perceived problem actuation to increase significantly more in BITE than in DVB (p<.05). ConclusionBITE supervision might be helpful in encouraging CBT therapists to apply interventions, which focus on the activation of relevant problems and related emotions.
KW  - alliance
KW  - general change mechanisms
KW  - live supervision
KW  - randomized controlled trial
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22519
SN  - 0021-9762
SN  - 1097-4679
VL  - 74
IS  - 4
SP  - 509
EP  - 522
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Nagel, Laura Carlotta
A1  - Richtberg, Samantha
A1  - Neng, Julia M. B.
T1  - Personality disorders in hypochondriasis
BT  - a comparison to panic disorder and healthy controls
JF  - Journal of personality disorders
N2  - Previous studies found high prevalence rates of personality disorders (PDs) in patients with hypochondriasis; however, assessment was often based only on questionnaires. In the current study, a sample of 68 patients with hypochondriasis was compared to 31 patients with panic disorder and to 94 healthy controls. Participants were investigated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders questionnaire (SCID-II questionnaire) and the SCID-II interview. Based on the cut-off scores of the SCID-II questionnaire, we found a prevalence rate of 45.6% for PD in patients with hypochondriasis. In comparison to healthy controls, patients with hypochondriasis showed characteristics of paranoid, borderline, avoid ant, and-dependent PDs in the dimensional assessment significantly more often. However, no significant differences were found between the clinical samples. Based on the SCID-II interview, only 2.9% of the patients with hypochondriasis fulfilled the criteria for a PD. These results suggest that PDs are not a specific characteristic of hypochondriasis.
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 0885-579X
SN  - 1943-2763
VL  - 31
SP  - 567
EP  - 576
PB  - Guilford Press
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Maaß, Ulrike
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Maas, Jana
A1  - Unverdross, Maria
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Psychological interventions for health anxiety and somatic symptoms
BT  - a systematic review and meta-analysis
JF  - Zeitschrift für Psychologie = Journal of psychology
N2  - This study examined the effectiveness of psychological interventions for severe health anxiety (SHA) regarding somatic symptoms (SS) and health anxiety (HA). The databases Web of Science, EBSCO, and CENTRAL were searched on May 15, 2019, May 16, 2019, and August 5, 2019, respectively. Eighteen randomized controlled trials (N = 2,050) met the inclusion criteria (i.e., hypochondriasis, illness anxiety disorder or somatic symptom disorder with elevated HA being assessed with validated interviews: use of standardized outcome measures). Two reviewers independently evaluated the studies' risk of bias using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for randomized trials (RoB-2) tool. Overall, psychological interventions were significantly more effective than waitlist, treatment-as-usual, or placebo post-treatment (g(SS) = 0.70, g(HA) = 1.11) and at follow-up (g(SS) = 0.33, g(HA)= 0.70). CBT outperformed other psychological interventions or pharmacotherapy for HA post- treatment (Hedge's g(HA) = 0.81). The number of sessions did not significantly predict the effect sizes. In sum, psychological interventions were effective for SHA, but the generalizability of the results for SS is limited, because only two high-quatity trials contributed to the comparison.
KW  - health anxiety
KW  - hypochondriasis
KW  - systematic review
KW  - meta-analysis
KW  - psychotherapy
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000400
SN  - 2190-8370
SN  - 2151-2604
VL  - 228
IS  - 2
SP  - 68
EP  - 80
PB  - Hogrefe
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Paunov, Tatjana
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Recognizing obsessive-compulsive disorder
BT  - How suitable is the German Zohar-Fineberg obsessive-compulsive screen?
JF  - BMC psychiatry
N2  - Background 
Despite the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), its precise identification remains challenging. With the Zohar-Fineberg Obsessive-Compulsive Screen (ZF-OCS; 5 or 6 items), a brief instrument is widely available mainly in English. As there is a lack of empirical studies on the ZF-OCS, the aim of the present study was to translate the items into German and investigate the instrument in a nonclinical sample. 

Methods 
In two consecutive online surveys, n = 304 and n = 51 students participated. Besides the ZF-OCS, they answered established measures on OCD, depression, health anxiety, general anxiety and health-related well-being.  

Results 
Whereas internal consistency was low (α = .53–.72; ω = .55–.69), retest reliability (rt1,t2 = .89) at two weeks was high. As expected, we found high correlations with other OCD instruments (r > .61; convergent validity), and significantly weaker correlations with measures of depression (r = .39), health anxiety (r = .29), and health-related well-being (r = −.28, divergent validity). Nonetheless, the correlations with general anxiety were somewhere in between (r = .52).

Conclusions 
Due to heterogeneous OCD subtypes, the ZF-OCS asks diverse questions which probably resulted in the present internal consistency. Nevertheless, the results on retest reliability and validity were promising. As for other OCD instruments, divergent validity regarding general anxiety seems problematic to establish. Even so, the ZF-OCS seems valuable for screening purposes, as it is short and easy to administer, and may facilitate initiating subsequent clinical assessment. Further studies should determine the instrument’s diagnostic accuracy.
KW  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
KW  - Psychodiagnostics
KW  - Psychometric properties
KW  - Screening
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03458-x
SN  - 1471-244X
VL  - 21
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Paunov, Tatjana
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Recognizing obsessive-compulsive disorder
BT  - How suitable is the German Zohar-Fineberg obsessive-compulsive screen?
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Background 
Despite the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), its precise identification remains challenging. With the Zohar-Fineberg Obsessive-Compulsive Screen (ZF-OCS; 5 or 6 items), a brief instrument is widely available mainly in English. As there is a lack of empirical studies on the ZF-OCS, the aim of the present study was to translate the items into German and investigate the instrument in a nonclinical sample. 

Methods 
In two consecutive online surveys, n = 304 and n = 51 students participated. Besides the ZF-OCS, they answered established measures on OCD, depression, health anxiety, general anxiety and health-related well-being.  

Results 
Whereas internal consistency was low (α = .53–.72; ω = .55–.69), retest reliability (rt1,t2 = .89) at two weeks was high. As expected, we found high correlations with other OCD instruments (r > .61; convergent validity), and significantly weaker correlations with measures of depression (r = .39), health anxiety (r = .29), and health-related well-being (r = −.28, divergent validity). Nonetheless, the correlations with general anxiety were somewhere in between (r = .52).

