TY - JOUR A1 - Tjaden, Jasper T1 - Measuring migration 2.0 BT - a review of digital data sources JF - Comparative migration studies : CMS N2 - The interest in human migration is at its all-time high, yet data to measure migration is notoriously limited. “Big data” or “digital trace data” have emerged as new sources of migration measurement complementing ‘traditional’ census, administrative and survey data. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of eight novel, digital data sources along five domains: reliability, validity, scope, access and ethics. The review highlights the opportunities for migration scholars but also stresses the ethical and empirical challenges. This review intends to be of service to researchers and policy analysts alike and help them navigate this new and increasingly complex field. KW - Migration KW - Big data KW - Digital trace KW - Measurement KW - Survey KW - Review Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00273-x SN - 2214-594X VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - Springer CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brady, David A1 - Giesselmann, Marco A1 - Kohler, Ulrich A1 - Radenacker, Anke T1 - How to measure and proxy permanent income BT - evidence from Germany and the US JF - The Journal of Economic Inequality N2 - Permanent income (PI) is an enduring concept in the social sciences and is highly relevant to the study of inequality. Nevertheless, there has been insufficient progress in measuring PI. We calculate a novel measure of PI with the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Advancing beyond prior approaches, we define PI as the logged average of 20+ years of post-tax and post-transfer ("post-fisc") real equivalized household income. We then assess how well various household- and individual-based measures of economic resources proxy PI. In both datasets, post-fisc household income is the best proxy. One random year of post-fisc household income explains about half of the variation in PI, and 2-5 years explain the vast majority of the variation. One year of post-fisc HH income even predicts PI better than 20+ years of individual labor market earnings or long-term net worth. By contrast, earnings, wealth, occupation, and class are weaker and less cross-nationally reliable proxies for PI. We also present strategies for proxying PI when HH post-fisc income data are unavailable, and show how post-fisc HH income proxies PI over the life cycle. In sum, we develop a novel approach to PI, systematically assess proxies for PI, and inform the measurement of economic resources more generally. KW - Income KW - Permanent income KW - Lifetime income KW - Measurement KW - Longitudinal and panel data KW - Social class Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-017-9363-9 SN - 1569-1721 SN - 1573-8701 VL - 16 IS - 3 SP - 321 EP - 345 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauman, Spenser A1 - Bolz, Carl Friedrich A1 - Hirschfeld, Robert A1 - Kirilichev, Vasily A1 - Pape, Tobias A1 - Siek, Jeremy G. A1 - Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam T1 - Pycket: A Tracing JIT for a Functional Language JF - ACM SIGPLAN notices N2 - We present Pycket, a high-performance tracing JIT compiler for Racket. Pycket supports a wide variety of the sophisticated features in Racket such as contracts, continuations, classes, structures, dynamic binding, and more. On average, over a standard suite of benchmarks, Pycket outperforms existing compilers, both Racket's JIT and other highly-optimizing Scheme compilers. Further, Pycket provides much better performance for Racket proxies than existing systems, dramatically reducing the overhead of contracts and gradual typing. We validate this claim with performance evaluation on multiple existing benchmark suites. The Pycket implementation is of independent interest as an application of the RPython meta-tracing framework (originally created for PyPy), which automatically generates tracing JIT compilers from interpreters. Prior work on meta-tracing focuses on bytecode interpreters, whereas Pycket is a high-level interpreter based on the CEK abstract machine and operates directly on abstract syntax trees. Pycket supports proper tail calls and first-class continuations. In the setting of a functional language, where recursion and higher-order functions are more prevalent than explicit loops, the most significant performance challenge for a tracing JIT is identifying which control flows constitute a loop-we discuss two strategies for identifying loops and measure their impact. KW - Experimentation KW - Languages KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - JIT compilers KW - contracts KW - tracing KW - functional languages KW - Racket Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/2784731.2784740 SN - 0362-1340 SN - 1558-1160 VL - 50 IS - 9 SP - 22 EP - 34 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zieris, Holger A1 - Gerstberger, Herbert A1 - Müller, Wolfgang T1 - Using Arduino-Based Experiments to Integrate Computer Science Education and Natural Science JF - KEYCIT 2014 - Key Competencies in Informatics and ICT N2 - Current curricular trends require teachers in Baden- Wuerttemberg (Germany) to integrate Computer Science (CS) into traditional subjects, such as Physical Science. However, concrete guidelines are missing. To fill this gap, we outline an approach where a microcontroller is used to perform and evaluate measurements in the Physical Science classroom. Using the open-source Arduino platform, we expect students to acquire and develop both CS and Physical Science competencies by using a self-programmed microcontroller. In addition to this combined development of competencies in Physical Science and CS, the subject matter will be embedded in suitable contexts and learning environments, such as weather and climate. KW - Computer Science Education KW - Natural Science Education KW - Inquiry-based Learning KW - Physical Science KW - Measurement KW - Arduino KW - Sensors Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82938 SN - 1868-0844 SN - 2191-1940 IS - 7 SP - 381 EP - 389 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -