TY - JOUR A1 - Häring, Tim A1 - Reger, Birgit A1 - Ewald, Jörg A1 - Hothorn, Torsten A1 - Schröder-Esselbach, Boris T1 - Predicting Ellenberg's soil moisture indicator value in the Bavarian Alps using additive georegression JF - Applied vegetation science : official organ of the International Association for Vegetation Science N2 - Questions Can forest site characteristics be used to predict Ellenberg indicator values for soil moisture? Which is the best averaged mean value for modelling? Does the distribution of soil moisture depend on spatial information? Location Bavarian Alps, Germany. Methods We used topographic, climatic and edaphic variables to model the mean soil moisture value as found on 1505 forest plots from the database WINALPecobase. All predictor variables were taken from area-wide geodata layers so that the model can be applied to some 250 000 ha of forest in the target region. We adopted methods developed in species distribution modelling to regionalize Ellenberg indicator values. Therefore, we use the additive georegression framework for spatial prediction of Ellenberg values with the R-library mboost, which is a feasible way to consider environmental effects, spatial autocorrelation, predictor interactions and non-stationarity simultaneously in our data. The framework is much more flexible than established statistical and machine-learning models in species distribution modelling. We estimated five different mboost models reflecting different model structures on 50 bootstrap samples in each case. Results Median R2 values calculated on independent test samples ranged from 0.28 to 0.45. Our results show a significant influence of interactions and non-stationarity in addition to environmental covariates. Unweighted mean indicator values can be modelled better than abundance-weighted values, and the consideration of bryophytes did not improve model performance. Partial response curves indicate meaningful dependencies between moisture indicator values and environmental covariates. However, mean indicator values <4.5 and >6.0 could not be modelled correctly, since they were poorly represented in our calibration sample. The final map represents high-resolution information of site hydrological conditions. Conclusions Indicator values offer an effect-oriented alternative to physically-based hydrological models to predict water-related site conditions, even at landscape scale. The presented approach is applicable to all kinds of Ellenberg indicator values. Therefore, it is a significant step towards a new generation of models of forest site types and potential natural vegetation. KW - Boosting KW - Mboost KW - Non-stationarity KW - Predictive vegetation mapping KW - Site ecology KW - Species distribution modelling Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2012.01210.x SN - 1402-2001 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 110 EP - 121 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wessig, Pablo A1 - Matthes, Annika T1 - Photochemical synthesis and properties of 1,6- and 1,8-Naphthalenophanes JF - Molecules N2 - Various 1,6- and 1,8-naphthalenophanes were synthesized by using the Photo-Dehydro-Diels-Alder (PDDA) reaction of bis-ynones. These compounds are easily accessible from omega-(3-iodophenyl)carboxylic acids in three steps. The obtained naphthalenophanes are axially chiral and the activation barrier for the atropisomerization could be determined in some cases by means of dynamic NMR (DNMR) and/or dynamic HPLC (DHPLC) experiments. KW - photo-dehydro-Diels-Alder reaction KW - naphthalenophanes KW - atropisomerism KW - dynamic NMR KW - dynamic HPLC Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18011314 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 1314 EP - 1324 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Javanainen, Matti A1 - Hammaren, Henrik A1 - Monticelli, Luca A1 - Jeon, Jae-Hyung A1 - Miettinen, Markus S. A1 - Martinez-Seara, Hector A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Vattulainen, Ilpo T1 - Anomalous and normal diffusion of proteins and lipids in crowded lipid membranes JF - Faraday discussions N2 - Lateral diffusion plays a crucial role in numerous processes that take place in cell membranes, yet it is quite poorly understood in native membranes characterized by, e.g., domain formation and large concentration of proteins. In this article, we use atomistic and coarse-grained simulations to consider how packing of membranes and crowding with proteins affect the lateral dynamics of lipids and membrane proteins. We find that both packing and protein crowding have a profound effect on lateral diffusion, slowing it down. Anomalous diffusion is observed to be an inherent property in both protein-free and protein-rich membranes, and the time scales of anomalous diffusion and the exponent associated with anomalous diffusion are found to strongly depend on packing and crowding. Crowding with proteins also has a striking effect on the decay rate of dynamical correlations associated with lateral single-particle motion, as the transition from anomalous to normal diffusion is found to take place at macroscopic time scales: while in protein-poor conditions normal diffusion is typically observed in hundreds of nanoseconds, in protein-rich conditions the onset of normal diffusion is tens of microseconds, and in the most crowded systems as large as milliseconds. The computational challenge which results from these time scales is not easy to deal with, not even in coarse-grained simulations. We also briefly discuss the physical limits of protein motion. Our results suggest that protein concentration is anything but constant in the plane of cell membranes. Instead, it is strongly dependent on proteins' preference for aggregation. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fd20085f SN - 1359-6640 VL - 161 IS - 1 SP - 397 EP - 417 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schnabel, Konrad A1 - Asendorpf, Jens B. T1 - Free associations as a measure of stable implicit attitudes JF - European journal of personality N2 - Two studies explored the psychometric properties of free association methods for the assessment of attitudes. Even though the stability of the actual associations was rather low, psychometric properties of the valence estimates of the free associations were highly satisfactory. Valence estimates of associations were provided by independent judges who rated the valence of the associations that were generated by participants. Valence estimates of the associations showed satisfactory internal consistencies and retest reliabilities over three weeks. Additionally, valence estimates of the associations were significantly and independently related to both explicit self-reported attitudes and implicit attitudes that were assessed with an OssiWessi Implicit Association Test. Free association methods represent a useful complement to the family of implicit measures and are especially suitable for the assessment of non-relative attitudes towards single attitude objects. KW - free associations KW - automatic associations KW - automatic attitudes KW - social cognition KW - implicit measures Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1890 SN - 0890-2070 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 50 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Badalyan, Artavazd A1 - Neumann-Schaal, Meina A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Wollenberger, Ursula T1 - A Biosensor for aromatic aldehydes comprising the mediator dependent PaoABC-Aldehyde oxidoreductase JF - Electroanalysis : an international journal devoted to fundamental and practical aspects of electroanalysis N2 - A novel aldehyde oxidoreductase (PaoABC) from Escherichia coli was utilized for the development of an oxygen insensitive biosensor for benzaldehyde. The enzyme was immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol and currents were measured for aldehyde oxidation with different one and two electron mediators with the highest sensitivity for benzaldehyde in the presence of hexacyanoferrate(III). The benzaldehyde biosensor was optimized with respect to mediator concentration, enzyme loading and pH using potassium hexacyanoferrate(III). The linear measuring range is between 0.5200 mu M benzaldehyde. In correspondence with the substrate selectivity of the enzyme in solution the biosensor revealed a preference for aromatic aldehydes and less effective conversion of aliphatic aldehydes. The biosensor is oxygen independent, which is a particularly attractive feature for application. The biosensor can be applied to detect contaminations with benzaldehyde in solvents such as benzyl alcohol, where traces of benzaldehyde in benzyl alcohol down to 0.0042?% can be detected. KW - Aldehyde oxidoreductase KW - Benzaldehyde KW - Biosensor KW - Aromatic aldehydes KW - Molybdenum cofactor Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201200362 SN - 1040-0397 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 108 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sliusarenko, O. Yu. A1 - Surkov, D. A. A1 - Gonchar, V. Yu. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. T1 - Stationary states in bistable system driven by Levy noise JF - European physical journal special topics N2 - We study the properties of the probability density function (PDF) of a bistable system driven by heavy tailed white symmetric L,vy noise. The shape of the stationary PDF is found analytically for the particular case of the L,vy index alpha = 1 (Cauchy noise). For an arbitrary L,vy index we employ numerical methods based on the solution of the stochastic Langevin equation and space fractional kinetic equation. In contrast to the bistable system driven by Gaussian noise, in the L,vy case, the positions of maxima of the stationary PDF do not coincide with the positions of minima of the bistable potential. We provide a detailed study of the distance between the maxima and the minima as a function of the depth of the potential and the L,vy noise parameters. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2013-01736-0 SN - 1951-6355 VL - 216 IS - 1 SP - 133 EP - 138 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Czapiewski, Marc A1 - Kreye, Oliver A1 - Mutlu, Hatice A1 - Meier, Michael A. R. T1 - Cross-metathesis versus palladium-catalyzed C-H activation acetoxy ester functionalization of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters JF - European journal of lipid science and technology N2 - Two synthetic approaches to functionalize plant oil derived platform chemicals were investigated. For this purpose, methyl 10-undecenoate, which can be obtained by pyrolysis of castor oil, was used in olefin cross-metathesis under neat conditions forming an unsaturated a,?