Conclusions 
Due to heterogeneous OCD subtypes, the ZF-OCS asks diverse questions which probably resulted in the present internal consistency. Nevertheless, the results on retest reliability and validity were promising. As for other OCD instruments, divergent validity regarding general anxiety seems problematic to establish. Even so, the ZF-OCS seems valuable for screening purposes, as it is short and easy to administer, and may facilitate initiating subsequent clinical assessment. Further studies should determine the instrument’s diagnostic accuracy.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 771 
KW  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder
KW  - Psychodiagnostics
KW  - Psychometric properties
KW  - Screening
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-554473
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 771
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Ay, Destina Sevde
A1  - Otterbeck, Mara Jasmin
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Standardized Patients in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
BT  - a Scoping Review of Barriers and Facilitators for Implementation
JF  - Academic psychiatry
N2  - ObjectivesThe use of simulated and standardized patients (SP) is widely accepted in the medical field and, from there, is beginning to disseminate into clinical psychology and psychotherapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to systematically review barriers and facilitators that should be considered in the implementation of SP interventions specific to clinical psychology and psychotherapy.MethodsFollowing current guidelines, a scoping review was conducted. The literature search focused on the MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases, including Dissertation Abstracts International. After screening for titles and abstracts, full texts were screened independently and in duplicate according to our inclusion criteria. For data extraction, a pre-defined form was piloted and used. Units of meaning with respect to barriers and facilitators were extracted and categorized inductively using content-analysis techniques. From the results, a matrix of interconnections and a network graph were compiled.ResultsThe 41 included publications were mainly in the fields of psychiatry and mental health nursing, as well as in training and education. The detailed category system contrasts four supercategories, i.e., which organizational and economic aspects to consider, which persons to include as eligible SPs, how to develop adequate scenarios, and how to authentically and consistently portray mental health patients.ConclusionsPublications focused especially on the interrelation between authenticity and consistency of portrayals, on how to evoke empathy in learners, and on economic and training aspects. A variety of recommendations for implementing SP programs, from planning to training, monitoring, and debriefing, is provided, for example, ethical screening of and ongoing support for SPs.
KW  - Standardized patients
KW  - Simulated patients
KW  - Systematic review
KW  - Psychotherapy research
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-018-0886-6
SN  - 1042-9670
SN  - 1545-7230
VL  - 42
IS  - 6
SP  - 773
EP  - 781
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Ay, Destina Sevde Ay
A1  - Otterbeck, Mara Jasmin
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Standardized Patients in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
BT  - a Scoping Review of Barriers and Facilitators for Implementation
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam: Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Objectives: The use of simulated and standardized patients (SP) is widely accepted in the medical field and, from there, is beginning to disseminate into clinical psychology and psychotherapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to systematically review barriers and facilitators that should be considered in the implementation of SP interventions specific to clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Methods: Following current guidelines, a scoping review was conducted. The literature search focused on the MEDLINE,PsycINFO and Web of Science databases, including Dissertation Abstracts International. After screening for titles and abstracts,full texts were screened independently and in duplicate according to our inclusion criteria. For data extraction, a pre-defined form was piloted and used. Units of meaning with respect to barriers and facilitators were extracted and categorized inductively using content-analysis techniques. From the results, a matrix of interconnections and a network graph were compiled. Results: The 41 included publications were mainly in the fields of psychiatry and mental health nursing, as well as in training and education. The detailed category system contrasts four supercategories, i.e., which organizational and economic aspects to consider, which persons to include as eligible SPs, how to develop adequate scenarios, and how to authentically and consistently portray mental health patients.Conclusions: Publications focused especially on the interrelation between authenticity and consistency of portrayals, on how to evoke empathy in learners, and on economic and training aspects. A variety of recommendations for implementing SP programs,from planning to training, monitoring, and debriefing, is provided, for example, ethical screening of and ongoing support for SPs.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 541 
KW  - Standardized patients
KW  - Simulated patients
KW  - Systematic review
KW  - Psychotherapy research
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426965
IS  - 541
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Standardized patients in psychotherapy training and clinical supervision
BT  - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Background
Psychotherapy is highly effective and widely acknowledged for treating various mental disorders. Nevertheless, in terms of methods for teaching effective psychotherapeutic approaches and competencies, there has been a lack of investigation. Training and supervision are the main strategies for teaching therapist competencies, and standardized role-plays with simulated patients (i.e., trained individuals playing someone with a mental disorder) seem useful for evaluating training approaches. In medical education, this procedure is now internationally established. However, so far, little use has been made of standardized role-playing to evaluate training and supervision in the area of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Methods
In this study, standardized role-plays are used to evaluate methods for training and supervision. Central cognitive behavioral approaches for treating depression are taught in the training. The first experiment compares an active training approach (i.e., model learning) with a passive one (i.e., reading manual-based instructions). The second experiment compares a direct supervision technique (i.e., supervision based on video analysis) with an indirect one (i.e., supervision based on verbal reporting). In each experiment, 68 bachelor’s and master’s students of psychology will be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Each student takes part in three role-plays (baseline, post and 3-month follow-up), which are all videotaped. Two independent raters assess therapist competencies in each role-play on the basis of a standardized competence scale.

