TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Uriagereka, J. T1 - Measuring language N2 - The study of language, its processing and its bearing on human cortical processes are all extensive domains of investigation in their own right. In this overview tutorial we limit ourselves to a sample of core illustrative issues. Our central aim is to demonstrate how complexity within the language faculty arises from two a priori distinct sources: the computational complexity inherent in the grammar of the language system itself and the procedural complexity resulting from marshalling processing resources in order to produce or interpret utterances that correspond to the grammar. Distinguishing between these two sources of complexity is a current goal in investigations of the human language faculty. The combination of quantitative approaches with newer qualitative approaches to the analysis of electro-cortical behaviour associated with carefully controlled language paradigms represents a new approach to clarifying this central issue Y1 - 2004 SN - 0218-1274 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias A1 - Beim Graben, Peter T1 - Cylinder Entropies and Case resolution Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Drenhaus, Heiner A1 - Frisch, Stefan T1 - Processing polarity items : Contrastive licensing costs N2 - We describe an experiment that investigated the failure to license polarity items in German using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The results reveal distinct processing reflexes associated with failure to license positive polarity items in comparison to failure to license negative polarity items. Failure to license both negative and positive polarity items elicited an N400 component reflecting semantic integration cost. Failure to license positive polarity items, however, also elicited a P600 component. The additional P600 in the positive polarity violations may reflect higher processing complexity associated with a negative operator. This difference between the two types of violation suggests that the processing of negative and positive polarity items does not involve identical mechanisms. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Y1 - 2004 SN - 0093-934X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias T1 - Cortical Dynamics of Language Processes Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias T1 - Measuring entropy during language processing Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas T1 - Variables and events in the syntax of agrammatic speech Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas T1 - On the semantics of scope in agrammatism Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saddy, Douglas T1 - Measuring the dynamics of language processes Y1 - 1999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frisch, Stefan A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Friederici, A. D. T1 - Cutting a long story (too) short Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drenhaus, Heiner A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Frisch, Stefan T1 - Diagnosis and repair of negative polarity constructions in the light of symbolic resonance analysis N2 - in a post hoc analysis, we investigate differences in event-related potentials of two studies (Drenhaus et al., 2004, to appear; Saddy et al., 2004) by using the symbolic resonance analysis (Beim Graben & Kurths, 2003). The studies under discussion, examined the failure to license a negative polarity item (NPI) in German: Saddy et al. (2004a) reported an N400 component when the NPI was not accurately licensed by negation; Drenhaus et al. (2004, to appear) considered additionally the influence of constituency of the licensor in NPI constructions. A biphasic N400-P600 response was found for the two induced violations (the lack of licensor and the inaccessibility of negation in a relative clause). The symbolic resonance analysis (SRA) revealed an effect in the P600 time window for the data in Saddy et al., which was not found by using the averaging technique. The SRA of the ERPs in Drenhaus et al., showed that the P600 components are distinguishable concerning the amplitude and latency. It was smaller and earlier in the condition where the licensor is inaccessible, compared to the condition without negation in the string. Our findings suggest that the failure in licensing NPIs is not exclusively related to semantic integration costs (N400). The elicited P600 components reflect differences in syntactic processing. Our results confirm and replicate the effects of the traditional voltage average analysis and show that the SRA is a useful tool to reveal and pull apart ERP differences which are not evident using the traditional voltage average analysis. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0093934X U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.05.001 SN - 0093-934X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drenhaus, Heiner A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Frisch, Stefan T1 - On the processing of negative polarity constructions revealed by the symbolic resonance analysis Y1 - 2005 SN - 0898-929X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brehm-Jurish, Eva Ute A1 - Saddy, Douglas T1 - On cohesion and coherence in text processing : two ERP studies Y1 - 2005 SN - 0898-929X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Symbolic dynamics of event-related brain potentials Y1 - 2000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Untitled Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Jurish, B. A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Frisch, Stefan T1 - Language processing by dynamical systems N2 - We describe a part of the stimulus sentences of a German language processing ERP experiment using a context- free grammar and represent different processing preferences by its unambiguous partitions. The processing is modeled by deterministic pushdown automata. Using a theorem proven by Moore, we map these automata onto discrete time dynamical systems acting at the unit square, where the processing preferences are represented by a control parameter. The actual states of the automata are rectangles lying in the unit square that can be interpreted as cylinder sets in the context of symbolic dynamics theory. We show that applying a wrong processing preference to a certain input string leads to an unwanted invariant set in the parsers dynamics. Then, syntactic reanalysis and repair can be modeled by a switching of the control parameter - in analogy to phase transitions observed in brain dynamics. We argue that ERP components are indicators of these bifurcations and propose an ERP-like measure of the parsing model Y1 - 2004 SN - 0218-1274 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beim Graben, Peter A1 - Frisch, Stefan A1 - Fink, A. A1 - Saddy, Douglas A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Topographic voltage and coherence mapping of brain potentials by means of the symbolic resonance analysis N2 - We apply the recently developed symbolic resonance analysis to electroencephalographic measurements of event- related brain potentials (ERPs) in a language processing experiment by using a three-symbol static encoding with varying thresholds for analyzing the ERP epochs, followed by a spin-flip transformation as a nonlinear filter. We compute an estimator of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the symbolic dynamics measuring the coherence of threshold-crossing events. Hence, we utilize the inherent noise of the EEG for sweeping the underlying ERP components beyond the encoding thresholds. Plotting the SNR computed within the time window of a particular ERP component (the N400) against the encoding thresholds, we find different resonance curves for the experimental conditions. The maximal differences of the SNR lead to the estimation of optimal encoding thresholds. We show that topographic brain maps of the optimal threshold voltages and of their associated coherence differences are able to dissociate the underlying physiological processes, while corresponding maps gained from the customary voltage averaging technique are unable to do so Y1 - 2005 SN - 1539-3755 ER -