-acetoxy ester. A catalyst screening with 11 different ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts was performed, revealing that well-suited catalysts allow for full conversion and very good cross-metathesis selectivity at a loading of only 0.5?mol%. An alternative possibility to the aforementioned synthetic method is a palladium-catalyzed reaction of methyl 10-undecenoate with acetic acid in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Here, the formation of linear and branched unsaturated acetoxy esters as well as a ketone was observed. The conversion as well as the selectivity of this procedure was studied under different reaction conditions and compared to the cross-metathesis results. Based on the successful functionalization of methyl 10-undecenoate, methyl oleate was investigated in this palladium-catalyzed C?H activation reaction. Due to the lower reactivity of the internal double bond the desired acetoxy ester was only obtained in moderate conversion in this case. In summary, this study clearly shows that palladium-catalyzed functionalization of unsaturated fatty compounds via C?H activation is an attractive alternative to the well-established olefin cross-metathesis procedure. KW - a KW - -Acetoxy esters KW - C?H oxidation KW - Cross-metathesis KW - Fatty acids KW - Pd catalysis Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201200196 SN - 1438-7697 VL - 115 IS - 1 SP - 76 EP - 85 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herder, Martin A1 - Utecht, Manuel Martin A1 - Manicke, Nicole A1 - Grubert, Lutz A1 - Pätzel, Michael A1 - Saalfrank, Peter A1 - Hecht, Stefan T1 - Switching with orthogonal stimuli electrochemical ring-closure and photochemical ring-opening of bis(thiazolyl) maleimides JF - Chemical science N2 - The photochemistry as well as electrochemistry of novel donor-acceptor bis(morpholinothiazolyl)maleimides has been investigated. Proper substitution of these diarylethene-type molecular switches leads to the unique situation in which their ring-closure can only be accomplished electrochemically, while ring-opening can only be achieved photochemically. Hence, these switches operate with orthogonal stimuli, i.e. redox potential and light, respectively. The switch system could be optimized by introducing trifluoromethyl groups at the reactive carbon atoms in order to avoid by-product formation during oxidative ring closure. Both photochemical and electrochemical pathways were investigated for methylated, trifluoromethylated, and nonsymmetrical bis(morpholinothiazolyl) maleimides as well as the bis(morpholinothiazolyl) cyclopentene reference compound. With the aid of the nonsymmetrical "mixed" derivative, the mechanism of electrochemically driven ring closure could be elucidated and seems to proceed via a dicationic intermediate generated by two-fold oxidation. All experimental work has been complemented by density functional theory that provides detailed insights into the thermodynamics of the ring-open and closed forms, the nature of their excited states, and the reactivity of their neutral as well as ionized species in different electronic configurations. The particular diarylethene systems described herein could serve in multifunctional (logic) devices operated by different stimuli (inputs) and may pave the way to converting light into electrical energy via photoinduced "pumping" of redox-active meta-stable states. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sc21681g SN - 2041-6520 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 1028 EP - 1040 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Hongguang A1 - Babu, Sukumaran Santhosh A1 - Turner, Sarah T. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Hollamby, Martin J. A1 - Seki, Tomohiro A1 - Yagai, Shiki A1 - Deguchi, Yonekazu A1 - Möhwald, Helmuth A1 - Nakanishi, Takashi T1 - Alkylated-C-60 based soft materials regulation of self-assembly and optoelectronic properties by chain branching JF - Journal of materials chemistry : C, Materials for optical and electronic devices N2 - Derivatization of fullerene (C-60) with branched aliphatic chains softens C-60-based materials and enables the formation of thermotropic liquid crystals and room temperature nonvolatile liquids. This work demonstrates that by carefully tuning parameters such as type, number and substituent position of the branched chains, liquid crystalline C-60 materials with mesophase temperatures suited for photovoltaic cell fabrication and room temperature nonvolatile liquid fullerenes with tunable viscosity can be obtained. In particular, compound 1, with branched chains, exhibits a smectic liquid crystalline phase extending from 84 degrees C to room temperature. Analysis of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells with a ca. 100 nm active layer of compound 1 and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as an electron acceptor and an electron donor, respectively, reveals an improved performance (power conversion efficiency, PCE: 1.6 + 0.1%) in comparison with another compound, 10 (PCE: 0.5 + 0.1%). The latter, in contrast to 1, carries linear aliphatic chains and thus forms a highly ordered solid lamellar phase at room temperature. The solar cell performance of 1 blended with P3HT approaches that of PCBM/P3HT for the same active layer thickness. This indicates that C-60 derivatives bearing branched tails are a promising class of electron acceptors in soft (flexible) photovoltaic devices. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tc00066d SN - 2050-7526 VL - 1 IS - 10 SP - 1943 EP - 1951 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomczyk, Jaroslaw A1 - Sobolewska, Anna A1 - Nagy, Zsuzsanna T. A1 - Guillon, Daniel A1 - Donnio, Bertrand A1 - Stumpe, Joachim T1 - Photo- and thermal-processing of azobenzene-containing star-shaped liquid crystals JF - Journal of materials chemistry : C, Materials for optical and electronic devices N2 - A new class of star-shaped, liquid crystalline, low-molecular weight compounds functionalized with photochromic azobenzene and mesogenic groups was investigated in terms of light-induced anisotropy. The behaviour of the materials under the action of light with simultaneous or subsequent thermal treatment was examined with respect to the induction of anisotropy. The unconventional UV light treatment prior to the irradiation with linearly polarized light allowed induction of very high values of anisotropy (D = 0.77) at room temperature. Moreover, the simultaneous action of light and temperature led to the induction of higher values of dichroism in comparison with anisotropy generated by the standard procedure. Subsequent thermal treatment led to dewetting and the formation of 3D macroscopic stripe- and dome-like structures for one of the investigated compounds. Despite photoinduction of anisotropy by a single beam, the formation of polarization and surface relief gratings by two-beam interference pattern was also investigated. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2tc00627h SN - 2050-7526 VL - 1 IS - 5 SP - 924 EP - 932 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Variable and invariable proportions in the ontogenesis of the human face JF - The journal of craniofacial surgery : an international journal dedicated to the practice of the art and science of craniofacial surgery ; official publication of the American Association of Pediatric Plastic Surgeons N2 - The human face shows individual features and features that are characteristic for sex and age (the loss of childlike characteristics during maturation). The analysis of facial dimensions is essential for identifying individual features also for forensic issues. The analysis of facial proportions was performed on photogrammetric data from front views of 125 children. The data were pooled from 2 different studies. The children's data were obtained from a longitudinal study and reduced by random generator to ensure the data of adults from a separate cross-sectional study. We applied principal component analysis on photogrammetric facial proportions of 169 individuals: 125 children (63 boys and 62 girls) aged 2-7 years and 44 adults (18 men and 26 women) aged 18-65 years. Facial proportions depend on age and sex. Three components described age: (1) proportions of facial height to head height, (2) proportions that involve endocanthal breadth, and (3) bigonial to bizygonial proportions. Proportions that associate with sex are connected with nasal distances and nasal to bizygonial distances. Twenty-three percent of the variance, particularly variance that are connected with proportions of lower and middle face heights to head height, do neither depend on sex nor on age and thus appear useful for screening purposes, eg, for dysmorphic genetic syndromes. KW - Human face KW - face proportions KW - ontogenesis KW - principal component analysis Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e31826d07a3 SN - 1049-2275 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 237 EP - 241 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barthold, Frauke Katrin A1 - Wiesmeier, Martin A1 - Breuer, L. A1 - Frede, Hans-Georg A1 - Wu, J. A1 - Blank, F. Benjamin T1 - Land use and climate control the spatial distribution of soil types in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia JF - Journal of arid environments N2 - The spatial distribution of soil types is controlled by a set of environmental factors such as climate, organisms, parent material and topography as well as time and space. A change of these factors will lead to a change in the spatial distribution of soil types. In this study, we use a digital soil mapping approach to improve our knowledge about major soil type distributing factors in the steppe regions of Inner Mongolia (China) which currently undergo tremendous environmental change, e.g. climate and land use change. We use Random Forests in an effort to map Reference Soil Groups according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) in the Xilin River catchment. We benefit from the superior prediction capabilities of RF and additional interpretive results in order to identify the major environmental factors that control spatial patterns of soil types. The nine WRB soil groups that were identified and spatially predicted for the study area are Arenosol, Calcisol, Cambisol, Chernozem, Cryosol, Gleysol, Kastanozem, Phaeozem and Regosol. Model and prediction performances of the RF model are high with an Out-of-Bag error of 51.6% for the model and a misclassification error for the predicted map of 28.9%. The main controlling factors of soil type distribution are land use, a set of topographic variables, geology and climate. However, land use and climate are of major importance and topography and geology are of minor importance. The visualizations of the predictions, the variable importance measures as result of RF and the comparisons of these with the spatial distribution of the environmental factors delivered additional, quantitative information of these controlling factors and revealed that intensively grazed areas are subjected to soil degradation. However, most of the area is still governed by natural soil forming processes which are driven by climate, topography and geology. Most importantly though, our study revealed that a shift towards warmer temperatures and lower precipitation regimes will lead to a change of the spatial distribution of RSGs towards steppe soils that store less carbon, i.e. a decrease of spatial extent of Phaeozems and an increase of spatial extent of Chernozems and Kastanozems. KW - Random Forests KW - Soil-environmental relationships KW - Steppe KW - Inner Mongolia KW - Land use change KW - Climate change Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.08.004 SN - 0140-1963 VL - 88 IS - 1 SP - 194 EP - 205 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carregari, Victor Corasolla A1 - Floriano, Rafael Stuani A1 - Rodrigues-Simioni, Lea A1 - Winck, Flavia V. A1 - Baldasso, Paulo Aparecido A1 - Ponce-Soto, Luis Alberto A1 - Marangoni, Sergio T1 - Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Structural Characterization of New Basic PLA(2) Bbil-TX from Bothriopsis bilineata Snake Venom JF - BioMed research international N2 - Bbil-TX, a PLA(2), was purified from Bothriopsis bilineata snake venom after only one chromatographic step using RP-HPLC on mu-Bondapak C-18 column. A molecular mass of 14243.8 Da was confirmed by -Tof ltima API ESI/ MS (TOF MS mode) mass spectrometry. The partial protein sequence obtained was then submitted to BLASTp, with the search restricted to PLA(2) from snakes and shows high identity values when compared to other PLA(2)s. PLA(2) activity was presented in the presence of a synthetic substrate and showed a minimum sigmoidal behavior, reaching its maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 25-37 degrees C. Maximum PLA(2) activity required Ca2+ and in the presence of Cd2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ it was reduced in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Crotapotin from Crotalus durissus cascavella rattlesnake venom and antihemorrhagic factor DA2-II from Didelphis albiventris opossum sera under optimal conditions significantly inhibit the enzymatic activity. Bbil-TX induces myonecrosis in mice. The fraction does not show a significant cytotoxic activity in myotubes and myoblasts (C2C12). The infiammatory events induced in the serum of mice by Bbil-TX isolated from Bothriopsis bilineata snake venom were investigated. An increase in vascular permeability and in the levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-1 was was induced. Since Bbil-TX exerts a stronger proinfiammatory effect, the phospholipid hydrolysis may be relevant for these phenomena. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/612649 SN - 2314-6133 SN - 2314-6141 PB - Hindawi Publishing Corp. CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaramillo-Vogel, David A1 - Strasser, Andre A1 - Frijia, Gianluca A1 - Spezzaferri, Silvia T1 - Neritic isotope and sedimentary records of the Eocene-Oligocene greenhouse-icehouse transition the Calcare di Nago Formation (northern Italy) in a global context JF - Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences N2 - From the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene, the Earth experienced the most significant climatic cooling of the Cenozoic era. The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) represents the culmination of this climatic cooling, leading to the onset of the Antarctic glaciation and, consequently, to the beginning of the present-day icehouse world. Whereas the response of deep-sea systems to this climate transition has been widely studied, its impact on the shallow-water carbonate realm is poorly constrained. Here, the sedimentary expression of the EOT in two shallow-marine carbonate successions (Nago and San Valentino, northern Italy) belonging to the Calcare di Nago Formation is presented. The chronostratigraphic framework was constructed by integrating litho-, bio-, and isotope-stratigraphic data (C and Sr isotopes), allowing to correlate these shallow-marine successions with pelagic sections in central Italy (Massignano), Tanzania (TOP Sites 12 and 17), and the Indian Ocean (ODP Site 744). Within several sections in northern Italy, including Nago and San Valentino, a Priabonian (Late Eocene) transgression is recorded. Oxygen isotopes of ODP Site 744 show a coeval negative shift of 0.4 parts per thousand., suggesting a glacio-eustatic origin for this transgression. In the Nago and San Valentino sections, no prominent sequence boundary has been detected that would indicate a rapid sea-level drop occurring together with the positive shift in delta O-18 defining the EOT-1 cooling event. Instead, a gradual shallowing of the depositional environment is observed. At TDP Sites 12 and 17, the EOT-1 is followed by a negative shift in delta O-18 of around 0.4 parts per thousand, which correlates with a relative deepening of the environment in the studied sections and suggests a melting pulse between EOT-1 and the Oligocene isotope event 1 (Oi-1). The positive delta O-18 shift related to the Oi-1 translates in San Valentino into a change in carbonate factory from a photozoan association dominated by larger benthic foraminifera, corals, and red algae to a heterozoan association dominated by bryozoans. The same bryozoan fades occurs in several Italian localities near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. This fades is interpreted to represent an analogue of modern cool-water carbonates and results from a cooling pulse of at least regional scale, associated to the Oi-1 event. KW - Eocene-Oligocene transition KW - Shallow-water carbonates KW - Carbon-isotope stratigraphy KW - Strontium-isotope stratigraphy KW - Sea-level changes Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.11.003 SN - 0031-0182 VL - 369 SP - 361 EP - 376 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaudhary, Tanja A1 - Walch, Elisabeth A1 - Herold, Birgit A1 - Metze, B. A1 - Lejeune, A. A1 - Burkhardt, F. A1 - Buehrer, C. T1 - Predictive and concurrent validity of standardized neurodevelopmental examinations by the griffiths scales and bayley scales of infant development II JF - Klinische Pädiatrie : clinical research and practice in pediatrics N2 - Background: Standardized examinations of preterm infants are used to identify candidates for early intervention. We aimed to assess the predictive power and concurrent validity of the mental development index of the Bayley scales of infant development II (Bayley MDI) and the Griffiths scales developmental quotient (Griffiths DQ) in healthy term and preterm infants < 1 500 g birth weight without major perinatal complications. Methods: 137 Infants (89 term, 48 preterm) were examined by both tests at a corrected age of 6, 12, and 22 months, and 114 went on to undergo Bayley assessments at 39 months. Results: There were significant correlations between Bayley and Griffiths results at 6, 12, and 22 months (r = 0.530, 0.714, and 0.833, respectively, p < 0.001) but Bland Altman plots revealed major systematic bias at 6 months (Griffiths > Bayley, mean differences 14.3 +/- 9.8) and 22 months (Bayley > Griffiths, mean difference 5.2 +/- 13.9) and wide 95% limits of agreement at 6, 12 and 22 months (35.9%, 40.0%, and 52.4%, respectively). The agreement for a presumptive diagnosis of developmental impairment in the group of preterm infants between Bayley examinations obtained at 39 months corrected age (reference) and previous examinations was poor at 6, 12, and 22 months for both Bayley and Griffiths (Cohen's kappa for Griffiths: 0.225, 0.192, 0.369; for Bayley: 0.121, 0.316, 0.369, respectively). Conclusion: Caution should be exercised when interpreting results from standardized neurodevelopmental examinations obtained during the first 2 years of life in comparatively well preterm infants. KW - very low birth weight infant KW - outcome KW - neurodevelopmental impairment Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1331169 SN - 0300-8630 VL - 225 IS - 1 SP - 8 EP - 12 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vicedo, Vicent A1 - Caus, Esmeralda A1 - Frijia, Gianluca T1 - Late Cretaceous alveolinaceans (larger foraminifera) of the Caribbean palaeobioprovince and their stratigraphic distribution JF - Journal of systematic palaeontology N2 - Architectural analysis of the Late Cretaceous alveolinaceans of the Caribbean palaeobioprovince has made it possible to separate four genera: Praechubbina, Chubbinella gen. nov., Chubbina and Caribalveolina. The first three genera belong to the family Rhapydioninidae, while the fourth is placed in the family Alveolinidae. Two species, Praechubbina breviclaustra and P. oxchucensis sp. nov., represent the primitive genus Praechubbina, while the species cardenasensis and obesa, previously ascribed to this genus, must be reassigned respectively to Chubbinella gen. nov. and Caribalveolina. The species Chubbina jamaicensis, C. macgillavryi and C. fourcadei sp. nov. complete the inventory of Chubbina. The alveolinid genus Caribalveolina comprises two species, C. obesa and C. michaudi. Caribbean alveolinaceans include two successive assemblages. The lower assemblage is characterized by Praechubbina oxchucensis, P. brevisclaustra, Chubbinella cardenasensis and Caribalveolina obesa. The upper assemblage is represented by the genus Chubbina, with C. fourcadei, C. jamaicensis and C. macgillavryi, and Caribalveolina michaudi. The age of the lower assemblage is uncertain (probably Late CampanianEarly Maastrichtian), while the upper assemblage has been dated by strontium isotope stratigraphy as Late Maastrichtian. KW - alveolinaceans KW - larger foraminifera KW - shell-architecture KW - Caribbean KW - biostratigraphy KW - Sr-isotope stratigraphy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2011.637517 SN - 1477-2019 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Czerwon, Beate A1 - Hohlfeld, Annette A1 - Wiese, Heike A1 - Werheid, Katja T1 - Syntactic structural parallelisms influence processing of positive stimuli evidence from cross-modal ERP priming JF - International journal of psychophysiology N2 - Language can strongly influence the emotional state of the recipient. In contrast to the broad body of experimental and neuroscientific research on semantic information and prosodic speech, the emotional impact of grammatical structure has rarely been investigated. One reason for this might be, that measuring effects of syntactic structure involves the use of complex stimuli, for which the emotional impact of grammar is difficult to isolate. In the present experiment we examined the emotional impact of structural parallelisms, that is, repetitions of syntactic features, on the emotion-sensitive "late positive potential" (LPP) with a cross-modal priming paradigm. Primes were auditory presented nonsense sentences which included grammatical-syntactic parallelisms. Visual targets were positive, neutral, and negative faces, to be classified as emotional or non-emotional by the participants. Electrophysiology revealed diminished LPP amplitudes for positive faces following parallel primes. Thus, our findings suggest that grammatical structure creates an emotional context that facilitates processing of positive emotional information. KW - Language KW - Emotion KW - Priming KW - ERP KW - Late positive potential KW - Structural parallelisms Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.014 SN - 0167-8760 SN - 1872-7697 VL - 87 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 34 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marwan, Norbert A1 - Schinkel, Stefan A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Recurrence plots 25 years later -Gaining confidence in dynamical transitions JF - epl : a letters journal exploring the frontiers of physics N2 - Recurrence-plot-based time series analysis is widely used to study changes and transitions in the dynamics of a system or temporal deviations from its overall dynamical regime. However, most studies do not discuss the significance of the detected variations in the recurrence quantification measures. In this letter we propose a novel method to add a confidence measure to the recurrence quantification analysis. We show how this approach can be used to study significant changes in dynamical systems due to a change in control parameters, chaos-order as well as chaos-chaos transitions. Finally we study and discuss climate transitions by analysing a marine proxy record for past sea surface temperature. This paper is dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the introduction of recurrence plots. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/101/20007 SN - 0295-5075 VL - 101 IS - 2 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Mulhouse ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbian, Sabine T1 - Prosodic marking of narrow focus across varieties of South African English JF - English world-wide : a journal of varieties of English N2 - This paper reports on an elicited production study which investigates prosodic marking of narrow focus in modified noun phrases in varieties of South African English. The acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration in narrow focus is presented and discussed. The results suggest that these three acoustic parameters are manipulated differently in narrow focus in the varieties of English as a Second Language as compared to General South African English. The article compares the results to what is known about prosodic marking of information structure in other varieties of English as a Second Language and underlines the necessity of carefully controlled data in the investigation of phonological and phonetic variation in varieties of English. KW - South African English KW - Black South African English KW - English as a Second Language (ESL) KW - prosody KW - focus KW - fundamental frequency KW - intensity KW - duration KW - contact variety Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.34.1.02zer SN - 0172-8865 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 26 EP - 47 PB - Benjamins CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Jeschonek, Susanna A1 - Pauen, Sabina T1 - Event-related potentials for 7-month-olds' processing of animals and furniture items JF - Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience N2 - Event-related potentials (ERPs) to single visual stimuli were recorded in 7-month-old infants. In a three-stimulus oddball paradigm, infants watched one frequently occurring standard stimulus (either an animal or a furniture item) and two infrequently occurring oddball stimuli, presenting one exemplar from the same and one from the different super-ordinate category as compared to the standard stimulus. Additionally, visual attributes of the stimuli were controlled to investigate whether infants focus on category membership or on perceptual similarity when processing the stimuli. Infant ERPs indicated encoding of the standard stimulus and discriminating it from the two oddball stimuli by larger Nc peak amplitude and late-slow-wave activity for the infrequent stimuli. Moreover, larger Nc latency and positive-slow-wave activity indicated increased processing for the different-category as compared to the same-category oddball. Thus, 7-month-olds seem to encode single stimuli not only by surface perceptual features, but they also regard information of category membership, leading to facilitated processing of the oddball that belongs to the same domain as the standard stimulus. KW - Category identification KW - Infants (age: 7 months) KW - Event-related potentials KW - Visual stimulus processing KW - Recognition memory Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.002 SN - 1878-9293 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 60 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Kerstin A1 - Zehbe, Rolf A1 - Röser, Jerome A1 - Strauch, Peter A1 - Enthaler, Stephan A1 - Thomas, Arne T1 - A polymer analogous reaction for the formation of imidazolium and NHC based porous polymer networks JF - Polymer Chemistry N2 - A polymer analogous reaction was carried out to generate a porous polymeric network with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) in the polymer backbone. Using a stepwise approach, first a polyimine network is formed by polymerization of the tetrafunctional amine tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane. This polyimine network is converted in the second step into polyimidazolium chloride and finally to a polyNHC network. Furthermore a porous Cu(II)-coordinated polyNHC network can be generated. Supercritical drying generates polymer networks with high permanent surface areas and porosities which can be applied for different catalytic reactions. The catalytic properties were demonstrated for example in the activation of CO2 or in the deoxygenation of sulfoxides to the corresponding sulfides. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2py20947k SN - 1759-9954 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 1848 EP - 1856 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palm, Juliane A1 - van Schaik, N. Loes M. B. A1 - Schröder-Esselbach, Boris T1 - Modelling distribution patterns of anecic, epigeic and endogeic earthworms at catchment-scale in agro-ecosystems JF - Pedobiologia : international journal of soil biology N2 - Species distribution models are useful for identifying driving environmental factors that determine earthworm distributions as well as for predicting earthworm distribution patterns and abundances at different scales. However, due to large efforts in data acquisition, studies on larger scales are rare and often focus on single species or earthworms in general. In this study, we use boosted regression tree models (BRTs) for predicting the distribution of the three functional earthworm types, i.e. anecics, endogeics and epigeics, in an agricultural area in Baden-Wurttemberg (Southwest Germany). First, we predicted presence and absence and later earthworm abundances, considering predictors depicting land management, topography, and soil conditions as well as biotic interaction by using the abundance of the other functional earthworm types. The final presence-absence models performed reasonably well, with explained deviances between 24 and 51% after crossvalidation. Models for abundances of anecics and endogeics were less successful, since the high small-scale variability and patchiness in earthworm abundance influenced the representativeness of the field measurements. This resulted in a significant model uncertainty, which is practically very difficult to overcome with earthworm sampling campaigns at the catchment scale. Results showed that management practices (i.e. disturbances), topography, soil conditions, and biotic interactions with other earthworm groups are the most relevant predictors for spatial distribution (incidence) patterns of all three functional groups. The response curves and contributions of predictors differ for the three functional earthworm types. Epigeics are also controlled by topographic features, endogeics by soil parameters. KW - Species distribution models KW - Earthworms KW - Soil hydrology KW - Boosted regression trees (BRT) KW - Distribution patterns KW - Biotic interactions Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.08.007 SN - 0031-4056 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 23 EP - 31 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Lacroix, Andre A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Röttger, Katrin A1 - Gollhofer, Albert T1 - Effects of core instability strength training on trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults JF - Gerontology N2 - Background: Age-related postural misalignment, balance deficits and strength/power losses are associated with impaired functional mobility and an increased risk of falling in seniors. Core instability strength training (CIT) involves exercises that are challenging for both trunk muscles and postural control and may thus have the potential to induce benefits in trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility and balance performance. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects of CIT on measures of trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility in seniors. Methods: Thirty-two older adults were randomly assigned to an intervention group (INT; n = 16, aged 70.8 +/- 4.1 years) that conducted a 9-week progressive CIT or to a control group (n = 16, aged 70.2 +/- 4.5 years). Maximal isometric strength of the trunk flexors/extensors/lateral flexors (right, left)/rotators (right, left) as well as of spinal mobility in the sagittal and the coronal plane was measured before and after the intervention program. Dynamic balance (i.e. walking 10 m on an optoelectric walkway, the Functional Reach test) and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go test) were additionally tested. Results: Program compliance was excellent with participants of the INT group completing 92% of the training sessions. Significant group x test interactions were found for the maximal isometric strength of the trunk flexors (34%, p < 0.001), extensors (21%, p < 0.001), lateral flexors (right: 48%, p < 0.001; left: 53%, p < 0.001) and left rotators (42%, p < 0.001) in favor of the INT group. Further, training-related improvements were found for spinal mobility in the sagittal (11%, p < 0.001) and coronal plane (11%, p = 0.06) directions, for stride velocity (9%, p < 0.05), the coefficient of variation in stride velocity (31%, p < 0.05), the Functional Reach test (20%, p < 0.05) and the Timed Up and Go test (4%, p < 0.05) in favor of the INT group. Conclusion: CIT proved to be a feasible exercise program for seniors with a high adherence rate. Age-related deficits in measures of trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility can be mitigated by CIT. This training regimen could be used as an adjunct or even alternative to traditional balance and/or resistance training. KW - Elderly KW - Gait KW - Muscle strength KW - Physical performance KW - Postural balance Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000343152 SN - 0304-324X VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 105 EP - 113 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peitsch, Helmut T1 - Literature as a public Defense of the Right of Criticism To F. C. Delius' Documentary polemic "We Entrepreneurs" JF - Text + Kritik : Zeitschrift für Literatur Y1 - 2013 SN - 0040-5329 IS - 197 SP - 44 EP - 54 PB - Edition Text + Kritik im Richard Boorberg Verlag GmbH & Co KG CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Menzel, Ralf A1 - Heuer, Axel A1 - Puhlmann, Dirk A1 - Dechoum, K. A1 - Hillery, M. A1 - Spaehn, M. J. A. A1 - Schleich, W. P. T1 - A two-photon double-slit experiment JF - Journal of modern optics N2 - We employ a photon pair created by spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) where the pump laser is in the TEM01 mode to perform a Young's double-slit experiment. The signal photon illuminates the two slits