Discussion
The research project aims to contribute to the development of specific training and supervision methods in order to improve psychotherapy training and patient care.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 628 
KW  - Clinical psychology
KW  - Education
KW  - Psychotherapeutic competencies
KW  - Psychotherapy research
KW  - Role-playing
KW  - Simulated patients
KW  - Standardized patients
KW  - Randomized controlled trial
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469295
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 628
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Standardized patients in psychotherapy training and clinical supervision
BT  - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
JF  - Trials
N2  - Background
Psychotherapy is highly effective and widely acknowledged for treating various mental disorders. Nevertheless, in terms of methods for teaching effective psychotherapeutic approaches and competencies, there has been a lack of investigation. Training and supervision are the main strategies for teaching therapist competencies, and standardized role-plays with simulated patients (i.e., trained individuals playing someone with a mental disorder) seem useful for evaluating training approaches. In medical education, this procedure is now internationally established. However, so far, little use has been made of standardized role-playing to evaluate training and supervision in the area of clinical psychology and psychotherapy.

Methods
In this study, standardized role-plays are used to evaluate methods for training and supervision. Central cognitive behavioral approaches for treating depression are taught in the training. The first experiment compares an active training approach (i.e., model learning) with a passive one (i.e., reading manual-based instructions). The second experiment compares a direct supervision technique (i.e., supervision based on video analysis) with an indirect one (i.e., supervision based on verbal reporting). In each experiment, 68 bachelor’s and master’s students of psychology will be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Each student takes part in three role-plays (baseline, post and 3-month follow-up), which are all videotaped. Two independent raters assess therapist competencies in each role-play on the basis of a standardized competence scale.

Discussion
The research project aims to contribute to the development of specific training and supervision methods in order to improve psychotherapy training and patient care.
KW  - Clinical psychology
KW  - Education
KW  - Psychotherapeutic competencies
KW  - Psychotherapy research
KW  - Role-playing
KW  - Simulated patients
KW  - Standardized patients
KW  - Randomized controlled trial
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-4172-z
SN  - 1745-6215
VL  - 21
PB  - BioMed Central
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Lacki, Fiona Janina
A1  - Muse, Kate
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - Strengthening competence of therapists-in-training in the treatment of health anxiety (hypochondriasis)
BT  - validation of the assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS)
JF  - Clinical psychology & psychotherapy : an international journal of theory and practice
N2  - Although the observation and assessment of psychotherapeutic competences are central to training, supervision, patient care, quality control, and life-long practice, structured instruments are used only occasionally. In the current study, an observation-based tool for the Assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS) was translated into German and adapted, and its psychometric properties were pilot evaluated. Competence of therapists-in-training was assessed in a random sample of n = 30 videos on cognitive behavioural therapy including patients diagnosed with hypochondriasis. Two of three raters independently assessed the competences demonstrated in the entire, active treatment sessions (n = 60). In our sample, internal consistency was excellent, and interrater reliability was good. Convergent validity (Cognitive Therapy Scale) and discriminant validity (Helping Alliance Questionnaire) were within the expected ranges. The ACCS total score did not significantly predict the reduction of symptoms of hypochondriasis, and a one-factorial structure of the instrument was found. By providing multiple opportunities for feedback, self-reflection, and supervision, the ACCS may complement current tools for the assessment of psychotherapeutic competences and importantly support competence-based training and supervision.
KW  - adherence
KW  - assessment
KW  - process research
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - skill
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2353
SN  - 1063-3995
SN  - 1099-0879
VL  - 26
IS  - 3
SP  - 319
EP  - 327
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Maaß, Ulrike
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - The concise measurement of clinical communication skills
BT  - Validation of a short scale
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Objective: There is a lack of brief rating scales for the reliable assessment of psychotherapeutic skills, which do not require intensive rater training and/or a high level of expertise. Thus, the objective is to validate a 14-item version of the Clinical Communication Skills Scale (CCSS-S).

Methods: Using a sample of N = 690 video-based ratings of role-plays with simulated patients, we calculated a confirmatory factor analysis and an exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), assessed convergent validities, determined inter-rater reliabilities and compared these with those who were either psychology students, advanced psychotherapy trainees, or experts.

Results: Correlations with other competence rating scales were high (rs > 0.86–0.89). The intraclass correlations ranged between moderate and good [ICC(2,2) = 0.65–0.80], with student raters yielding the lowest scores. The one-factor model only marginally replicated the data, but the internal consistencies were excellent (α = 0.91–95). The ESEM yielded a two-factor solution (Collaboration and Structuring and Exploration Skills).

Conclusion: The CCSS-S is a brief and valid rating scale that reliably assesses basic communication skills, which is particularly useful for psychotherapy training using standardized role-plays. To ensure good inter-rater reliabilities, it is still advisable to employ raters with at least some clinical experience. Future studies should further investigate the one- or two-factor structure of the instrument.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 820 
KW  - standardized patient
KW  - treatment integrity
KW  - measurement
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - role-play
KW  - psychotherapy process
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-582642
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 820
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Maaß, Ulrike
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - The concise measurement of clinical communication skills
BT  - Validation of a short scale
JF  - Frontiers in Psychiatry
N2  - Objective: There is a lack of brief rating scales for the reliable assessment of psychotherapeutic skills, which do not require intensive rater training and/or a high level of expertise. Thus, the objective is to validate a 14-item version of the Clinical Communication Skills Scale (CCSS-S).

Methods: Using a sample of N = 690 video-based ratings of role-plays with simulated patients, we calculated a confirmatory factor analysis and an exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), assessed convergent validities, determined inter-rater reliabilities and compared these with those who were either psychology students, advanced psychotherapy trainees, or experts.

Results: Correlations with other competence rating scales were high (rs > 0.86–0.89). The intraclass correlations ranged between moderate and good [ICC(2,2) = 0.65–0.80], with student raters yielding the lowest scores. The one-factor model only marginally replicated the data, but the internal consistencies were excellent (α = 0.91–95). The ESEM yielded a two-factor solution (Collaboration and Structuring and Exploration Skills).

Conclusion: The CCSS-S is a brief and valid rating scale that reliably assesses basic communication skills, which is particularly useful for psychotherapy training using standardized role-plays. To ensure good inter-rater reliabilities, it is still advisable to employ raters with at least some clinical experience. Future studies should further investigate the one- or two-factor structure of the instrument.
KW  - standardized patient
KW  - treatment integrity
KW  - measurement
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - role-play
KW  - psychotherapy process
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.977324
SN  - 1664-0640
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers
CY  - Lausanne, Schweiz
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Marschner, Linda
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - The heterogeneous course of OCD
BT  - a scoping review on the variety of definitions
JF  - Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry
N2  - Although effective treatments exist, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is, according to the views of patients and experts, still associated with chronicity, a term with no clear and consistent definition. To improve patient care and to foster research, a clear distinction between the various concepts of chronicity cited in the literature is crucial. The aim was thus to explicate central concepts related to courses and trajectories in OCD based on an explorative, scoping search of the existing literature. Our review revealed a considerable lack in content validity, as the concepts were operationalized inconsistently. Concepts related to symptom improvement were (complete) recovery, partial/full remission and partial/full response. Terms used in relation with symptom stability or worsening were chronic/continuous, intermittent and episodic course, waxing and waning, relapse, recurrence, deterioration and treatment-refractoriness. All concepts are explained and visualized as a result of the review. Further, based on authors' remarks, we present recommendations on how to enhance care for chronic OCD patients, namely training psychotherapists to apply CBT as intended, managing patient beliefs about disease and treatment, and adapting psychotherapy to OCD subtypes. Finally, we then propose a literature-based definition of treatment-refractory OCD.
KW  - review
KW  - OCD
KW  - anxiety disorder
KW  - prevention
KW  - treatment response
KW  - non-response
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112821
SN  - 0165-1781
SN  - 1872-7123
VL  - 285
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Clare
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Maiwald, Lisa Marie
A1  - Junga, Yvonne Marie
A1  - Lang, Thomas
A1  - Montini, Romina
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
A1  - Heider, Jens
A1  - Schröder, Annette
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - The role of therapist and patient in-session behavior for treatment outcome in exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia
JF  - Journal of clinical psychology
N2  - Objective
There is a very limited amount of research on the relationship between therapist and patient in‐session behavior and treatment outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG). Additionally, the findings tend to be inconclusive. This study investigates the association between therapist competence, adherence, patient interpersonal behavior, and therapeutic alliance and outcome in a low‐control CBT setting by using comprehensive measures.