and displays interference fringes in the far-field while the idler photon measured in the near-field in coincidence with the signal photon provides us with which-slit' information. We explain the results of these experiments with the help of an analytical expression for the second-order correlation function derived from an elementary model of SPDC. Our experiment emphasizes the crucial role of the mode function in the quantum theory of radiation. KW - complementarity KW - wave-particle dualism KW - Young's double-slit experiment KW - spontaneous parametric down conversion KW - TEM01 mode Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2012.746400 SN - 0950-0340 VL - 60 IS - 1 SP - 86 EP - 94 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Messerschmidt, Katrin A1 - Heilmann, Katja T1 - Toxin-antigen conjugates as selection tools for antibody producing cells JF - Journal of immunological methods N2 - The generation of antibodies with designated specificity requires cost-intensive and time-consuming screening procedures. Here we present a new method by which hybridoma cells can be selected based on the specificity of the produced antibody by the use of antigen-toxin-conjugates thus eliminating the need of a screening procedure. Initial experiments were done with methotrexate as low molecular weight toxin and fluorescein as model antigen. Methotrexate and a methotrexate-fluorescein conjugate were characterized regarding their toxicity. Afterwards the effect of the fluorescein-specific antibody B13-DE1 on the toxicity of the methotrexate-fluorescein conjugate was determined. Finally, first results showed that hybridoma cells that produce fluorescein specific antibodies are able to grow in the presence of fluorescein-toxin-conjugates. KW - Monoclonal antibody KW - Hybridoma technology KW - Selection of antibody producing cells Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2012.10.010 SN - 0022-1759 VL - 387 IS - 1-2 SP - 167 EP - 172 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Balkhair, Loay A1 - Schutter, John-Sebastian A1 - Cunnings, Ian T1 - The time course of morphological processing in a second language JF - Second language research N2 - We report findings from psycholinguistic experiments investigating the detailed timing of processing morphologically complex words by proficient adult second (L2) language learners of English in comparison to adult native (L1) speakers of English. The first study employed the masked priming technique to investigate -ed forms with a group of advanced Arabic-speaking learners of English. The results replicate previously found L1/L2 differences in morphological priming, even though in the present experiment an extra temporal delay was offered after the presentation of the prime words. The second study examined the timing of constraints against inflected forms inside derived words in English using the eye-movement monitoring technique and an additional acceptability judgment task with highly advanced Dutch L2 learners of English in comparison to adult L1 English controls. Whilst offline the L2 learners performed native-like, the eye-movement data showed that their online processing was not affected by the morphological constraint against regular plurals inside derived words in the same way as in native speakers. Taken together, these findings indicate that L2 learners are not just slower than native speakers in processing morphologically complex words, but that the L2 comprehension system employs real-time grammatical analysis (in this case, morphological information) less than the L1 system. KW - compounds KW - derivational morphology KW - English as a seond language KW - inflectional morphology KW - late bilinguals KW - masked priming KW - morphology processing KW - past tense KW - shallow structure hypothesis Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658312464970 SN - 0267-6583 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 31 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfestorf, H. A1 - Weiss, L. A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Socher, S. A. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Schöning, Ingo A1 - Weisser, W. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Community mean traits as additional indicators to monitor effects of land-use intensity On grassland plant diversity JF - Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics N2 - Semi-natural grasslands, biodiversity hotspots in Central-Europe, suffer from the cessation of traditional land-use. Amount and intensity of these changes challenge current monitoring frameworks typically based on classic indicators such as selected target species or diversity indices. Indicators based on plant functional traits provide an interesting extension since they reflect ecological strategies at individual and ecological processes at community levels. They typically show convergent responses to gradients of land-use intensity over scales and regions, are more directly related to environmental drivers than diversity components themselves and enable detecting directional changes in whole community dynamics. However, probably due to their labor- and cost intensive assessment in the field, they have been rarely applied as indicators so far. Here we suggest overcoming these limitations by calculating indicators with plant traits derived from online accessible databases. Aiming to provide a minimal trait set to monitor effects of land-use intensification on plant diversity we investigated relationships between 12 community mean traits, 2 diversity indices and 6 predictors of land-use intensity within grassland communities of 3 different regions in Germany (part of the German 'Biodiversity Exploratory' research network). By standardization of traits and diversity measures, use of null models and linear mixed models we confirmed (i) strong links between functional community composition and plant diversity, (ii) that traits are closely related to land-use intensity, and (iii) that functional indicators are equally, or even more sensitive to land-use intensity than traditional diversity indices. The deduced trait set consisted of 5 traits, i.e., specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), seed release height, leaf distribution, and onset of flowering. These database derived traits enable the early detection of changes in community structure indicative for future diversity loss. As an addition to current monitoring measures they allow to better link environmental drivers to processes controlling community dynamics. KW - Biodiversity Exploratories KW - Biological conservation KW - (Semi-natural) Grasslands KW - Plant functional traits KW - Indicators KW - Land-use intensity Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2012.10.003 SN - 1433-8319 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dormann, Carsten F. A1 - Elith, Jane A1 - Bacher, Sven A1 - Buchmann, Carsten M. A1 - Carl, Gudrun A1 - Carre, Gabriel A1 - Garcia Marquez, Jaime R. A1 - Gruber, Bernd A1 - Lafourcade, Bruno A1 - Leitao, Pedro J. A1 - Münkemüller, Tamara A1 - McClean, Colin A1 - Osborne, Patrick E. A1 - Reineking, Bjoern A1 - Schröder-Esselbach, Boris A1 - Skidmore, Andrew K. A1 - Zurell, Damaris A1 - Lautenbach, Sven T1 - Collinearity a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance JF - Ecography : pattern and diversity in ecology ; research papers forum N2 - Collinearity refers to the non independence of predictor variables, usually in a regression-type analysis. It is a common feature of any descriptive ecological data set and can be a problem for parameter estimation because it inflates the variance of regression parameters and hence potentially leads to the wrong identification of relevant predictors in a statistical model. Collinearity is a severe problem when a model is trained on data from one region or time, and predicted to another with a different or unknown structure of collinearity. To demonstrate the reach of the problem of collinearity in ecology, we show how relationships among predictors differ between biomes, change over spatial scales and through time. Across disciplines, different approaches to addressing collinearity problems have been developed, ranging from clustering of predictors, threshold-based pre-selection, through latent variable methods, to shrinkage and regularisation. Using simulated data with five predictor-response relationships of increasing complexity and eight levels of collinearity we compared ways to address collinearity with standard multiple regression and machine-learning approaches. We assessed the performance of each approach by testing its impact on prediction to new data. In the extreme, we tested whether the methods were able to identify the true underlying relationship in a training dataset with strong collinearity by evaluating its performance on a test dataset without any collinearity. We found that methods specifically designed for collinearity, such as latent variable methods and tree based models, did not outperform the traditional GLM and threshold-based pre-selection. Our results highlight the value of GLM in combination with penalised methods (particularly ridge) and threshold-based pre-selection when omitted variables are considered in the final interpretation. However, all approaches tested yielded degraded predictions under change in collinearity structure and the folk lore'-thresholds of correlation coefficients between predictor variables of |r| >0.7 was an appropriate indicator for when collinearity begins to severely distort model estimation and subsequent prediction. The use of ecological understanding of the system in pre-analysis variable selection and the choice of the least sensitive statistical approaches reduce the problems of collinearity, but cannot ultimately solve them. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x SN - 0906-7590 SN - 1600-0587 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 46 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jekauc, Darko A1 - Wagner, Matthias O. A1 - Kahlert, Daniela A1 - Woll, Alexander T1 - Reliability and validity of MoMo-Physical-Activity-Questionnaire for Adolescents (MoMo-AFB) JF - Diagnostica N2 - This paper presents the psychometric properties of the MoMo-AFB (Bos, Worth, Opper, Oberger & Woll, 2009), a questionnaire designed to measure the physical activity of children and adolescents. The MoMo-AFB consists of 28 items, covering the fields of everyday physical activity, sports within and outside of organised clubs, physical education as well as compliance with physical activity guidelines. A study was conducted with 109 boys and 87 girls aged between 9 and 17 years. The MoMo-AFB was given on two separate occasions to evaluate reliability and was compared with accelerometry data of ActiGraph GT1X to evaluate validity. The overall kappa/weighted kappa coefficient for the one-week testretest reliability was .66 (SD = .19) and the overall intraclass correlation (ICC) .68. Self-reported and accelerometer-measured average weekly time spent performing moderate to vigorous physical activity were significantly correlated (Spearman r = .29). Regarding reliability and validity, the MoMo-AFB is comparable with other international published physical activity questionnaires for adolescents. KW - physical activity KW - physical activity questionnaire KW - MoMo-AFB KW - adolescents Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000083 SN - 0012-1924 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 100 EP - 111 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uhlemann, S. A1 - Bertelmann, Roland A1 - Merz, Bruno T1 - Data expansion the potential of grey literature for understanding floods JF - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS N2 - Sophisticated methods have been developed and become standard in analysing floods as well as for assessing flood risk. However, increasingly critique of the current standards and scientific practice can be found both in the flood hydrology community as well as in the risk community who argue that the considerable amount of information already available on natural disasters has not been adequately deployed and brought to effective use. We describe this phenomenon as a failure to synthesize knowledge that results from barriers and ignorance in awareness, use and management of the entire spectrum of relevant content, that is, data, information and knowledge. In this paper we argue that the scientific community in flood risk research ignores event-specific analysis and documentations as another source of data. We present results from a systematic search that includes an intensive study on sources and ways of information dissemination of flood-relevant publications. We obtain 186 documents that contain information on the sources, pathways, receptors and/or consequences for any of the 40 strongest trans-basin floods in Germany in the period 1952-2002. This study therefore provides the most comprehensive metadata collection of flood documentations for the considered geographical space and period. A total of 87.5% of all events have been documented, and especially the most severe floods have received extensive coverage. Only 30% of the material has been produced in the scientific/academic environment, and the majority of all documents (about 80%) can be considered grey literature (i.e. literature not controlled by commercial publishers). Therefore, ignoring grey sources in flood research also means ignoring the largest part of knowledge available on single flood events (in Germany). Further, the results of this study underpin the rapid changes in information dissemination of flood event literature over the last decade. We discuss the options and obstacles of incorporating this data into the knowledge-building process in light of the current technological developments and international, interdisciplinary debates for data curation. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-895-2013 SN - 1027-5606 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 895 EP - 911 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heistermann, Maik A1 - Jacobi, S. A1 - Pfaff, T. T1 - Technical note an open source library for processing weather radar data (wradlib) JF - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS N2 - The potential of weather radar observations for hydrological and meteorological research and applications is undisputed, particularly with increasing world-wide radar coverage. However, several barriers impede the use of weather radar data. These barriers are of both scientific and technical nature. The former refers to inherent measurement errors and artefacts, the latter to aspects such as reading specific data formats, geo-referencing, visualisation. The radar processing library wradlib is intended to lower these barriers by providing a free and open source tool for the most important steps in processing weather radar data for hydro-meteorological and hydrological applications. Moreover, the community-based development approach of wradlib allows scientists to share their knowledge about efficient processing algorithms and to make this knowledge available to the weather radar community in a transparent, structured and well-documented way. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-863-2013 SN - 1027-5606 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - 863 EP - 871 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koppitz, Jörg A1 - Supaporn, Worakrit T1 - Categary equivalences of clones of operations preserving unaryoperations JF - COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE BULGARE DES SCIENCES N2 - Any clones on arbitrary set A can be written of the form Pol (A)Q for some set Q of relations on A. We consider clones of the form Pal (A)Q where Q is a set of unary relations on a finite set A. A clone Pol (A)Q is said to be a clone on a set of the smallest cardinality with respect to category equivalence if vertical bar A vertical bar <= vertical bar S vertical bar for all finite sets S and all clones C on S that category equivalent to Pol (A)Q. We characterize the clones on a set of the smallest cardinality with respect to category equivalent and show how we can find a clone on a set of the smallest cardinality that category equivalent to a given clone. KW - category equivalence of clones KW - clone of operations Y1 - 2013 SN - 1310-1331 VL - 66 IS - 2 SP - 177 EP - 184 PB - Publ. House of the Bulgarian Acad. of Sciences CY - Sofia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simal Duran, Juan Luis T1 - An Atlantic perspective for Spanish history in the age of revolutions JF - Ayer : revista de historia contemporánea N2 - This bibliographical essay seeks to evaluate the impact that the historiographical trend known as Atlantic history, which emerged in the Anglo-Saxon academia, has had on the Spanish-American one. It also considers the criticisms and reticence that it has triggered. The analysis focuses on the applicability and relevance as an analytical tool for the Spanish case of the concept of Atlantic revolutions. It also wants to assess the benefits that geographically broad approaches -even beyond the Atlantic- present to nineteenth-century Spanish historiography. KW - Atlantic History KW - Transnational History KW - Global History KW - Age of Revolutions KW - Spain Y1 - 2013 SN - 1134-2277 IS - 89 SP - 199 EP - 212 PB - Asociación de Historia Contemporánea CY - Madrid ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hickmann, Thomas T1 - Private authority in global climate governance the case of the clean development mechanism JF - Climate & development N2 - The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a prominent example of the mix of public and private authority in global climate policy-making. While national governments hold the supreme authority in the CDM, the oversight and daily supervision of the project-based mechanism have been delegated via an intergovernmental body to private corporations that evaluate the environmental performance of individual CDM projects. By focusing on the CDM as a particular instance of private authority in global climate governance, this article analyses the consequences associated with the delegation of authority to private actors. The article critically assesses the role of private auditing corporations, labelled Designated Operational Entities, in the regulatory framework of the CDM and points to serious trade-offs which accompany the privatisation of authority. The article's findings suggest that the promise of innovative modes of governance to increase the effectiveness of international regulation is seriously compromised by the profit-seeking behaviour of private actors. Hence, the article underscores the need to reconsider the balance between public and private authority in global (climate) governance. KW - carbon markets KW - Clean Development Mechanism KW - climate policy KW - global climate governance KW - post-2012 negotiations KW - private authority Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2013.768174 SN - 1756-5529 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 54 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ballato, Paolo A1 - Stockli, Daniel F. A1 - Ghassemi, Mohammad R. A1 - Landgraf, Angela A1 - Strecker, Manfred A1 - Hassanzadeh, Jamshid A1 - Friedrich, Anke M. A1 - Tabatabaei, Saeid H. T1 - Accommodation of transpressional strain in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone new constraints from (U-Th)/He thermochronology in the Alborz mountains, north Iran JF - Tectonics N2 - The Alborz range of N Iran provides key information on the spatiotemporal evolution and characteristics of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone. The southwestern Alborz range constitutes a transpressional duplex, which accommodates oblique shortening between Central Iran and the South Caspian Basin. The duplex comprises NW-striking frontal ramps that are kinematically linked to inherited E-W-striking, right-stepping lateral to obliquely oriented ramps. New zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He data provide a high-resolution framework to unravel the evolution of collisional tectonics in this region. Our data record two pulses of fast cooling associated with SW-directed thrusting across the frontal ramps at similar to 18-14 and 9.5-7.5 Ma, resulting in the tectonic repetition of a fossil zircon partial retention zone and a cooling pattern with a half U-shaped geometry. Uniform cooling ages of similar to 7-6 Ma along the southernmost E-W striking oblique ramp and across its associated NW-striking frontal ramps suggests that the ramp was reactivated as a master throughgoing, N-dipping thrust. We interpret this major change in fault kinematics and deformation style to be related to a change in the shortening direction from NE to N/NNE. The reduction in the obliquity of thrusting may indicate the termination of strike-slip faulting (and possibly thrusting) across the Iranian Plateau, which could have been triggered by an increase in elevation. Furthermore, we suggest that similar to 7-6-m.y.-old S-directed thrusting predated inception of the westward motion of the South Caspian Basin. Citation: Ballato, P., D. F. Stockli, M. R. Ghassemi, A. Landgraf, M. R. Strecker, J. Hassanzadeh, A. Friedrich, and S. H. Tabatabaei (2012), Accommodation of transpressional strain in the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone: new constraints from (U-Th)/He thermochronology in the Alborz mountains. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2012TC003159 SN - 0278-7407 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heistermann, Maik A1 - Crisologo, Irene A1 - Abon, Catherine Cristobal A1 - Racoma, B. A. A1 - Jacobi, S. A1 - Servando, N. T. A1 - David, C. P. C. A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Using the new Philippine radar network to reconstruct the Habagat of August 2012 monsoon event around Metropolitan Manila JF - Natural hazards and earth system sciences N2 - From 6 to 9 August 2012, intense rainfall hit the northern Philippines, causing massive floods in Metropolitan Manila and nearby regions. Local rain gauges recorded almost 1000mm within this period. However, the recently installed Philippine network of weather radars suggests that Metropolitan Manila might have escaped a potentially bigger flood just by a whisker, since the centre of mass of accumulated rainfall was located over Manila Bay. A shift of this centre by no more than 20 km could have resulted in a flood disaster far worse than what occurred during Typhoon Ketsana in September 2009. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-653-2013 SN - 1561-8633 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 653 EP - 657 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dobler, C. A1 - Bürger, Gerd A1 - Stötter, J. T1 - Simulating future precipitation extremes in a complex Alpine catchment JF - Natural hazards and earth system sciences N2 - The objectives of the present investigation are (i) to study the effects of climate change on precipitation extremes and (ii) to assess the uncertainty in the climate projections. The investigation is performed on the Lech catchment, located in the Northern Limestone Alps. In order to estimate the uncertainty in the climate projections, two statistical downscaling models as well as a number of global and regional climate models were considered. The downscaling models applied are the Expanded Downscaling (XDS) technique and the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG). The XDS model, which is driven by analyzed or simulated large-scale synoptic fields, has been calibrated using ECMWF-interim reanalysis data and local station data. LARS-WG is controlled through stochastic parameters representing local precipitation variability, which are calibrated from station data only. Changes in precipitation mean and variability as simulated by climate models were then used to perturb the parameters of LARS-WG in order to generate climate change scenarios. In our study we use climate simulations based on the A1B emission scenario. The results show that both downscaling models perform well in reproducing observed precipitation extremes. In general, the results demonstrate that the projections are highly variable. The choice of both the GCM and the downscaling method are found to be essential sources of uncertainty. For spring and autumn, a slight tendency toward an increase in the intensity of future precipitation extremes is obtained, as a number of simulations show statistically significant increases in the intensity of 90th and 99th percentiles of precipitation on wet days as well as the 5- and 20-yr return values. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-263-2013 SN - 1561-8633 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - 263 EP - 277 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleger, Heinz A1 - Mehlhausen, Thomas T1 - Indisputable and still disputed - European solidarity during the Euro crisis JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Vereinigung für Politische Wissenschaft N2 - The term solidarity is lacking a precise definition despite being embedded as primary law in the EU treaties and regardless of its pivotal role in the current debate on the euro crisis. Once the semantic core is unearthed we sketch three dimensions of European solidarity (motives, references, level of action). Through this we shall distil three ideal types of an intergovernmental European solidarity: a federal, an organic and a distributive type. Empirically we assign the most relevant measures, which were discussed and partially enacted in the course of the euro crisis, to the three ideal types where we identify an increasing tendency towards a distributive solidarity. Once the first elements will be upgraded to a full-blown distributive solidarity through further integration, several risks arise from a normative perspective. KW - Solidarity KW - Euro Crisis KW - European Union KW - Democracy KW - Justice Y1 - 2013 SN - 0032-3470 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 50 EP - 74 PB - Nomos CY - Hannover ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kröller, Katja A1 - Kröller, Alexander A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - What do you like to eat? Correlation between food familiarity and actual preference JF - Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie N2 - The preference for fruits and vegetables is the main predictor for the longtime healthy eating behavior. There are many factors which affect the development of food preferences. The familiarity with different foods seems to be a special aspect associated with the corresponding preference. To establish a preference for fruits and vegetables during early childhood, we need to know more about the factors that affect this preference development. So far, research has mostly concentrated on the food intake and less on the corresponding preference. Additionally, it is often based on studies of the mere-exposure effect or on older children and their ability to label fruits and vegetables correctly. Findings about the level of food familiarity in young children and its relation to the actual food preference are still missing. Our study focuses on different aspects of food familiarity as well as on their relationship to the child's preference and presents results from 213 children aged 2 to 10 years. Using standardized photos, the food preference was measured with a computer-based method that ran automatically without influence from parents or interviewer. The children knew fewer of the presented vegetables (66 %) than fruits or sweets (78 % each). About the same number of vegetables (63 %) had already been tasted by the children and were considered tasty. Only 48 % of the presented vegetables were named correctly - an ability that increases in older children. Concerning the relationship between the familiarity with vegetables and their preference, the different familiarity aspects showed that vegetables of lower preference were less often recognized, tasted, considered tasty, or named correctly. KW - food preference KW - familiarity KW - fruits and vegetables KW - children Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000089 SN - 0943-8149 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goychuk, I. A1 - Kharchenko, V. O. T1 - Rocking subdiffusive ratchets origin, optimization and efficiency JF - Mathematical modelling of natural phenomena N2 - We study origin, parameter optimization, and thermodynamic efficiency of isothermal rocking ratchets based on fractional subdiffusion within a generalized non-Markovian Langevin equation approach. A corresponding multi-dimensional Markovian embedding dynamics is realized using a set of auxiliary Brownian particles elastically coupled to the central Brownian particle (see video on the journal web site). We show that anomalous subdiffusive transport emerges due to an interplay of nonlinear response and viscoelastic effects for fractional Brownian motion in periodic potentials with broken space-inversion symmetry and driven by a time-periodic field. The anomalous transport becomes optimal for a subthreshold driving when the driving period matches a characteristic time scale of interwell transitions. It can also be optimized by varying temperature, amplitude of periodic potential and driving strength. The useful work done against a load shows a parabolic dependence on the load strength. It grows sublinearly with time and the corresponding thermodynamic efficiency decays algebraically in time because the energy supplied by the driving field scales with time linearly. However, it compares well with the efficiency of normal diffusion rocking ratchets on an appreciably long time scale. KW - anomalous Brownian motion KW - generalized Langevin equation KW - memory effects KW - viscoelasticity KW - ratchet transport KW - stochastic thermodynamics Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/20138210 SN - 0973-5348 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 144 EP - 158 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Zaid, I. M. A1 - Lomholt, M. A. A1 - Sokolov, Igor M. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Bulk-mediated surface diffusion on a cylinder in the fast exchange limit JF - Mathematical modelling of natural phenomena N2 - In various biological systems and small scale technological applications particles transiently bind to a cylindrical surface. Upon unbinding the particles diffuse in the vicinal bulk before rebinding to the surface. Such bulk-mediated excursions give rise to an effective surface translation, for which we here derive and discuss the dynamic equations, including additional surface diffusion. We discuss the time evolution of the number of surface-bound particles, the effective surface mean squared displacement, and the surface propagator. In particular, we observe sub- and superdiffusive regimes. A plateau of the surface mean-squared displacement reflects a stalling of the surface diffusion at longer times. Finally, the corresponding first passage problem for the cylindrical geometry is analysed. KW - Bulk-mediated diffusion KW - anomalous diffusion KW - Levy flights KW - stochastic processes Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/20138208 SN - 0973-5348 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 114 EP - 126 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrov, Veselin A1 - Schippers, Jos A1 - Benina, Maria A1 - Minkov, Ivan A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd A1 - Gechev, Tsanko S. T1 - In search for new players of the oxidative stress network by phenotyping an Arabidopsis T-DNA mutant collection on reactive oxygen species-eliciting chemicals JF - Plant omics N2 - The ability of some chemical compounds to cause oxidative stress offers a fast and convenient way to study the responses of plants to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to unveil potential novel genetic players of the ROS-regulatory network, a population of similar to 2,000 randomly selected Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion mutants was screened for ROS sensitivity/resistance by growing seedlings on agar medium supplemented with stress-inducing concentrations of the superoxide-eliciting herbicide methyl viologen or the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-triazole. A semi-robotic setup was used to capture and analyze images of the chemically treated seedlings which helped interpret the screening results by providing quantitative information on seedling area and healthy-to-chlorotic tissue ratios for data verification. A ROS-related phenotype was confirmed in three of the initially selected 33 mutant candidates, which carry T-DNA insertions in genes encoding a Ring/Ubox superfamily protein, ABI5 binding protein 1 (AFP1), previously reported to be involved in ABA signaling, and a protein of unknown function, respectively. In addition, we identified six mutants, most of which have not been described yet, that are related to growth or chloroplast development and show defects in a ROS-independent manner. Thus, semi-automated image capturing and phenotyping applied on publically available T-DNA insertion collections adds a simple means for discovering novel mutants in complex physiological processes and identifying the genes involved. KW - growth KW - image analysis KW - methyl viologen KW - LemnaTec KW - screening KW - superoxide Y1 - 2013 SN - 1836-0661 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 54 PB - Southern Cross Publ. CY - Lismore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Elizarov, Nelli A1 - Berger, René A1 - Hoelter, Frank T1 - Scope and limitations of the Heck-Matsuda-coupling of phenol diazonium salts and styrenes a protecting-group economic synthesis of phenolic stilbenes JF - Organic & biomolecular chemistry : an international journal of synthetic, physical and biomolecular organic chemistry N2 - 4-Phenol diazonium salts undergo Pd-catalyzed Heck reactions with various styrenes to 4'-hydroxy stilbenes. In almost all cases higher yields and fewer side products were observed, compared to the analogous 4-methoxy benzene diazonium salts. In contrast, the reaction fails completely with 2- and 3-phenol diazonium salts. For these substitution patterns the methoxy-substituted derivatives are superior. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ob40420j SN - 1477-0520 VL - 11 IS - 22 SP - 3674 EP - 3691 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Draude, F. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Galla, S. A1 - Thuenemann, Andreas F. A1 - Taubert, Andreas A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Arlinghaus, H. F. T1 - TOF-SIMS analysis of cell membrane changes in functional impaired human macrophages upon nanosilver treatment JF - Surface and interface analysis : an international journal devoted to the development and application of techniques for the analysis surfaces, interfaces and thin films N2 - Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are among the most commercialized nanoparticles. Here, we show that peptide-coated SNP cause functional impairment of human macrophages. A dose-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis is observed after nanoparticle treatment, and pretreatment of cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) can counteract the phagocytosis disturbances caused by SNP. Using the surface-sensitive mode of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, we studied the composition of cell membranes in human macrophages upon exposure to SNP with and without NAC preconditioning. This method revealed characteristic changes in the lipid pattern of the cellular membrane outer leaflet in those cells challenged by SNP. Statistical analyses resulted in 19 characteristic ions, which can be used to distinguish between NAC pretreated and untreated macrophages. The present study discusses the assignments of surface cell membrane phospholipids for the identified ions and the resulting changes in the phospholipid pattern of treated cells. We conclude that the adverse effects in human macrophages caused by SNP can be partially reversed through NAC administration. Some alterations, however, remained. KW - silver nanoparticles KW - lipidomics KW - N-acetyl cysteine KW - phagocytosis KW - oxidative stress Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5155 SN - 0142-2421 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 483 EP - 485 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Draude, F. A1 - Galla, S. A1 - Pelster, Axel A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Haase, Alfred A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Thuenemann, Andreas F. A1 - Taubert, Andreas A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Arlinghaus, H. F. T1 - ToF-SIMS and Laser-SNMS analysis of macrophages after exposure to silver nanoparticles JF - Surface and interface analysis : an international journal devoted to the development and application of techniques for the analysis surfaces, interfaces and thin films N2 - Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are among the most commercialized nanoparticles because of their antibacterial effects. Besides being employed, e. g. as a coatingmaterial for sterile surfaces in household articles and appliances, the particles are also used in a broad range of medical applications. Their antibacterial properties make SNPs especially useful for wound disinfection or as a coating material for prostheses and surgical instruments. Because of their optical characteristics, the particles are of increasing interest in biodetection as well. Despite the widespread use of SNPs, there is little knowledge of their toxicity. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and laser post-ionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (Laser-SNMS) were used to investigate the effects of SNPs on human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells in vitro. For this purpose, macrophages were exposed to SNPs. The SNP concentration ranges were chosen with regard to functional impairments of the macrophages. To optimize the analysis of the macrophages, a special silicon wafer sandwich preparation technique was employed; ToF-SIMS was employed to characterize fragments originating from macrophage cell membranes. With the use of this optimized sample preparation method, the SNP-exposed macrophages were analyzed with ToF-SIMS and with Laser-SNMS. With Laser-SNMS, the three-dimensional distribution of SNPs in cells could be readily detected with very high efficiency, sensitivity, and submicron lateral resolution. We found an accumulation of SNPs directly beneath the cell membrane in a nanoparticular state as well as agglomerations of SNPs inside the cells. KW - Laser-SNMS KW - ToF-SIMS KW - life sciences KW - imaging KW - nanoparticles KW - three-dimensional depth profiling Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.4902 SN - 0142-2421 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 286 EP - 289 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackenbach, Werner T1 - The recolution as novel - the revolution novel? on the metaphorizationof the sandinist revolution in the Nicaraguan Narrative JF - Revista iberoamericana : organo del Instituto Internacional de Literatura Iberoamericana Y1 - 2013 SN - 0034-9631 VL - 79 IS - 242 SP - 75 EP - 94 PB - University Library System, University of Pittsburgh CY - Pittsburgh ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Hauke, Sylvia T1 - Cross metathesis of allyl alcohols how to suppress and how to promote double bond isomerization JF - Organic & biomolecular chemistry : an international journal of synthetic, physical and biomolecular organic chemistry N2 - Under standard conditions the cross metathesis of allyl alcohols and methyl acrylate is accompanied by the formation of ketones, resulting from uncontrolled and undesired double bond isomerization. By conducting the CM in the presence of phenol, the catalyst loading and the reaction time required for quantiative conversion can be reduced, and isomerization can be suppressed. On the other hand, consecutive isomerization can be deliberately promoted by evaporating excess methyl acrylate after completing cross metathesis and by adding a base or silane as chemical triggers. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ob40167g SN - 1477-0520 VL - 11 IS - 25 SP - 4194 EP - 4206 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Brandt, Stephan A. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The generation of secondary saccades without postsaccadic visual feedback JF - Journal of vision N2 - Primary saccades are often followed by small secondary saccades, which are generally thought to reduce the distance between the saccade endpoint and target location. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that secondary saccades are subject to various influences, among which retinal feedback during postsaccadic fixation constitutes only one important signal. Recently, we reported that target eccentricity and an orientation bias influence the generation of secondary saccades. In the present study, we examine secondary saccades in the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Although extraretinal signals (e.g., efference copy) have received widespread attention in eye-movement studies, it is still unclear whether an extraretinal error signal contributes to the programming of secondary saccades. We have observed that secondary saccade latency and amplitude depend on primary saccade error despite the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Strong evidence for an extraretinal error signal influencing secondary saccade programming is given by the observation that secondary saccades are more likely to be oriented in a direction opposite to the primary saccade as primary saccade error shifts from target undershoot to overshoot. We further show how the functional relationship between primary saccade landing position and secondary saccade characteristics varies as a function of target eccentricity. We propose that initial target eccentricity and an extraretinal error signal codetermine the postsaccadic activity distribution in the saccadic motor map when no visual feedback is available. KW - monocular deprivation KW - binocular combination KW - sensory balance Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.5.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 5 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bindschadler, Robert A. A1 - Nowicki, Sophie A1 - Abe-Ouchi, Ayako A1 - Aschwanden, Andy A1 - Choi, Hyeungu A1 - Fastook, Jim A1 - Granzow, Glen A1 - Greve, Ralf A1 - Gutowski, Gail A1 - Herzfeld, Ute A1 - Jackson, Charles A1 - Johnson, Jesse A1 - Khroulev, Constantine A1 - Levermann, Anders A1 - Lipscomb, William H. A1 - Martin, Maria A. A1 - Morlighem, Mathieu A1 - Parizek, Byron R. A1 - Pollard, David A1 - Price, Stephen F. A1 - Ren, Diandong A1 - Saito, Fuyuki A1 - Sato, Tatsuru A1 - Seddik, Hakime A1 - Seroussi, Helene A1 - Takahashi, Kunio A1 - Walker, Ryan A1 - Wang, Wei Li T1 - Ice-sheet model sensitivities to environmental forcing and their use in projecting future sea level (the SeaRISE project) JF - Journal of glaciology N2 - Ten ice-sheet models are used to study sensitivity of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to prescribed changes of surface mass balance, sub-ice-shelf melting and basal sliding. Results exhibit a large range in projected contributions to sea-level change. In most cases, the ice volume above flotation lost is linearly dependent on the strength of the forcing. Combinations of forcings can be closely approximated by linearly summing the contributions from single forcing experiments, suggesting that nonlinear feedbacks are modest. Our models indicate that Greenland is more sensitive than Antarctica to likely atmospheric changes in temperature and precipitation, while Antarctica is more sensitive to increased ice-shelf basal melting. An experiment approximating the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's RCP8.5 scenario produces additional first-century contributions to sea level of 22.3 and 8.1 cm from Greenland and Antarctica, respectively, with a range among models of 62 and 14 cm, respectively. By 200 years, projections increase to 53.2 and 26.7 cm, respectively, with ranges of 79 and 43 cm. Linear interpolation of the sensitivity results closely approximates these projections, revealing the relative contributions of the individual forcings on the combined volume change and suggesting that total ice-sheet response to complicated forcings over 200 years can be linearized. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JoG12J125 SN - 0022-1430 VL - 59 IS - 214 SP - 195 EP - 224 PB - International Glaciological Society CY - Cambridge ER -