Methods
Twenty‐six patients with PD/AG received 12 sessions of exposure‐based CBT. With regard to the outcome, treatments were classified either as problematic or nonproblematic by means of distinct criteria. Two raters evaluated the in‐session behavior.

Results
Patient interpersonal behavior was significantly associated with outcome at follow‐up (r = 0.49). At posttreatment, the correlation did not reach significance ( r = 0.34). Competence, adherence, and alliance were not outcome associated.

Conclusion
The findings emphasize the need for therapists to pay particular attention to patients’ interpersonal behavior during treatment.
KW  - interpersonal behavior
KW  - panic disorder with agoraphobia
KW  - therapeutic alliance
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - treatment outcome
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22738
SN  - 0021-9762
SN  - 1097-4679
VL  - 75
IS  - 4
SP  - 614
EP  - 626
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Grikscheit, Florian
A1  - Höfling, Volkmar
A1  - Kordt, Anne
A1  - Hamm, Alfons O.
A1  - Gerlach, Alexander L.
A1  - Alpers, Georg W.
A1  - Arolt, Volker
A1  - Kircher, Tilo
A1  - Pauli, Paul
A1  - Rief, Winfried
A1  - Lang, Thomas
T1  - The role of treatment delivery factors in exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia
JF  - Journal of anxiety disorders
N2  - Treatment delivery factors (i.e., therapist adherence, therapist competence, and therapeutic alliance) are considered to be important for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/AG). In the current study, four independent raters conducted process evaluations based on 168 two-hour videotapes of 84 patients with PD/AG treated with exposure-based CBT. Two raters evaluated patients’ interpersonal behavior in Session 1. Two raters evaluated treatment delivery factors in Session 6, in which therapists provided the rationale for conducting exposure exercises. At the 6-month follow-up, therapists’ adherence (r = 0.54) and therapeutic alliance (r = 0.31) were significant predictors of changes in agoraphobic avoidance behavior; therapist competence was not associated with treatment outcomes. Patients’ interpersonal behavior in Session 1 was a significant predictor of the therapeutic alliance in Session 6 (r = 0.17). The findings demonstrate that treatment delivery factors, particularly therapist adherence, are relevant to the long-term success of CBT for PD/AG.
KW  - Interpersonal behavior
KW  - Panic disorder with agoraphobia
KW  - Therapeutic alliance
KW  - Therapist adherence
KW  - Therapist competence
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.007
SN  - 0887-6185
SN  - 1873-7897
VL  - 42
SP  - 10
EP  - 18
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Kaufmann, Yvonne Marie
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
T1  - Topics and techniques in clinical supervision in psychotherapy training
JF  - Cognitive Behaviour Therapist
N2  - Clinical supervision is regarded as one of the most important components of psychotherapy training. In clinical practice, it has been found that the implementation of clinical supervision varies substantially and often differs from the recommendations made in the literature. The objective of the current study was to investigate the frequency of topics (e.g. ethical issues) and techniques (e.g. role play) in the clinical supervision of psychotherapy trainees in Germany. To this end, we considered supervisions in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy (PT). A total of 791 psychotherapy trainees (533 CBT and 242 PT) were asked via the internet to provide information about their current supervision sessions. We found that clinical supervision in psychotherapy training addressed topics that are central for the effective treatment of supervised patients (i.e. therapeutic interventions, therapeutic alliance, maintaining factors, and therapeutic goals). However, the most frequently used intervention in clinical supervision in psychotherapy training was case discussion. Rarely were techniques used that allowed the supervisor to give the supervisee feedback based on the supervisee's demonstrated competencies. For example, 46% of the supervisors never used audiotapes or videotapes in the supervision. Differences between CBT and PT were rather small. Current practice regarding the techniques used in clinical supervision for psychotherapy trainees contradicts recommendations for active and feedback-oriented clinical supervision. Thus the potential of clinical supervision might not be fully used in clinical practice.
KW  - clinical supervision
KW  - psychotherapy trainees
KW  - psychotherapy training
KW  - supervisory strategies
KW  - therapeutic competence
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X17000046
SN  - 1754-470X
VL  - 10
PB  - Cambridge University Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - What do laypersons believe characterises a competent psychotherapist?
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Aim
Although research and clinical definitions of psychotherapeutic competence have been proposed, less is known about the layperson perspective. The aim was to explore the views of individuals with different levels of psychotherapy experience regarding what-in their views-constitutes a competent therapist.

Method
In an online survey, 375 persons (64% female, mean age 33.24 years) with no experience, with professional experience, or with personal pre-experience with psychotherapy participated. To provide low-threshold questions, we first presented two qualitative items (i.e. "In your opinion, what makes a good/competent psychotherapist?"; "How do you recognize that a psychotherapist is not competent?") and analysed them using inductive content analysis techniques (Mayring, 2014). Then, we gave participants a 16-item questionnaire including items from previous surveys and from the literature and analysed them descriptively.

Results 
Work-relatedprinciples, professionalism, personalitycharacteristics, caringcommunication, empathy and understandingwere important categories of competence. Concerning the quantitative questions, most participants agreed with items indicating that a therapist should be open, listen well, show empathy and behave responsibly.

Conclusion 
Investigating layperson perspectives suggested that effective and professional interpersonal behaviour of therapists plays a central role in the public's perception of psychotherapy.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 857 
KW  - client preferences
KW  - expectancies
KW  - psychotherapeutic competencies
KW  - psychotherapy process
KW  - public involvement
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-544304
SN  - 1866-8364
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - What do laypersons believe characterises a competent psychotherapist?
JF  - Counselling and psychotherapy research
N2  - Aim 
Although research and clinical definitions of psychotherapeutic competence have been proposed, less is known about the layperson perspective. The aim was to explore the views of individuals with different levels of psychotherapy experience regarding what-in their views-constitutes a competent therapist. 

Method
In an online survey, 375 persons (64% female, mean age 33.24 years) with no experience, with professional experience, or with personal pre-experience with psychotherapy participated. To provide low-threshold questions, we first presented two qualitative items (i.e. "In your opinion, what makes a good/competent psychotherapist?"; "How do you recognize that a psychotherapist is not competent?") and analysed them using inductive content analysis techniques (Mayring, 2014). Then, we gave participants a 16-item questionnaire including items from previous surveys and from the literature and analysed them descriptively. 

Results
Work-relatedprinciples, professionalism, personalitycharacteristics, caringcommunication, empathy and understandingwere important categories of competence. Concerning the quantitative questions, most participants agreed with items indicating that a therapist should be open, listen well, show empathy and behave responsibly.

Conclusion
Investigating layperson perspectives suggested that effective and professional interpersonal behaviour of therapists plays a central role in the public's perception of psychotherapy.
KW  - client preferences
KW  - expectancies
KW  - psychotherapeutic competencies
KW  - psychotherapy process
KW  - public involvement
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12343
SN  - 1473-3145
SN  - 1746-1405
VL  - 21
IS  - 3
SP  - 660
EP  - 671
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -